*ka\gtxo_q) o)rw_mem e(lla/di new\s ska)fos

*ta/rsw| rah/rei wi/tulom e)perwme/nom,

*naq/ras te wenth/kont) e)pi/ skxlmw_, wla/tas

*e)/xonts. Polybius in primo aliter locutus e&longs;t, ut ui debis: *ai( de\ nh_is so/mxs e)c a)mfoi_m i_m meroi_m e)f) o(/som h)_m di wxm e/ggisx i_s tena/gesi wosa/gm e)pei_xom e(p rwku/is pro\s t e)mol kai\ su/llhyim th_s e)kplei_m mellou/sh; new/s. id e&longs;t: Naues autem qu&ecedil; in faucibus erant utrin&que;, quàm proximè ad paludes accedi poterat, expectabant remigio in&longs;tructæ, ad irruendum in nauem eam quæ exitura erat, atque ad eam capiendam parat&ecedil;. Latini aptas in&longs;tructaś que remigio uocant. Liuius decadis tertiæ libro primo: Cla&longs;&longs;is præterea data ad tuendam maritimam oram: quia qua parte bel le uicerant, ea tum quo&que; rem ge&longs;turos Romanos credi poterat, quinquaginta quinqueremes, qua­driremes duæ, triremes quinque, &longs;ed aptæ in&longs;tru­ctæ&queacute; remigio triginta & duæ quinqueremes erant, & triremes quinque. *trihrhmioli/a; uidemus factam mentionem ab Athenæo in quinto: & mediu&longs;&longs;idius &longs;æpenumero dubitaui, quod nam id e&longs;&longs;et nauigij genus. Necidem e&longs;&longs;e queat cum ijs, quas Polybius h(mio/ls nau_s uocat, Appianus uerò h(mioli/as. etiam&longs;i idem Polybius libro XVI. trihrhmioli/as uocet, eas o­pinor, quæ non tot remis agerentur, quot iu&longs;t&ecedil; tri remes. ait enim: *meta\ u/twm c)nne/a trihrhmioli/ai trih/rs trei_; u(ph_rxom. id e&longs;t: Cum his autem nouem triremio­liæ & triremes tres crant. Appianus certe in proœ­mio eas uidetur ponere infra magnitudinem iu&longs;ta-rum triremium, dum ait: *trih/rs de\ a) h(mioli/as me/xiweth/rs wentako/siai k xi/liai. id e&longs;t: Triremes autem ab he miolia u&longs;que ad quinqueremem mille quingen­tæ: ut h(mio/liai e&longs;&longs;ent biremes quidem, &longs;ed quæ à pup pi ad malum u&longs;que binis remis, à malo ad proram unico tantum agerentur: ut hodie quo que uidere e&longs;t in nonnullis earum, quas fu&longs;tas Veneti uocant. Tu Lector &longs;i quid no&longs;ti rectius i&longs;tis, candidus im­perti: mea enim e&longs;t coniectura. Tibi po&longs;&longs;um pro­ferre &longs;cripta autorum, qui huiu&longs;ce rei mentionem fecere: quibus legendis, poteris forta&longs;&longs;e meliora af ferre, certius que iudicium lrac de re facere. &longs;ed Ap pianum uideamus: *nausi/ l)e)fe/ronto, wenth/konta me\m wen­th/resi, e(kato\m de\ h(mioli/ai;. a)frxikois de\, k erkou/rois, kai\ og gu/lois wolloi_s. id e&longs;t: Ferebantur autem nauibus, quin queremibus quidem quinquaginta, hemiolijs cen tum: apertis uerò, cercuris, & onerarijs complu­ribus. Diodorus Siculus libro decimo nono: *au)­to\s l: a)galaw\m nau_s h(mioli/as, nuks ate/plse wlhsi/om th_s wo/lews. id e&longs;t: Ip&longs;e autem hemiolijs nauibus &longs;um­ptis, &longs;ecundum urbem de nocte delatus e&longs;t. Polybius in quinto: *katarti/sas lw/dieka me\m atafra/kts nau_s, o)ktde\ a)fra/kts, bia/konta l) h(mio/ls e\plei li)eu)ri/w. id e&longs;t: Duo decim itaque con&longs;tratis nauibus in&longs;tructis, octo apertis, triginta autem hemiolis per Euripum na­uigabat. Quibus locis h(mio/lous & h(mioli/as, pro eo­dem ferè poni exi&longs;timo. Sed hoc loco &longs;ubijciam, quæ in fragmentis Polybij ex libro decimo&longs;exto &longs;criptum legimus. Cuius quidem nobis copiam fecit Victor Fau&longs;tus, dum Venetijs à Rege Chri&longs;tiani&longs;­&longs;imo legatus commorarer. Ea &longs;unthæc, quibus de­&longs;cribit pugnam naualem ad Chium factam inter Philippum & Attalum, utin contextu uidebis: *o( de\ fi/lipp tw_m me\m ata\ t woliorki/am a)ntipipo/ntwm au)tw_|, twm de\ wolemi/wm e)formou/ntwm wlei/osi ataf ra/kis nausi\ h)porei_to, kai\ lush/sws lie/keito weri\ u_ me/llontos. ou)k e)pidexome/nwm de\ tw_m waro/ntwm ai)/resim, a)nh/xqh wara\ t tw_m wolemi/wm wros­dioki/am. e)/ti gar\ au)m h)/lpizom oi( weri\ m a)talo\m wroskarte­rh\seim th_| tw_m meta/llwm ataskh_|. ma/lisa di) e)ou/daze wcih/­saqai m a)na/plonm, ai)fni/diiom wepome/naiaxh/seim, kai\ loipo\m a)sfalw_s h)/dih omiqh/seqai wara\ t g ei)s t s­mom. lieyeo/qh de\ wara\ wolu\ i_s logismoi_s. oi( ga\r wobi\ m a)ta­lo\m kai\ qeofili/skom a(/ma sidiei_m au)m a)nago/menom, ei)/xon­to tw_m wrokme/nwm eu)qe/ws. se/h de\ m a)na/ploum au)tw_m gene/qai diialelume/nom, a(/te wepeisme/nwm, m fi/lippom aqaipob ei)_pom e)/ti me/neim e)pi\ tw_m wokme/nwm. ou) me\m a)ha\ hsa/menoi tai_s e)re­si\ais c)nergw_s wrose/alom. a)/tal me\m dieciw_| kai\ aqhgou­me/nw| tw_m wolemi/wm, qeofili/sk de\ i_s eu)wnu/mois. fi/lipp de\ wobikatalamano/meni_; kairoi_s, diou\s su/nqhma toi_s e)pe\ u_ dieciou_, kai\ waraei/las a)ntiprw/rous woiei_m ta\s nau_s, kai\ sum ple/keqai s wolemi/ois e)r)r(wme/nws, au)s wo\ ta\s nhsi/dias a)na­xwrn/sas meta\ tw_m le/mwm, ta\s metasu\ u_ wo/rou eime/nds, a)­pekaraqo/kei m i/ndiom. h)m tw_m me\m u_ fili/ppou new_m wlh_­q sugkatasa\m ei)s m a)gw_na, atxifraktoi trei_s kai\ wenth/­konta, su\m u/is a)/fraktoi, le/moi su\m tai_s wri/sesim e(kam kai\ wenth/konta. ta\s gar\ c)n th_| sa/mw| nau_s, ou)k h)dh/qh atarti/­sai wa\sas. ta\ de\ tw_m wolemi/wm ska/fh ata/ frakta me\m, h)m ch/konta kai\ we/nts, su\m i_s tw_m buzanti/wm. meta\ tou/twm c)nne/trihrhmioli/ai kai\ bih/reis trei_s wh_rxom. laou/shs de\ ta­tarx th_s nanmaxi/as, e)k th_s a)ta/lou new\s, eu)qe/ws waintes oi( su(­neggus a)paragge/ltws se/allom a)llh/lois. a)talo\s me\m ou)_m sum pesw\m o)kth/rei, kai\ wroemalw\m tau/th| airi/am kai\ u(/falom wlh­g, e)pi\ wolu\ tw_m e)pi\ tou_ ataw/mat a)gwnisame/nwm, te/l e)­u/qise t nau_m. h( tou_ fili/pp diekh/rhs, nauarxi\s ou)_sa, wara lo/gws e)ge/neto i_s e)xqroi=s woxei/rios. wopesou/sas au)th_| bih rhmioli/as, tau/th| lou_sa wlhgm biai/am ata\ me/som u_two\ m qrani/t skalmo\m, e)de/qh toue rni/tou t o(rm th_s new\s ou)ke/ti lhqe/nt a)nalaei_m. lio/ kai\ wroskremame/n tou_ wloi/ou au)th_s e)diurhsei_to, kai\ luski/nht h)_m wro\s wa_m, c)n w(_| arw_| lu/o wenth/reis wroesou_sai, kai\ bw/sasai t nau_m e)c a)m­foi_m i_m meroi_m, kai\ ska/ros kai\ tou\s e)pia/ts u\s e)m au)tw_| lie/fqeiram, c)n ci(=s h)_m kai\ lhmokra/ths o( u_ fili/ppou nau/arx. ata\ de\ m au) m airo\m lionuso/dwr kai\ leinokra/ths o)/ntes a)­dielfoi\, kai\ nauarxou_ntes war) a)ta/lw|, sumpeso/ntes o( me\m e(ph/rtw_m wolemi/wm, o( l) o)kth/rei, warao/lws e)h/santo t naumaxi/a|, leinokra/ths me\r pro\s o)kth/rh sumpesw\m, as me\m e)/calom e)/la­e t wlhgli\u a)nasei/r th_s new\s ou)/shs, t de\ tw_m wolemi/wm trw/ sas nau_m wotai/xa, me\m wrw_m ou)k e)dio/nato xorih_nai, ai/­pob wolla/kis e)pialo/men pru/mnam rou/er, lio\ kai\ tw_m makedo/ nwm eu)yu/xws a)gwnizome/nwm, ei)s m e)/xam warege/gei/gdiom. a)ta/l de\ e)piohqh/san au)tw_|, kai\ a\ th_s ei)s t wolemi/am nau_m e)molh_s lu/sant t sumplokh\m tw_m skafw_m, o( me\m leino­kra/ths a)pelu/qh waradio/cws, oi( de\ th_s wolemi/as new\s e)pia/tai wa/ntes eu)yo/xws liagwnisa/meoi liefqei/rhsam, de\ ska/fos e)/­rhmcm a)polhfqe\m, woxeriom e)ge/neto i_s wobi/ m a)/talom. o( de\ lionuso/dwr meta\ bi/ e)pifero/men ei)s e)mol, au)s me\m h(\martem u_ trw_sai, warapesw_m de\ i_s wolemi/ois, pe/ale mlecio\m tarso\m th_s new\s, o(mou_ sur)r(age/ntwm kai\ tw_m wurgou/xwm, ou(_ genome/n wobie\s hsam au)m wantaxo/qem oi( wole/mioi. raugh_s de\ kai\ qoru/ou genome/nou, g\ me\m loipo\m wlh_q tw(m e)piaiw_m a(/ma skxifei liefqxirh, tri/t l) au)s o( lionuso/diwr a)pnh/ca­to pro\s t e)piohqou_sam au)tw_| trihmioli/am. tw_m de\ loipw_m ne­w_m u_ plh/qous o( i/ndi e)fa/mill h)_m. aqa/pob gar\ e)pleo/­nazom oi( wara\ u_ fili/ppou li/moi, ata\ tosou_m a)ne/fobom oi( weri\ m a)/talom tw_m atafra/ktwm new_m plh/q, kai\ ta\ me\m wobi/ lecio\m e/ras tou_ ili/ppou toiau/t ei)_xe t lixiqesim, w(/s) a)kmh\m a)/krita me/neim ta\ o(/la, wolu\ u\s wobi m a)/talom e)pi­kudiese\ras e)/xeim ta\s e)lpi\das. oi( de\ r(o/dioi ata\ me\m ta\s a)rxa\s eu)qe/ws e)kth_s a)gwgh_s a)pe aiqhsam tw_m wolemi/wm, aqa/pob a)rti/ws ei)_pa. de\ taxunautei_m wara\ wclu\ liafe/rontes tw_m c)nan­ti/wm sh_yam i_s e)pi\ th_s ou)ragi/as makedc\si, kai\ me\m wrw_­tom woxwrou_si i_s ska/fesim ata\ wro/mnam, e)pifobo/menoe u\s tasou/s ware/luom. a(s de\ oi( me\m wara\ u_ fili/ppou sepisre/ feim h)/rcanio waraohqou_nts i_s indeo/i, tw_m de\ r(cdii/wm oi( aquserou_ntes e)k th_s a)nagwgh_s sh_yam i_s weri( mqeofili/­om, to/te atapro/swpom a)ntips w/rous. ta\cantes ta\s nau_s, a)mfo/­tobom se/alom eu)yu/xws c(mo tai_s sailpigci kai\ th_| raugh_| warakalou_ntes h/lous. ei) me\m cu)_m mh\ metcu\ tw_m atafraiktwm new_m e)/tacam oi( makedio/nes u\s le/mous, r(adii/am a)/m su/ntomom e)/­lae ri/sim h( naumaxi/a. nu_m tau) e)mpo(dia pro\s tei/am i_s r(odii/ois e)ge/neto ata\ wollou\s bo)pous. meta\ gar\ inqh_no te)carxh_s ta/cim e)k th_s prw/ths sumolh_s, wa/ntes sam a)nami\c a)nh/ lois. o(/qem ou)/te diekplei_m eu)lerw_s, ou)/te sre/fm e)du/nanoa\s nau_s, ou)/te aqo/lou h_qai ki_s i)dii/ois protobh/masim. e)mpipo/ntwm au)­i_s tw_m le/mwm wote\ me\m ei)s u\s tarsou\s, w(/se lurhsei=m tai_s ei)resi/ais, wote\ de\ wa/lim ei)s ta\s wrw/ras, d)i\ de\ o(/te ata\ pro/mnam.w(/se warapodi/zeqai kai\ t tw_m uobnhtw_m, kai\ t tw_m e(retw_m ei_am. ata\ de\ ta\s a)ntiprw/rs sumpw/seis, e)poi/m ti\ texniko\m. au)i\ me\m e)/mprwra ta\ ska/fh woiou_ntes, e)ca/ls e)la/manom ta\s wlhga\, i_s de\ wolemi/ois u(\fala ta\ trau/mata lido/ntes, a)oh­qh/us e)skeu/azom ta\s wlhga\s, ani/ws l) ei)s u_ sugkate/ai­nom. aqo/lou gar\ e)ce/klinom ta\s sumploka\s, a\ genne/ws a)mu/­naqai u\, makedo/nas a)tr\ twm atasrwma/twm c)n tai_s susa/dihm gignome/nais ma/xais. de\ wolu\ ata\ me\m u\s lie/kplous, waras­rontes tw_m wolemi/wm new_m u\s tarsou\s h)ei/oum. meta\ de\ tau_ta wa/lim e)kpobiple/ontis, kai\ i_s me\m ata\ pru/mnam e)ma/llontes, i_s de\ wlagi/ois kai\ sre fome/nois a)km wroi/pontes, ou(\s me\m e)ti/bwskom, oi(=s ware/luom a)ei/ ti tw_m wro\s tei_am a)nagkai/wm. kai\ lh\ iou/tw| bo/pw| maxo/menoi, wamplhqei_s tw_m wole­mi/wm nau_s lie/fqeiram. e)pifane/satai de\ e)kindiu/nsam trei=s wen­th/reis tw_m r(odi/wm, h(/te nauarxi\s, e)f) h(_s e)/plei qeofili/sk. me­ta\ de\ tau/t, h(_s e)trihra/rxei filo/srat. tri/th de\, h(\m e)kue/rna me\m au)to/luk, e)pe/plei de\ niko/sgat. tau/ths gar\ e)malou/shs ei)s wolemi/am nau_m, kai\ atalipou/sh; c)n skxifei m e)/mo­lom, sh t me\m wlhgei_sam au)/tandrom atadu/nai. u\s we­ri\ m au)to/lukom ei)sreou/sh; ei)s t nau_m th_s qala/ths, a\ th_s rw/ras uklwqe/ntas wo\ twm wolemi/wm, ta\s me\m a)rxa\s a)gw­ni/zeqai gennai/ws. te/l de\ m me\m au)to/lukom e)kpesei_m bwqe/ntmeta\ tw_m o(/plwm ei)s t qa/latam, u\s de\ loipou\s e)pia/tas a)po­anei_m maxome/nous gennai/ws. c)n airw_| qeofili/sk bohqh/­sas meta\ biw_m wenth/rwm, t me\m nau_m ou)k h)dih/qh sw_sai, a\ wlh\rh qalxiths ei)=nai. lu/o de\ nau_s wolemi/s bw/sas, u\s e)pi­a/tas e)ce/ale. taxu\ de\ werixuqe/ntwm au)tw_| le/mwm wleio/nwm, kai\ atafra/ktwm newm, tou\s me\m wlei/sous a)pe/ale tw_m e)piatw_m e)pifanws a)gwnisame/nous. au)s de\ tri/a trau/mata law\m, kai\ wa-rao)lws th_| to/lmh| indimuesas, mo/lis e)ce/swse tlw\ i) dii/am nau_m. e)xiohqh/sant au)tw_| filosra/u, kai\ muanadiecame/noq m o)ne­sw_ta i/ndimuom eu)yu/xws. smua\y de\ i_s au) skfesi wa/­lim e)c a)/llhs o(rmh_s smueple/keto i=s wolemi/ois, t me\m swmati­kh_| lon mei waralno/men wo\ tw_m bauma/twm, th_| th_s yu­xh_s gennaio/thti lampro/tob w)m kai\ warasatikw/tob h)\wro/­qem me/h de\ lu/o gene/ai nau maxi/, wolu\ liesw/sas a)llh/­lwm. me\m gar\ lecio\m e/ra u_ fili/ppou ata\ tlw\ e)c a)rxh_wro/qesim, a)ei\ th_s gh_s o)rego/menom, ou) makra\m a)xei_xem th_s a)si/as. l) eu)w/numom oa( warahqh_sai i_s e)pi\ th_s ou)ragi/as e)c wosrofh_s, ou)wolu\ th_s xi/as a)pe/xom c)nauma/xq i=s r(odii/ois. ou) m\u a)a\ wra\ wolu\ tou\ dieciou_ e/rat matakratou/ntwm tw_m weri\ m a)/talom, kai\ smieggizo/ntwm h)/dih pro\s ta\s nhsi/dia, u(f ai(=s o( fi/lipp w(/rmei aradokw_m sumhso/menom, smuidiw\m a)/tlos mi=am wenth/rh tw_m i)dii/wm e)ks u_ minu/nou tetrwme/nkm bapcome/nhm wo\ new\s wolemi/as, w(/rmhsai waraohqk/swm tau/th| me­ta\ diu/o tetrh/rwm. u_ de\ wolemi/ou ska/fous e)gkli/nant, kai\ woe­me/nou tlw\ a)woxw/rhsim w(s pro\s tlw\ gh_m, e)pe/keito filotimw/tbom e)gkrath\s gene/ai oudia/cwm th_s new/s. o( fi/lipp smuqeasa/­men a)weasme/nom wolu\ m a)/talom a) tw_m i)dii/wm, warala­w\m te/taras wenth/reis kai\ trei_s h(mioli/a, e)/ti tw_m le/mwm tou\s e)ggu\s o)/ntas w(/rmhsem. kai\ diiaklei/sas r\m a)/talom a) tw_m o)ikei/­mnew_m, h)naigkase mita\ megailhs a)gwni/as ei)s tlw\ gh_m e)alei_m ta\ ska/fh. o/tou de\ sumalnt, au)s me\m o( basileu\; meta\ tw_m wlhrwma/twm, ei)s ta\s e)ruqra\s a)pexw/rhoem. tw_m de\ wloi/wm kai\ th_s basilikh_s waraskuh_s e)gkrath\s o( fi/lipt e)ge/geto. kai\ ga\r e)poi/hsa/m ti texniko\m c)n tou/is s airoi_s oi( weri\ m a)/ta­lom. ta\ r e)pifane/sata th_s basilikh_s waraskouh_s e)pi a­/srwma th_s new\s e)ci/alom, em oi( wrw_toi tw_m makedi o/nwmsa/yantes c)n i=s le\mois smiqeasa/menoi wothri/wm wlh_r, kai\ worfurou_m i(mati/wm, tw_m u/is warepome/nwm skw_m, a)fe/menu_ liw/keim a)pe/nousam e)pi\ tlw\ u/twm a(rpaglw\, lio\ smuh m a)/talom a)sfalu_ woih/saai tlw\ a)poxw/rhsim ei)s ta\s e)ruqra\s. fi/ lipp de\ i=s me\m o(/lis e)latw/mei warapolu\ t naumaxi/am, th_| de\ wbipetei/a| th_| ata\ m a)/talom e)parqei\s e)pane/pl, kai\ wolu\s h)=m smuaqroi/cwm ta\s sfete/ras nau_s, kai\ wa akalw_m u\s a)/ndras eu)qkrsei_s ei)=nai, lio/ti nikw_si th_| naumaxi/a|. kai\ gar\ we/­drame/ tis e)/nnoia kai\ wiqano/ths i_s nqrw/pois, w(s a)polwlotu_ a)ta/lou, oa\ ata/geim u\s wobi\ m fi/lippom a)nadiedeme/­nous t basilikm nau_m. o( de\ lionuso/diwrwoncsac wara\ m au)u_ basile/a gegono\s, h)/qroice ta\e oi)k i/as nau_s e)cai/rwm su/n­qhma. taxu\ de\ sullexqeiow_m pro/s au)m, a)pe/plei met) a)sfalei/as ei)su\; ata\ t a)sam o(/rmous. ata\ de\ m au)g\m airo\m oi( pro\s u\s r(odii/ous a)gwnico/menoi tw_m makedio/nwm, wa/lai akw_s wai/on­tis, e/ce/lum au)tou\s e)k indiu/nou meta\ profa/sews atame/rk woiou/menoi t a)poxw/rhsim, w(s tai_s oi)kei/ais eu/diontes e)p: kou­rh_sai nausi\m. oi( de\ o/diioi ta\s me\m a)nadhsa/menoi tw_m new_m, ta\s de\ wrodiiafqei/rants tai=s e)molai_s, a)pe/plousam ei)s t xi/om. e)fa/rhsam de\ u_ me\m fili/pou nu_es, n me\m th_| pro\s a)/talom nau­maxi/a| lekh/rhs, c)nnh/rhs, e(mh/rhs, e(ch/rhs. tw_m de\ loipw_m ata/­frakoi me\m die/ka, kai\ bihmio/liai trei=s, le/moi we/nt kai\ ei)/ko­si, kai\ ta\ tou/twm plhrw/mata, c)n de\ th_| pro\s r(odii/ous diie fqa/rhm ataifrakoi me\m die/ka, le/moi de\ wbi\ tetara/kanta m a)riq­mo\m. h)/lwsam de\ diu/o tebh/reis, kai\ le/moi su\m i_s plhrw/masim e(pa/. twm de\ weri\ a)ta/lou ate/diusam trihmioli/a mi/a, kai\ lu/o wenth/reis, kai\ u_ basile\ws ska/f. tw_m de\ r(di/wm liefqa)­rhsam me\m diu/o wenth/reis, kai\ trih/reis. h)/lw l) ou)die/m. a)/ndes de\ tw_m me\m r(odii/wm a)pe/qanom ei)s e(ch/konta, tw_m de\wara\ a)ta/lous e(do mh/konta. tw_m u_ fili/ppou, make/dones me\m ei)s trix­li/ous, tw_m de\ wlhrwmxitwm ei)s e(cakixili/ous, e)a/lwsom de\ cw­gri/a tw_m me\m summaixwm kai\ makedo/nwm ei)s lixili/ous, tw_m l) ai)gupi/wm ei\s e(pakosi/ous. kai\ me\m te/l th_s weri\ xi/om nau­maxi/as, iou m smue/h gene/ai. th_s de\ ni/khs o( fi/lipp a)nte­poiei_ata\ diu/o wrofaisei, ata\ mi/am me\m, h(\ m a)/talom ei)s t g e)malw\m e)gkrath\s th_s new\s e)gego/nei. aq) e(te/ram de\ h(+| a­qormiqei/s e)pi\ aloi/menom a)/rgennom e)dio/kei wepoiei=ai m o(/r­mom e)pi\ tw_m nauagi/w. a)ko/louqa u/is e)pratem, kai\ ata\ te(cm_s h(me/ram sgwm ta\ naua/gia, kai\ to(m nekrw_m woiou/mennli/resim twm e)piginoskme/nwm, xairim u_ sau/ eim t wroeirme/nhm fantasi/lm. ti ga oi)di) au)s e)pe/peiso nika_m, e)ch/legcam m oi(/te r(o/diioi, lio, usdiwr met) o)li/gom. ata\ gar\ t e)pou_sam h(me/ram e)/ti weri\ tau_ta genome/n u_ basile/ws, diiapemymenoi pro\s a)nh/ls, e)pi/plousam au)tw_|, kai\ sh/es c)n meo/pw| ta\s nau_s, u)dino\s p) au)u\s a)ntanagome/nou, wailim a)pe/ploum ei)s txi/om. o( de\ fi/lipp ou)de/poe sou/us a)/ndas a)polwlekw\s, ou)/­te ata\ qa/latam e(ni\ airw_|, bare/ws me\m e)/fobe geono\s, kai\ wolu\ th_s o(rmh_s au)u_ warhtei=. wro\s me/nige u(s e)ko\s e)a_­to ata\ wa/na o/pom e)piru/pai t au)u_ diia/lhyim. ai/­per u)k e)o/ntwm au)twm tw_m progma/twm. xwri\s ga\r tw_m a)/llwm, kai\ ta\ meta\ t ma/x sumai/nona, waintas e)cple u\s qeome/­nous. genome/nhs gar\ sau/ths fqora_s a)gqrw/pwm. war) au/m me\m m ro\m wa_s o(wo\r e)plhi w/qh nekrw_m, a(/mat, o(plwm, naua­gi/wm. tai_s di) e(ch_s h(me/rais u\s ai)gialou\s h)_m i)dei=m fu/rdihs se­swroume/nous, nami\cwa/nwm tw_m wrorhme/nwm. e)c w(_m ou) mo/nom au) to\s, a)a\ kai\ waintes oi( mkedio/nes ei)s diiatroph\m o)ne/pipom ou) ttuxou/m. qeofili/sk de\ mi/am h(me/ram e)piiw/sas, kai\ th_| watri/­di graiyas we\r tw_m ata\ t naumaxi/am, kai\ klaiwnai_om h(ge-mo/na sush/sas a)nq) e(au tai_s lmua/mesi, meth/llace m bi/e)ktw_m trauma/twm, a)h\r kai\ ata\ m i/ndom a)gaqo\s geno/me­n, kai\ ata\ t wroai/resim mnh/mhs a)/ci. mh\ e)kei/nou tol­mh/sant wrosepialei=m fili/ppw| ta\s xei_ras, wa/ntes a)\m a­taproei=nto u\s airou\s, lediio/tes tu_ fili/pp to/lmam. nu_m di) e)kei_n a)rx wole/mou woih/sas, h)na/gkase me\m t au)u_ watri/­da s canash_nai i_s roi_s. h)na/gkase m a)/talom mh\ me/llm, kai\ waraskoua/ ceai ta\ wro\s mwo/lemom. a)ya\wolemei_m e)r)r(w­me/nws, kai\ ind eim. aigarou_m ei)ko/tws au)m oi( r(o/dioi kai\ me­talla/canta, iau/ts e)ti/mhoam timai_s. dii)w(_m ou) mo/nom u\s cw_n­t, a)a\ kai\ u\s e)pigeneme/ns e)cekale/santo wro\s tou\s we\r th_s watri/d airou\s.id e&longs;t: Philippus autem cum in ob­&longs;idione multa &longs;ibi aduer&longs;ari uideret, ho&longs;tes etiam cum multis con&longs;tratis nauibus haud procul in &longs;ta­tione e&longs;&longs;ent, animi pendebat, nec &longs;atis pro&longs;picie­bat, quid &longs;ibi poti&longs;&longs;imum in po&longs;terum faciendum foret. Cumque præ&longs;entia utrum uellet eligendi facultatem adimerent, tandem naues &longs;oluit præ­ter ho&longs;tium expectationem. Attalus enim, & qui cum eo erant, &longs;perabant eum perlaturum ob&longs;idio nem, ob apparatum metallicorum. Curauit autem maxime &longs;ubita profectione uti, propterea quòd &longs;i bi per&longs;ua&longs;i&longs;&longs;et &longs;e locum occupaturum, & in po&longs;terum iam tuto peruehi &longs;ecundum littus ad Samum u&longs;&que; po&longs;­&longs;e. Opinio autem eum fefellit, quam præceperat. Attalus enim & Theophili&longs;cus, ubi con&longs;pexerunt eum &longs;olui&longs;&longs;e, &longs;tatim in rem præ&longs;entem incubuerunt. fuit autem eorum profectio nullo ordine di&longs;po&longs;i­ta: propterea quòd confiderent (ut diximus) Philip pum adhuc permanere in propo&longs;ito: ueruntamen u&longs;i &longs;umma remigum alacritate, impetum fecerunt, Attalus ip&longs;e in dextram partem ho&longs;tium quæ ip&longs;a præibat: Theophili&longs;cus uero in &longs;ini&longs;tram. At Phi­lippus uidens &longs;erei occa&longs;ione impeditum, & repen­te oppre&longs;&longs;um, dato pugnæ &longs;igno his qui dextra parte erant, pronuncians&queacute; ut aduer&longs;as naues op­ponerent, & cumho&longs;tibus acerrimè congrederen­tur, ip&longs;e cum leuibus nauigijs in paruas in&longs;ulas &longs;e recepit, quæ in medio cur&longs;u erant: ibí que naualis prælij euentum expectabat. Erat autem numerus nauium earum, quæ cum Philippo erant, prælio aptarum, con&longs;tratarum ad tres & quinquaginta, & cum his minora apertá que nauigia: lembi ue­ro cum pi&longs;tribus centum quinquaginta. eas enim naues qu&ecedil; Sami erant, non potuit omnes in&longs;true­re. Ho&longs;tium autem naues erant, con&longs;tratæ quidem &longs;exagintaquinque cum Byzantinis, cum his præ­terea nouem trieremioliæ, triremeś que tres ad&longs;ti­terant: facto&queacute; pugnæ naualis initio ab Attali na­ue, continuo omnes quæ propius aderant, nulla egentes cohortatione inter &longs;e concurrerunt. Atta­lus quidem impetum faciens in octerem, inferenś que ei uulnus graue, quá que aquam reciperet: cum­que diutius hi qui in cata&longs;tromate erant, propugna rent, tandem nauem ip&longs;am depre&longs;&longs;it. At Philippi deceres, quæ princeps erat, in ho&longs;tium pote&longs;tatem redacta e&longs;t, id que ca&longs;u inopinato. Nam cum in ip &longs;am concurreret trieremiola, hanc ictu graui, ad medium uentrem, po&longs;t eam partem qua thranites &longs;calmus collocari &longs;olet, &longs;auciauit: ei&queacute; continebatur, gubernatore non amplius ualente retinere nauis impetum. Quare cum nauis ei adh&ecedil;re&longs;ceret, ualde impedita erat: nec &longs;atis regi flecti&queacute; poterat. Quo tempore du&ecedil; quinqueremes impetu &longs;acto, duabus ex partibus eam conuulnerarunt: nauem que ip­&longs;am cum propugnatoribus depre&longs;&longs;erunt: & in ijs Dinocratem, qui Philippi nauarchus erat. Perid etiam tempus Diony&longs;odorus & Dinocrates, qui fratres, & &longs;ub Attalo nauarchi erant, impetum fa­cientes: hic quidem in hepterem ho&longs;tium, alter ue ro in octerem ca&longs;u decertandi admirabili u&longs;i &longs;unt. Dinocrates quidem in octerem concur&longs;u facto, ip&longs;e uulnus accepit paulo &longs;upra aquam, cum na­uis ip&longs;a &longs;ine &longs;tira e&longs;&longs;et: conuulnerata autem ab &longs;e naue ho&longs;tium ad eam partem, qua mari demergi­tur, initio quidem non potuit ab ea &longs;e expedire, e­tiam &longs;i non &longs;emel conatus &longs;it inhibere. Quare cum Macedones forti&longs;&longs;imè &longs;e&longs;e defenderent, extremum ferè periculum adijt. Attalo autem illi ferente au­xilium, facto in ho&longs;tilem nauem impetu, &longs;oluen­té que naues, quæ inter &longs;e adhæ&longs;erant, Dinocrates quidem &longs;ic in&longs;peratò liberatus e&longs;t. Omnes autem ho&longs;tilis nauis propugnatores forti&longs;&longs;imè dimican tes conci&longs;i &longs;unt. Nauis autem ip&longs;a à propugnato­ribus nuda relicta, in Attali pote&longs;tatem redacta e&longs;t. At Diony&longs;odorus cum magna ui incitaretur ad confligendum, ip&longs;e quidem uulnus inferre non po-tuit. Præteruectus autem per medios ho&longs;tes, dextrum nauis &longs;uæ remigium ami&longs;it, &longs;imul confractis lignis quæ turres &longs;u&longs;tinere &longs;olent. Actis his rebus, circun &longs;teterunt eum undiquaque ho&longs;tes, clamore facto, excitató que tumultu. Reliqua quidem turba pro pugnatorum, &longs;imul cum naue perijt: ip&longs;e autem Diony&longs;odorus cum duobus comitibus, ad trire­mioliam, quæ in auxilium ueniebat, adnatauit. Pe riculum autem reliquarum nauium utrinque par erat. ut enim numero &longs;uperabant Philippi lem­bi, &longs;ic Attalus multitudine nauium con&longs;tratarum præ&longs;tabat. Et &longs;ic gerebantur ea, quæ ad dextrum Phi lippi cornu erant, ut neutram in partem inclinata e&longs;&longs;et uictoria: Attalus tamen niteretur meliore in po&longs;terum &longs;pe. Rhodij autem initio profectionis &longs;e&longs;e ab ho&longs;tibus &longs;egregarunt: & ut modo dicebam, celeritate nauium, cum multo pr&ecedil;&longs;tantiores e&longs;&longs;ent inimicis, conflixerunt cum Macedonibus, qui in extrema acie erant: primum&queacute; nauibus in fugam conuer&longs;is à tergo, & puppi impetu facto, remos ea­rum deter&longs;erunt. Vt autem qui cum Philippo erant, cœperunt illuc con&longs;i&longs;tere, auxilium ferentes peri­clitantibus: Rhodiorum uerò qui po&longs;tremi erant, conuenerunt cum Theophili&longs;co: tunc di&longs;po&longs;itis in aciem utrinque aduer&longs;is nauibus conflixerunt &longs;um­ma alacritate, &longs;e&longs;e inuicem clamore tubis&queacute; cohor­tantes. Quòd &longs;i Macedones inter con&longs;tratas naues lembos minime colloca&longs;&longs;ent, naualis prælij certa­men celerem facilemque exitum habui&longs;&longs;et. Sed ij lembi omnem u&longs;um Rhodijs nauibus ademerum, id'que multis modis. ubi enim primum utrorun­que conflictu ordines commoti &longs;unt, omnes inter &longs;e commixti erant: unde neque facile enauigare, neque naues flectere poterant, neque omnino uti ijs rebus quibus &longs;uperiores erant: incidentibus in eas lembis, aliàs quidem ad remigium, ut non fa­cile iuuari po&longs;&longs;ent opera remigum: aliàs autem in proras, interdum etiam ad puppim, ut gubernato rum remigumque mini&longs;terium impediretur. In oppo&longs;itis uero conflictibus nonnihil ex arte com menti &longs;unt. ip&longs;i enim inclinatis nauibus in proram extra aquam uulnera accipiebant: ho&longs;tium uero na ues intra aquam perforabant, quibus nulla arte me deri quis po&longs;&longs;et. rarò autem id eueniebat: magnam enim partem concur&longs;um uitabant, propterea quòd Macedones fortiter propugnarent è cata&longs;tromate in prælijs, quæ cominus fierent: &longs;æpius tamen præ­ternauigando detergentes ho&longs;tium remos, inha­biles reddebant, moxque circuncurrentes, in eos&queacute; qui ad puppim erant impetu facto, obliquis autem & flectentibus irruentes, alios quidem conuulne­rabant, alijs autem armamenta auferebant: & iam tali ratione decertantes, magnum numerum ho­&longs;tilium nauium depre&longs;&longs;erant. Celeberrime autem in periculo uer&longs;atæ &longs;unt tres quinqueremes Rho­diorum: prætoria ip&longs;a, qua uehebatur Theophili­&longs;cus: po&longs;t hanc autem ea, cui præerat Philo&longs;tratus: tertia uerò, quam regebat Autolycus: ea autem ue hebatur Nico&longs;tratus. hac enim impetum faciente in ho&longs;tilem nauem, relicto que in naue ho&longs;tium &longs;uæ nauis ro&longs;tro, euenit ut nauis percu&longs;&longs;a cum ip­&longs;is hominibus deprimeretur: eos autem qui cum Autolyco erant, cum per proram aqua &longs;ubintra­ret, circumuentos ab ho&longs;tibus initio quidem gene ro&longs;e decertare: tandem uerò ip&longs;um Autolycum &longs;au­cium cum armis decidere in mare, reliquos autem propugnatores animo&longs;e pugnando occumbere. quo quidem tempore Theophili&longs;cus auxilio adueniens cum tribus quinqueremibus, nauem ip&longs;am &longs;erua re non potuit, eo quod aqua iam oppleta e&longs;&longs;et. Com uulneratis autem duabus ho&longs;tium nauibus, qua­rum propugnatores præcipites dedit: &longs;tatim circun­fu&longs;is in eum lembis pluribus, con&longs;tratiś que naui­bus magnam partem propugnatorum ami&longs;it egre­giè decertantium. Ip&longs;e uerò acceptis tribus uulne­ribus, quòd audacius in periculum rueret, uix pro­priam nauem &longs;eruare potuit, ferente illi auxilium Philo&longs;trato, &longs;u&longs;cipienté que in &longs;e præ&longs;ens periculum &longs;umma animi alacritate. Vbi uerò &longs;e cum &longs;uis na­uibus coniunxit, iterum recenti impetu cum ho­&longs;tibus conflixit. uiribus quidem corporis defectus, propter uulnera: animi autem robore clarior con &longs;tantioŕ que, quàm antea ui&longs;us e&longs;t. Contigit autem duo fui&longs;&longs;e naualia prælia multum inter &longs;e di&longs;tan­tia. Siquidem dextrum Philippi cornu ut initio de­creuerat, &longs;emper littus appetens legens&queacute;, nu&longs;quam di&longs;ce&longs;&longs;it longe ab A&longs;ia: &longs;ini&longs;trum uerò, quod auxi lium tuli&longs;&longs;et his, qui in extrema acie erant, decerta bat cum Rhodijs, cum non multum abe&longs;&longs;et à Chio. Veruntamen cum Attalus ip&longs;e cum &longs;uis, dextrum Philippi cornu &longs;upera&longs;&longs;e præclare uideretur: ip&longs;é­que Attalus iam appropinquaret in&longs;ulis, ad quas Philippus &longs;tationem obtinebat, expectans rei euen­tum, con&longs;picatus Attalus quinqueremem &longs;uorum unam extra periculum uulneratum demergi ab ho &longs;tili naue, fe&longs;tinauit auxilium laturus illuc profici­&longs;ci cum duabus quadriremibus. Ho&longs;tili autem na­ue declinante, &longs;é que tanquam ad terram recipien te, promptius in&longs;tabat, cupiens nauem in &longs;uam po­te&longs;tatem redigere. Quod ubi Philippus con&longs;pexit, audaciuś que pergere longe à &longs;uis Attalum uidit, &longs;umptis &longs;ecum quatuor quinqueremib9, tribus&queacute; hemiolijs, lembiś que præterea qui propius erant, properauit, &longs;perans, quod euenit, intercipi po&longs;&longs;e: eum&queacute; compulit cum magna animi anxietate ad proximum littus naues eijcere: ibi&queacute; naui relicta, Rex ip&longs;e cum &longs;ocijs naualibus, pedibus Erythras profugit. Philippus autem nauigiorum compos fa­ctus e&longs;t, &longs;upellectilis&queacute; regiæ. Siquidem ij, qui cum Attalo erant in tali periculo, quiddam ex arte mi­litari commenti &longs;unt. lauti&longs;&longs;ima enim quæque ex &longs;upellectile regia in cata&longs;tromate & foris nauis ex po&longs;uerunt: unde primi Macedonum, ubi ad lem­bos appulerunt, con&longs;pecta in lembis poculorum multitudine, ue&longs;té que purpurea, in&longs;trumentis&queacute; quæ eius cau&longs;a parari &longs;olent, mi&longs;&longs;o per&longs;equendi &longs;tudio in horum prædam conuer&longs;i &longs;unt. quare fa­ctum e&longs;t, ut Attalus in Erythrarum portum &longs;ine ul lo impedimento &longs;e&longs;e reciperet. At Philippus, cum in uniuer&longs;um toto nauali prælio inferior fui&longs;&longs;et, tamen elatus ca&longs;u Attali, regre&longs;&longs;us e&longs;t: magnó que &longs;tudio &longs;uis conqui&longs;itis, nauibus&queacute; in unum collectis, cohortabatur &longs;uos ut bono animo e&longs;&longs;ent, quando quidem uici&longs;&longs;ent nauali prçlio etenim &longs;ubierat co gitatio, & ea opinio homines inua&longs;erat, tanquam Attalus ip&longs;e in fuga occubui&longs;&longs;et: propterea quod reuerteretur Philippus cum &longs;uis, capta religata&queacute; regia naue. At Diony&longs;odorus coniectans id, quod regi &longs;uo acciderat, &longs;ublato &longs;igno &longs;uas naues conuo­cauit: quibus &longs;tatim ad &longs;e collectis, tuto &longs;e recepit in portus A&longs;iaticos. Sub idem tempus Macedones qui aduer&longs;us Rhodios decertabant, iam diu malè mulctati, &longs;e à periculo liberarunt: &longs;ingulæ enim na ues &longs;e&longs;e recipiebant per cau&longs;am &longs;ubueniendi &longs;uis laborantibus. Rhodij uerò cum nauium partem religa&longs;&longs;ent, partem autem ro&longs;tris perfora&longs;&longs;ent, &longs;e in Chiorum portum receperunt. Interiere autem Philippi quidem in prælio nauali, quod cum Atta lo ge&longs;tum e&longs;t, deceres, enneres, hepteres, hexeres: reliquarum autem con&longs;tratç decem, tres&queacute; triremio­liæ: lembi uerò uiginti quin&queacute; cum &longs;ocijs naualib. in prælio autem aduer&longs;us Rhodios ge&longs;to depre&longs;&longs;ç &longs;unt con&longs;tratæ decem, lembi ad quadragińta. Ca­ptæ &longs;untautem duæ quadriremes, &longs;eptem&queacute; lembi cum &longs;ocijs naualibus. Earum uerò quæ cum Atta-lo erant, depre&longs;&longs;erunt unam triremioliam, duas&queacute; quin queremes, & regium nauigium. Rhodiorum autem in teriere duæ quinqueremes & triremes: nihil uerò captum fuit. homines autem occubuere Rhodiorum quidem ad &longs;exaginta: at eorum qui &longs;ub Attalo, cir citer &longs;eptuaginta: qui &longs;ub Philippo autem, Macedo­num ad tria millia: &longs;ociorum præterea naualium ad &longs;ex millia: uiui capti &longs;unt, Macedonum & &longs;ocio­rum ad duo millia: Aegyptiorum autem, ad &longs;eptin gentos. Talis quidem exitus naualis prælij ad Chium fuit. Philippus autem uictoriam &longs;ibi uendicabat, duabus poti&longs;&longs;imum de can&longs;is. prima, quòd Attalum in terram eijcere coegi&longs;&longs;et, & nauis regia in &longs;uam ueni&longs;&longs;et pote&longs;tatem. altera, quòd &longs;tationem in lo­co, qui Argennon uocatur, habuerit inter ho&longs;tium naufragia. Po&longs;tridie quoque &longs;e ge&longs;&longs;erit ut uictor collectis reliquijs naufragij, &longs;ublatiś que & rece­ptis cadaueribus eorum qui agno&longs;ci poterant, ut eam opinionem maxime confirmaret. Rhodij nan que & Diony&longs;odorus haud ita multo po&longs;t ab eo­dem expre&longs;&longs;erunt, ut necip&longs;e quidem &longs;e uictorem exi&longs;timaret. Po&longs;tridie enim, rege adhuc circa hæc occupato, certiores inuicem facti, uela duxerunt in ip&longs;um: collocatis&queacute; in fronte nauibus, nemine con tra eos prodire au&longs;o, retro abiere ad Chium. At Phi lippus, qui nunquam antea eodem tempore ne in mari quidem, tot taleś que uiros ami&longs;i&longs;&longs;et, ca&longs;um quidem grauiter ferebat, animumque iam prope modumde&longs;ponderat: ad exteros tamen occultare &longs;en&longs;a mentis omni &longs;tudio conabatur, etiam&longs;i res ip&longs;æ non &longs;atis id ferre patí que uiderentur. Nam præter alia multa, ea ip&longs;a quæ in prælio acciderant, omnes qui aderant, in timorem coniecerant. Fa­cta enim tanta hominum &longs;trage, eo ip&longs;o tempore, totus locus, in quo dimicatum e&longs;t, oppletus e&longs;t ca­daueribus, &longs;anguine, armis, naufragijs, et armamen tis. Diebus autem, qui proxime &longs;ecuti &longs;unt, uidere erat littora referta omnibus ijs rebus, quas retuli­mus, confu&longs;è aceruatim que conge&longs;tis. Ob quæ fa ctum e&longs;t, ut non &longs;olum ip&longs;e, &longs;ed & omnes Macedo nes in grauem animi defectionem inciderint. Theo phili&longs;cus autem, cum unum diem &longs;uperuixi&longs;&longs;et, pa­triæ que &longs;crip&longs;i&longs;&longs;et de ca&longs;u naualis prælij, &longs;uffecto Clæonæo in &longs;uilocum, & exercitui præfecto, uitam cum morte commutauit, ob uulnera quæ accepe­rat: uir, qui in ip&longs;o periculo &longs;e egregium præ&longs;titit, & con&longs;ilij prouidentia dignus fuit, cuius memoria celebretur. ni&longs;i enim ille anteuerti&longs;&longs;et impetum fa­cere in Philippum, omnes quidem alij occa&longs;ionem rei bene gerendç omi&longs;i&longs;&longs;ent, perterriti Philippi au dacia. Sed ille, facto prælij initio, ciues coegit tem­poris occa&longs;ionem &longs;equi. Coegit & Attalum bellum non ducere, tempuś que minime terere in appara tu rerum ad bellum pertinentium: &longs;ed acerrime de­certare, periculumque præ&longs;ens &longs;ubire. Quocirca merito ip&longs;um Rhodij fato functum, talibus hono­ribus pro&longs;equuti &longs;unt, quibus non &longs;olum uiuos & præ&longs;entes, &longs;ed etiam po&longs;teros prouo carent ad for titer &longs;ubeunda pro patria pericula. Hactenus Po­lybius: cuius uerbis facile quis uideat genera ferè omnia nauium, quæ ad belli u&longs;um comparabantur. quibus etiam &longs;olebant imponere turres ad libram, quæ obid dictæ Turritæ à Vergilio: id&queacute; non &longs;o­lum ad proram, &longs;ed etiam ad puppim. Appianus de bellis ciuilibus: *kai\ wn/rgous e)pi\ tw_m new_m ei)_xom atxi te prw/ram, ata\ wru/mnam. id e&longs;t: Et turres in nauibus ha bebant, & ad proram, & ad puppim. Plinius libro trige&longs;imo&longs;ecundo, ubi de echeneide: Sed armatæ cla&longs;&longs;es imponunt &longs;ibi turrium propugnacula, ut in mari quoque pugnetur uelut è muris. Cæ&longs;ar li­bro tertio de bello ciuili: At&que; alteram nauem quæ erat ad cu&longs;todiam ab Acilio po&longs;ita, pluribus ag­gre&longs;&longs;us nauibus, in quibus ad libram fecerat tur­res. Vergilius in octauo: Vnàomnes ruere, ac totum &longs;pumare reductis Conuul&longs;um remis, ro&longs;tris&queacute; &longs;tridentibus æquor, Alta petunt pelago: credas innare reuul&longs;as Cycladas, aut montes concurrere montibus altos: Tanta mole uiri turritis puppibus in&longs;tant. Turres autem habui&longs;&longs;e Antonianos in pugna illa nauali, qu&ecedil; ad Actium facta e&longs;t cum Cç&longs;arianis, li­quet ex Dione: cuius uerba quoniam nondum o­mnibus edita &longs;unt, ip&longs;e ad&longs;cribam. fu&longs;ius enim quàm quiuis alius eorum, qui extant autorum, ea de re &longs;crip&longs;i&longs;&longs;e uidetur: ut ip&longs;e Vergilius nihil poë tarum more, aut u(wdobolikw_s de illa pugna finxi&longs;&longs;e uideatur. eius autem uerba &longs;unt hæc: *a)gxwmxilon ou)_me)pipoplu\ th_s naumaxi/s ou/shs, ki\ mkdete\rwm wbe/xeim wh diu­name/nwm, te/l toio/ndie/ ti e)ge/neto.h( leopaipra ato/pim tw_m ma­xome/nwm a)posaleu/ousa, ou)k h)/negke t wollh\m kai\ a)/kritom tou_ a)dh/lou me/llhsim.a)ll) a)poknaiqei_sa a)po/ te tou_ gaikei/ou a)pte tou ai)gupi/ou, t te e)pi\ wolu\ metew/rf a)gwni/a|, kai\ th_| a)ei\ e)f) ka/toba weride prosdioki/a|, au)th/ te e)s fug e(capinai/ws w(/rmh­se, kai\ toi_s a)/llois toi_s u(phko/ois shmei_om h)_re. kai\ ou(/tw ta/ te i(si/a au)tw_m eu)qu\s a)rame/nwm, kai\ e)s we/lagos a)fe/ntwm, a)ne/mou tinata\ tu/x foerou_ suma/nt, nomi/ss o( a)ntw/nios, ou)x) wth_s kleopa/trs au)tou\s e)kparagge/loews, a)ha\ kai\ wo\ le/ous w(s kai\ nenikhme/nous feu/geim, e)fe/peto/ sfisim. genome/nou de\ tou/tou, kaoi( loipoi\ sratiw_tai kai\ h)qu/mhsam kai\ e)tara/xqhsam. ai/ wws a)po­drxinai kai\ au)toi\ tro/pom tina\ e)qelh/santes, oi( me\m ta\ i(si/a h)/geirom, oi( de\ tou/s te wu/rgous kai\ ta\ e)/pipla e)s t qailam e)r)r(i/po, o(/pws oufi/santes liafu/gwsi. kai\ au)toi_s eri\ tau_ta e)/xousim, oi( nanti/oi wroeso/ntes (tou\s gar\ feu/gonts, kai\ a)/nu i(si/wm o)/n­tes, kai\ wro\s t naumaxi/am mo/n waresksme/noi, ou)k e)pedi/w­cam) wolloi/te e(ka\sh nhi\, kai\ e(\kaqem kai\ xw_| e)male/santo. w(/se kai\ woikilw/tatom nai\ o\cu/tatom e)p) a)mfote/rwm o(moi/ws t\m a)gw_na gene/qai. oi( me\m gar\ ta/te a/tw tw_m new_m wa/nta we/rice)kakou/rgm, kai\ ta\s w/p se/qrauom, ta/ te whdixilia a)ph/ratom. kai\ e)pa­naai(nontes e)pi\ ta\ atasrw/mata, tou\s me\m xte/m nilama­no/menoi, tou\s de\ e)w/qoum, toi_s de/ e)mxonto, a(/te kai\ i(soplhqei_s au)­toi_s h)/dih o)/ntes. oi( de\ toi_s te ontoi_s sfa_s liwqou_nto, kai\ tai_s a)ci\­nais e)/kopom, we/tras te kai\ a)/llous tinas o)/gkous e)p) au)r\ tou_io wa­resksusme/nous, e)pikate/allom. tou/s te a)naai/nonts a)pekrou/ nto, kai\ toi_s ei)s xei_rs i)ou_si sefe/ronto. ei)/kasem a)/n tis i)diw\m ta\ gino/mena, w(s mikra\ me ga/lois o(moiw_sai, tei/xesi/ tisim, h)\ kai\ nk/­sois wallai_s kai\ wuknai_s, n qalash woliorkoume/nais. ou(/tw oi(me\m e)pih_nai/ te skafw_m, w(/ob e)p) h)pei/rou, kai\ e)ru/mato/s tine)peirw_nto. kai\ wainta ta\ e)s touto fe/ronta oudh_| wrosh_gom. oi/ de) a)pewqou_nto au)tou\s, o(/ti wote n toiou/tw| filei_ dra_qai, mh­xano/menoi. a)ntipa/lws ou)_m au)tw_m maxome/nwm, o( ai/sar a)porh/ss ti wra/ch, wu_r e)k tou_ sratopdiou metepe/myato. wro/tbom me\m gar\ ou)k h)qe/lhsem au)tw_|, o(/wws ta\ h/mata wbipoih/shtai, h/sa­qai, to\te de\i)diw\m, o(/ti a)diu/natom oi( ei)/h a)/llws wroskrath_sai, e)pe)kei_no, w(s kai\ mo/iom sfi/sim e)pikou/rhsom, ate/fuge. a)ntau_qa a)/llo au)_ ei)_di ma/xhs shne/xqh. o me\m gar\ wollaxh_| a(/ma wro­ple/onte/s tisi, be/lh te wurfo/ra e)w) au)tou\s e)ceto/cuom, kai\ lampa/­dis e)k xeiro\s e)phko/ntizom. ai/ tins kai\ xubi/dis a)nqra/kwm, kai\ wi/ths wlh/reis wo/r)r(wqem mhxanai_s e)wer)ri/poum. oi( de\ tau_ta/ te w_s e(/kasa liekrou/onto. kai\ e)peidih/ tina au)tw_m liekpi/ponta tw(m cu/lwm h(/peto, kai\ flo/ga au)ti/a woll, a(/te n nhi\ h)/geire, me\m wrw_tom woti/mw| u(/dati, w(_ e)pefe/ronto, e)w_nto, ai/ tina ate/s­esam. e)pei\ de\ e)kei_no atanlw/qh, h)/ntloum qala/tiom. kai\ oi( me\m wllw_| te kai\ a)qro/w| au)tw_| e)w_nto, e)pei_xo/m wws th_| bi/a| wu_r. a)diu/­natoi de\ wantaxh_| tou_to woiei_m o)/ntes (ou)/te r wolla\ h)\ kai\ me gaila ta\ a)ntlhth/a ei)=xom, kai\ h(mi/sea au)ta\) a(/te tarato/menoi a)ne/ferom. ou)x o(/som ou)k w)felou_nto/ ti, a)ha) kai\ wroarw/com au)to/. h( gar\ lmh h( qalati/a, a)\m at) o)li/gom e)pixe/htai flogi\, i)xurw_s au)te/kkai/ei. w(s ou)_m kai\ n tou/tw| h(/tous e)gi/gnonto, ta/ te i(maitia au)tw_m ta\ waxe/a, kai\ tou\s nekrou\s e)pe/allom, kai\ o/nom me/m tina e)kolou/­qh te u(p) au)tw_m wu_r, kai\ e)/dioce/ wh lofa_m. e)/peita de\ a)/llws te kai\ tou_ a)ne/mou sfodrw_s e)pi e/rcant, e)piplei_om e)ce/lampem, a(/te kai\ u(p) au)tw_m e)kei/nwm au)cano/menom. kai\ me/i me\m me/r ti new\s kai/eto, wrosi/santo te/ tines au)tw_|, kai\ e)s au)to\ e)seph/dwm. kai\ ta\ me\m e)pe/kopom, ta\ de\ liefo/roum. kai\ au)ta\ oi( me/ntoi s t qa/las­am, oi( de\ kai\ e)pi\ tou\s nanti/o e)r)r(i/poum, ei)/ pws kai\ e)ei/nus tiimainto. kai\ e(/tboi wro\s a)ei/ u(gi/es au)th_s meqisa/menoi, tai_s te xsi\ tai_s sidhrai_s, kai\ toi_s lo/rasi toi_s makroi_s, to/te lh\ kai\ ta\ ma/lisa e)w_nto. o(/pws tina\ a)nti/palom nau_m wrosartk/santes sfi/­i, ma/lisa me\m wrosekow_sim e)s au)t. ei) de/ mh\, e)kei/nata­fle/cwsim. w(s l) ou)/ tines e)pe/laon sfi/sim, au)to\ tou_to fuloso/­menoi, kai\ wu_r, tou/s te toi/xous we/ric e)pene/keto, kai\ e)s e)/dia­fos ath\ei. ntau_qa ta\ leino/tata au)toi_s e)pege/neto. oi( me\m wtou_ apnou_, kai\ mxilisa oi( nau_tai, wri\m kai\ wlhsiaisai sfi/si t flo/ga, e)fqei/ronto. oi( de\ kai\ n au)th_| me/sh|, w(/ob ami/n, pw_nto. a)/lloi wri/m ti toiou_tom waqei_m, h)\ n h(mi/kautoi, oi( me\m a)­por)r(ipou_ntes ta\ o(/pla, e)titrw/skonto wo\ tw_m wo/r)r(wqem ballo/n­twm. oi( de/ e)s t qa/laosam e)kphdiw_ntes a)pepni/gonto. h)\ kai\ waio/­menoi wo\ tw_m nanti/wm e\api/zonto. h)\ kai\ wo\ qhri/wm e)ara)t­tonto. mo/noi te a)nektws, w(s c)n tou/tois waqh/masi a)ph/llacam, o(/soi wri/m tini au)tw_m senexqh_nai, oi( me\m a)hh/lous, oi( de\ kai\ au)tou\s a)pe/kteinam. ou)/te klash/o/m ti u(pe/meinam. kai\ nekroi\, w(/b n wura_|, tai_s nausi\ sugkatekau/qhsam. o(rw_ntes de\ tau_ta oi( aisai­reioi, wro\tbom me\m w(s e)/ti a)mu/neqai/ tin au)tw_m e)diu/nanto, owrose/smigom sfi/sim. e)pei\ de\ ta\ skaifh wu_r sh/rei, ki\ oi( a)/n­rwpoi ou)de\ e(auoi_s bohqh_sai, e)/ti mh\ o(/ti wole/mio/m tin luph_sai/ ti e)du/nanto. oudih_| ti wrose/pleom au)toi\, ei)/pws ta\ h/mata wbi poih/sainto, kai\ aasennu_nai wu_r, o(/ au)toi\ wareske/nazom, ­peirw_nto. a)k tou/tou suxnoi\, kai\ e)kei/nwm kai\ wo\ th_s flogo\s, kai\ wo\ a(rma/twm a/u)tai_s tele/ws nausi\ sapw/lonto. id e&longs;t: Cum igitur diutius nauali certamine, pari marte decertarent, neutrí que &longs;uperiores adhuc e&longs;&longs;e po&longs;­&longs;ent, huiu&longs;modi prelij exitus &longs;ub&longs;ecutus e&longs;t. Cleo­patra, quæ à tergo pugnantium procul in &longs;alo erat, longiorem non tulit & incertum rerum euentum. Sed cum muliebri natura u&longs;a, cum etiam ingenio Aegyptiaco prædita, permota&queacute; diuturna &longs;u&longs;pen&longs;i animi anxietate, perpetua etiam in alterutram par tem formidolo&longs;a expectatione, ip&longs;a &longs;e&longs;e ex impro ui&longs;o in fugam coniecit, cæteris qui &longs;ub &longs;e erant &longs;igno fugæ &longs;ublato. Itaque ip&longs;i uela &longs;tatim in altum dede runt, ca&longs;u oborto eo tempore &longs;æuo uento. Ratus autem Antonius eos imore perterritos, eo quod ui cti e&longs;&longs;ent fugere, minime uerò id Cleopatram pro nuncia&longs;&longs;e, eos &longs;ub&longs;equebatur. Quo facto & reliqui milites &longs;umma cum trepidatione animos de&longs;pon­derunt: & alioqui cupientes illinc, &longs;i qua po&longs;&longs;ent, ef­fugere, eorum partim uela pandere, partim turres ip&longs;as cum armamentis in mare proijcere cœperunt, quò leuatis nauibus facilè effugere liceret: in quos ad hæc intentos aduer&longs;arij impetu facto (ne&que; enim fugientes per&longs;ecuti &longs;unt, propterea quòd ip&longs;i &longs;ine uelis e&longs;&longs;ent, utpoteantum in&longs;tructi ad naualem pu­gnam quæ &longs;tataria e&longs;&longs;et) multi&queacute; &longs;ingulis nauibus &longs;e obijciebant eminus cominus&queacute; decertantes, ut anceps dubium&queacute; utri&longs;&que; ex æquo certamen fuerit. i&longs;ti enim inferiorem nauium partem conuulnera­bant, remos&queacute; defringebant, gubernacula quoque ip&longs;a lacerabant: con&longs;cendentes&queacute; foros, alios quidem ho&longs;tium ab&longs;trahebant, alios deturbabant, cum alijs & manus con&longs;erebant, iam pares numero cum il­lis facti, Illi uerò contis eos præcipites eijciebant, &longs;e­curibus&queacute; concidebant: petras quo&que;, & alia qu&ecedil;dam grauiora pondera in hunc u&longs;um parata, è &longs;uperio re loco deijciebant, &longs;ùbeuntes&queacute; deturbabant, ma­nuś que con&longs;erebant cum ijs, qui iam ad &longs;ummum nauis eua&longs;erant. Qui rebus talibus gerendis inter­fui&longs;&longs;et, haud ab&longs;imilia e&longs;&longs;e duxi&longs;&longs;et ea (ut parua magnis componamus) muris quibu&longs;dam, aut etiam in&longs;ulis multis & frequentibus, qui in mari oppu­narentur, u&longs;que adeò i&longs;ti quidem naues tran&longs;cende­re conabantur, ceu arcem quandam quæ in conti nenti e&longs;&longs;et: omniá que quæ ad oppugnandos mu­ros facere uidentur, admouebant. Illi autem qua­cunque poterant ratione, & ut in talibus fieri &longs;olet, eos propellebant. Cum ita&que; diutius parimarte di micarent, Cæ&longs;ar dubius quid &longs;ibi agendum foret, iu&longs;&longs;itè ca&longs;tris &longs;ibiignem comportari. Neque enim antea eo uti uoluerat, &longs;ibi &longs;uis&queacute; prædam &longs;eruare cu­piens. Tunc autem pro&longs;piciens aliter uictoriam &longs;e con&longs;equi non po&longs;&longs;e, ad illud tanquam extremum auxilium de&longs;cendit. Ibi uerò genus aliud pugnæ ui­dere erat. I&longs;ti enim &longs;imul undecunque adnauigan tes, in aduer&longs;arios tela ignita conijciebant, faces&queacute; ardentes emittebant: complures ollas etiam carbo ne pice&queacute; refertas eminus machinis iaculabantur. Illi autem, ut &longs;ingula quæque poterant, detrude­bant. At ubi ea tela in materiam & ligna inciderant, flammam&queacute; multam utpote in naui excitauerant, primum quidem ad ea extinguenda aqua dulci, quam potus gratia comportabant, utebantur: nonnulla&queacute; ea ratione extinxerunt. Vbi uerò illa con&longs;umpta e&longs;t, hauriebant aquam marinam: & qua ea multa & abundanti u&longs;i &longs;unt, ignem aquæ ui cohibuerunt. Cum autem non po&longs;&longs;ent ubique id præ&longs;tare, ne­que enim multa, ne&que; ea ip&longs;a ingentia habebant in &longs;trumenta ad aquam hauriendam: ua&longs;á que adeò ip&longs;a propter trepidationem &longs;emiplena, hauriebant Quare non &longs;olum nihil proficiebant, &longs;ed ignes prç­terea irritabant. Aqua enim &longs;al&longs;a maris, &longs;i &longs;en&longs;im in flammam in fundatur, uehementer ip&longs;am exci­tat. Po&longs;tquam igitur & hac in re inferiores &longs;e ui­dent, ue&longs;tem multam qu&ecedil; cra&longs;&longs;ior habebatur, ip&longs;á que adeò &longs;uorum cadauera in ignem inijciebant: & eo modo per aliquod tempus ab his ignis prohi­bitus e&longs;t, ui&longs;us&queacute; remitti. Po&longs;tea uero ingruente &longs;æ ui&longs;&longs;imo uento, in maius re&longs;plenduit, tanquam ab ijs ip&longs;is excitatus: & interea dum pars aliqua nauis conflagrabat, nonnulli eorum propius ad ignem accedentes, in ip&longs;um in&longs;iliebant: armamenta&queacute; ip&longs;a & nauis in&longs;trumenta alij con&longs;cindebant: alij defe­rebant, ut conijcerent partim in mare, partim in ip&longs;os ho&longs;tes, &longs;i quo pacto illis nocere po&longs;&longs;ent. Non­nulli autem &longs;ecedentes ad eam nauis partem, quæ uacua ab incendio erat, manus ferreas ha&longs;taś que longas, &longs;i quando aliàs, expediebant: ut aduer&longs;ario­rum nauem aliquam arripere, ad &longs;e&queacute; alligare & copulare po&longs;&longs;ent, & in eam &longs;e&longs;e deijcere quod &longs;i id negaretur, illam &longs;altem &longs;imul incenderent. Vbiue ro uident nullos ad &longs;e appropinquare, id enim &longs;um ma ratione cauebant, ignem autem iam utraque latera deuora&longs;&longs;e, in fundumque nauis perua&longs;i&longs;&longs;e: hic exempla graui&longs;&longs;ima ab ip&longs;is edita &longs;unt. Aliqui enim eorum, præcipué que nautæ, ab ip&longs;o fumo, prius quàm flamma circumuenirentur, &longs;uffocabam tur: alij in ip&longs;a media flamma, ceu in fornace, com burebantur: alij autem prius quàm id paterentur, &longs;emiu&longs;tulati abiectis armis &longs;auciebantur ab emi­nus ferientibus: alij in mare &longs;e&longs;e præcipitantes &longs;ub mergebantur: alij ab ip&longs;is ho&longs;tibus oppre&longs;&longs;i demer gebantur, uel etiam ab ip&longs;is belluis marinis dilania­bantur. Soli tolerabili ca&longs;u (ut in tali fato) occubue re, quibus datum e&longs;t ut antè quàm tale quidpiam pa terentur, &longs;e&longs;e mutuis uulneribus confoderent, aut &longs;ibi ip&longs;i mortem animo præ&longs;enti, nullum alium per­pe&longs;&longs;i cruciatum, adferrent: quorum cadauera in ip&longs;is ardentibus nauibus, tanquam in rogo combu&longs;ta &longs;unt. Qu&ecedil; cum uiderent Cæ&longs;ariani antea quidem, quandiu aliqui eorum &longs;e defendere potuerunt, pro­pius accedere uerebantur: ubi uerò ignis iam ferè naues ip&longs;as con&longs;ump&longs;erat, ip&longs;i&queacute; Antoniani neque &longs;ibi præ&longs;idio e&longs;&longs;e, nedum quicquam mole&longs;tiæ ad­uer&longs;arijs inferre poterant: tunc magno &longs;tudio &longs;um má que alacritate ad eos adnauigabant, &longs;i quo pa­cto prædam &longs;eruare, ip&longs;umque ignem extingue­re, quem ip&longs;i intulerant, po&longs;&longs;ent. unde & multi eo rum ab ip&longs;a flamma circunuenti, ip&longs;iś que ardenti bus tabulis & armamentis, cum &longs;uis nauibus pror &longs;us interiere. Hæc in gratiam eorum, qui non &longs;atis Gr&ecedil;ca intelligunt, uertimus ferè ad uerbum. Qua re non e&longs;t, cur doctiores de hac no&longs;tra &longs;ubita di-ctione uel conquerantur, uel iudicium faciant. Nam præter quam quod Dionis dictio nunquam mihi placuit, mihi ip&longs;e nunquam magis di&longs;plicui, quàm in hocloco uertendo. Dionis &longs;cripta qu&ecedil; extant Ve netijs, legi per ocium: qui mihi ui&longs;us e&longs;t multam hi­&longs;toriæ, nullam œconomi&ecedil; rationem habui&longs;&longs;e. Sed il­lud uiderint eruditiores. Lectori &longs;atis &longs;it, Vergilium non loqui wobola\s, dum ait:-Credas innare reuul­&longs;as Cycladas, aut montes concurrere montibus al tis. Hic enim no&longs;ter ait: *ei(/kasem a)/ntis i)dw\m ta\ gno/mena, ei/xesi/ tisi, h)\ nh/sois wollas, kai\ wuknai_s qala/ash| wolior­onme/nais. Hæcideo adieci, utlectori negligenti in­culcarem ea, qu&ecedil; non po&longs;&longs;unt à uigilante & &longs;tudio­&longs;o non animaduerti. Addebant & ro&longs;tra, non &longs;olum maioribus, &longs;ed & minoribus actuarijs. Aulus Hir­tius de bello Alexandrino: Nauibus actuarijs, qua­rum numerus erat &longs;atis magnus, magnitudine quan­quam non &longs;atis iu&longs;ta ad præliandum, ro&longs;tra impo &longs;uit. Has adiunctas nauibus longis, & numero cla&longs; &longs;is aucto, & cætera. Inde ro&longs;tratæ dictæ naues: quæ quia ex ære fiebant, ærat&ecedil; etiam dicebantur. C&ecedil;&longs;ar in &longs;ecundo de Bello ciuili: Interim L. Na&longs;idius ab C. Pompeio cum cla&longs;&longs;e nauium &longs;edecim, in quibpaucæ erant æratæ, L. Domitio Ma&longs;&longs;ilien&longs;ibus&queacute; &longs;ub&longs;idio mi&longs;&longs;us. Vergilius in nono, ubi de nauibTroianorum uer&longs;is in deas & nymphas maris:

-hinc uirgineæ (mirabile mon&longs;trum)

Reddunt &longs;e totidem facies, ponto&queacute; feruntur:

Quot prius æratæ &longs;teterant ad littora puppes. Liuius quart&ecedil; decadis lib. &longs;exto, Ro&longs;tratas uocat, his uerbis: Vna & LXXX. ro&longs;tratis nauibus, mul­tis pr&ecedil;terea minoribus, qu&ecedil; aut apert&ecedil; ro&longs;trat&ecedil;, aut &longs;ine ro&longs;tris &longs;peculatoriæ erant, Delum traiecit. Qui­bus uerbis con&longs;tat, ro&longs;tratas fui&longs;&longs;e etiam, quæ tectæ non erant. Appianus in Mithridatico *xalkemo/louuocat, *nh_es e)a/lwm xalke/moloi o)kako/siai. Plutarch9 in Antonio: *e)pei\ w(molo(ghto, kai/sara me\m a)twni/w| ou_nxi lu/o ta/gmxta wro/s m wxrqiko\m wo/lemom, *a)ntw/niom de\ ai/sari xal­kemo/lons ekato/m. Diodorus libro XX. *xalkw/mata uo­care uidetur ro&longs;tra exære, his uerbis: *kai\ ta\ lhfqe/nta *xalkw/mata tw_u a)gaqokle/ous new_m a)we/slam au)tw_|. Et paulo po&longs;t &longs;ubdit: *ti(s l) a)pisou_sim a)po/dieicim ware/xeai t tw_m e)mo/lwm midh/m. e)mo/lous enim ro&longs;tra fui&longs;&longs;e con&longs;tat, ex Plutarcho in pleri&longs;que locis: et ex Appiano, ubi de capite Marij Iunioris: *kai\ a)ut o( su/llas a)gora_| o/ tw_m e)mo/lwm qe/men, e)pigela/sai le/getai th_| neo/thti tou_ u(pa/tou, kai\ ei)pei=m, e)re/t lei= wrw_tom gene/ wri\m whdiali/ois e)pixrei_m. Etip&longs;um caput Sylla in foro pro ro&longs;tris poni iu&longs;­&longs;it: iuuentuti&queacute; con&longs;ulis illu&longs;i&longs;&longs;e fertur, dixi&longs;&longs;é que, prius remigem e&longs;&longs;e oportere, quàm ad tractanda gubernacula accedere. Quin & Plutarchus in An tonio xalkw/matx pro ro&longs;tris ex ære po&longs;uit, dum ait: *tw_m de\ kai/saros ou) mo/nom a)ntip w/rwm sumfe/re, wro\s xalkw/ mxta serea\ kai\ traxe/a fulaasome/nwm. id e&longs;t: Nauibus autem Cæ&longs;aris cauentibus, ne obuer&longs;&ecedil; cum ro&longs;tris firmis & æratis Antonij concurrerent. Plutarchus in Pom peio: *e)nnenh/konta xalkemo/lous ware/lae. Idem in Sylla: *kai\ lou_nai nau_s e(diomh/konta xalkh/rs. Tullius in &longs;ecundo de Inuentione, ro&longs;tratam uocat: Lex e&longs;t apud Rho dios, ut &longs;i qua ro&longs;trata in portu nauis deprehen&longs;a &longs;it, publicetur. A ro&longs;tris autem Antiatium, templum Romæ Ro&longs;tra appellatum. Liuius libro octauo pri mæ decados: Naues Antiatium, partim in naualia Romæ &longs;ubductæ, partim in cen&longs;æ, è ro&longs;tris&queacute; earum &longs;ugge&longs;tum in foro extructum, adornari placuit: Ro &longs;trá que id templum appellatum. Quin & Tullius ro&longs;tra u&longs;urpa&longs;&longs;e uidetur pro concione, qu&ecedil; pro ro &longs;tris ad populum haberetur, in primo de Oratore: Age uerò ne &longs;emper forum, &longs;ub&longs;ellia, ro&longs;tra, curiam­que mediteris. Subdit enim: Alterum quòd remoto foro, concione, iudicijs, &longs;enatu, &longs;tatui&longs;ti oratorem in omni genere &longs;ermonis. Neque longe po&longs;t &longs;ubdit: Nam &longs;i quis &longs;tatuet hunc e&longs;&longs;e oratorem, qui tan­tummodo in iure, aut in iudicijs po&longs;&longs;it, aut apud po pulum, aut in &longs;enatu copio&longs;e loqui. Quo loco In iu­re dixit, id e&longs;t, in foro: In iudicijs, pro ad &longs;ub&longs;ellia: Apud populum, pro concione & ro&longs;tris: In &longs;enatu, pro curia. ut attentus lector facile &longs;ua &longs;ponte per­cipiat.

Prætoriam uerò nauem Græci nauarxi/dia uo­cant, no&longs;tri uulgò Capitaneam. Diodorus libro XX. *kai\ wrw_tos w(/rmhse e)pi\ t nxuarxi/dia. Idem autor aliquando athgi/dia uocat, eodem libro: *e)/pta wa­rxggei/l toi_s nobnh/tais a)kolouqei_m th_| athgi/di nhi\ wrose/­xonta lamph_, wrose/plousem e)pi\ so/ma tou_ nei/lou. Exant & prædatoriæ, quæ merito inter longas &longs;cri bendæ fuerint. Liuius decadis tertiæ libro nono: Nam po&longs;t M. Attilium Regulum, & L. Manlium Con&longs;ules annis própè quinquaginta nullum Ro manum exercitum uiderant, præter prædatorias cla&longs;&longs;es: quibus de&longs;cen&longs;iones in agros maritimos fa­ctæ erant. Quæ & piraticæ naues dicuntur ab eo­dem, decadis quart&ecedil; libro quarto: Sed &longs;i dijs placet, affinitatem etiam per Philoclem præfectum eius pepigi&longs;ti, & bellum aduer&longs;um nos gerens, mare circa Maleam infe&longs;tum nauib9 piraticis feci&longs;ti. Idem Liuius quartæ decadis libro &longs;eptimo, piraticas ce­loces uocat, dum ait: Apparuit inde piraticas cclo­ces & lembos e&longs;&longs;e. Idem decadis tertiæ libro pri­mo: Naues CCXX. quin queremes, celoces XX. de­ductæ. Et paulo po&longs;t: Naues longæ CLX. celoces XII. Quibus uerbis uidetur ponere celoces inter eas quæ non erant longæ. Græci naues prædato­rias & piraticas, wratika\s uocant. Plutarchus in Pompeio: *gratikai\ de\ vh_es o)tako/si. & lhsrika\ wloi_auocat, cuiu&longs;modi erat muwprw. Appianus in Mi­thridate, ubi de Piratis: *kai\ ei)s a)pori/am e)kpeso/ntes a)qro/am a)nti\ th_s gh_s e)karpou_nto t qlaam, muwpa/rwsi wrw_tom, kai\ h(mioli/s, ei)_ta likro/tois kai\ bih/rssi ata\ me/rh wobple/ontes. id e&longs;t: Summá que pre&longs;&longs;i inopia &longs;ibi è mari quæ­&longs;tum faciebant, my oparonibus primum & hemio lijs, deinde biremibus triremibuś que circumna­uigantes. Quibus uerbis conijcio, h(mioli/as fui&longs;&longs;e in fra magnitudinem biremium, ut bihrhmio/liai &longs;int quas &longs;uprà diximus: h(mioi/ uerò, quæ à puppi ad malum binis remis, à malo ad proram uni-co tantum per tran&longs;tra remo agerentur. Vides me &longs;udare Lector optime, quo tibi aliquid ueri&longs;imi­le in re tam ob&longs;cura afferre po&longs;&longs;im. Itaque dubi­tans, circun&longs;pectans & hæ&longs;itans, multa aduer&longs;a reuerens, tanquam in mari immen&longs;o no&longs;tra uehi­tur oratio. Thucy dides in quarto, *tako/ntorm & e/­lpta ponit inter prædatoria, dum ait: *a)lla\ kai\ tatk lhsriku_s meashni/wm triakonto/rou kai\ i/lhtlaom. Et hæc ex prædatorio Me&longs;&longs;eniorum actuario & celoce &longs;ump&longs;erunt. Plutarchus in Sylla, lhsh/riom nomadiko\mpo&longs;uit, pro prædonibus Numidicis. Tullius pira­ticum myoparonem dixit, actione quinta in Ver­rem: An quòd ager Syracu&longs;anus prædonum incen­dijs te Prætore ua&longs;tatus e&longs;t an quòd forum Syra­cu&longs;anum nauàrchorum &longs;anguineredundauit an quòd in portu Syracu&longs;ano piraticus myoparo na uigauit Idem actione &longs;eptima in eundem: Nauem quandam piratarum præda refertam non cepe­runt, &longs;ed adduxerunt onere &longs;uo planè captam, at­que depre&longs;&longs;am. Eratea nauis plena iuuentutis for mo&longs;i&longs;&longs;imæ, argenti facti atque &longs;ignati, multa cum &longs;tragula ue&longs;te. Ac paulo po&longs;t: Interea Syracu&longs;ani, homines periti & humani, qui non modò qu&ecedil; per &longs;picua e&longs;&longs;ent uidere, uerumetiam occulta &longs;u&longs;picari po&longs;&longs;ent, habebant rationem omnes quotidie pira tarum qui &longs;ecuri ferirentur: quàm multos e&longs;&longs;e o­porteret, ex ip&longs;o nauigio quod erat factum &longs;ex re­morum numero, conijciebant. Et non multo po&longs;t de eodem nauigio: Hæcigitur e&longs;t ge&longs;ta res, hæc ui-ctoria præclara myoparone piratico capto: dux li beratus: &longs;ymphoniaci Romam mi&longs;&longs;i, formo &longs;i ho­mines, & adole&longs;centes, & artifices domum abducti. Quibus &longs;ane uerbis, ni&longs;i fallor, planum fit, illum myoparonem habui&longs;&longs;e &longs;ex remorum ordines. qua­re non ab re, inter longas naues ad&longs;cribi debeat. Idem Tullius &longs;eptima in Verrem, paruorum myo­paronum meminit his uerbis: Hic te prætore He­racleo archipirata cum quatuor myoparonibus paruis ad arbitrium &longs;uum nauigauit. Prò dij im­mortales piraticus myoparo, cum imperium P.R. naues ac fa&longs;ces e&longs;&longs;ent Syracu&longs;is, u&longs;que ad forum et ad omnes urbis crepidines acce&longs;&longs;it. Erant enim & parui myoparones, quorum mini&longs;terio præfecti triremium & maiorum uterentur, ut colligo ex Au­lo Hirtio de bello Alexandrino: Ip&longs;e Octauius &longs;e in &longs;capham confert, in quam plures quum fuge­rant, depre&longs;&longs;a &longs;capha, uulneratus tamen adnatat ad &longs;uum myoparonem: quò receptus, cum prælium nox diremi&longs;&longs;et, tempe&longs;tate magna uelis profugit. Plutarch9 in Lucullo: *e)ce/plouase de\ trisi\m e(llhnikai_s muw prwsi, ki\ likro/is i)/sais r(odiiakai_s, wro\s me/ga we/la: Ma ri profugit cum tribus my oparonibus Græcis, to­tidem&queacute; biremibus Rhodijs in altum. Myoparo au­tem ille egregius de cla&longs;&longs;e Mile&longs;iorum, quem pr&ecedil;­&longs;idij cau&longs;a &longs;ecum Verres abduxit Myndum, ibique uendidit, non eratinter paruos, quorum &longs;uprà ab eodem mentio facta e&longs;t. Erat enim militibus remi gibuś que ornatus atque armatus. &longs;ed &longs;atius fuerit Tullij uerba &longs;ubijcere. ea &longs;unt actione tertia in Ver rem: Mile&longs;ios nauem popo&longs;cit, quæ eum præ&longs;idij cau&longs;a Myndum pro&longs;equeretur. Illi &longs;tatim Myopa ronem egregium, de &longs;ua cla&longs;&longs;e ornatum atque ar­matum, dederunt. hoc præ&longs;idio Myndum profe­ctus e&longs;t. mox &longs;ubdit: Illud quoque quod neque ta­ceri ullo modo pote&longs;t, neque dici pro dignitate, co gno&longs;cite, milites remigeś que Miletum Myndo pe dibus reuerti iubet: ip&longs;e myoparonem pulcherri­mum de decem Mile&longs;iorum nauibus electum, L. Magio & L. Rabio qui Myndi habitabant, uendi­dit. Plutarchus in Antonio myoparonas uocare uidetur, quos pha&longs;elos dixit Appianus, ubi eiu&longs;dem rei cum Plutarcho meminit. Verba Plutarchi &longs;ic habent: *o)ktai/a tw_m w_mologhme\nwm xwri\s h)|th/sato me\m a)­dielfw_| wara\ tou_ a)ndro\s ei)/kosi muwpa/ rwnd, l a)ndri\ wara\ tou_ a)delfou_ sratiw/t xili/s. id e&longs;t: Octauia, præter ea quæ pacta fuerant, à marito impetrauit ut fratri ui­ginti myoparonas concederet, à fratre autem ut ma rito mille pedites Romanos. Appianus autem &longs;ic ait: *e)diwrh/sato kai\ *o)ktai/a m a)dielfo\m, ai)th/ war) *a)ntni/ le/ka fash/lois trihrhtikoi_s e)pimi/ktois, e)/k te forti/dim new_m kai\ mxkrw_m, kai\ t *o)ktai/am o( ai_sar xili/ois loga/si swmato­flacim, ou(\s e)pile/co *a)ntw/nios: Munerata e&longs;t & Octauia fratrem decem pha&longs;elis mixtis, ex forma onerariarum longarun&queacute; nauium. Octauiam quo&que; Cæ&longs;ar mille de­lectis ab Antonio militibus, quib. &longs;piculatoribus corporis&queacute; cu&longs;todibus uteretur ip&longs;e. Quibus &longs;ane Appiani uerbis, ni&longs;i alium autorem quàm Plutar-chus &longs;equut9 e&longs;t, conijciat Lector, myoparones fui&longs;­&longs;e pha&longs;elos: quorum forma mixta erat ex naue o­neraria, & longa triremi: ut hac no&longs;tra memoria fa ciendos locauit Franci&longs;cus Rex Regum ad ocea­num Britanni&ecedil; minoris, quos galeones uocant. Pha &longs;elum autem ea ratione, qua de&longs;criptus e&longs;t ab Ap­piano & Plutarcho myoparo dictus, lepido uer&longs;u con&longs;ecrauit Ca&longs;tori & Polluci Catullus: quibus &longs;a ne uer&longs;iculis aperte docet, eum fui&longs;&longs;e maxime ap­po&longs;itum, &longs;eu quis remis uti uelit, &longs;eu uelis dum ait: Siue palmulis Opus foret uolare, &longs;iue linteo. Verglius in quarto: Et circum pictis uehitur &longs;ua rura pha &longs;elis. Sed minime a)prosdio/nusom fuerit, carmenip&longs;um &longs;ubtexere Catulli: Pha&longs;elus ille, quem uidetis ho&longs;pites, Ait fui&longs;&longs;e nauium celerrimus, Neque ullius natantis trabis impetum Nequi&longs;&longs;e præterire, &longs;iue palmulis

Opus foret uolare, &longs;iue linteo. Strabo xv. lou)k e)/latom o)kdioh/kcnta e)nauth gh/sato li/krota, kai\ ih/rs, kai\ fash/ls. Ip&longs;e autem ædificanda curauit, non minus octuaginta biremes, triremes, & pha&longs;elos. Multa candide Lector quæ&longs;iui, ut ueram, uel &longs;altem ueri&longs;imi lem my oparonis etymologiam inue&longs;tigare po&longs;&longs;em, &longs;ed nihil admodum mihi arri&longs;it: ni&longs;i &longs;i fidem habe re non grauabere enarratori Ari&longs;tophanis in ei)rh/­h|, dum ait in enarrando uocabulo *naciourgh\s a­ros. wloi_a h)_m ou(/tw lego/mena, c)n na/cw| gino\mena th_| nh/sw|. kai\ i­diourgei_ a)\ll nau_s, a)ni/diou, e/rkrom a)erku/ras, ki\ wa/rona a) wa/ron. id e&longs;t: Naxiurges erant nauigia &longs;ic dicta, quæ fierent in Naxo in&longs;ula, & etiam cni­durges à Cnido, & cercurum à Corcyra, paronem quoque à Paro. Quod &longs;i uerum e&longs;t, au&longs;im & ego conijcere, myoparonem e&longs;&longs;e nauigij genus com­po&longs;itum ab utraque forma earum nauium, qu&ecedil; fie ri &longs;olebant in Myunte & Paro in&longs;ula, ut ex utriu&longs;­que forma compo&longs;itum effictumque uocabulum uideatur. Sed ex alia parte mouet Plinius, qui &longs;cri­ptum reliquit, cercurum in Cypro inuentum: ut non magna fides habenda &longs;it Ari&longs;tophanis enarratori. quare fit ut Delio opus &longs;it. Quando uerò ad belli u&longs;um &longs;unt etiam nece&longs;&longs;ariæ eæ naues, quas Hippa gines dicunt, Hippagogas uocat Liuius, à tran&longs;por tandis equis: non erit ingratum (opinor) Lectori, &longs;i pauca de illis dixero ex probati&longs;&longs;imis autoribus. Liuius igitur quintæ decadis libro quarto, quod­nam id &longs;it nauigij genus apertius declarat, quàm ut no&longs;træ interpretationis egeat, dum ait: Fortè po&longs;te ro die quàm Sybota cla&longs;&longs;is tenuit quinque & tri­ginta naues, quas hippagogas uocant, ab Elea pro fectæ cum equitibus Gallis, equis&queacute; Phanas pro­montorium Chiorum petebant. Demo&longs;thenes in prima contra Philippum: *gro\s u/is toi_s h(mi/sesi tw_m i(ppe/wm i(pagwgou\s, bih\reis, kai\ wloi_a i(kana\ eu)trepi/sai eleh/w: In&longs;uper & equitum parti cen&longs;eo comparare hippa gines, triremes, aliáque idonea ad tran&longs;portandos eos nauigia. Quas tamen Polybius i(pphgou\s uocat, in primo: *e) pi/ de\ u/is e)pe/shsam ta\s i(pphgou\s, r(u/mata lo/nte)cau)tw_m tai_s tou_ tri/u so/lnusi/: Po&longs;t hæc di&longs;po&longs;uerunt hippagines, dantes ex ijs lora, & funes tractorios nauibus, quæ in tertia cla&longs;&longs;e erant. Et paulo po&longs;t: *iw_m me\m r(umlkou/ntwm ta\s i(pphgou\s nas. Diodorus libro uige&longs;imo: *e)pakolqei_m de\ ta\s sratka\s, kai\ ta\s i(pphgou\s r(umlkme/ns w tw_m ei)resi/s wme/nwm, e)pi\ wa=si ta\ tw_m wratw_m wo/a, kai\ ta\ e)mpo/rwm kai\ a)gorai/wr: Sub&longs;equi autem militares & hippagines remulco tractas ab ijs qu&ecedil; remigio uterentur: po&longs;tremo etiam & prædonum pontones & annotinas, mercatorumque. Qui­bus & Polybij uerbis, & Diodori, apud Demo&longs;the nem in loco &longs;uprà citato, liasolh\m collocandam in ter i(ppagwgou\s & trih/rs exi&longs;timo: ut legendum &longs;it, i(ppagwgou\s, trih/rs, kai\ wloi_a i(kana\. non ut i(ppagwgoi\ e&longs;­&longs;ent trih/rs, ut quidam non indoctus exi&longs;timabat, & auditoribus &longs;uis enarrabat: quem hocloco no­mine appellare &longs;uper&longs;edendum duxi. i( ppagwgoi\ enim, & hippegi remulco trahebantur, ut uides ex utro­que autore. Remulco autem trahere Latinum e&longs;t, & à Liuio & Cæ&longs;are u&longs;urpatum. Liuius quart&ecedil; de cadis, libro &longs;eptimo: Contemplatus Eudemus ho &longs;tes claudas mutilaś que naues apertis nauibus re mulco trahentes xx. paulo amplius integras, ab­&longs;cedentes èturri prætoriæ nauis, &longs;ilentio facto, ex­urgite inquit. Cæ&longs;ar in &longs;ecundo de Bello ciuili: Hunc &longs;equutus M. Ruffus Quæ&longs;tor nauibus XII. quas præ&longs;idio onerarijs nauibus Curio ex Sicilia eduxerat, po&longs;tquam relictam in littore nauem con­&longs;pexit, hancremulco ab&longs;traxit. Ip&longs;e ad Curionem cum cla&longs;&longs;e redijt. Idem in tertio: Ad Oricum uenit, &longs;ummer&longs;am&queacute; nauim remulco multis&queacute; contendens funibus abduxit. *go/ria autem dicuntur à Diodoro, naues quibus utebantur ad tran&longs;portandos mili­tes; & ea re sratiwika\ wo/ria dicuntur ab eodem, libro uige&longs;imo, his uerbis: *ei)_xe de\ ta\s wa/sas nau_s makra\s r/ kai\ m/ .tou/twm l) h)_m h( megi/sh, wenth/rhs. h( e)laxi/sh, tebh/rhs. sratiw tika\ wo/ tau/tais e)phkolou/q wlei/w tw_ms/, a)/gonta weou\s ou)k e)la/s tw_m muri/wm: Habuit autem naues longas nume­ro centum quadraginta: quarum maior erat quin queremis, minor autem quadriremis. militares pr&ecedil;­terea pontones &longs;ub&longs;equebantur plus quàm ducen ti: qui peditum ferebant circiter decem millia. Idem in eodem: *tw_m me\m wori/wm h(\lw wlei/w tw_m r/, c)n oi(_s h)_m xedio\m sratiw_t o)ktakixi/lioi. id e&longs;t: Pontones cepit plus quàm centenos, in quibus erant peditum circiter octo mil­lia. Idem in eodem: *e)f) h(me/ras tina\s tai_s taxunautou)sais nausi\m e)rumou/lkoiw sratiwtika\ wo/ria. id e&longs;t: Per aliquot dies celeribus nauibus remulco trahebant milita­res pontones. Idem in eodem: *ou)ke)/xwm l) i(kana\ wo/­ria wro\s t tw_m atiwtw_m lia/asim, trixh_| lieme/rise t lu/­namim. id e&longs;t: Cum non &longs;atis haberet pontonum ad tran&longs;portandos milites, trifariam diui&longs;it exerci­tum. Plato in tertio de Legibus, wo/ra po&longs;uit etiam pro curru: *go/ra de\, w(/s te e)p) h/lous to/te wore/ueata\ g, h)/ ata\ qlaasam, su\m tai_s te/xnais, w(s e)/p ei)pei_m, wa/xedo\m a)polw/l. Vehicula ita ut tunc inter &longs;e com­meare po&longs;&longs;ent, &longs;iue terra, &longs;iue mari, omnia (ut ita dicam) cum artibus ip&longs;is perierant. Eiu&longs;modi po-ria Cæ&longs;ar pontones appellare uidetur, in tertio de bello ciuili: Plera&longs;que naues in Italiam emittit ad reliquos milites, equiteś que tran&longs;portandos: pon tones, quod e&longs;t genus nauium Gallicarum, Ly&longs;&longs;i reliquit: hoc con&longs;ilio, ut &longs;i forte Pompeius ua­cuam exi&longs;timans Italiam eò traieci&longs;&longs;et exercitum, quæ opinio erat edita in uulgus, aliquam Cæ&longs;ar ad in&longs;equendum facultatem haberet. Nec ueri&longs;i­mile e&longs;t eos pontones, quorum meminit Cæ&longs;ar, fui&longs;&longs;e id genus nauigij ratiarij, quo pa&longs;&longs;im utimur ad traij cienda flumina, quas uulgo charieras di­cunt. Etiam&longs;i Paulus Iuri&longs;con&longs;ultus in tractatu Ser­uitutum ru&longs;ticarum, pro co genere accepi&longs;&longs;e uidea­tur, his uerbis: Flumine interueniente uia con&longs;ti­tui pote&longs;t, &longs;i aut uado tran&longs;iri pote&longs;t, aut pontem habet: diuer&longs;um, &longs;i pontonibus traij ciatur. Quo lo­co pontones uidetur pro worqmei/ois dixi&longs;&longs;e, aliter at que Cæ&longs;ar, qui u&longs;us uidetur ueluti Gallico quodam uocabulo, uel Ma&longs;&longs;ilien&longs;i potius. Quod worqmei_om in­nuere uidetur Tullius de Aru&longs;picum re&longs;pon&longs;is, dum ait: Quæ nauis unquam in flumine tam uul­gata omnibus, quàm iftius ætas fuit? Diodorus tamen Siculus worqmei_om cum wori/ confundere ui­detur, ni&longs;i &longs;it librariorum mendum: *o( de\ luqei\s, kai\ met) o)li/gwm e)ma\s, e)s worqmei=om, e)/laqem e)kple/usas ata\ tlu/sim th_s wlia/dios. id e&longs;t: Ip&longs;e autem &longs;olutus, & cum pau cis con&longs;cen&longs;a naue, clàm profugit &longs;ub occa&longs;um uer giliarum. Strabo decimo&longs;eptimo: *w(/se kai\ o\sraikina e)/­i/ois ei)_nai worqmei/a: Vt & nonnullis te&longs;tacea &longs;int naui gia ad tran&longs;fretandum, worqmo\s enim, fretum. ut worq­mei_a, &longs;int nauigia ad tran&longs;&longs;retandum apta: worqmo\s, a/laa e(kate/roqem h)/prom e)/xousa. Rhodij præ&longs;idiarias naues fulaki/ di uocabant, autore Diodoro, libro uige&longs;imo: *dhmo/fil me\m e)/xwm nau_s ta\s aloume/n wara\ odii/ois fulaki/dias. Idem in eodem: *ai( de\ fulaki/des tw_m arxh doni/wmai)menai, ata\ oudi e)pedii/wkom. id e&longs;t: Pr&ecedil;­&longs;idiariæ Carthaginen&longs;ium ubi id re&longs;ciuerunt, con fe&longs;tim per&longs;ecutæ &longs;unt.

Sed prius quàm à longis nauibus ad onerarias profici&longs;car, non tacebo quid de celeritate quinque remis ad triremem dubitare uideam uiros docti&longs;&longs;i mos, qui quin queremem tardiorem fui&longs;&longs;e triremi opinati &longs;unt, ex Liuij uerbis, tertiæ decadis libro octauo. ea &longs;unt hæc: Adherbal coniuratis in quin­queremem impo&longs;itis, præmi&longs;&longs;á que ea, quia tar­dior quàm triremis erat, ip&longs;e cum octo triremibus modico interuallo &longs;equitur. tardior enim erat propter pondus. Subdit enim: Quin queremis Ro mana &longs;eu pondere tenacior, &longs;eu pluribus remo­rum ordinibus &longs;cindentibus uortices, cum facilius regeretur, duas triremes &longs;uppre&longs;&longs;it. Sed Iulius Cæ &longs;ar in &longs;ecundo de bello Ciuili, omnem dubitationem tollere uidetur, his uerbis: Con&longs;picatæ que naues triremes duæ nauem Decij Bruti (quæ erat hexe­res, ex Lucano &longs;uprà citato) quæ ex &longs;igno facilè co gno&longs;ci poterat, duabus ex partibus &longs;e&longs;e in eam in­citauerant. Sed tantum re proui&longs;a, Brutus celerita te nauis eni&longs;us e&longs;t, ut paruo momento antecederet. Vides illam hexerem celeritate anteuerti&longs;&longs;e illas triremes: quod & &longs;imiliter de quinqueremi facilè credere e&longs;t. Sed non omittemus Pi&longs;trim, cuius men­tionem factam uidemus à Polybio. Liuius etiam meminit quintç decadis quarto uolumine, his uer bis: Per&longs;ius po&longs;t reditum ab Eumenc, Erepontis &longs;pe deiectus, Antenorem & Callippum præfectos cla&longs;&longs;is cum XL. lembis (adiectæ ad hunc numerum quinque pi&longs;tres erant) Tenedum mittit. Pi&longs;tris au­tem terno remorum ordine agebatur. Vergilius in quinto, pi&longs;trim pro cognomento indito trire­mi po&longs;ui&longs;&longs;e uidetur:

Velocem Mne&longs;theus agit acri remige pi&longs;trim. Subdit enim:

Mox Italus Mne&longs;theus, genus à quo nomine Memmi:

Ingentem&queacute; Gyas ingenti mole Chymæram,