Pseudo-Aristotle Problemata Mechanica 1831 Berlin el arist_mecha_080_el_1831.xml 080.xml

*qauma/zetai tw=n me\n kata\ fu/sin sumbaino/ntwn, o(/swn a)gnoei=tai to\ ai)/tion, tw=n de\ para\ fu/sin, o(/sa gi/netai dia\ te/xnhn pro\s to\ sumfe/ron toi=s a)nqrw/pois. e)n polloi=s ga\r h( fu/sis u(penanti/on pro\s to\ xrh/simon h(mi=n poiei=: h( me\n ga\r fu/sis a)ei\ to\n au)to\n e)/xei tro/pon kai\ a(plw=s, to\ de\ xrh/simon metaba/llei pollaxw=s.

o(/tan ou)=n de/h| ti para\ fu/sin pra=cai, dia\ to\ xalepo\n a)pori/an pare/xei kai\ dei=tai te/xnhs. dio\ kai\ kalou=men th=s te/xnhs to\ pro\s ta\s toiau/tas a)pori/as bohqou=n me/ros mhxanh/n. kaqa/per ga\r e)poi/hsen *)antifw=n o( poihth/s, ou(/tw kai\ e)/xei: te/xnh| ga\r kratou=men, w(=n fu/sei nikw/meqa. toiau=ta de/ e)stin e)n oi(=s ta/ te e)la/ttona kratei= tw=n meizo/nwn, kai\ ta\ r(oph\n e)/xonta mikra\n kinei= ba/rh mega/la, kai\ pa/nta sxedo\n o(/sa tw=n problhma/twn mhxanika\ prosagoreu/omen.

e)/sti de\ tau=ta toi=s fusikoi=s problh/masin ou)/te tau)ta\ pa/mpan ou)/te kexwrisme/na li/an, a)lla\ koina\ tw=n te maqhmatikw=n qewrhma/twn kai\ tw=n fusikw=n: to\ me\n ga\r w(\s dia\ tw=n maqhmatikw=n dh=lon, to\ de\ peri\ o(\ dia\ tw=n fusikw=n.

perie/xetai de\ tw=n a)poroume/nwn e)n tw=| ge/nei tou/tw| ta\ peri\ to\n moxlo/n. a)/topon ga\r ei)=nai dokei= to\ kinei=sqai me/ga ba/ros u(po\ mikra=s i)sxu/os, kai\ tau=ta meta\ ba/rous plei/onos: o(\ ga\r a)/neu moxlou= kinei=n ou) du/natai/ tis, tou=to tau)to\ ba/ros, proslabw\n e)/ti to\ tou= moxlou= ba/ros, kinei= qa=tton. pa/ntwn de\ tw=n toiou/twn e)/xei th=s ai)ti/as th\n a)rxh\n o( ku/klos. kai\ tou=to eu)lo/gws sumbe/bhken: e)k me\n ga\r qaumasiwte/rou sumbai/nein ti qaumasto\n ou)de\n a)/topon,

qaumasiw/taton de\ to\ ta)nanti/a gi/nesqai met' a)llh/lwn. o( de\ ku/klos sune/sthken e)k toiou/twn: eu)qu\s ga\r e)k kinoume/nou te gege/nhtai kai\ me/nontos, w(=n h( fu/sis e)sti\n u(penanti/a a)llh/lois. w(/st' e)ntau=qa e)/stin e)pible/yasin h(=tton qauma/zein ta\s sumbainou/sas u(penantiw/seis peri\ au)to/n. prw=ton me\n ga\r th=| periexou/sh| grammh=| to\n ku/klon, pla/tos ou)qe\n e)xou/sh|, ta)nanti/a pws prosemfai/netai, to\ koi=lon kai\ to\ kurto/n. tau=ta de\ die/sthken a)llh/lwn o(\n tro/pon to\ me/ga kai\ to\ mikro/n: e)kei/nwn te ga\r me/son to\ i)/son kai\ tou/twn to\ eu)qu/. dio\ metaba/llonta ei)s a)/llhla ta\ me\n a)nagkai=on i)/sa gene/sqai pro/teron h)\ tw=n a)/krwn o(poteronou=n, th\n de\ grammh\n eu)qei=an, o(/tan e)k kurth=s ei)s koi=lon h)\ pa/lin e)k tau/ths gi/nhtai kurth\ kai\ periferh/s. e(\n me\n ou)=n tou=to tw=n a)to/pwn u(pa/rxei peri\ to\n ku/klon,

deu/teron de\ o(/ti a(/ma kinei=tai ta\s e)nanti/as kinh/seis: a(/ma ga\r ei)s to\n e)/mprosqen kinei=tai to/pon kai\ to\n o)/pisqen. h(/ te gra/fousa grammh\ to\n ku/klon w(sau/tws e)/xei: e)c ou(= ga\r a)/rxetai to/pou to\ pe/ras au)th=s, ei)s to\n au)to\n tou=ton to/pon e)/rxetai pa/lin: sunexw=s ga\r kinoume/nhs au)th=s to\ e)/sxaton pa/lin a)ph=lqe prw=ton, w(/ste kai\ fanero\n o(/ti mete/balen e)nteu=qen. dio/, kaqa/per ei)/rhtai pro/teron, ou)de\n a)/topon to\ pa/ntwn ei)=nai tw=n qauma/twn au)to\n a)rxh/n.

ta\ me\n ou)=n peri\ to\n zugo\n gino/mena ei)s to\n ku/klon a)na/getai, ta\ de\ peri\ to\n moxlo\n ei)s to\n zugo/n, ta\ d' a)/lla pa/nta sxedo\n ta\ peri\ ta\s kinh/seis ta\s mhxanika\s ei)s to\n moxlo/n. e)/ti de\ dia\ to\ mia=s ou)/shs th=s e)k tou= ke/ntrou grammh=s mhqe\n e(/teron e(te/rw| fe/resqai tw=n shmei/wn tw=n e)n au)th=| i)sotaxw=s, a)ll' a)ei\ to\ tou= me/nontos pe/ratos porrw/teron o)\n qa=tton, polla\ tw=n qaumazome/nwn sumbai/nei peri\ ta\s kinh/seis tw=n ku/klwn: peri\ w(=n e)n toi=s e(pome/nois problh/masin e)/stai dh=lon.

dia\ de\ to\ ta\s e)nanti/as kinh/seis a(/ma kinei=sqai to\n ku/klon, kai\ to\ me\n e(/teron th=s diame/trou tw=n a)/krwn, e)f' ou(= to\ *a, ei)s tou)/mprosqen kinei=sqai, qa/teron de/, e)f' ou(= to\ *b, ei)s tou)/pisqen, kataskeua/zousi/ tines w(/st' a)po\ mia=s kinh/sews pollou\s u(penanti/ous a(/ma kinei=sqai ku/klous, w(/sper ou(\s a)natiqe/asin e)n toi=s i(eroi=s poih/santes troxi/skous xalkou=s te kai\ sidhrou=s. ei) ga\r ei)/h tou= *a*b ku/klou a(pto/menos e(/teros ku/klos e)f' ou(= *g*d, tou= ku/klou tou= e)f' ou(= *a*b kinoume/nhs th=s diame/trou ei)s tou)/mprosqen, kinhqh/setai h( *g*d ei)s tou)/pisqen tou= ku/klou tou= e)f' ou(= *a, kinoume/nhs th=s diame/trou peri\ to\ au)to/. ei)s tou)nanti/on a)/ra kinhqh/setai o( e)f' ou(= *g*d ku/klos tw=| e)f' ou(= to\ *a*b: kai\ pa/lin au)to\s to\n e)fech=s, e)f' ou(= *e*z, ei)s tou)nanti/on au(tw=| kinh/sei dia\ th\n au)th\n ai)ti/an.

to\n au)to\n de\ tro/pon ka)\n plei/ous w)=si, tou=to poih/sousin e(no\s mo/nou kinhqe/ntos. tau/thn ou)=n labo/ntes u(pa/rxousan e)n tw=| ku/klw| th\n fu/sin oi( dhmiourgoi\ kataskeua/zousin o)/rganon kru/ptontes th\n a)rxh/n, o(/pws h)=| tou= mhxanh/matos fanero\n mo/non to\ qaumasto/n, to\ d' ai)/tion a)/dhlon.

*prw=ton me\n ou)=n ta\ sumbai/nonta peri\ to\n zugo\n a)porei=tai, dia\ ti/na ai)ti/an a)kribe/stera/ e)sti ta\ zuga\ ta\ mei/zw tw=n e)latto/nwn. tou/tou de\ a)rxh/, dia\ ti/ pote e)n tw=| ku/klw| h( plei=on a)festhkui=a grammh\ tou= ke/ntrou th=s e)ggu\s th=| au)th=| i)sxu/i kinoume/nhs qa=tton fe/retai th=s e)la/ttonos to\ ga\r qa=tton le/getai dixw=s: a)/n te ga\r e)n e)la/ttoni xro/nw| i)/son to/pon diece/lqh|, qa=tton ei)=nai le/gomen, kai\ e)a\n e)n i)/sw| plei/w. h( de\ mei/zwn e)n i)/sw| xro/nw| gra/fei mei/zona ku/klon: o( ga\r e)kto\s mei/zwn tou= e)nto/s. ai)/tion de\ tou/twn o(/ti fe/retai du/o fora\s h( gra/fousa to\n ku/klon. o(/tan me\n ou)=n e)n lo/gw| tini\ fe/rhtai, e)p' eu)qei/as a)na/gkh fe/resqai to\ fero/menon, kai\ gi/netai dia/metros au)th\ tou= sxh/matos o(\ poiou=sin ai( e)n tou/tw| tw=| lo/gw| sunteqei=sai grammai/. e)/stw ga\r o( lo/gos o(\n fe/retai to\ fero/menon, o(\n e)/xei h( *a*b pro\s th\n *a*g: kai\ to\ me\n *a*g fere/sqw pro\s to\ *b, h( de\ *a*b u(pofere/sqw pro\s th\n *h*g: e)nhne/xqw de\ to\ me\n *a pro\s to\ *d, h( de\ e)f' h(=| *a*b pro\s to\ *e. ei) ou)=n e)pi\ th=s fora=s o( lo/gos h)=n o(\n h( *a*b e)/xei pro\s th\n *a*g, a)na/gkh kai\ th\n *a*d pro\s th\n *a*e tou=ton e)/xein to\n lo/gon. o(/moion a)/ra e)sti\ tw=| lo/gw| to\ mikro\n tetra/pleuron tw=| mei/zoni, w(/ste kai\ h( au)th\ dia/metros au)tw=n, kai\ to\ *a e)/stai pro\s *z.

to\n au)to\n dh\ tro/pon deixqh/setai ka)\n o(pouou=n dialhfqh=| h( fora/: ai)ei\ ga\r e)/stai e)pi\ th=s diame/trou. fanero\n ou)=n o(/ti to\ kata\ th\n dia/metron fero/menon e)n du/o forai=s a)na/gkh to\n tw=n pleurw=n fe/resqai lo/gon. ei) ga\r a)/llon tina/, ou)k oi)sqh/setai kata\ th\n dia/metron. e)a\n de\ e)n mhdeni\ lo/gw| fe/rhtai du/o fora\s kata\ mhde/na xro/non, a)du/naton eu)qei=an ei)=nai th\n fora/n. e)/stw ga\r eu)qei=a. teqei/shs ou)=n tau/ths diame/trou, kai\ paraplhrwqeisw=n tw=n pleurw=n, a)na/gkh to\n tw=n pleurw=n lo/gon fe/resqai to\ fero/menon: tou=to ga\r de/deiktai pro/teron. ou)k a)/ra poih/sei eu)qei=an to\ e)n mhdeni\ lo/gw| fero/menon mhde/na xro/non. e)a\n ga/r tina lo/gon e)nexqh=| e)n xro/nw| tini/, tou=ton a)na/gkh to\n xro/non eu)qei=an ei)=nai fora\n dia\ ta\ proeirhme/na. w(/ste perifere\s gi/netai, du/o fero/menon fora\s e)n mhqeni\ lo/gw| mhqe/na xro/non.

o(/ti me\n toi/nun h( to\n ku/klon gra/fousa fe/retai du/o fora\s a(/ma, fanero\n e)/k te tou/twn, kai\ o(/ti to\ fero/menon kat' eu)qei=an e)pi\ th\n ka/qeton a)fi-knei=tai, w(/ste ei)=nai pa/lin au)th\n a)po\ tou= ke/ntrou ka/qeton.

e)/stw ku/klos o( *a*b*g, to\ d' a)/kron to\ e)f' ou(= *b fere/sqw e)pi\ to\ *d: a)fiknei=tai de/ pote e)pi\ to\ *g. ei) me\n ou)=n e)n tw=| lo/gw| e)fe/reto o(\n e)/xei h( *b*d pro\s th\n *d*g, e)fe/reto a)\n th\n dia/metron th\n e)f' h(=| *b*g. nu=n de/, e)pei/per e)n ou)deni\ lo/gw|, e)pi\ th\n perife/reian fe/retai th\n e)f' h(=| *b*e*g.

e)a\n de\ duoi=n ferome/noin a)po\ th=s au)th=s i)sxu/os to\ me\n e)kkrou/oito plei=on to\ de\ e)/latton, eu)/logon bradu/teron kinhqh=nai to\ plei=on e)kkrouo/menon tou= e)/latton e)kkrouome/nou: o(\ dokei= sumbai/nein e)pi\ th=s mei/zonos kai\ e)la/ttonos tw=n e)k tou= ke/ntrou grafousw=n tou\s ku/klous. dia\ ga\r to\ e)ggu/teron ei)=nai tou= me/nontos th=s e)la/ttonos to\ a)/kron h)\ to\ th=s mei/zonos, w(/sper a)ntispw/menon ei)s tou)nanti/on, e)pi\ to\ me/son bradu/teron fe/retai to\ th=s e)la/ttonos a)/kron.

pa/sh| me\n ou)=n ku/klon grafou/sh| tou=to sumbai/nei, kai\ fe/retai th\n me\n kata\ fu/sin kata\ th\n perife/reian, th\n de\ para\ fu/sin ei)s to\ pla/gion kai\ to\ ke/ntron. mei/zw d' a)ei\ th\n para\ fu/sin h( e)la/ttwn fe/retai: dia\ ga\r to\ e)ggu/teron ei)=nai tou= ke/ntrou tou= a)ntispw=ntos kratei=tai ma=llon.

o(/ti de\ mei=zon to\ para\ fu/sin kinei=tai h( e)la/ttwn th=s mei/zonos tw=n e)k tou= ke/ntrou grafousw=n tou\s ku/klous, e)k tw=nde dh=lon. e)/stw ku/klos e)f' ou(= *b*g*d*e, kai\ a)/llos e)n tou/tw| e)la/ttwn, e)f' ou(= *x*n*m*c, peri\ to\ au)to\ ke/ntron to\ *a: kai\ e)kbeblh/sqwsan ai( dia/metroi, e)n me\n tw=| mega/lw|, e)f' w(=n *g*d kai\ *b*e, e)n de\ tw=| e)la/ttoni ai( *m*x *n*c: kai\ to\ e(tero/mhkes parapeplhrw/sqw, to\ *d*y*r*g. ei) dh\ h( *a*b gra/fousa ku/klon h(/cei e)pi\ to\ au)to\ o(/qen w(rmh/qh e)pi\ th\n *a*e, dh=lon o(/ti fe/retai pro\s au(th/n. o(moi/ws de\ kai\ h( *a*x pro\s th\n *a*x h(/cei. bradu/teron de\ fe/retai h( *a*x th=s *a*b, w(/sper ei)/rhtai, dia\ to\ gi/nesqai mei/zona th\n e)/kkrousin kai\ a)ntispa=sqai ma=llon th\n *a*x.

h)/xqw de\ h( *a*q*h, kai\ a)po\ tou= *q ka/qetos e)pi\ th\n *a*b h( *q*z e)n tw=| ku/klw|, kai\ pa/lin a)po\ tou= *q h)/xqw para\ th\n *a*b h( *q*w, kai\ h( *w*u e)pi\ th\n *a*b ka/qeton, kai\ h( *h*k. ai( dh\ e)f' w(=n *w*u kai\ *q*z i)/sai. h( a)/ra *b*u e)la/ttwn th=s *x*z: ai( ga\r i)/sai eu)qei=ai e)p' a)ni/sous ku/klous e)mblhqei=sai pro\s o)rqa\s th=| diame/trw| e)/latton tmh=ma a)pote/mnousi th=s diame/trou e)n toi=s mei/zosi ku/klois, e)/sti de\ h( *w*u i)/sh th=| *q*z. e)n o(/sw| dh\ xro/nw| h( *a*q th\n *x*q e)nhne/xqh, e)n tosou/tw| xro/nw| e)n tw=| ku/klw| tw=| mei/zoni mei/zona th=s *b*w e)nh/nektai to\ a)/kron th=s *b*a.

h( me\n ga\r kata\ fu/sin fora\ i)/sh, h( de\ para\ fu/sin e)la/ttwn: h( de\ *b*u th=s *z*x. dei= de\ a)na/logon ei)=nai, w(s to\ kata\ fu/sin pro\s to\ kata\ fu/sin, to\ para\ fu/sin pro\s to\ para\ fu/sin. mei/zona a)/ra perife/reian dielh/luqe th\n *h*b th=s *w*b. a)na/gkh de\ th\n *h*b e)n tou/tw| tw=| xro/nw| dielhluqe/nai: e)ntau=qa ga\r e)/stai, o(/tan a)na/logon a)mfote/rws sumbai/nh| to\ para\ fu/sin pro\s to\ kata\ fu/sin. ei) dh\ mei=zo/n e)sti to\ kata\ fu/sin e)n th=| mei/zoni, kai\ to\ para\ fu/sin ma=llon a)\n e)ntau=qa sumpi/ptoi monaxw=s, w(/ste to\ *b e)nhne/xqai a)\n th\n *b*h e)n tw=| e)f' ou(= *x shmei=on. e)ntau=qa ga\r kata\ fu/sin me\n gi/netai tw=| *b shmei/w| to\ ke/ntron [1e)/sti ga\r au)th\ a)po\ tou= *h ka/qetos]1, para\ fu/sin de\ e)s to\ *k*b. e)/sti de\ w(s to\ *h*k pro\s to\ *k*b, to\ *q*z pro\s to\ *z*x. fanero\n de\ e)a\n e)pizeuxqw=sin a)po\ tw=n *b*x e)pi\ ta\ *h*q. ei) de\ e)la/ttwn h)\ mei/zwn th=s *h*b e)/stai, h(\n h)ne/xqh to\ *b, ou)x o(moi/ws e)/stai ou)de\ a)na/logon e)n a)mfoi=n to\ kata\ fu/sin pro\s to\ para\ fu/sin. di' h(\n me\n toi/nun ai)ti/an a)po\ th=s au)th=s i)sxu/os fe/retai qa=tton to\ ple/on a)pe/xon tou= ke/ntrou shmei=on, dh=lon dia\ tw=n ei)rhme/nwn:

dio/ti de\ ta\ me\n mei/zw zuga\ a)kribe/stera/ e)sti tw=n e)latto/nwn, fanero\n e)k tou/twn. gi/netai ga\r to\ me\n spa/rton ke/ntron [1me/nei ga\r tou=to]1, to\ de\ e)pi\ e(ka/teron me/ros th=s pla/stiggos ai( e)k tou= ke/ntrou. a)po\ ou)=n tou= au)tou= ba/rous a)na/gkh qa=tton kinei=sqai to\ a)/kron th=s pla/stiggos, o(/sw| a)\n plei=on a)pe/xh| tou= spa/rtou, kai\ e)/nia me\n mh\ dh=la ei)=nai e)n toi=s mikroi=s zugoi=s pro\s th\n ai)/sqhsin e)pitiqe/mena ba/rh, e)n de\ toi=s mega/lois dh=la ou)qe\n ga\r kwlu/ei e)/latton kinhqh=nai me/geqos h)\ w(/ste ei)=nai th=| o)/yei fanero/n. e)pi\ de\ th=s mega/lhs pla/stiggos poiei= o(rato\n to\ au)to\ ba/ros me/geqos. e)/nia de\ dh=la me\n e)p' a)mfoi=n e)sti/n, a)lla\ pollw=| ma=llon e)pi\ tw=n meizo/nwn dia\ to\ pollw=| mei=zon gi/nesqai to\ me/geqos th=s r(oph=s u(po\ tou= au)tou= ba/rous e)n toi=s mei/zosi. kai\ dia\ tou=to texna/zousin oi( a(lourgopw=lai pro\s to\ parakrou/esqai i(sta/ntes, to/ te spa/rton ou)k e)n me/sw| tiqe/ntes, kai\ mo/lubdon th=s fa/laggos ei)s qa/teron me/ros e)gxe/ontes, h)\ tou= cu/lou to\ pro\s th\n r(i/zan pro\s o(\ bou/lontai r(e/pein poiou=ntes, h)\ e)a\n e)/xh| o)/zon: baru/-teron ga\r e)n w(=| me/ros h( r(i/za tou= cu/lou e)sti/n, o( de\ o)/zos r(i/za ti/s e)stin.

*dia\ ti/, e)a\n me\n a)/nwqen h)=| to\ sparti/on, o(/tan ka/twqen r(e/yantos a)fe/lh| to\ ba/ros, pa/lin a)nafe/retai to\ zugo/n, e)a\n de\ ka/twqen u(posth=|, ou)k a)nafe/retai a)lla\ me/nei; h)\ dio/ti a)/nwqen me\n tou= sparti/ou o)/ntos plei=on tou= zugou= gi/netai to\ e)pe/keina th=s kaqe/tou; to\ ga\r sparti/on e)sti\ ka/qetos. w(/ste a)na/gkh e)sti\ ka/tw r(e/pein to\ ple/on, e(/ws a)\n e)/lqh| h( di/xa diairou=sa to\ zugo\n e)pi\ th\n ka/qeton au)th/n, e)pikeime/nou tou= ba/rous e)n tw=| a)nespasme/nw| mori/w| tou= zugou=. e)/stw zugo\n o)rqo\n e)f' ou(= *b*g, sparti/on de\ to\ *a*d. e)kballo/menon dh\ tou=to ka/tw ka/qetos e)/stai e)f' h(=s h( *a*d*m. e)a\n ou)=n e)pi\ to\ *b h( r(oph\ e)piteqh=|, e)/stai to\ me\n *b ou(= to\ *e, to\ de\ *g ou(= to\ *z, w(/ste h( di/xa diairou=sa to\ zugo\n prw=ton me\n h)=n h( *d*m th=s kaqe/tou au)th=s, e)pikeime/nhs de\ th=s r(oph=s e)/stai h( *d*q: w(/ste tou= zugou= e)f' w(=| *e*z to\ e)/cw th=s kaqe/tou th=s e)f' h(=s *a*b, tou= e)n w(=| *f*p, mei/zw tou= h(mi/seos. e)a\n ou)=n a)faireqh=| to\ ba/ros a)po\ tou= *e, a)na/gkh ka/tw fe/resqai to\ *z: e)/latton ga/r e)sti to\ *e. e)a\n me\n ou)=n a)/nw to\ sparti/on e)/xh|, pa/lin dia\ tou=to a)nafe/retai to\ zugo/n.

e)a\n de\ ka/twqen h)=| to\ u(pokei/menon, tou)nanti/on poiei=: plei=on ga\r gi/netai tou= h(mi/seos tou= zugou= to\ ka/tw me/ros h)\ w(s h( ka/qetos diairei= w(/ste ou)k a)nafe/retai: koufo/teron ga\r to\ e)phrthme/non. e)/stw zugo\n to\ e)f' ou(= *n*c, to\ o)rqo/n, ka/qetos de\ h( *k*l*m. di/xa dh\ diairei=tai to\ *n*c. e)piteqe/ntos de\ ba/rous e)pi\ to\ *n, e)/stai to\ me\n *n ou(= to\ *o, to\ de\ *c ou(= to\ *r, h( de\ *k*l ou(= to\ *l*q, w(/ste mei=zo/n e)sti to\ *k*o tou= *l*r tw=| *q*k*l. kai\ a)faireqe/ntos ou)=n tou= ba/rous a)na/gkh me/nein: e)pi/keitai ga\r w(/sper ba/ros h( u(peroxh\ h( tou= h(mi/seos tou= e)n w(=| to\ *k.

*dia\ ti/ kinou=si mega/la ba/rh mikrai\ duna/meis tw=| moxlw=|, w(/sper e)le/xqh kai\ kat' a)rxh/n, proslabo/nti ba/ros e)/ti to\ tou= moxlou=; r(a=|on de\ to\ e)/latto/n e)sti kinh=sai ba/ros, e)/latton de/ e)stin a)/neu tou= moxlou=. h)\ o(/ti ai)/tio/n e)stin o( moxlo/s, zugo\n [w)\n] ka/twqen e)/xon to\ sparti/on kai\ ei)s a)/nisa dih|rhme/non; to\ ga\r u(pomo/xlion a)nti\ sparti/ou gi/netai: me/nei ga\r a)/mfw tau=ta, w(/sper to\ ke/ntron. e)pei\ de\ qa=tton u(po\ tou= i)/sou ba/rous kinei=tai h( mei/zwn tw=n e)k tou= ke/ntrou, e)/sti de\ tri/a ta\ peri\ to\n moxlo/n, to\ me\n u(pomo/xlion, spa/rton kai\ ke/ntron, du/o de\ ba/rh, o(/ te kinw=n kai\ to\ kinou/menon: o(\ ou)=n to\ kinou/menon ba/ros pro\s to\ kinou=n, to\ mh=kos pro\s to\ mh=kos a)ntipe/ponqen. ai)ei\ de\ o(/sw| a)\n mei=zon a)festh/kh| tou= u(pomoxli/ou, r(a=|on kinh/sei. ai)ti/a de/ e)stin h( prolexqei=sa, o(/ti h( plei=on a)pe/xousa e)k tou= ke/ntrou mei/zona ku/klon gra/fei. w(/ste a)po\ th=s au)th=s i)sxu/os ple/on metasth/setai to\ kinou=n to\ plei=on tou= u(pomoxli/ou a)pe/xon. e)/stw moxlo\s e)f' ou(= *a*b, ba/ros de\ e)f' w(=| to\ *g, to\ de\ kinou=n e)f' w(=| to\ *d, u(pomo/xlion e)f' w(=| to\ *e, to\ de\ e)f' w(=| to\ *d kinh=san e)f' w(=| to\ *h, kinou/menon de\ to\ e)f' ou(= *g, ba/ros e)f' ou(= *k.

*dia\ ti/ oi( meso/neoi ma/lista th\n nau=n kinou=sin; h)\ dio/ti h( kw/ph moxlo/s e)stin; u(pomo/xlion me\n ga\r o( skalmo\s gi/netai [1me/nei ga\r dh\ tou=to]1, to\ de\ ba/ros h( qa/latta, h(\n a)pwqei= h( kw/ph: o( de\ kinw=n to\n moxlo\n o( nau/ths e)sti/n. a)ei\ de\ ple/on ba/ros kinei=, o(/sw| a)\n ple/on a)festh/kh| tou= u(pomoxli/ou o( kinw=n to\ ba/ros: mei/zwn ga\r ou(/tw gi/netai h( e)k tou= ke/ntrou, o( de\ skalmo\s u(pomo/xlion w)\n ke/ntron e)sti/n. e)n me/sh| de\ th=| nhi\+ plei=ston th=s kw/phs e)nto/s e)stin: kai\ ga\r h( nau=s tau/th| eu)ruta/th e)sti/n, w(/ste plei=on e)p' a)mfo/tera e)nde/xesqai me/ros th=s kw/phs e(kate/rou toi/xou e)nto\s ei)=nai th=s new/s. kinei=tai me\n ou)=n h( nau=s dia\ to\ a)pereidome/nhs th=s kw/phs ei)s th\n qa/lassan to\ a)/kron th=s kw/phs to\ e)nto\s proi+e/nai ei)s to\ pro/sqen, th\n de\ nau=n prosdedeme/nhn tw=| skalmw=| sumproi+e/nai, h(=| to\ a)/kron th=s kw/phs. h(=| ga\r plei/sthn qa/lassan diairei= h( kw/ph, tau/th| a)na/gkh ma/lista prowqei=sqai: plei/sthn de\ diairei= h(=| plei=ston me/ros a)po\ tou= skalmou= th=s kw/phs e)sti/n. dia\ tou=to oi( meso/neoi ma/lista kinou=sin: me/giston ga\r e)n me/sh| nhi\+ to\ a)po\ tou= skalmou= th=s kw/phs to\ e)nto/s e)stin.

*dia\ ti/ to\ phda/lion mikro\n o)/n, kai\ e)p' e)sxa/tw| tw=| ploi/w|, tosau/thn du/namin e)/xei w(/ste u(po\ mikrou= oi)/akos kai\ e(no\s a)nqrw/pou duna/mews, kai\ tau/ths h)remai/as, mega/la kinei=sqai mege/qh ploi/wn; h)\ dio/ti kai\ to\ phda/lio/n e)sti moxlo/s, kai\ moxleu/ei o( kubernh/ths. h(=| me\n ou)=n prosh/rmostai tw=| ploi/w|, gi/netai u(pomo/xlion, to\ de\ o(/lon phda/lion o( moxlo/s, to\ de\ ba/ros h( qa/lassa, o( de\ kubernh/ths o( kinw=n. ou) kata\ pla/tos de\ lamba/nei th\n qa/lassan, w(/sper h( kw/ph, to\ phda/lion. ou) ga\r ei)s to\ pro/sqen kinei= to\ ploi=on, a)lla\ kinou/menon kli/nei, plagi/ws th\n qa/lattan dexo/menon. e)pei\ ga\r to\ ba/ros h)=n h( qa/lassa, tou)nanti/on a)pereido/menon kli/nei to\ ploi=on. to\ ga\r u(pomo/xlion ei)s tou)nanti/on stre/fetai, h( qa/lassa de\ e)nto/s: e)kei=no de\ ei)s to\ e)kto/s. tou/tw| de\ a)kolouqei= to\ ploi=on dia\ to\ sundede/sqai. h( me\n ou)=n kw/ph kata\ pla/tos to\ ba/ros w)qou=sa kai\ u(p' e)kei/nou a)ntwqoume/nh ei)s to\ eu)qu\ proa/gei: to\ de\ phda/lion, w(/sper ka/qhtai pla/gion, th\n ei)s to\ pla/gion, h)\ deu=ro h)\ e)kei=, poiei= ki/nhsin. e)p' a)/krou de\ kai\ ou)k e)n me/sw| kei=tai, o(/ti r(a=|ston to\ kinou/menon kinh=sai a)p' a)/krou kinou=n. ta/xista ga\r fe/retai to\ prw=ton me/ros dia\ to\ w(/sper e)n toi=s ferome/nois e)pi\ te/lei lh/gein th\n fora/n, ou(/tw kai\ tou= sunexou=s e)pi\ te/lous a)sqenesta/th e)sti\n h( fora/. ei) de\ a)sqenesta/th, r(a|di/a e)kkrou/ein. dia/ te dh\ tau=ta e)n th=| pru/mnh| to\ phda/lio/n e)sti, kai\ o(/ti e)ntau=qa mikra=s kinh/sews genome/nhs pollw=| mei=zon to\ dia/sthma e)pi\ tw=| e)sxa/tw| gi/netai, dia\ to\ th\n i)/shn gwni/an e)pi\ mei/zona kaqh=sqai, kai\ o(/sw| a)\n mei/zous w)=sin ai( perie/xousai. dh=lon de\ e)k tou/tou kai\ di' h(\n ai)ti/an ma=llon proe/rxetai ei)s tou)nanti/on to\ ploi=on h)\ h( th=s kw/phs pla/th: to\ au)to\ ga\r me/geqos th=| au)th=| i)sxu/i+ kinou/menon e)n a)e/ri ple/on h)\ e)n tw=| u(/dati pro/eisin. e)/stw ga\r h( *a *b kw/ph, to\ de\ *g o( skalmo/s, to\ de\ *a to\ e)n tw=| ploi/w|, h( a)rxh\ th=s kw/phs, to\ de\ *b to\ e)n th=| qala/tth|. ei) dh\ to\ *a ou(= to\ *d metakeki/nhtai, to\ *b ou)k e)/stai ou(= to\ *e: i)/sh ga\r h( *b *e th=| *a*d. i)/son ou)=n metakexwrhko\s e)/stai. a)ll' h)=n e)/latton. e)/stai dh\ ou(= to\ *z h)\ to\ *q. a)/ra toi/nun th\n *a*b, kai\ ou)x h( to\ *g, kai\ ka/twqen. e)la/ttwn ga\r h( *b*z th=s *a*d, w(/ste kai\ h( *q*z th=s *d*q: o(/moia ga\r ta\ tri/gwna. kaqesthko\s de\ e)/stai kai\ to\ me/son, to\ e)f' ou(= *g: ei)s tou)nanti/on ga\r tw=| e)n th=| qala/tth| a)/krw| tw=| *b metaxwrei=, h(=|per to\ e)n tw=| ploi/w| a)/kron to\ *a mh\ e)xw/rei ou(= to\ *d. w(/ste metakinhqh/setai to\ ploi=on, kai\ e)kei= ou(= h( a)rxh\ th=s kw/phs metafe/retai.

to\ d' au)to\ kai\ to\ phda/lion poiei=, plh\n o(/ti ei)s to\ pro/sqen ou)de\n sumba/lletai tw=| ploi/w|, w(/sper e)le/xqh e)pi\ a)/nw, a)lla\ mo/non th\n pru/mnan ei)s to\ pla/gion a)pwqei= e)/nqa h)\ e)/nqa: ei)s tou)nanti/on ga\r h( prw=|ra ou(/tw neu/ei. h(=| me\n dh\ to\ phda/lion prose/zeuktai, dei= oi(=o/n ti tou= kinoume/nou me/son noei=n, kai\ w(/sper o( skalmo\s th=| kw/ph|: to\ de\ me/son u(poxwrei=, h(=| o( oi)/ac metakinei=tai. e)a\n me\n ei)/sw a)/gh|, kai\ h( pru/mna deu=ro meqe/sthken: h( de\ prw=|ra ei)s tou)nanti/on neu/ei: e)n ga\r tw=| au)tw=| ou)/shs th=s prw/|ras to\ ploi=on meqe/sthken o(/lon.

*dia\ ti/, o(/sw| a)\n h( kerai/a a)nwte/ra h)=|, qa=tton plei= ta\ ploi=a tw=| au)tw=| i(sti/w| kai\ tw=| au)tw=| pneu/mati; h)\ dio/ti gi/netai o( me\n i(sto\s moxlo/s, u(pomo/xlion de\ to\ e(dw/lion e)n w(=| e)mpe/phgen, o(\ de\ dei= kinei=n ba/ros, to\ ploi=on, to\ de\ kinou=n to\ e)n tw=| i(sti/w| pneu=ma. ei) d' o(/sw| a)\n porrw/teron h)=| to\ u(pomo/xlion, r(a=|on kinei= kai\ qa=tton h( au)th\ du/namis to\ au)to\ ba/ros, h( ou)=n kerai/a a)nw/teron a)gome/nh kai\ to\ i(sti/on porrw/teron poiei= tou= e(dwli/ou u(pomoxli/ou o)/ntos.

*dia\ ti/, o(/tan e)c ou)ri/as bou/lwntai diadramei=n mh\ ou)ri/ou tou= pneu/matos o)/ntos, to\ me\n pro\s to\n kubernh/thn tou= i(sti/ou me/ros ste/llontai, to\ de\ pro\s th\n prw=|ran podiai=on poihsa/menoi e)fia=sin; h)\ dio/ti a)ntispa=n to\ phda/lion pollw=| me\n o)/nti tw=| pneu/mati ou) du/natai, o)li/gw| de/, o(\ u(poste/llontai. proa/gei me\n ou)=n to\ pneu=ma, ei)s ou)/rion de\ kaqi/sthsi to\ phda/lion, a)ntispw=n kai\ moxleu=on th\n qa/lattan. a(/ma de\ kai\ oi( nau=tai ma/xontai tw=| pneu/mati: a)nakli/nousi ga\r e)pi\ to\ e)nanti/on e(autou/s.

*dia\ ti/ ta\ stroggu/la kai\ periferh= tw=n sxhma/twn eu)kinhto/tera; trixw=s de\ e)nde/xetai to\n ku/klon kulisqh=nai: h)\ ga\r kata\ th\n a(yi=da, summetaba/llontos tou= ke/ntrou, w(/sper o( troxo\s o( th=s a(ma/chs kuli/etai: h)\ peri\ to\ ke/ntron mo/non, w(/sper ai( troxile/ai, tou= ke/ntrou me/nontos: h)\ para\ to\ e)pi/pedon, tou= ke/ntrou me/nontos, w(/sper o( kerameiko\s troxo\s kuli/ndetai. ei) me\n dh\ ta/xista ta\ toiau=ta, dia/ te to\ mikrw=| a(/ptesqai tou= e)pipe/dou, w(/sper o( ku/klos kata\ stigmh/n, kai\ dia\ to\ mh\ prosko/ptein: a)fe/sthke ga\r th=s gh=s h( gwni/a. kai\ e)/ti w(=| a)\n a)panth/sh| sw/mati, pa/lin tou/tou kata\ mikro\n a(/ptetai.

ei) d' eu)qu/grammon h)=n, th=| eu)qei/a| e)pi\ polu\ h(/pteto a)\n tou= e)pipe/dou. e)/ti h(=| r(e/pei e)pi\ to\ ba/ros, tau/th| kinei= o( kinw=n. o(/tan me\n ga\r pro\s o)/rqion h( dia/metros h)=| tou= ku/klou tw=| e)pipe/dw|, a(ptome/nou tou= ku/klou kata\ stigmh\n tou= e)pipe/dou, i)/son to\ ba/ros e)p' a)mfo/tera dialamba/nei h( dia/metros: o(/tan de\ kinh=tai, eu)qu\s ple/on e)f' w(=| kinei=tai, w(/sper r(e/pon. e)nteu=qen eu)kinhto/teron tw=| w)qou=nti ei)s tou)/mprosqen: e)f' o(\ ga\r r(e/pei e(/kaston, eu)ki/nhto/n e)stin, ei)/per kai\ to\ e)pi\ to\ e)nanti/on th=s r(oph=s duski/nhton. e)/ti le/gousi/ tines o(/ti kai\ h( grammh\ h( tou= ku/klou e)n fora=| e)sti\n a)ei/, w(/sper ta\ me/nonta, dia\ to\ a)nterei/dein, oi(=on kai\ toi=s mei/zosi ku/klois u(pa/rxei pro\s tou\s e)la/ttonas. qa=tton ga\r u(po\ th=s i)/shs i)sxu/os kinou=ntai oi( mei/zous kai\ ta\ ba/rh kinou=si, dia\ to\ r(oph/n tina e)/xein th\n gwni/an th\n tou= mei/zonos ku/klou pro\s th\n tou= e)la/ttonos, kai\ ei)=nai o(/per h( dia/metros pro\s th\n dia/metron. a)lla\ mh\n pa=s ku/klos mei/zwn pro\s e)la/ttona: a)/peiroi ga\r oi( e)la/ttones. ei) de\ kai\ pro\s e(/teron e)/xei r(oph\n o( ku/klos, o(moi/ws de\ eu)ki/nhtos, kai\ a)/llhn a)\n e)/xoi r(oph\n o( ku/klos kai\ ta\ u(po\ ku/klou kinou/mena, ka)\n mh\ th=| a(yi=di a(/pthtai tou= e)pipe/dou, a)ll' h)\ para\ to\ e)pi/pedon, h)\ w(s ai( troxile/ai: kai\ ga\r ou(/tws e)/xonta r(a=|sta kinou=ntai kai\ kinou=si to\ ba/ros. h)\ ou) tw=| kata\ mikro\n a(/ptesqai kai\ proskrou/ein, a)lla\ di' a)/llhn ai)ti/an. au(/th de/ e)stin h( ei)rhme/nh pro/teron, o(/ti e)k du/o forw=n gege/nhtai o( ku/klos, w(/ste mi/an au)tw=n ai)ei\ e)/xein r(oph/n, kai\ oi(=on fero/menon au)to\n ai)ei\ kinou=sin oi( kinou=ntes, o(/tan kinw=si kata\ th\n perife/reian o(pwsou=n. ferome/nhn ga\r au)th\n kinou=sin: th\n me\n ga\r ei)s to\ pla/gion au)tou= ki/nhsin w)qei= to\ kinou=n, th\n de\ e)pi\ th=s diame/trou au)to\s kinei=tai.

*dia\ ti/ ta\ dia\ tw=n meizo/nwn ku/klwn ai)ro/mena kai\ e(lko/mena r(a=|on kai\ qa=tton kinou=men; oi(=on kai\ ai( troxile/ai ai( mei/zous tw=n e)latto/nwn, kai\ ai( skuta/lai o(moi/ws. h)\ dio/ti o(/sw| a)\n mei/zwn h( e)k tou= ke/ntrou h)=|, e)n tw=| i)/sw| xro/nw| ple/on kinei=tai xwri/on, w(/ste kai\ tou= i)/sou ba/rous e)po/ntos poih/sei to\ au)to/, w(/sper ei)/pomen kai\ ta\ mei/zw zuga\ tw=n e)latto/nwn a)kribe/stera ei)=nai. to\ me\n ga\r sparti/on e)sti\ ke/ntron, tou= de\ zugou= ai( e)pi\ ta/de tou= sparti/ou ai( e)k tou= ke/ntrou.

*dia\ ti/ r(a=|on, o(/tan a)/neu ba/rous h)=|, kinei=tai to\ zugo/n, h)\ e)/xon ba/ros; o(moi/ws de\ kai\ troxo\s h)\ a)/llo toiou=to to\ baru/teron me\n mei=zon de\ tou= e)la/ttonos kai\ koufote/rou. h)\ o(/ti ou) mo/non ei)s tou)nanti/on to\ baru/, a)lla\ kai\ ei)s to\ pla/gion duski/nhto/n e)stin. e)nanti/on ga\r th=| r(oph=| kinh=sai xalepw=s, e)f' o(\ de\ r(e/pei, r(a|di/ws: ei)s de\ to\ pla/gion ou) r(e/pei.

*dia\ ti/ e)pi\ tw=n skuta/lwn r(a=|on ta\ forti/a komi/zetai h)\ e)pi\ tw=n a(macw=n, e)xousw=n tw=n me\n mega/lous troxou/s, tw=n de\ mikrou/s; h)\ dio/ti e)pi\ tw=n skuta/lwn ou)demi/an e)/xei pro/skoyin, to\ de\ e)pi\ tw=n a(macw=n to\n a)/cona, kai\ prosko/ptei au)tw=|: e)/k te ga\r tw=n a)/nwqen pie/zei au)to\n kai\ e)k tw=n plagi/wn. to\ de\ e)pi\ tw=n skuta/lwn e)pi\ du/o tou/twn kinei=tai, th=| te ka/tw xw/ra| u(pokeime/nh| kai\ tw=| ba/rei tw=| e)pikeime/nw|: e)p' a)mfote/rwn ga\r tou/twn kuli/etai tw=n to/pwn o( ku/klos kai\ fero/menos w)qei=tai.

*dia\ ti/ porrwte/rw ta\ be/lh fe/retai a)po\ th=s sfendo/nhs h)\ a)po\ th=s xeiro/s; kai/toi kratei= ge o( ba/llwn th=| xeiri\ ma=llon h)\ a)parth/sas to\ ba/ros. kai\ e)/ti ou(/tw me\n du/o ba/rh kinei=, to/ te th=s sfendo/nhs kai\ to\ be/los, e)kei/nws de\ to\ be/los mo/non. po/teron o(/ti e)n me\n th=| sfendo/nh| kinou/menon to\ be/los r(i/ptei o( ba/llwn [1periagagw\n ga\r ku/klw| polla/kis a)fi/hsin]1, e)k de\ th=s xeiro\s a)po\ th=s h)remi/as h( a)rxh/: pa/nta de\ eu)kinhto/tera kinou/mena h)\ h)remou=nta. h)\ dia/ te tou=to, kai\ dio/ti e)n me\n tw=| sfendona=n h( me\n xei\r gi/netai ke/ntron, h( de\ sfendo/nh h( e)k tou= ke/ntrou: o(/sw| a)\n h)=| mei/zwn h( a)po\ tou= ke/ntrou, kinei=tai qa=tton. h( de\ a)po\ th=s xeiro\s bolh\ pro\s th\n sfendo/nhn braxei=a e)sti/n.

*dia\ ti/ r(a=|on kinou=ntai peri\ to\ au)to\ zugo\n oi( mei/zous tw=n e)latto/nwn ko/llopes, kai\ oi( au)toi\ o)/noi oi( lepto/teroi u(po\ th=s au)th=s i)sxu/os tw=n paxute/rwn; h)\ dio/ti o( me\n o)/nos kai\ to\ zugo\n ke/ntron e)sti/n, ta\ de\ a)pe/xonta mege/qh ai( e)k tou= ke/ntrou; qa=tton de\ kinou=ntai kai\ ple/on a)po\ th=s au)th=s i)sxu/os ai( tw=n meizo/nwn ku/klwn h)\ ai( tw=n e)latto/nwn: u(po\ th=s au)th=s ga\r i)sxu/os qa=tton meqi/statai to\ a)/kron to\ porrw/teron tou= ke/ntrou. dio\ pro\s me\n to\ zugo\n tou\s ko/llopas o)/rgana poiou=ntai, oi(=s r(a=|on stre/fousin: e)n de\ toi=s leptoi=s o)/nois plei=on gi/netai to\ e)/cw tou= cu/lou, au(/th de\ gi/netai h( e)k tou= ke/ntrou.

*dia\ ti/ to\ au)to\ me/geqos cu/lon r(a=|on katea/ssetai peri\ to\ go/nu, e)a\n i)/son a)posth/sas tw=n a)/krwn e)xo/menos katagnu/h|, h)\ para\ to\ go/nu e)ggu\s o)/ntos: kai\ e)a\n pro\s th\n gh=n e)rei/sas kai\ tw=| podi\ prosba\s po/rrwqen th=| xeiri\ katagnu/h|, h)\ e)ggu/qen; h)\ dio/ti e)/nqa me\n to\ go/nu ke/ntron, e)/nqa de\ o( pou/s. o(/sw| d' a)\n porrw/teron h)=| tou= ke/ntrou, r(a=|on kinei=tai a(/pan. kinhqh=nai de\ a)na/gkh katagnu/menon.

*dia\ ti/ peri\ tou\s ai)gialou\s ai( kalou/menai kro/kai stroggu/lai ei)si/n, e)k makrw=n tw=n li/qwn kai\ o)stra/kwn to\ e)c u(parxh=s o)/ntwn; h)\ dio/ti ta\ plei=on a)pe/xonta tou= me/sou e)n tai=s kinh/sesi qa=tton fe/retai. to\ me\n ga\r me/son gi/netai ke/ntron, to\ de\ dia/sthma h( e)k tou= ke/ntrou. a)ei\ de\ h( mei/zwn a)po\ th=s i)/shs kinh/sews mei/zw gra/fei ku/klon. to\ d' e)n i)/sw| xro/nw| mei/zw diecio\n qa=tton fe/retai. ta\ de\ fero/mena qa=tton e)k tou= i)/sou a)posth/matos sfodro/teron tu/ptei. ta\ de\ tu/ptonta ma=llon kai\ au)ta\ tu/ptetai ma=llon. w(/ste a)na/gkh qrau/esqai ai)ei\ ta\ ple/on a)pe/xonta tou= me/sou. tou=to de\ pa/sxonta a)na/gkh gi/nesqai periferh=. tai=s de\ kro/kais dia\ th\n th=s qala/tths ki/nhsin, dia\ to\ meta\ th=s qala/tths kinei=sqai, sumbai/nei a)ei\ e)n kinh/sei ei)=nai kai\ kuliome/nais prosko/ptein. tou=to de\ a)na/gkh ma/lista sumbai/nein au)toi=s toi=s a)/krois.

*dia\ ti/, o(/sw| a)\n h)=| makro/tera ta\ cu/la, tosou/tw| a)sqene/stera gi/netai, kai\ ka/mptetai ai)ro/mena ma=llon, ka)\n h)=| to\ me\n braxu/, o(/son di/phxu, lepto/n, to\ de\ e(kato\n phxw=n paxu/; h)\ dio/ti moxlo\s gi/netai kai\ ba/ros kai\ u(pomo/xlion e)n tw=| ai)/resqai tou= cu/lou to\ mh=kos; to\ me\n ga\r prw=ton me/ros au)tou=, o(\ h( xei\r ai)/rei, oi(=on u(pomo/xlion gi/netai, to\ d' e)pi\ tw=| a)/krw| ba/ros. w(/ste o(/sw| a)\n h)=| makro/teron to\ a)po\ tou= u(pomoxli/ou, tosou/tw| a)na/gkh ka/mptesqai ma=llon: o(/sw| ga\r a)\n ple/on a)pe/xh| tou= u(pomoxli/ou, tosou/tw| a)na/gkh ka/mptesqai mei=zon. a)na/gkh ou)=n ai)/resqai ta\ a)/kra tou= moxlou=. e)a\n ou)=n h)=| kampto/menos o( moxlo/s, a)na/gkh au)to\n ka/mptesqai ma=llon ai)ro/menon. o(/per sumbai/nei e)pi\ tw=n cu/lwn tw=n makrw=n: e)n de\ toi=s braxe/sin e)ggu\s to\ e)/sxaton tou= u(pomoxli/ou gi/netai tou= h)remou=ntos.

*dia\ ti/ tw=| sfhni\ o)/nti mikrw=| mega/la ba/rh dii/statai kai\ mege/qh swma/twn, kai\ qli=yis i)sxura\ gi/netai; h)\ dio/ti o( sfh\n du/o moxloi/ ei)sin e)nanti/oi a)llh/lois, e)/xei de\ e(ka/teros to\ me\n ba/ros to\ de\ u(pomo/xlion, o(\ kai\ a)naspa=| h)\ pie/zei. e)/ti de\ h( th=s plhgh=s fora\ to\ ba/ros, o(\ tu/ptei kai\ kinei=, poiei= me/ga: kai\ dia\ to\ kinou/menon kinei=n th=| taxuth=ti i)sxu/ei e)/ti ple/on. mikrw=| de\ o)/nti mega/lai duna/meis a)kolouqou=si: dio\ lanqa/nei kinw=n para\ th\n a)ci/an tou= mege/qous. e)/stw sfh\n e)f' w(=| *a*b*g, to\ de\ sfhnou/menon *d*e*h*z. moxlo\s dh\ gi/netai h( *a*b, ba/ros de\ to\ tou= *b ka/twqen, u(pomo/xlion de\ to\ *z*d. e)nanti/os de\ tou/tw| moxlo\s to\ *b*g. h( de\ *a*g koptome/nh e(kate/ra| tou/twn xrh=tai moxlw=|: a)naspa=| ga\r to\ *b.

*dia\ ti/, e)a/n tis du/o troxile/as poih/sas e)pi\ dusi\ cu/lois sumba/llousin e(autoi=s e)nanti/ws au(tai=s ku/klw| periba/lh| kalw/dion, e)/xon to\ a)/rthma e)k qate/rou tw=n cu/lwn, qa/teron de\ h)=| proserhreisme/non h)\ prosteqeime/non kata\ ta\s troxali/as, e)a\n e(/lkh| tis th=| a)rxh=| tou= kalwdi/ou, mega/la ba/rh prosa/gei, ka)\n h)=| mikra\ h( e(/lkousa i)sxu/s; h)\ dio/ti to\ au)to\ ba/ros a)po\ e)la/ttonos i)sxu/os, ei) moxleu/etai, e)gei/retai, h)\ a)po\ xeiro/s; h( de\ troxile/a to\ au)to\ poiei= tw=| mo-xlw=|, w(/ste h( mi/a r(a=|on e(/lcei, kai\ a)po\ mia=s o(lkh=s tou= kata\ xei=ra polu\ e(/lcei baru/teron. tou=to d' ai( du/o troxali/ai ple/on h)\ diplasi/w| ta/xei ai)/rousai. e)/latton ga\r e)/ti h( e(te/ra e(/lkei h)\ ei) au)th\ kaq' e(auth\n ei(=lken, o(/tan para\ th=s e(te/ras e)piblhqh=| to\ sxoini/on: e)kei/nh ga\r e)/ti e)/latton e)poi/hse to\ ba/ros. kai\ ou(/tws e)a\n ei)s plei/ous e)piba/llhtai to\ kalw/dion, e)n o)li/gais troxile/ais pollh\ gi/netai diafora/, h)\ w(/ste u(po\ th=s prw/ths tou= ba/rous e(/lkontos te/ttaras mna=s, u(po\ th=s teleutai/as e(/lkesqai pollw=| e)la/ttw. kai\ e)n toi=s oi)kodomikoi=s e)/rgois r(a|di/ws kinou=si mega/la ba/rh: metafe/rousi ga\r a)po\ th=s au)th=s troxile/as e)f' e(te/ran, kai\ pa/lin a)p' e)kei/nhs ei)s o)/nous kai\ moxlou/s: tou=to de\ tau)to/n e)sti tw=| poiei=n polla\s troxile/as.

*dia\ ti/, e)a\n me/n tis e)piqh=| e)pi\ to\ cu/lon pe/lekun me/gan kai\ forti/on me/ga e)p' au)tw=|, ou) diairei= to\ cu/lon, o(/ ti kai\ lo/gou a)/cion: e)a\n de\ a)/ras to\n pe/leku/n tis pata/ch| au)tw=|, diasxi/zei, e)/latton ba/ros e)/xontos tou= tu/ptontos polu\ ma=llon h)\ tou= e)pikeime/nou kai\ piezou=ntos; h)\ dio/ti pa/nta th=| kinh/sei e)rga/zetai, kai\ to\ baru\ th\n tou= ba/rous ki/nhsin lamba/nei ma=llon kinou/menon h)\ h)remou=n; e)pikei/menon ou)=n ou) kinei=tai th\n tou= ba/rous ki/nhsin, fero/menon de\ tau/thn te kai\ th\n tou= tu/ptontos. e)/ti de\ kai\ gi/netai sfh\n o( pe/lekus: o( de\ sfh\n mikro\s w)\n mega/la dii/sthsi dia\ to\ ei)=nai e)k du/o moxlw=n e)nanti/ws sugkeime/nwn.

*dia\ ti/ ai( fa/lagges ta\ kre/a i(sta=sin a)po\ mikrou= a)rth/matos mega/la ba/rh, tou= o(/lou h(mizugi/ou o)/ntos; ou(= me\n ga\r to\ ba/ros e)nti/qetai, kath/rthtai mo/non h( pla/stigc, e)pi\ qa/teron de\ h( fa/lagc e)sti\ mo/non. h)\ o(/ti a(/ma sumbai/nei zugo\n kai\ moxlo\n ei)=nai th\n fa/lagga; zugo\n me\n ga\r, h(=| tw=n sparti/wn e(/kaston gi/netai to\ ke/ntron th=s fa/laggos. to\ me\n ou)=n e)pi\ qa/tera e)/xei pla/stigga, to\ de\ e)pi\ qa/tera a)nti\ th=s pla/stiggos to\ sfai/rwma, o(\ tw=| zugw=| e)/gkeitai, w(/sper ei)/ tis th\n e(te/ran pla/stigga kai\ to\n staqmo\n e)piqei/h e)pi\ to\ a)/kron th=s pla/stiggos: dh=lon ga\r o(/ti e(/lkei tosou=ton ba/ros e)n th=| e(te/ra| kei/menon pla/stiggi. o(/pws de\ to\ e(\n zugo\n polla\ h)=| zuga/, toiau=ta ta\ sparti/a polla\ e)/gkeitai e)n tw=| toiou/tw| zugw=|, w(=n e(ka/stou to\ e)pi\ ta/de e)pi\ to\ sfai/rwma to\ h(/misu th=s fa/laggo/s e)sti, kai\ o( staqmo\s di' i)/sou tw=n a)p' a)llh/lwn tw=n sparti/wn kinoume/nwn, w(/ste summetrei=sqai po/son ba/ros e(/lkei to\ e)n th=| pla/stiggi kei/menon: w(/ste ginw/skein, o(/tan o)rqh\ h( fa/lagc h)=|, a)po\ poi/ou spa/rtou po/son ba/ros e)/xei h( pla/stigc, kaqa/per ei)/rhtai. o(/lws me/n e)sti tou=to zugo/n, e)/xon mi/an me\n pla/stigga, e)n h(=| i(/statai to\ ba/ros, th\n d' e(te/ran, e)n h(=| to\ staqmo\n e)n th=| fa/laggi. dio\ sfai/rwma/ e)stin h( fa/lagc e)pi\ qa/teron. toiou=ton de\ o)\n polla\ zuga/ e)sti, kai\ tosau=ta o(/sape/r e)sti ta\ sparti/a. a)ei\ de\ to\ e)ggu/teron sparti/on th=s pla/stiggos kai\ tou= i(stame/nou ba/rous mei=zon e(/lkei ba/ros, dia\ to\ gi/nesqai th\n me\n fa/lagga pa=san moxlo\n a)nestramme/non [1u(pomo/xlion me\n ga\r to\ sparti/on e(/kaston a)/nwqen o)/n, to\ de\ ba/ros to\ e)no\n e)n th=| pla/stiggi]1, o(/sw| d' a)\n makro/teron h)=| to\ mh=kos tou= moxlou= tou= a)po\ tou= u(pomoxli/ou, tosou/tw| e)kei= me\n r(a=|on kinei=, e)ntau=qa de\ sh/kwma poiei=, kai\ i(/sthsi to\ pro\s to\ sfai/rwma ba/ros th=s fa/laggos.

*dia\ ti/ oi( i)atroi\ r(a=|on e)cairou=si tou\s o)do/ntas proslamba/nontes ba/ros th\n o)donta/gran h)\ th=| xeiri\ mo/nh| yilh=|; po/teron dia\ to\ ma=llon e)colisqai/nein dia\ th=s xeiro\s to\n o)do/nta h)\ e)k th=s o)donta/gras; h)\ ma=llon o)lisqai/nei th=s xeiro\s o( si/dhros, kai\ ou) perilamba/nei au)to\n ku/klw|: malqakh\ ga\r ou)=sa h( sa\rc tw=n daktu/lwn kai\ prosme/nei ma=llon kai\ periarmo/ttei. a)ll' o(/ti h( o)donta/gra du/o moxloi/ ei)sin a)ntikei/menoi, e(\n to\ u(pomo/xlion e)/xontes th\n su/nayin th=s qermastri/dos: tou= r(a=|on ou)=n kinh=sai xrw=ntai tw=| o)rga/nw| pro\s th\n e)cai/resin. e)/stw ga\r th=s o)donta/gras to\ me\n e(/teron a)/kron e)f' w(=| to\ *a, to\ de\ e(/teron, to\ *b, o(\ e)cairei=: o( de\ moxlo\s e)f' w(=| *a*d*z, o( de\ a)/llos moxlo\s e)f' w(=| *b *g*e, u(pomo/xlion de\ to\ *g*q*d: o( de\ o)dou\s e)f' ou(= *i su/nayis: o( de\ to\ ba/ros.

e(kate/rw| ou)=n tw=n *b*z kai\ a(/ma labw\n kinei=. o(/tan de\ kinh/sh|, e)cei=le r(a=|on th=| xeiri\ h)\ tw=| o)rga/nw|.

*dia\ ti/ ta\ ka/rua r(a|di/ws katagnu/ousin a)/neu plhgh=s e)n toi=s o)rga/nois a(\ poiou=si pro\s to\ katagnu/nai au)ta/; pollh\ ga\r a)fairei=tai i)sxu\s h( th=s fora=s kai\ bi/as. e)/ti de\ sklhrw=| kai\ barei= sunqli/bwn qa=tton a)\n kata/cai h)\ culi/nw| kai\ kou/fw| tw=| o)rga/nw|. h)\ dio/ti ou(/tws e)p' a)mfo/tera qli/betai u(po\ du/o moxlw=n to\ ka/ruon, tw=| de\ moxlw=| r(a|di/ws diairei=tai ta\ ba/rh; to\ ga\r o)/rganon e)k du/o su/gkeitai moxlw=n, u(pomo/xlion e)xo/ntwn to\ au)to/, th\n sunafh\n e)f' h(=s to\ *a. w(/sper ou)=n ei) h)=san e)kbeblhme/nai, u(f' w(=n kinoume/nwn ei)s ta\ tw=n *g*d a)/kra ai( *e*z sunh/gonto r(a|di/ws a)po\ mikra=s i)sxu/os:

h(\n ou)=n e)n th=| plhgh=| to\ ba/ros e)poi/ei, tau/thn h( krei/ttwn tau/ths, h( to\ *e*g kai\ *z*d, moxloi\ o)/ntes poiou=si: th=| a)/rsei ga\r ei)s tou)nanti/on ai)/rontai, kai\ qli/bontes katagnu/ousi to\ e)f' w(=| *k. di' au)to\ de\ tou=to kai\ o(/sw| a)\n e)ggu/teron h)=| th=s *a to\ *k, suntri/betai qa=tton: o(/sw| ga\r a)\n plei=on a)pe/xh| tou= u(pomoxli/ou o( moxlo/s, r(a=|on kinei= kai\ plei=on a)po\ th=s i)sxu/os th=s au)th=s. e)/stin ou)=n to\ me\n *a u(pomo/xlion, h( de\ *d*a*z moxlo/s, kai\ h( *g*a*e. o(/sw| a)\n ou)=n to\ *k e)ggute/rw h)=| th=s gwni/as tw=n *a, tosou/tw| e)ggu/teron gi/netai th=s sunafh=s tw=n *a: tou=to de/ e)sti to\ u(pomo/xlion. a)na/gkh toi/nun a)po\ th=s au)th=s i)sxu/os sunagou/shs to\ *z*e ai)/resqai ple/on. w(/ste e)pei/ e)stin e)c e)nanti/as h( a)/rsis, a)na/gkh qli/besqai ma=llon: to\ de\ ma=llon qlibo/menon kata/gnutai qa=tton.

*dia\ ti/ ferome/nwn du/o fora\s e)n tw=| r(o/mbw| tw=n a)/krwn shmei/wn a)mfote/rwn, ou) th\n i)/shn e(ka/teron au)tw=n eu)qei=an die/rxetai, a)lla\ pollaplasi/an qa/teron; o( au)to\s de\ lo/gos kai\ dia\ ti/ to\ e)pi\ th=s pleura=s fero/menon e)la/ttw die/rxetai th=s pleura=s. to\ me\n ga\r th\n dia/metron th\n e)la/ttw, h( de\ th\n pleura\n th\n mei/zw, kai\ h( me\n mi/an, to\ de\ du/o fe/retai fora/s. fere/sqw ga\r e)pi\ th=s *a*b to\ me\n *a pro\s to\ *b, to\ de\ *b pro\s to\ *d tw=| au)tw=| ta/xei: fere/sqw de\ kai\ h( *a*b e)pi\ th=s *a*g para\ th\n *g*d tw=| au)tw=| ta/xei tou/tois.

a)na/gkh dh\ to\ me\n *a e)pi\ th=s *a*d diame/trou fe/resqai, to\ de\ *b e)pi\ th=s *b*g, kai\ a(/ma dielhluqe/nai e(kate/ran, kai\ th\n *a*b th\n *a*g pleura/n. e)nhne/xqw ga\r to\ me\n *a th\n *a*e, h( de\ *a *b th\n *a*z, kai\ e)/stw e)kbeblhme/nh h( *z*h para\ th\n *a*b, kai\ a)po\ tou= *e peplhrw/sqw. o(/moion ou)=n gi/netai to\ paraplhrwqe\n tw=| o(/lw|. i)/sh a)/ra h( *a*z th=| *a*e, w(/ste to\ *a e)pi\ th=s pleura=s e)nh/nektai th=s *a*e. h( de\ *a*b th\n *a*z ei)/h a)\n e)nhnegme/nh. e)/stai a)/ra e)pi\ th=s diame/trou kata\ to\ *q. kai\ ai)ei\ de\ a)na/gkh au)to\ fe/resqai kata\ th\n dia/metron. kai\ a(/ma h( pleura\ h( *a*b th\n pleura\n th\n *a*g di/eisi, kai\ to\ *a th\n dia/metron di/eisi th\n *a*d. o(moi/ws de\ deixqh/setai kai\ to\ *b e)pi\ th=s *a*g diame/trou fero/menon. i)/sh ga/r e)stin h( *b*e th=| *b*h. paraplhrwqe/ntos ou)=n a)po\ tou= *h, o(/moio/n e)sti tw=| o(/lw| to\ e)nto/s. kai\ to\ *b e)pi\ th=s diame/trou e)/stai kata\ th\n su/nayin tw=n pleurw=n, kai\ a(/ma di/eisin h(/ te pleura\ th\n pleura\n kai\ to\ *b th\n *b*g dia/metron. a(/ma a)/ra kai\ to\ *b th\n pollaplasi/an th=s *a*b di/eisi kai\ h( pleura\ th\n e)la/ttona pleura/n, tw=| au)tw=| ta/xei fero/mena, kai\ h( pleura\ mei/zw tou= *a dielh/luqe mi/an fora\n ferome/nh. o(/sw| ga\r a)\n o)cu/teros ge/nhtai o( r(o/mbos, h( me\n dia/metros h( e)la/ttwn gi/netai, h( de\ *b*g mei/zwn, h( de\ pleura\ th=s *b*g e)la/ttwn. a)/topon ga/r, w(/sper e)le/xqh, to\ du/o fora\s fero/menon e)ni/ote bradu/teron fe/resqai tou= mi/an, kai\ a)mfote/rwn i)sotaxw=n shmei/wn doqe/ntwn mei/zw diecie/nai qa/teron. ai)/tion de\ o(/ti tou= me\n a)po\ th=s a)mblei/as ferome/nou sxedo\n e)nanti/ai a)mfo/terai gi/nontai, h(/n te au)th\ fe/retai kai\ h(\n u(po\ th=s pleura=s u(pofe/retai, tou= de\ a)po\ th=s o)cei/as sumbai/nei fe/resqai e)pi\ to\ au)to/. sunepouri/zei ga\r h( th=s pleura=s th\n e)pi\ th=s diame/trou: kai\ o(/sw| a)\n th\n me\n o)cute/ran poih/sh|, th\n de\ a)mblute/ran, h( me\n bradute/ra e)/stai, h( de\ qa/ttwn. ai( me\n ga\r e)nantiw/terai gi/nontai dia\ to\ a)mblute/ran gi/nesqai th\n gwni/an, ai( de\ ma=llon e)pi\ ta\ au)ta\ dia\ to\ suna/gesqai ta\s gramma/s. to\ me\n ga\r *b sxedo\n e)pi\ to\ au)to\ fe/retai kat' a)mfote/ras ta\s fora/s: sunepouri/zetai ou)=n h( e(te/ra, kai\ o(/sw| a)\n o)cute/ra gi/nhtai h( gwni/a, tosou/tw| ma=llon. to\ *a de\ e)pi\ tou)nanti/on: au)to\ me\n ga\r pro\s to\ *b fe/retai, h( de\ pleura\ u(pofe/rei au)to\ pro\s to\ *d. kai\ o(/sw| a)\n a)mblute/ra h( gwni/a h)=|, e)nantiw/terai ai( forai\ gi/nontai: eu)qute/ra ga\r h( grammh\ gi/netai. ei) d' o(/lws eu)qei=a ge/noito, pantelw=s a)\n ei)/hsan e)nanti/ai. h( de\ pleura\ u(p' ou)qeno\s kwlu/etai mi/an ferome/nh fora/n. eu)lo/gws ou)=n th\n mei/zw die/rxetai.

*)aporei=tai dia\ ti/ pote o( mei/zwn ku/klos tw=| e)la/ttoni ku/klw| i)/shn e)celi/ttetai grammh/n, o(/tan peri\ to\ au)to\ ke/ntron teqw=si; xwri\s de\ e)kkulio/menoi, w(/sper to\ me/geqos au)tw=n pro\s to\ me/geqos e)/xei, ou(/tws kai\ ai( grammai\ au)tw=n gi/nontai pro\s a)llh/las. e)/ti de\ e(no\s kai\ tou= au)tou= ke/ntrou o)/ntos a)mfoi=n, o(te\ me\n thlikau/th gi/netai h( grammh\ h(\n e)kkuli/ontai, h(li/khn o( e)la/ttwn ku/klos kaq' au(to\n e)kkuli/etai, o(te\ de\ o(/shn o( mei/zwn. o(/ti me\n ou)=n mei/zw e)kkuli/etai o( mei/zwn, fanero/n. gwni/a me\n ga\r dokei= kata\ th\n ai)/sqhsin ei)=nai h( perife/reia e(ka/stou th=s oi)kei/as diame/trou, h( tou= mei/zonos ku/klou mei/zwn, h( de\ tou= e)la/ttonos e)la/ttwn, w(/ste to\n au)to\n tou=ton e(/cousi lo/gon, kaq' a(\s e)cekuli/sqhsan ai( grammai\ pro\s a)llh/las kata\ th\n ai)/sqhsin. a)lla\ mh\n kai\ o(/ti th\n i)/shn e)kkuli/ontai, o(/tan peri\ to\ au)to\ ke/ntron kei/menoi w)=si, dh=lon: kai\ ou(/tws gi/netai o(te\ me\n i)/sh th=| grammh=| h(\n o( mei/zwn ku/klos e)kkuli/etai, o(te\ de\ e)la/ttwn.

e)/stw ga\r ku/klos o( mei/zwn me\n e)f' ou(= ta\ *d*z*g, o( de\ e)la/ttwn e)f' ou(= ta\ *e*h*b, ke/ntron de\ a)mfoi=n to\ *a: kai\ h(\n me\n e)celi/ttetai kaq' au(to\n o( me/gas, h( e)f' h(=s *z*i e)/stw, h(\n de\ o( e)la/ttwn kaq' au(to/n, h( e)f' h(=s *h*k, i)/sh th=| *a*z. e)a\n dh\ kinw= to\n e)la/ttona, to\ au)to\ ke/ntron kinw=, e)f' ou(= to\ *a: o( de\ me/gas proshrmo/sqw. o(/tan ou)=n h( *a*b o)rqh\ ge/nhtai pro\s th\n *h*k, a(/ma kai\ h( *a*g gi/netai o)rqh\ pro\s th\n *z*l, w(/ste e)/stai i)/shn a)ei\ dielhluqui=a, th\n me\n *h*k, e)f' w(=| *h*b perife/reia, th\n de\ *z*l h( e)f' h(=s *z*g. ei) de\ to\ te/tarton me/ros i)/shn e)celi/ttetai, dh=lon o(/ti kai\ o( o(/los ku/klos tw=| o(/lw| ku/klw| i)/shn e)celixqh/setai, w(/ste o(/tan h( *b*h grammh\ e)/lqh| e)pi\ to\ *k, kai\ h( *z*g e)/stai perife/reia e)pi\ th=s *z*l, kai\ o( ku/klos o(/los e)ceiligme/nos. o(moi/ws de\ kai\ e)a\n to\n me/gan kinw=, e)narmo/sas to\n mikro/n, tou= au)tou= ke/ntrou o)/ntos, a(/ma th=| *a*g h( *a*b ka/qetos kai\ o)rqh\ e)/stai, h( me\n pro\s th\n *z*i, h( de\ pro\s th\n *h*q. w(/ste o(/tan i)/shn h( me\n th=| *h*q e)/stai dielhluqui=a, h( de\ th=| *z*i, kai\ ge/nhtai o)rqh\ pa/lin h( *z*a pro\s th\n *z*l, kai\ h( *a*g o)rqh\ pa/lin, w(s to\ e)c a)rxh=s e)/sontai e)pi\ tw=n *q*i. to\ de\ mh/te sta/sews ginome/nhs to\ mei=zon tw=| e)la/ttoni, w(/ste me/nein tina\ xro/non e)pi\ tou= au)tou= shmei/ou: kinou=ntai ga\r sunexw=s a)/mfw a)mfotera/kis. mh\ u(perphdw=ntos tou= e)la/ttonos mhqe\n shmei=on, to\n me\n mei/zw tw=| e)la/ttoni i)/shn diecie/nai, to\n de\ tw=| mei/zoni, a)/topon. e)/ti de\ mia=s kinh/sews ou)/shs a)ei\ to\ ke/ntron to\ kinou/menon o(te\ me\n th\n mega/lhn o(te\ de\ th\n e)la/ttona e)kkuli/esqai qaumasto/n. to\ ga\r au)to\ tw=| au)tw=| ta/xei fero/menon i)/shn pe/fuke diecie/nai: tw=| au)tw=| de\ ta/xei i)/shn e)sti\ kinei=n a)mfotera/kis. a)rxh\ de\ lhpte/a h(/de peri\ th=s ai)ti/as au)tw=n, o(/ti h( au)th\ du/namis kai\ i)/sh to\ me\n bradu/teron kinei= me/geqos, to\ de\ taxu/teron. ei) dh/ ti ei)/h o(\ mh\ pe/fuken u(f' e(autou= kinei=sqai, e)a\n tou=to a(/ma kai\ au)to\ kinh=| to\ pefuko\s kinei=sqai, bradu/teron kinhqh/setai h)\ ei) au)th\ kaq' au(th\n e)kinei=to. kai\ e)a\n me\n pefuko\s h)=| kinei=sqai, mh\ sugkinh=tai de\ mhqe/n, w(sau/tws e(/cei. kai\ a)du/naton dh\ kinei=sqai ple/on h)\ to\ kinou=n: ou) ga\r th\n au(tou= kinei=tai ki/nhsin, a)lla\ th\n tou= kinou=ntos. ei)/h dh\ ku/klos o( me\n mei/zwn to\ *a, o( de\ e)la/ttwn e)f' w(=| *b. ei) w)qoi/h d' o( e)la/ttwn to\n mei/zw, mh\ kuliome/nou au)tou=, fanero\n o(/ti tosou=ton di/eisi th=s eu)qei/as o( mei/zwn, o(/son e)w/sqh u(po\ tou= e)la/ttonos. tosou=ton de/ ge e)w/sqh o(/son o( mikro\s e)kinh/qh. i)/shn a)/ra th=s eu)qei/as dielhlu/qasin. a)na/gkh toi/nun kai\ ei) kulio/menos o( e)la/ttwn to\n mei/zw w)qoi/h, kulisqh=nai me\n a(/ma th=| w)/sei, tosou=ton d' o(/son o( e)la/ttwn e)kuli/sqh, ei) mhqe\n au)to\s th=| au)th=| kinh/sei kinei=tai. w(s ga\r kai\ o(/son e)ki/nei, tosou=ton kekinh=sqai a)na/gkh to\ kinou/menon u(p' e)kei/nou. a)lla\ mh\n o(/ te ku/klos tosou=ton e)ki/nhse to\ au)to/, ku/klw| te kai\ podiai/an [1e)/stw ga\r tosou=ton o(\ e)kinh/qh]1, kai\ o( me/gas a)/ra tosou=ton e)kinh/qh. o(moi/ws de\ ka)\n o( me/gas to\n mikro\n kinh/sh|, e)/stai kekinhme/nos o( mikro\s w(s kai\ o( mei/zwn. kaq' au(to\n me\n dh\ kinhqei\s o(poterosou=n, e)a/n te taxu\ e)a/n te brade/ws: tw=| au)tw=| de\ ta/xei eu)qu\s o(/shn o( mei/zwn pe/fuken e)celixqh=nai grammh/n. o(/per kai\ poiei= th\n a)pori/an, o(/ti ou)ke/ti o(moi/ws poiou=sin o(/tan sunarmosqw=sin. to\ d' e)/stin, ei) o( e(/teros u(po\ tou= e(te/rou kinei=tai ou)x h(\n pe/fuken, ou)de\ th\n au(tou= ki/nhsin. ou)qe\n ga\r diafe/rei periqei=nai kai\ e)narmo/sai h)\ prosqei=nai o(poteronou=n o(pote/rw|: o(moi/ws ga/r, o(/tan o( me\n kinh=| o( de\ kinh=tai u(po\ tou/tou, o(/son a)\n kinh=| a(/teros, tosou=ton kinhqh/setai a(/teros. o(/tan me\n ou)=n proskei/menon kinh=| h)\ proskrema/menon, ou)k a)ei\ kuli/ei tis: o(/tan de\ peri\ to\ au)to\ ke/ntron teqw=sin, a)na/gkh kuli/esqai a)ei\ to\n e(/teron u(po\ tou= e(te/rou. a)ll' ou)qe\n h(=tton ou) th\n au(tou= ki/nhsin a(/teros kinei=tai, a)ll' w(/sper a)\n ei) mhdemi/an ei)=xe ki/nhsin. ka)\n e)/xh|, mh\ xrh=tai d' au)th=|, tau)to\ sumbai/nei. o(/tan me\n ou)=n o( me/gas kinh=| e)ndedeme/non to\n mikro/n, o( mikro\s kinei=tai o(/shnper ou(=tos: o(/tan de\ o( mikro/s, pa/lin o( me/gas o(/shn ou(=tos. xwrizo/menos de\ e(ka/teros au(to\n kinei= au)to/s. o(/ti de\ tou= au)tou= ke/ntrou o)/ntos kai\ kinou=ntos tw=| au)tw=| ta/xei sumbai/nei a)/nison diecie/nai au)tou\s grammh/n, paralogi/zetai o( a)porw=n sofistikw=s. to\ au)to\ me\n ga/r e)sti ke/ntron a)mfoi=n, a)lla\ kata\ sumbebhko/s, w(s mousiko\n kai\ leuko/n: to\ ga\r ei)=nai e(kate/rou ke/ntrou tw=n ku/klwn ou) tw=| au)tw=| xrh=tai. o(/tan me\n ou)=n o( kinw=n h)=| o( mikro/s, w(s e)kei/nou ke/ntron kai\ a)rxh/, o(/tan de\ o( me/gas, w(s e)kei/nou. ou)/koun to\ au)to\ kinei= a(plw=s, a)ll' e)/stin w(/s.

*dia\ ti/ ta\s kli/nas poiou=si diplasiopleu/rous, th\n me\n e(\c podw=n kai\ mikrw=| mei/zw pleura/n, th\n de\ triw=n; kai\ dia\ ti/ e)ntei/nousin ou) kata\ dia/metron; h)\ to\ me\n me/geqos thlikau/tas, o(/pws toi=s sw/masin w)=si su/mmetroi; gi/nontai ga\r ou(/tw diplasio/pleuroi, tetraph/xeis me\n to\ mh=kos, diph/xeis de\ to\ pla/tos. e)ntei/nousi de\ ou) kata\ dia/metron a)ll' a)p' e)nanti/as, o(/pws ta/ te cu/la h(=tton diaspa=tai: ta/xista ga\r sxi/zetai kata\ fu/sin diairou/mena tau/th|, kai\ e(lko/mena ponei= ma/lista. e)/ti e)peidh\ dei= ba/ros du/nasqai ta\ sparti/a fe/rein, ou(/tws h(=tton pone/sei locoi=s toi=s sparti/ois e)pitiqeme/nou tou= ba/rous h)\ plagi/ois. e)/ti de\ e)/latton ou(/tw sparti/on a)nali/sketai. e)/stw ga\r kli/nh h( *a*z*h*i, kai\ di/xa dih|rh/sqw h( *z*h kata\ to\ *b. i)/sa dh\ truph/mata/ e)stin e)n th=| *z*b kai\ e)n th=| *z*a. kai\ ga\r ai( pleurai\ i)/sai ei)si/n: h( ga\r o(/lh *z*h diplasi/a e)sti/n. e)ntei/nousi d' w(s ge/graptai, a)po\ tou= *a e)pi\ to\ *b, ei)=ta ou(= to\ *g, ei)=ta ou(= to\ *d, ei)=ta ou(= to\ *q, ei)=ta ou(= to\ *e. kai\ ou(/tws a)ei/, e(/ws a)\n ei)s gwni/an katastre/ywsin a)/llhn:
du/o ga\r e)/xousi gwni/ai ta\s a)rxa\s tou= sparti/ou. i)/sa de/ e)sti ta\ sparti/a kata\ ta\s ka/myeis, to/ te *a*b kai\ *b*g tw=| *g*d kai\ *d*q. kai\ ta\ a)/lla de\ ta\ toiau=ta/ e)stin, o(/ti ou(/tws e)/xei h( au)th\ a)po/deicis. h( me\n ga\r *a*b th=| *e*q i)/sh: i)/sai ga/r ei)sin ai( pleurai\ tou= *b*h*k *a xwri/ou, kai\ ta\ truph/mata i)/sa die/sthken. h( de\ *b*h i)/sh th=| *k*a: h( ga\r *b gwni/a i)/sh th=| *h. e)n i)/sois ga\r h( me\n e)kto/s, h( de\ e)nto/s: kai\ h( me\n *b e)sti\n h(mi/seia o)rqh=s: h( ga\r *z*b i)/sh th=| *z*a: kai\ gwni/a de\ h( kata\ to\ *z o)rqh/. h( de\ *b gwni/a i)/sh th=| kata\ to\ *h: h( ga\r kata\ to\ *z o)rqh/, e)peidh\ diplasio/pleuron to\ e(tero/mhkes kai\ pro\s me/son ke/klastai. w(/ste h( *a*g th=| *e*h i)/sh. tau/th| de\ h( *k*q: para/llhlos ga/r. w(/ste h( *b*g i)/sh th=| *k*q. h( de\ *g*e th=| *d*q. o(moi/ws de\ kai\ ai( a)/llai dei/knuntai o(/ti i)/sai ei)si\n ai( kata\ ta\s ka/myeis du/o tai=s dusi/n. w(/ste dh=lon o(/ti ta\ thlikau=ta sparti/a o(/son to\ *a*b, te/ssara tosau=t' e)/nestin e)n th=| kli/nh|: o(/son d' e)sti\ to\ plh=qos tw=n e)n th=| *z*h pleura=| truphma/twn, kai\ e)n tw=| h(mi/sei tw=| *z*b ta\ h(mi/sh. w(/ste e)n th=| h(misei/a| kli/nh| thlikau=ta mege/qh sparti/wn e)sti\n o(/son tw=| *b*a e)/nesti, tosau=ta de\ to\ plh=qos o(/saper e)n tw=| *b*h truph/mata. tau=ta de\ ou)de\n diafe/rei le/gein h)\ o(/sa e)n th=| *a*z kai\ *b*z ta\ suna/mfw.
ei) de\ kata\ dia/metron e)ntaqh=| ta\ sparti/a, w(s e)n th=| *a*b*g*d kli/nh| e)/xei, ta\ h(mi/sea/ ei)sin ou) tosau=ta o(/sa ai( pleurai\ a)mfoi=n, ai( *a*z *z*h: ta\ i)/sa de/, o(/sa e)n tw=| *z*b*z*a truph/mata e)/nestin. mei/zones de/ ei)sin ai( *a*z *b*z du/o ou)=sai th=s *a*b. w(/ste kai\ to\ sparti/on mei=zon tosou/tw| o(/son ai( pleurai\ a)/mfw mei/zous ei)si\ th=s diame/trou.

*dia\ ti/ xalepw/teron ta\ makra\ cu/la a)p' a)/krou fe/rein e)pi\ tw=| w)/mw| h)\ kata\ to\ me/son, i)/sou tou= ba/rous o)/ntos; po/teron o(/ti saleuome/nou tou= cu/lou to\ a)/kron kwlu/ei fe/rein, ma=llon a)ntispw=n th=| saleu/sei th\n fora/n; h)\ ka)\n mhqe\n ka/mpthtai mhd' e)/xh| polu\ mh=kos, o(/mws xalepw/teron fe/rein a)p' a)/krou; a)ll' o(/ti kai\ r(a=|on ai)/retai a)p' a)/krou h)\ e)k me/sou, dia\ to\ au)to\ kai\ fe/rein ou(/tw r(a/|dion. ai)/tion de\ o(/ti e)k me/sou me\n ai)ro/menon a)ei\ e)pikoufi/zei a)/llhla ta\ a)/kra, kai\ qa/teron me/ros to\ e)pi\ qa/teron eu)= ai)/rei. w(/sper ga\r ke/ntron gi/netai to\ me/son, h(=| e)/xei to\ ai)=ron h)\ fe/ron. ei)s to\ a)/nw ou)=n koufi/zetai e(ka/teron tw=n a)/krwn ei)s to\ ka/tw r(e/pon. a)po\ de\ tou= a)/krou ai)ro/menon h)\ fero/menon ou) poiei= tou=to, a)ll' a(/pan to\ ba/ros r(e/pei e)f' e(\n me/son, ei)s o(/per ai)/retai h)\ fe/retai. e)/stw me/son e)f' ou(= *a, a)/kra *b*g. ai)rome/nou ou)=n h)\ ferome/nou kata\ to\ *a, to\ me\n *b ka/tw r(e/pon a)/nw ai)/rei to\ *g, to\ de\ *g ka/tw r(e/pon to\ *b a)/nw ai)/rei: a(/ma de\ ai)ro/mena a)/nw poiei= tau=ta.

*dia\ ti/, e)a\n h)=| li/an makro\n to\ au)to\ ba/ros, xalepw/teron fe/rein e)pi\ tou= w)/mou, ka)\n me/son fe/rh| tis, h)\ e)a\n e)/latton h)=|; pa/lai e)le/xqh w(s ou)k e)/stin ai)/tion h( sa/leusis: a)ll' h( sa/leusis nu=n ai)/tio/n e)stin. o(/tan ga\r h)=| makro/teron, ta\ a)/kra saleu/etai, w(/ste ei)/h a)\n kai\ to\n fe/ronta xalepw/teron fe/rein ma=llon. ai)/tion de\ tou= saleu/esqai ma=llon, o(/ti th=s au)th=s kinh/sews ou)/shs meqi/statai ta\ a)/kra, o(/sw|per a)\n h)=| makro/teron to\ cu/lon. o( me\n ga\r w)=mos ke/ntron, e)f' ou(= to\ *a [1me/nei ga\r tou=to]1, ai( de\ *a*b kai\ *a*g ai( e)k tou= ke/ntrou. o(/sw| d' a)\n h)=| mei=zon to\ e)k tou= ke/ntrou h)\ to\ *a*b h)\ kai\ to\ *a*g, ple/on meqi/statai me/geqos. de/deiktai de\ tou=to pro/teron.

*dia\ ti/ e)pi\ toi=s fre/asi ta\ khlw/neia poiou=si tou=ton to\n tro/pon; prostiqe/asi ga\r ba/ros e)n tw=| cu/lw| to\n mo/libdon, o)/ntos ba/rous tou= ka/dou au)tou=, kai\ kenou= kai\ plh/rous o)/ntos. h)\ o(/ti e)n dusi\ xro/nois dih|rhme/nou tou= e)/rgou [1ba/yai ga\r dei=, kai\ tou=t' a)/nw e(lku/sai]1 sumbai/nei kaqie/nai me\n keno\n r(a|-di/ws, ai)/rein de\ plh/rh xalepw=s; lusitelei= ou)=n mikrw=| bradu/teron ei)=nai to\ katagagei=n pro\s to\ polu\ koufi/sai to\ ba/ros a)na/gonti. tou=to ou)=n poiei= e)p' a)/krw| tw=| khlwnei/w| o( mo/libdos proskei/menos h)\ o( li/qos. kaqimw=nti me\n ga\r gi/netai ba/ros mei=zon h)\ ei) mo/non keno\n dei= kata/gein to\n ka/don: o(/tan de\ plh/rhs h)=|, a)na/gei o( mo/libdos, h)\ o(/ ti a)\n h)=| to\ proskei/menon ba/ros. w(/st' e)sti\ r(a=|on au)tw=| ta\ a)/mfw h)\ e)kei/nw|.

*dia\ ti/, o(/tan fe/rwsin e)pi\ cu/lou h)/ tinos toiou/tou du/o a)/nqrwpoi i)/son ba/ros, ou)x o(moi/ws qli/bontai, e)a\n mh\ e)pi\ tw=| me/sw| h)=| to\ ba/ros, a)lla\ ma=llon o(/sw| a)\n e)ggu/teron h)=| tw=n fero/ntwn; h)\ dio/ti moxlo\s me\n gi/netai ou(/tws e)xo/ntwn to\ cu/lon, to\ de\ ba/ros u(pomo/xlion, o( de\ e)ggu/teros tou= ba/rous tw=n fero/ntwn to\ ba/ros to\ kinou/menon, a(/teros de\ tw=n fero/ntwn to\ ba/ros o( kinw=n. o(/sw| ga\r ple/on a)pe/xei tou= ba/rous, tosou/tw| r(a=|on kinei=, kai\ qli/bei ma=llon to\n e(/teron ei)s to\ ka/tw, w(/sper a)nterei/dontos tou= ba/rous tou= e)pikeime/nou kai\ ginome/nou u(pomoxli/ou. e)n me/sw| de\ u(pokeime/nou tou= ba/rous, ou)de\n ma=llon a(/teros qate/rw| gi/netai ba/ros, ou)de\ kinei=, a)ll' o(moi/ws e(ka/teros e(kate/rw| gi/netai ba/ros.

*dia\ ti/ oi( a)nista/menoi pa/ntes pro\s o)cei=an gwni/an tw=| mhrw=| poih/santes th\n knh/mhn a)ni/stantai, kai\ tw=| qw/raki pro\s to\n mhro/n; ei) de\ mh/, ou)k a)\n du/nainto a)nasth=nai. po/teron o(/ti to\ i)/son h)remi/as pantaxou= ai)/tion, h( de\ o)rqh\ gwni/a tou= i)/sou, kai\ poiei= sta/sin: dio\ kai\ fe/retai pro\s o(moi/as gwni/as th=| periferei/a| th=s gh=s. ou) ga\r o(/ti kai\ pro\s o)rqh\n e)/stai tw=| e)pipe/dw|. h)\ o(/ti a)nista/menos gi/netai o)rqo/s, a)na/gkh de\ to\n e(stw=ta ka/qeton ei)=nai pro\s th\n gh=n. ei) ou)=n me/llei e)/sesqai pro\s o)rqh/n, tou=to de/ e)sti to\ th\n kefalh\n e)/xein kata\ tou\s po/das, kai\ gi/nesqai dh\ o(/te a)ni/statai. o(/tan me\n ou)=n kaqh/menos h)=|, para/llhlon e)/xei th\n kefalh\n kai\ tou\s po/das, kai\ ou)k e)pi\ mia=s eu)qei/as.

h( kefalh\ *a e)/stw, qw/rac *a*b, mhro\s *b*g, knh/mh *g*d. pro\s o)rqh\n de\ gi/netai o(/ te qw/rac [e)f' w(=n *a*b] tw=| mhrw=| kai\ o( mhro\s th=| knh/mh| ou(/tws kaqhme/nw|. w(/ste ou(/tws e)/xonta a)du/naton a)nasth=nai. a)na/gkh de\ e)gkli=nai th\n knh/mhn kai\ poiei=n tou\s po/das u(po\ th\n kefalh/n. tou=to de\ e)/stai, e)a\n h( *g*d e)f' h(=s ta\ *g*z ge/nhtai, kai\ a(/ma a)nasth=nai sumbh/setai, kai\ e)/xein e)pi\ th=s au)th=s i)/shs th\n kefalh/n te kai\ tou\s po/das. h( de\ *g*z o)cei=an poiei= gwni/an pro\s th\n *b*g.

*dia\ ti/ r(a=|on kinei=tai to\ kinou/menon h)\ to\ me/non, oi(=on ta\s a(ma/cas qa=tton kinoume/nas u(pa/gousin h)\ a)rxome/nas; h)\ o(/ti xalepw/taton me\n to\ ei)s tou)nanti/on kinou/menon kinh=sai ba/ros; a)fairei=tai ga/r ti th=s tou= kinou=ntos duna/mews, ka)\n polu\ qa=tton h)=|: a)na/gkh ga\r bradute/ran gi/nesqai th\n w)=sin tou= a)ntwqoume/nou. deu/teron de/, e)a\n h)remh=|: a)ntitei/nei ga\r kai\ to\ h)remou=n. to\ de\ kinou/menon e)pi\ to\ au)to\ tw=| w)qou=nti o(/moion poiei= w(/sper a)\n ei) au)ch/seie/ tis th\n tou= kinou=ntos du/namin kai\ taxuth=ta: o(\ ga\r u(p' e)kei/nou a)\n e)/pasxe, tou=to au)to\ poiei= ei)s to\ pro\ o(dou= kinou/menon.

*dia\ ti/ pau/etai fero/mena ta\ r(ife/nta; po/teron o(/tan lh/gh| h( i)sxu\s h( a)fei=sa, h)\ dia\ to\ a)ntispa=sqai, h)\ dia\ th\n r(oph/n, e)a\n krei/ttwn h)=| th=s i)sxu/os th=s r(iya/shs; h)\ a)/topon to\ tau=t' a)porei=n, a)fe/nta th\n a)rxh/n.

*dia\ ti/ fe/retai/ ti ou) th\n au(tou= fora/n, mh\ a)kolouqou=ntos kai\ w)qou=ntos tou= a)fe/ntos; h)\ dh=lon o(/ti e)poi/hse toiou=ton to\ prw=ton w(s qa/teron w)qei=n, kai\ tou=q' e(/teron: pau/etai de/, o(/tan mhke/ti du/nhtai poiei=n to\ prowqou=n to\ fero/menon w(/ste w)qei=n, kai\ o(/tan to\ tou= ferome/nou ba/ros r(e/ph| ma=llon th=s ei)s to\ pro/sqen duna/mews tou= w)qou=ntos.

*dia\ ti/ ou)/te ta\ e)la/ttona ou)/te ta\ mega/la po/rrw fe/retai r(iptou/mena, a)lla\ dei= summetri/an tina\ e)/xein pro\s to\n r(iptou=nta; po/teron o(/ti a)na/gkh to\ r(iptou/menon kai\ w)qou/menon a)nterei/dein o(/qen w)qei=tai; to\ de\ mhqe\n u(pei=kon dia\ me/geqos h)\ mhde\n a)nterei=san di' a)sqe/neian ou) poiei= r(i=yin ou)de\ w)=sin. to\ me\n ou)=n polu\ u(perba/llon th=s i)sxu/os th=s w)qou/shs ou)qe\n u(pei/kei, to\ de\ polu\ a)sqene/steron ou)de\n a)nerei/dei. h)\ o(/ti tosou=ton fe/retai to\ fero/menon, o(/son a)\n a)e/ra kinh/sh| ei)s ba/qos; to\ de\ mhde\n kinou/menon ou)d' a)\n kinh/seien ou)de/n. sumbai/nei dh\ a)mfo/tera tou/tois e)/xein. to/ te ga\r sfo/dra me/ga kai\ to\ sfo/dra mikro\n w(/sper ou)qe\n kinou/mena/ e)sti: to\ me\n ga\r au)to\ kaq' e(\n kinei=, to\ d' ou)qe\n kinei=tai.

*dia\ ti/ ta\ fero/mena e)n tw=| dinoume/nw| u(/dati ei)s to\ me/son teleutw=nta fe/rontai a(/panta; po/teron o(/ti me/geqos e)/xei to\ fero/menon, w(/ste e)n dusi\ ku/klois ei)=nai, tw=| me\n e)la/ttoni tw=| de\ mei/zoni, e(ka/teron au)tou= tw=n a)/krwn. w(/ste perispa=| o( mei/zwn dia\ to\ fe/resqai qa=tton, kai\ pla/gion a)pwqei= au)to\ ei)s to\n e)la/ttw. e)pei\ de\ pla/tos e)/xei to\ fero/menon, kai\ ou(=tos pa/lin to\ au)to\ poiei=, kai\ a)pwqei= ei)s to\n e)nto/s, e(/ws a)\n ei)s to\ me/son e)/lqh|. kai\ to/te me/nei dia\ to\ o(moi/ws e)/xein pro\s a(/pantas tou\s ku/klous to\ fero/menon, dia\ to\ me/son: kai\ ga\r to\ me/son i)/son a)pe/xei e)n e(ka/stw| tw=n ku/klwn. h)\ o(/ti o(/swn me\n mh\ kratei= h( fora\ tou= dinoume/nou u(/datos dia\ to\ me/geqos, a)ll' u(pere/xei th=| baru/thti th=s tou= ku/klou taxuth=tos, a)na/gkh u(polei/pesqai kai\ bradu/teron fe/resqai. bradu/teron de\ o( e)la/ttwn ku/klos fe/retai: to\ au)to\ ga\r e)n i)/sw| xro/nw| o( me/gas tw=| mikrw=| stre/fetai ku/klw|, o(/tan w)=si peri\ to\ au)to\ me/son. w(/ste ei)s to\n e)la/ttona ku/klon a)nagkai=on a)polei/pesqai, e(/ws a)\n e)pi\ to\ me/son e)/lqh|. o(/swn de\ pro/teron kratei= h( fora/, lh/gousa tau)to\ poih/sei. dei= ga\r to\n me\n eu)qu/, to\n de\ e(/teron kratei=n th=| taxuth=ti tou= ba/rous, w(/ste ei)s to\n e)nto\s a)ei\ ku/klon u(polei/pesqai pa=n. a)na/gkh ga\r au)to\ e)nto\s h)\ e)kto\s kinei=sqai to\ mh\ kratou/menon. e)n au)tw=| dh\ toi/nun e)n w(=| e)sti/n, a)du/naton fe/resqai to\ mh\ kratou/menon. e)/ti de\ h(=tton e)n tw=| e)kto/s: qa/ttwn ga\r h( fora\ tou= e)kto\s ku/klou. lei/petai de\ ei)s to\n e)nto\s to\ mh\ kratou/menon meqi/stasqai. a)ei\ de\ e(/kaston e)pidi/dwsin ei)s to\ mh\ kratei=sqai. e)pei\ de\ pe/ras tou= mh\ kinei=sqai poiei= to\ ei)s me/son e)lqei=n, me/nei de\ to\ ke/ntron mo/non, a(/panta a)na/gkh ei)s tou=to dh\ a)qroi/zesqai.