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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd"> <archimedes xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <info> <author>Alberti, Leone Battista</author> <title>Architecture</title> <date>1755</date> <place>London</place> <translator>Leoni, James</translator> <lang>en</lang> <cvs_file>alber_archi_003_en_1785.xml</cvs_file> <cvs_version/> <locator>003.xml</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb xlink:href="003/01/001.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE ARCHITECTURE OF LEON BATISTA ALBERTI IN TEN BOOKS</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>Printed by Edward Owen</s></p><p type="head"> <s>London 1755</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/002.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.002.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/002/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>On ribbon: “May it [he?] gleam with the greatest beauty.”<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/003.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.003.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/003/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>PREFACE.<emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Our Ance&longs;tors have left us many and various Arts tending to the Plea&longs;ure and <lb/>Conveniency of Life, acquired with the greate&longs;t Indu&longs;try and Diligence: <lb/>Which Arts, though they all pretend, with a Kind of Emulation, to have in <lb/>View the great End of being &longs;erviceable to Mankind; yet we know that each <lb/>of them in particular has &longs;omething in it that &longs;eems to promi&longs;e a di&longs;tinct and <lb/>&longs;eparate Fruit: Some Arts we follow for Nece&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome we approve for their <lb/>U&longs;efulne&longs;s, and &longs;ome we e&longs;teem becau&longs;e they lead us to the Knowledge of Things that are de­<lb/>light&longs;ul. </s> <s>What the&longs;e Arts are, it is not nece&longs;&longs;ary for me to enumerate; for they are obvious. <lb/></s> <s>But if you take a View of the whole Circle of Arts, you &longs;hall hardly find one but what, de&longs;pi&longs;­<lb/>ing all others, regards and &longs;eeks only its own particular Ends: Or if you do meet with any of <lb/>&longs;uch a Nature that you can in no wi&longs;e do without it, and which yet brings along with it Pro­<lb/>&longs;it at the &longs;ame Time, conjoined with Plea&longs;ure and Honour, you will, I believe, be convinced, <lb/>that Architecture is not to be excluded from that Number. </s> <s>For it is certain, if you examine <lb/>the Matter carefully, it is inexpre&longs;&longs;ibly delightful, and of the greate&longs;t Convenience to Mankind <lb/>in all Re&longs;pects, both publick and private; and in Dignity not inferior to the mo&longs;t excellent. </s> <s>But <lb/>before I proceed further, it will not be improper to explain what he is that I allow to be an <lb/>Architect: For it is not a Carpenter or a Joiner that I thus rank with the greate&longs;t Ma&longs;ters in <lb/>other Sciences; the manual Operator being no more than an In&longs;trument to the Architect. <lb/></s> <s>Him I call an Architect, who, by &longs;ure and wonderful Art and Method, is able, both with <lb/>Thought and Invention, to devi&longs;e, and, with Execution, to compleat all tho&longs;e Works, which, <lb/>by means of the Movement of great Weights, and the Conjunction and Ama&longs;&longs;ment of Bodies, <lb/>can, with the greate&longs;t Beauty, be adapted to the U&longs;es of Mankind: And to be able to do this, <lb/>he mu&longs;t have a thorough In&longs;ight into the noble&longs;t and mo&longs;t curious Sciences. </s> <s>Such mu&longs;t be the <lb/>Architect. </s> <s>But to return.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>SOME have been of Opinion, that either Water or Fire were the principal Occa&longs;ions of bring­<lb/>ing Men together into Societies; but to us, who con&longs;ider the U&longs;efulne&longs;s and Nece&longs;&longs;ity of Co­<lb/>verings and Walls, it &longs;eems evident, that they were the chief Cau&longs;es of a&longs;&longs;embling Men toge­<lb/>ther. </s> <s>But the only Obligation we have to the Architect is not for his providing us with &longs;afe <lb/>and plea&longs;ant Places, where we may &longs;helter our&longs;elves from the Heat of the Sun, from Cold and <lb/>Tempe&longs;t, (though this is no &longs;mall Benefit); but for having be&longs;ides contrived many other <lb/>Things, both of a private and publick Nature of the highe&longs;t U&longs;e and Convenience to the Life <lb/>of Man. </s> <s>How many noble Families, reduced by the Calamity of the Times, had been utterly <lb/>lo&longs;t, both in our own native City, and in others, had not their paternal Habitations pre&longs;erved <lb/>and cheri&longs;hed them, as it were, in the Bo&longs;om of their Forefathers. <emph type="italics"/>Dædalus<emph.end type="italics"/> in his Time was <lb/>greatly e&longs;teemed for having made the <emph type="italics"/>Selinuntians<emph.end type="italics"/> a Vault, which gathered &longs;o warm and kindly <lb/>a Vapour, as provoked a plentiful Sweat, and thereby cured their Di&longs;tempers with great Ea&longs;e <lb/>and Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>Why need I mention others who have contrived many Things of the like Sort <lb/>conducive to Health; as Places for Exerci&longs;e, for Swimming, Baths and the like? </s> <s>Or why <lb/>&longs;hould I in&longs;tance in Vehicles, Mills, Time-mea&longs;ures, and other &longs;uch minute Things, which <lb/>neverthele&longs;s are of great U&longs;e in Life? </s> <s>Why &longs;hould I in&longs;i&longs;t upon the great Plenty of Waters <lb/>brought from the mo&longs;t remote and hidden Places, and employed to &longs;o many different and u&longs;e­<lb/>ful Purpo&longs;es? </s> <s>Upon Trophies, Tabernacles, &longs;acred Edifices, Churches and the like, adapted <pb xlink:href="003/01/004.jpg"/>to divine Wor&longs;hip, and the Service of Po&longs;terity? </s> <s>Or la&longs;tly, why &longs;hould I mention the Rocks <lb/>cut, Mountains bored through, Vallies filled up, Lakes confined, Mar&longs;hes di&longs;charged into the <lb/>Sea, Ships built, Rivers turned, their Mouths cleared, Bridges laid over them, Harbours formed, <lb/>not only &longs;erving to Men's immediate Conveniencies, but al&longs;o opening them a Way to all Parts <lb/>of the World; whereby Men have been enabled mutually to furni&longs;h one another with Provi&longs;i­<lb/>ons, Spices, Gems, and to communicate their Knowledge, and whatever el&longs;e is healthful or <lb/>plea&longs;urable. </s> <s>Add to the&longs;e the Engines and Machines of War, Fortre&longs;&longs;es, and the like Inventi­<lb/>ons nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Defending the Liberty of our Country, Maintaining the Honour, and En­<lb/>crea&longs;ing the Greatne&longs;s of a City, and to the Acqui&longs;ition and E&longs;tabli&longs;hment of an Empire. </s> <s>I <lb/>am really per&longs;uaded, that if we were to enquire of all the Cities which, within the Memory of <lb/>Man, have fallen by Siege into the Power of new Ma&longs;ters, who it was that &longs;ubjected and over­<lb/>came them, they would tell you, the Architect; and that they were &longs;trong enough to have <lb/>de&longs;pi&longs;ed the armed Enemy, but not to with&longs;tand the Shocks of the Engines, the Violence of <lb/>the Machines, and the Force of the other In&longs;truments of War, with which the Architect di&longs;­<lb/>tre&longs;&longs;ed, demoli&longs;hed and ruinated them. </s> <s>And the Be&longs;ieged, on the contrary, would inform <lb/>you, that their greate&longs;t Defence lay in the Art and A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of the Architect. </s> <s>And if you <lb/>were to examine into the Expeditions that have been undertaken, you would go near to find <lb/>that mo&longs;t of the Victories were gained more by the Art and Skill of the Architects, than by the <lb/>Conduct or Fortune of the Generals; and that the Enemy was oftener overcome and conquered <lb/>by the Architect's Wit, without the Captain's Arms, than by the Captain's Arms without the <lb/>Architect's Wit: And what is of great Con&longs;equence is, that the Architect conquers with a <lb/>&longs;mall Number of Men, and without the Lo&longs;s of Troops. </s> <s>Let this &longs;uffice as to the U&longs;efulne&longs;s <lb/>of this Art.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT how much the Study and Subject of Building delights, and how firmly it is rooted in <lb/>the Mind of Man, appears from &longs;everal In&longs;tances, and particularly from this; that you &longs;hall <lb/>find no body who has the Means but what has an Inclination to be building &longs;omething: And <lb/>if a Man has happened to think of any Thing new in Architecture, he is &longs;ond of communicat­<lb/>ing and divulging it for the U&longs;e of others, as if con&longs;trained thereto by Nature. </s> <s>And how o&longs;ten <lb/>does it fall out, that even when we are employed upon other Things, we cannot keep our <lb/>Thoughts and Imaginations, from Projecting &longs;ome Edi&longs;ice? </s> <s>And when we &longs;ee other Men's <lb/>Hou&longs;es, we immediately &longs;et about a careful Examination of all the Proportions and Dimen&longs;ions, <lb/>and, to the be&longs;t of our Ability, con&longs;ider what might be added, retrenched or altered; and pre­<lb/>&longs;ently give our Opinions how it might be made more compleat or beautiful. </s> <s>And if a Build­<lb/>ing be well laid out, and ju&longs;tly fini&longs;hed, who is he that does not view it with the utmo&longs;t Plea­<lb/>&longs;ure and Delight? </s> <s>But why need I mention not only how much Benefit and Delight, but how <lb/>much Glory to Architecture has brought to Nations, which have cultivated it both at home <lb/>and abroad? </s> <s>Who that has built any publick Edifice does not think him&longs;elf honoured by it, <lb/>when it is reputable to a Man only to have built a hand&longs;ome Habitation for him&longs;elf? </s> <s>Men of <lb/>publick Spirits approve and rejoice when you have rai&longs;ed a fine Wall or Portico, and adorned <lb/>it with Portals, Columns, and a hand&longs;ome Roof, knowing you have thereby not only &longs;erved <lb/>your&longs;elf, but them too, having by this generous U&longs;e of your Wealth, gained an Addition of <lb/>great Honour to your&longs;elf, your Family, your De&longs;cendants, and your City. </s> <s>The Sepulchre of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t Step to the ennobling the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Crete;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Delos<emph.end type="italics"/> was not &longs;o much <lb/>re&longs;pected for the Oracle of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"/> as for the beautiful Structure of the City, and the Maje&longs;ty of <lb/>the Temple. </s> <s>How much Authority accrued to the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Name and Empire from their <lb/>Buildings, I &longs;hall dwell upon no further, than that the Sepulchres and other Remains of the <lb/>ancient Magnificence, every where to be found, are a great Inducement and Argument with us <lb/>for believing many Things related by Hi&longs;torians, which might otherwi&longs;e have &longs;eemed incredible. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> extreamly commends the Prudence of &longs;ome Ancients, who had &longs;o adorned their City <lb/>with all Sorts of fine Structures, that their Power thereby appeared to be much greater than it <lb/>really was. </s> <s>And what potent or wi&longs;e Prince can be named, that among his chief Projects for <lb/>eternizing his Name and Po&longs;terity, did not make U&longs;e of Architecture. </s> <s>But of this enough. <lb/></s> <s>The Conclu&longs;ion is, that for the Service, Security, Honour and Ornament of the Publick, we <lb/>are exceedingly obliged to the Architect; to whom, in Time of Lei&longs;ure, we are indebted for <pb xlink:href="003/01/005.jpg"/>Tranquility, Plea&longs;ure and Health, in Time of Bu&longs;ine&longs;s for A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance and Profit; and in both, <lb/>&longs;or Security and Dignity. </s> <s>Let us not therefore deny that he ought to be prai&longs;ed and e&longs;teemed, <lb/>and to be allowed a Place, both for the wonderful and ravi&longs;hing Beauty of his Works, and for <lb/>the Nece&longs;&longs;ity, Serviceablene&longs;s, and Strength of the Things which he has invented, among the <lb/>Chief of tho&longs;e who have de&longs;erved Honour and Rewards from Mankind. </s> <s>The Con&longs;ideration of <lb/>the&longs;e Things induced me, for my Diver&longs;ion, to look a little further into this Art and its Ope­<lb/>rations, from what Principles it was derived, and of what Parts it con&longs;i&longs;ted: And finding them <lb/>of various Kinds, in Number almo&longs;t infinite, in their Nature marvellous, of U&longs;e incredible, in­<lb/>&longs;omuch that it was doubtful what Condition of Men, or what Part of the Commonwealth, or <lb/>what Degree in the City, whether the Publick or Private, Things &longs;acred or profane, Repo&longs;e or <lb/>Labour, the Individual or the whole human Species, was mo&longs;t obliged to the Architect, or <lb/>rather Inventor of all Conveniencies; I re&longs;olved, for &longs;everal Rea&longs;ons, too tedious here to re­<lb/>peat, to collect all tho&longs;e Things which are contained in the&longs;e Ten Books. </s> <s>In treating of which, <lb/>we &longs;hall ob&longs;erve this Method: We con&longs;ider that an Edi&longs;ice is a Kind of Body con&longs;i&longs;ting, like <lb/>all other Bodies, of De&longs;ign and of Matter; the fir&longs;t is produced by the Thought, the other by <lb/>Nature; &longs;o that the one is to be provided by the Application and Contrivance of the Mind, <lb/>and the other by due Preparation and Choice. </s> <s>And we further reflected, that neither the one <lb/>nor the other of it&longs;elf was &longs;ufficient, without the Hand of an experienced Artificer, that knew <lb/>how to form his Materials after a ju&longs;t De&longs;ign. </s> <s>And the U&longs;e of Edi&longs;ices being various, it was <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary to enquire whether one and the &longs;ame Kind of De&longs;ign was fit for all Sorts of Buildings; <lb/>upon which Account we have di&longs;tingui&longs;hed the &longs;everal Kinds of Buildings: Wherein perceiv­<lb/>ing that the main Point was the ju&longs;t Compo&longs;ition and Relation of the Lines among them&longs;elves, <lb/>from whence ari&longs;es the Height of Beauty, I therefore began to examine what Beauty really was, <lb/>and what Sort of Beauty was proper to each Edifice. </s> <s>And as we often meet with Faults in all <lb/>the&longs;e Re&longs;pects, I con&longs;idered how they might be altered or amended. </s> <s>Every Book therefore <lb/>has its Title prefixed to it, according to the Variety of the Subject: The Fir&longs;t treats of De&longs;igns; <lb/>the Second, of Materials; the Third, of the Work; the Fourth, of Works in general; the <lb/>Fifth, of Works in particular; the Sixth, of Ornaments in general; the Seventh, of the Orna­<lb/>ments proper for &longs;acred Edifices; the Eighth, of tho&longs;e for publick and profane ones; The <lb/>Ninth, of tho&longs;e for the Hou&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons; the Tenth, of Amendments and Alterations <lb/>in Buildings: To which is added, a various Hi&longs;tory of Waters, and how they are found, and <lb/>what U&longs;e is to be made of the Architect in all the&longs;e Works: As al&longs;o Four other Books, Three of <lb/>which treat of the Art of Painting; and the Fourth, of Sculpture.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.005.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/005/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/006.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.006.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/006/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>The TABLE of CONTENTS.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of De&longs;igns; their Value and Rules.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Occa&longs;ion of erecting Edifices; <lb/>of how many Parts the Art of Building con&longs;i&longs;ts, and <lb/>what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to each of tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Region of the Climate or Air, of the <lb/>Sun and Winds which affect the Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Which Region is, and which is not commodi­<lb/>ous for Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>By what Marks and Characters we are to <lb/>know the Goodne&longs;s of the Region.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome hidden Conveniencies and Inccnveni­<lb/>encies of the Region which a wi&longs;e Man ought to enquire <lb/>into.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Seat, or Platform, and of the &longs;everal <lb/>Sorts of Lines.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Kinds of Platforms, their Forms and <lb/>Figures, and which are the mo&longs;t &longs;erviceable and la&longs;ting.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Compartition, and of the Origin of <lb/>Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Columns and Walls, and &longs;ome Ob&longs;erva­<lb/>tions relating to the Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the great U&longs;efulne&longs;s of the Coverings both <lb/>to the Inhabitants and the other Parts of the Building, <lb/>and that being various in their Natures, they mu&longs;t be <lb/>made of various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures in the Building, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, of the Windows and Doors, and of tho&longs;e which do <lb/>not take up the whole Thickne&longs;s of the Wall, and their <lb/>Number and Sizes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Stair-ca&longs;es, and their different Sorts; <lb/>of Steps of the Stairs which ought to be in odd Numbers, <lb/>and how many. </s> <s>Of the Re&longs;ting-places, of the Tunnels <lb/>for carrying away the Smoke. </s> <s>Of Pipes and Conduits <lb/>for carrying off the Water, and of the proper placing of <lb/>Wells and Sinks.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Treating of the Materials. </s> <s>That no Man <lb/>ought to begin a Building ha&longs;tily, but &longs;hould <lb/>fir&longs;t take a good deal of Time to con&longs;ider, and revolve in <lb/>his Mind all the Qualities and Requi&longs;ites of &longs;uch a Work: <lb/>And that he &longs;hould carefully review and examine, with <lb/>the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structure in it­<lb/>&longs;elf, and the Proportions and Mea&longs;ures of every di&longs;tinct <lb/>Part, not only in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual <lb/>Models of Wood or &longs;ome other Sub&longs;tance, that when he <lb/>has fini&longs;hed his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>That we ought to undertake nothing above our <lb/>Abilities, nor &longs;trive again&longs;t Nature, and that we ought <lb/>al&longs;o not only to con&longs;ider what we can do, but what is fit <lb/>for us to do, and in what Place it is that we are to build.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That having con&longs;idered the whole Di&longs;po&longs;ition <lb/>of the Building in all the Parts of the Model, we ought <lb/>to take the Advice of prudent and under&longs;tanding Men, <lb/>and before we begin our Work, it will not only be proper <lb/>to know how to rai&longs;e Money for the Expence, but al&longs;o <lb/>long before-hand to provide all the Materials for com­<lb/>pleating &longs;uch an Undertaking.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>What Materials are to be provided for the <lb/>Building, what Workmen to be cho&longs;e, and in what Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons, according to the Opinions of the Ancients, to cut <lb/>Timber.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of pre&longs;erving the Trees after they are cut, <lb/>what to plai&longs;ter or anoint them with, of the Remedies <lb/>again&longs;t their Infirmities, and of allotting them their pro­<lb/>per Places in the Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>What Woods are mo&longs;t proper for Buildings, <lb/>their Nature and U&longs;es, how they are to be employed, and <lb/>in what Part of the Edifice each Kind is mo&longs;t fit for.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Trees more &longs;ummarily and in general.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Stones in general, when they are to be <lb/>dug, and when u&longs;ed; which are the &longs;ofte&longs;t and which <lb/>the harde&longs;t, and which be&longs;t and mo&longs;t durable.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Some Things worthy memorial, relating to <lb/>Stones, left us by the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Origin of the U&longs;e of Bricks, in what <lb/>Sea&longs;on they ought to be made, and in what Shapes, their <lb/>different Sorts, and the U&longs;efulne&longs;s of triangular ones; <lb/>and briefly, of all other Works made of baked Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature of Lime and Plai&longs;ter of<emph.end type="italics"/> Paris, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>their U&longs;es and Kinds, wherein they agree and wherein <lb/>they differ, and of &longs;ome Things not unworthy of Memory.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the three different Kinds of Sands, and of the <lb/>various Materials u&longs;ed in Building in different Places.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Whether the Ob&longs;ervation of Times and Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons is of any U&longs;e in beginning a Building; what Sea­<lb/>&longs;on is mo&longs;t convenient; as al&longs;o, with what Auguries or <lb/>Prayers we ought to &longs;et out upon our Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Work. </s> <s>Wherein lies the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of <lb/>the Work; the different Parts of the Walls, <lb/>and what they require. </s> <s>That the Foundation is no Part <lb/>of the Wall; what Soil makes the be&longs;t Foundation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>That the Foundation chiefly is to be marked out <lb/>with Lines; and by what Tokens we may know the <lb/>Goodne&longs;s of the Ground.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That the Nature of Places is various, and <lb/>therefore we ought not to tru&longs;t any Place too ha&longs;tily, till <lb/>we have fir&longs;t dug Wells or Re&longs;ervoirs; but that in mar&longs;hy <lb/>Places we mu&longs;t make our Foundation with Piles burnt <lb/>at the Ends, and driven in with their Heads downward <lb/>with light Beetles, and many repeated Blows, till they <lb/>are driven quite in to the Head.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, <lb/>and of the Tempering of Mortar.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the lower Cour&longs;es or Foundations, accord­<lb/>ing to the Precepts and Example of the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>That there ought to be Vents left open in <lb/>thick Walls from the Bottom to the Top, the Difference <lb/>between the Wall and the Foundation: The principal <lb/>Parts of the Wall; the three Methods of Wailing; the <lb/>Materials and Form of the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e or Layer.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Generation of Stones: How they are <lb/>to be di&longs;po&longs;ed and joined together, as al&longs;o, which are the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t and which the weake&longs;t.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts of the Fini&longs;hing; of the Shells, <lb/>the Stuffing, and their different Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Girders of Stone, of the Ligament and <lb/>Fortification of the Cornices, and how to unite &longs;everal <lb/>Stones for the Strengthening of the Wall.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, <lb/>and of the Agreement there is between Stone and Sand.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Way of Working different Materials; <lb/>of Plai&longs;tering, of Cramps, and how to pre&longs;erve them;<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/007.jpg"/><emph type="italics"/>the mo&longs;t ancient In&longs;tructions of Architects; and &longs;ome <lb/>Methods to prevent the Mi&longs;chiefs of Lightning.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings of &longs;treight Lines; of the Beams <lb/>and Rafters, and of the uniting the Ribs.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings, or Roofs of Curve Lines; of <lb/>Arches, their Difference and Con&longs;truction, and how to <lb/>&longs;et the Stones in an Arch.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Vaults, and wherein <lb/>they differ; of what Lines they are compo&longs;ed, and the <lb/>Method of letting them &longs;ettle.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Shell of the Covering, and its U&longs;eful­<lb/>ne&longs;s; the different Sorts and Shapes of Tiles, and what <lb/>to make them of.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Pavements according to the Opinion of<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Pliny <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Vitruvius, <emph type="italics"/>and the Works of the Ancients; <lb/>and of the proper Sea&longs;ons for beginning, and fini&longs;hing <lb/>the &longs;everal Parts of Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>That all <lb/>Buildings, whether contrived for Nece&longs;&longs;ity, <lb/>Conveniency, or Plea&longs;ure, were intended for the Service <lb/>of Mankind. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Divi&longs;ions of human Condi­<lb/>tions, whence ari&longs;es the Diver&longs;ity of Buildings.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Region, Place, and Conveniencies, and <lb/>Inconveniencies of a Situation for a City, according to <lb/>the Opinion of the Ancients, and that of the Author.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Compa&longs;s, Space and Bigne&longs;s of a City, <lb/>of the Form and Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Walls and Fortifica­<lb/>tions, and of the Cu&longs;toms and Ceremonies ob&longs;erved by the <lb/>Ancients in making them out.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of Walls, Battlements, Towers, Corni&longs;hes and <lb/>Gates, and the Timber-work belonging to them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportion, Fa&longs;hion and Con&longs;truction of <lb/>great military Ways, and private Ways.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Bridges both of Wood and Stone, their pro­<lb/>per Situation, their Piers, Arches, Angles, Feet, Key­<lb/>&longs;tones, Cramps, Pavements, and Slopes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Drains or Sewers, their di&longs;ferent Sorts <lb/>and U&longs;es; and of Rivers and Canals for Ships.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Structure for a Haven, and <lb/>of making convenient Squares in the City.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of Buildings for particular Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>Ca&longs;tles or Habitations of a King, or others; <lb/>their different Properties and Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Portico, Ve&longs;tibule, Court-yard, Hall, <lb/>Stairs, Lobbies, Apertures, Back-doors, concealed Pa&longs;&longs;­<lb/>ages and private Apartments; and wherein the Hou&longs;es <lb/>of Princes differ from tho&longs;e of private Men; as al&longs;o of <lb/>the &longs;eparate and common Apartments for the Prince <lb/>and his Spou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Properties of the Portico, Lobby, Halls <lb/>both for Summer and Winter, Watch-Towers and of the <lb/>Difference between the Ca&longs;tle for a Tyrant, and the <lb/>Palace for a King.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Situation, Structure and For­<lb/>tification of a Fortre&longs;s, whether in a Plain, or upon a <lb/>Hill, its Inclo&longs;ure, Area, Walls, Ditches, Bridges, and <lb/>Towers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of tho&longs;e Parts of the Fortre&longs;s where the Soldiers <lb/>are to &longs;tand either to keep centinel, or to fight. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>covering Roof of the Fortre&longs;s, and in what Manner it <lb/>is to be made &longs;trong, and of the other Conveniencies ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary in the Ca&longs;tle either of a King or a Tyrant.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Parts of which the Republick <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ts. </s> <s>The proper Situation and Building for the <lb/>Hou&longs;es of tho&longs;e that govern the Republick, and of the <lb/>Prie&longs;ts. </s> <s>Of Temples as well large as &longs;inall, Chapels <lb/>and Oratories.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>That the Prie&longs;t's Camp is the Cloy&longs;ter; the <lb/>Duty of the Prie&longs;t; the various Sorts of Cloy&longs;iers and <lb/>their proper Situation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Places &longs;or Exerci&longs;e, publick Schools, and <lb/>Ho&longs;pitals both for Men and Women.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Senate-hou&longs;e, the Temple, and the Tri­<lb/>bunals for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>That Incampments, or Lodgments for Soldiers <lb/>by Land are of three Sorts; in what Manner they are <lb/>to be fortified; and the various Methods u&longs;ed by diffe­<lb/>rent Nations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>The mo&longs;t convenient Situation for a Camp, <lb/>and its Size, Form and various Parts; together with <lb/>the different Methods of attacking and defending a Camp <lb/>or other Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which <lb/>are Fleets; of Ships and their Parts; as al&longs;o of Havens <lb/>and their proper Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Commi&longs;&longs;aries, Chamberlains, publick <lb/>Receivers and the like Magi&longs;trates, who&longs;e Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to <lb/>&longs;upply and pre&longs;ide over the publick Granaries, Chambers <lb/>of Accounts, Ar&longs;enals, Marts, Docks and Stables; as <lb/>al&longs;o of the three Sorts of Pri&longs;ons, their Structures, Situ­<lb/>ations, and Compartitions.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Of private Hou&longs;es and their Differences; <lb/>as al&longs;o of the Country Hou&longs;e, and the Rules to be ob&longs;erved <lb/>in its Situation and Structure.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>That Country Hou&longs;es are of two Sorts; the <lb/>proper Di&longs;po&longs;ition of all their Members whether for the <lb/>Lodging of Men, Animals, or Tools for Agriculture <lb/>and other nece&longs;&longs;ary In&longs;truments,<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>That the Indu&longs;try of the Farmer or Over&longs;eer <lb/>ought to be employed as well about all Sorts of Animals, <lb/>as about the Fruits of the Earth; as al&longs;o of the Con­<lb/>&longs;truction of the Thre&longs;hing-floor.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Country Hou&longs;e for a Gentleman; <lb/>its various Parts, and the proper Di&longs;po&longs;ition of each of <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVIII. <emph type="italics"/>The Difference between the Country Hou&longs;e <lb/>and Town Hou&longs;e for the Rich. </s> <s>The Habitation of the <lb/>middling Sort ought to re&longs;emble tho&longs;e of the Rich; at <lb/>lea&longs;t in Proportion to their Circum&longs;tances. </s> <s>Buildings <lb/>&longs;hould be contrived more for Summer than for Winter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Rea&longs;on and Difficulty of the Author's <lb/>Undertaking, whereby it appears how much <lb/>Pains, Study and Application he has employed in writ­<lb/>ing upon the&longs;e Matters.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of Beauty and Ornament, their Effects and <lb/>Difference, that they are owing to Art and Exactne&longs;s <lb/>of Proportion; as al&longs;o of the Birth and Progre&longs;s of Arts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That Architecture began in<emph.end type="italics"/> A&longs;ia, <emph type="italics"/>flouri&longs;hed in<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Greece, <emph type="italics"/>and was brought to Perfection in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>That Beauty and Ornament in every Thing <lb/>ari&longs;e either &longs;rom Contrivance, or the Hand of the Arti­<lb/>ficer, or from Nature; and that though the Region in­<lb/>deed can hardly be improved by the Wit or Labour of <lb/>Man, yet many other Things may be done highly worthy <lb/>of Admiration, and &longs;carcely credible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>A &longs;hort Recapitulation of the Compartition, <lb/>and of the ju&longs;t Compo&longs;ition and adorning the Wall and <lb/>Covering.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>In what Manner great Weights and large <lb/>Stones are moved from one Place to another, or rai&longs;ed to <lb/>any great Height.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/008.jpg"/><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Wheels, Pins, Leavers, Pullies, their <lb/>Parts, Sizes, and Figures.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Skrew and its Circles or Worm, and <lb/>in what manner great Weights are either drawn, car­<lb/>ried or pu&longs;hed along.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>That the Incru&longs;tations which are made upon <lb/>the Wall with Mortar, mu&longs;t be three in Number: How <lb/>they are to be made, and to what Purpo&longs;es they are to <lb/>&longs;erve. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Mortar, and in what <lb/>Manner the Lime is to be prepared for making them: <lb/>Of Ba&longs;s-relieves in &longs;tuc-work and Paintings, with <lb/>which the Wall may be adorned.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of cutting of Marble into thin <lb/>Seantlings, and what Sand is be&longs;t for that Purpo&longs;e; as <lb/>al&longs;o of the Difference and Agreement between<emph.end type="italics"/> Mo&longs;aic <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Work in Relieve, and Flat, and of the Cement to be u&longs;ed <lb/>in that Sort of Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Covering, which con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts in the Richne&longs;s and Beauty of the Rafters, Vaults, <lb/>and open Terra&longs;&longs;es.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are <lb/>very plea&longs;ing, but are attended with many and various <lb/>Difficulties and Inconveniencies; that the fal&longs;e Aper­<lb/>tures are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII <emph type="italics"/>Of Columns and their Ornaments, their <lb/>Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Diminutions, Swells, <lb/>A&longs;iragals and Fillets.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>That the Walls of Cities, the Temples, and <lb/>Courts of Ju&longs;tice, u&longs;ed to be con&longs;ecreated to <lb/>the Gods; of the proper Region for the City, its Situati­<lb/>on and principal Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of how large and what Kind of Stone the Walls <lb/>ought to be built, and who were the fir&longs;t that erected <lb/>Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>With how much Thought, Care and Diligence <lb/>we ought to lay out and adorn our Temples; to what <lb/>Gods and in what Places we &longs;hould build them, and of <lb/>the various Kinds of Sacrifices.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts, Forms and Figures of Temples <lb/>and their Chapels, and how the&longs;e latter &longs;hould be di&longs;tri­<lb/>buted.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Porticoes and Entrance to the Temple, <lb/>its A&longs;cent and the Apertures and Inter&longs;paces of the <lb/>Portico.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Columns, and the different Sorts of Ca­<lb/>pitals.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>A nece&longs;&longs;ary Rehear&longs;al of the &longs;everal Mem­<lb/>bers of Columns, the Ba&longs;e, Torus, Scotia, Li&longs;ts, Die, <lb/>and of the &longs;maller Parts of tho&longs;e Members, the Plat­<lb/>band, Corona, Ovolo, &longs;mall Ogee, Cima-inver&longs;a, and <lb/>Cymatium, both upright and rever&longs;ed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the<emph.end type="italics"/> Doric, Ionic, Corinthian <emph type="italics"/>and Com­<lb/>po&longs;ite Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Entablature, the Architrave, Tri­<lb/>glyphs, Dentils, Mutules, Cavetto, and Drip or Corona, <lb/>as al&longs;o of the Flutings and &longs;ome other Ornaments be­<lb/>longing to Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Pavement of the Temple and its inner <lb/>Area, of the Place &longs;or the Altar, and of the Walls and <lb/>their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Why the Roo&longs;s of Temples ought to be arched.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures proper to Temples, namely, <lb/>the Windows, Doors, and Valves; together with their <lb/>Members, Proportions and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Altar, Communion, Lights, Candle­<lb/>&longs;ticks, holy Ve&longs;&longs;els, and &longs;ome other noble Ornaments of <lb/>Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Original of Ba&longs;iliques, their <lb/>Porticoes and different Members, and wherein they dif­<lb/>fer from Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>Of Colonnades both with Architraves and <lb/>with Arches; what Sort of Columns are to be u&longs;ed in <lb/>Ba&longs;iliques, and what Cornices, and where they are to be <lb/>placed; of the Height and Wedth of Windows and <lb/>their Gratings; of the Roofs and Doors of Ba&longs;iliques, <lb/>and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Monuments rai&longs;ed for pre&longs;erving the <lb/>Memory of publick Actions and Events.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"/>Whether Statues ought to be placed in <lb/>Temples, and what Materials are the mo&longs;t proper for <lb/>making them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the great Ways either <lb/>within or without the City, and of the pro­<lb/>per Places for interring or burning the Bodies of the <lb/>Dead.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of Sepulchres, and the various Manners of <lb/>burial.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of little Chapels, by Way of Sepulchres, Py­<lb/>ramids, Columns, Altars and Moles.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the In&longs;eriptions and Symbols carved on <lb/>Sepulchres.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of Towers and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the principal Ways belonging to the City, <lb/>and the Methods of adorning the Haven, Gates, Bridges, <lb/>Arches, Cro&longs;s-ways and Squares.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the adorning Theatres and other Places <lb/>for publick Shows, and of their U&longs;efulne&longs;s.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Amphitheatre, <lb/>Circus, publick Walks, and Halls, and Courts for petty <lb/>Judges.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Ornaments for the Senate­<lb/>Hou&longs;e and Council-Chambers, as al&longs;o of the adorning the <lb/>City with Groves, Lakes for Swimming, Libraries, <lb/>Schools, publick Stables, Ar&longs;enals, and mathematical <lb/>In&longs;truments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveni­<lb/>encies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>That particular Regard mu&longs;t be had to <lb/>Frugality and Par&longs;imony, and of the adorn­<lb/>ing the Palaces or Hou&longs;es of the King and principal <lb/>Magi&longs;trates.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of adorning of private Hou&longs;es, both in City <lb/>and Country.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That the Parts and Members of a Hou&longs;e are <lb/>different both in Nature and Species, and that they are <lb/>to be adorned in various Manners.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>With what Paintings, Plants, and Statues, <lb/>it is proper to adorn the Pavements, Porticoes, Apart­<lb/>ments and Gardens of a private Hou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>That the Beauty of all Edifices ari&longs;es princi­<lb/>pally from three Things, namely, the Number, Figure <lb/>and Collocation of the &longs;everal Members.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportions of Numbers in the Mea­<lb/>&longs;uring of Areas, and the Rules for &longs;ome other Proper­<lb/>tions drawn neither from natural Bodies, nor from Har­<lb/>mony.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Invention of Columns, their Dimen­<lb/>tions and Collocation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Some &longs;hort, but general Ob&longs;ervations which <lb/>may be locked upon as Laws in the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of Building <lb/>and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/009.jpg"/><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s and Duty of a good Architect, <lb/>and wherein the Excellence of the Ornaments con&longs;i&longs;ts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>What it is that an Architect ought principally <lb/>to con&longs;ider, and what Sciences he ought to be acquaint­<lb/>ed with.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>To what Sort of Per&longs;ons the Architect ought <lb/>to offer his Service.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Defects in Building, whence they pro­<lb/>ceed, and their different Sorts; which of <lb/>them can be corrected by the Architect, and which can­<lb/>not; and the various Cau&longs;es of a bad Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>That Water is the mo&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;ary Thing of all, <lb/>and of its various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Four Things to be con&longs;idered with Relation to <lb/>Water; al&longs;o whence it is engendered or ari&longs;es, and its <lb/>Cour&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>By what Marks to find any hidden Water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Digging and Walling of Wells and <lb/>Conduits.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the U&longs;es of Water; which is be&longs;t and mo&longs;t <lb/>whole&longs;ome; and that which is unwhole&longs;ome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of conveying Water and ac­<lb/>commodating it to the U&longs;es of Men.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Ci&longs;terns, their U&longs;es and Conveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of planting a Vineyard in a Meadow, or a <lb/>Wood in a Mar&longs;h; and how we may amend a Region <lb/>which is mole&longs;ted with too much Water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of Roads; of Pa&longs;&longs;ages by Water and of artifi­<lb/>cial Banks to Rivers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Canals; how they are to be kept well &longs;up­<lb/>plied with Water, and the U&longs;es of them not ob&longs;tructed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Sea Wall; of &longs;trengthening the Ports; <lb/>and of Locks for confining the Water in it.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Remedies for &longs;ome other Inconveni­<lb/>encies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Some more minute Particulars relating to <lb/>the U&longs;e of Fire.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>By what Methods to de&longs;troy or drive away <lb/>Serpents, Gnats, Bugs, Flies, Mice, Fleas, Moths, and <lb/>the like trouble&longs;ome Vermin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>Of making a Room either warmer or cooler; <lb/>as al&longs;o of amending Defects in the Walls.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome Defects which cannot be provided <lb/>again&longs;t, but which may be repaired after they have hap­<lb/>pened.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.009.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/009/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/010.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.010.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/010/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK I. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of De&longs;igns; their Value and Rules.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Being to treat of the <lb/>De&longs;igns of Edifices, we <lb/>&longs;hall collect and tran­<lb/>&longs;cribe into this our Work, <lb/>all the mo&longs;t curious and <lb/>u&longs;e&longs;ul Ob&longs;ervations left <lb/>us by the Ancients, and <lb/>which they gathered in <lb/>the actual Execution of <lb/>the&longs;e Works; and to the&longs;e we &longs;hall join what­<lb/>ever we our&longs;elves may have di&longs;covered by our <lb/>Study, Application and Labour, that &longs;eems like­<lb/>ly to be of U&longs;e. </s> <s>But as we de&longs;ire, in the hand­<lb/>ling this difficult, knotty, and commonly ob­<lb/>&longs;cure Subject, to be as clear and intelligible as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible; we &longs;hall, according to our Cu&longs;tom, <lb/>explain what the Nature of our Subject is; <lb/>which will &longs;hew the Origin of the important <lb/>Matters that we are to write of, at their very <lb/>Fountain-Head, and enable us to expre&longs;s the <lb/>Things that follow, in a more ea&longs;y and per­<lb/>&longs;picuous Style. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore fir&longs;t lay <lb/>down, that the whole Art of Building con&longs;i&longs;ts <lb/>in the De&longs;ign, and in the Structure. </s> <s>The <lb/>whole Force and Rule of the De&longs;ign, con&longs;i&longs;ts <lb/>in a right and exact adapting and joining to­<lb/>gether the Lines and Angles which compo&longs;e <lb/>and form the Face of the Building. </s> <s>It is the <lb/>Property and Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the De&longs;ign to appoint <lb/>to the Edifice and all its Parts their proper <lb/>Places, determinate Number, ju&longs;t Proportion <lb/>and beautiful Order; &longs;o that the whole Form <lb/>of the Structure be proportionable. </s> <s>Nor has <lb/>this De&longs;ign any thing that makes it in its Na­<lb/>ture in&longs;eparable from Matter; for we &longs;ee that <lb/>the &longs;ame De&longs;ign is in a Multitude of Buildings, <lb/>which have all the &longs;ame Form, and are exact­<lb/>ly alike as to the Situation of their Parts and <lb/>the Di&longs;po&longs;ition of their Lines and Angles; and <lb/>we can in our Thought and Imagination con­<lb/>trive perfect Forms of Buildings entirely &longs;epa­<lb/>rate from Matter, by &longs;ettling and regulating in <lb/>a certain Order, the Di&longs;po&longs;ition and Conjunc­<lb/>tion of the Lines and Angles. </s> <s>Which being <pb xlink:href="003/01/011.jpg" pagenum="2"/>granted, we &longs;hall call the De&longs;ign a firm and <lb/>graceful pre-ordering of the Lines and Angles, <lb/>conceived in the Mind, and contrived by an <lb/>ingenious Arti&longs;t. </s> <s>But if we would enquire <lb/>what a Building is in its own Nature, together <lb/>with the Structure thereof, it may not be ami&longs;s, <lb/>to con&longs;ider from what Beginnings the Habita­<lb/>tions of Men, which we call Edifices, took <lb/>their Ri&longs;e, and the Progre&longs;s of their Improve­<lb/>ment: Which unle&longs;s I am mi&longs;taken, may be <lb/>re&longs;olved as follows.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Occa&longs;ion of erecting Edifices; of how many Parts the Art of <lb/>Building con&longs;i&longs;ts, and what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to each of tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the Beginning Men looked out for Set­<lb/>tlements in &longs;ome &longs;ecure Country; and ha­<lb/>ving found a convenient Spot &longs;uitable to their <lb/>Occa&longs;ions, they there made them&longs;elves a Ha­<lb/>bitation &longs;o contrived, that private and publick <lb/>Matters might not be confounded together in <lb/>the &longs;ame Place; but that they might have one <lb/>Part for Sleep, another for their Kitchen, and <lb/>others for their other nece&longs;&longs;ary U&longs;es. </s> <s>They <lb/>then began to think of a Covering to defend <lb/>them from Sun and Rain; and in order there­<lb/>to, they erected Walls to place this Covering <lb/>upon. </s> <s>By this means they knew they &longs;hould <lb/>be the more compleatly &longs;heltered from pierc­<lb/>ing Colds, and &longs;tormy Winds. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in the <lb/>Sides of the Walls, from Top to Bottom, they <lb/>opened Pa&longs;&longs;ages and Windows, for going in and <lb/>out, and letting in Light and Air, and for the <lb/>Conveniency of di&longs;charging any Wet, or any <lb/>gro&longs;s Vapours, which might chance to get into <lb/>the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>And who&longs;oever it was, whether <lb/>the Godde&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta,<emph.end type="italics"/> Daughter of <emph type="italics"/>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Euryalus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Hyperbius,<emph.end type="italics"/> the two Brothers, or <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Gellio,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Thra&longs;o,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the Cyclop <emph type="italics"/>Typhinchius,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that fir&longs;t contrived the&longs;e Things: I am per­<lb/>&longs;uaded the fir&longs;t Beginnings of them were &longs;uch <lb/>as I have de&longs;cribed, and that U&longs;e and Arts have <lb/>&longs;ince improved them to &longs;uch a Pitch, that the <lb/>various Kinds of Buildings are become almo&longs;t <lb/>infinite: Some are publick, &longs;ome private, &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;acred, &longs;ome profane, &longs;ome &longs;erve for U&longs;e and <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome for the Ornament of our Cities, <lb/>or the Beauty of our Temples: But no body <lb/>will therefore deny, that they were all derived <lb/>from the Principles abovementioned: Which <lb/>being &longs;o, it is evident, that the whole Art of <lb/>Building con&longs;i&longs;ts in &longs;ix Things, which are the&longs;e: <lb/>The Region, the Seat or Platform, the Com­<lb/>partition, the Walling, the Covering and the <lb/>Apertures; and if the&longs;e Principles are fir&longs;t <lb/>thoroughly conceived, that which is to follow <lb/>will the more ea&longs;ily be under&longs;tood. </s> <s>We &longs;hall <lb/>therefore define them thus, the Region with <lb/>us &longs;hall be the whole large open Place in which <lb/>we are to build, and of which the Seat or Plat­<lb/>form &longs;hall be only a Part: But the Platform <lb/>&longs;hall be a determined Spot of the Region, cir­<lb/>cum&longs;cribed by Walls for U&longs;e and Service. </s> <s>But <lb/>under the Title of Platform, we &longs;hall likewi&longs;e <lb/>include all tho&longs;e Spaces of the Buildings, which <lb/>in walking we tread upon with our Feet. </s> <s>The <lb/>Compartition is that which &longs;ub-divides the <lb/>whole Platform of the Hou&longs;e into &longs;maller Plat­<lb/>forms, &longs;o that the whole Edifice thus formed <lb/>and con&longs;tituted of the&longs;e its Members, &longs;eems to <lb/>be full of le&longs;&longs;er Edifices: By Walling we &longs;hall <lb/>under&longs;tand all that Structure, which is carried <lb/>up from the Ground to the Top to &longs;upport <lb/>the Weight of the Roof, and &longs;uch al&longs;o as is <lb/>rai&longs;ed on the In&longs;ide of the Building, to &longs;epa­<lb/>rate the Apartments; Covering we &longs;hall call <lb/>not only that Part, which is laid over the Top <lb/>of the Edifice to receive the Rain, but any <lb/>Part too which is extended in length and <lb/>breadth over the Heads of tho&longs;e within; <lb/>which includes all Ceilings, hal&longs;-arched Roofs, <lb/>Vaults, and the like. </s> <s>Apertures are all tho&longs;e <lb/>Outlets, which are in any Part of the Build­<lb/>ing, for the Convenience of Egre&longs;s and Re­<lb/>gre&longs;s, or the Pa&longs;&longs;age of Things nece&longs;&longs;ary for <lb/>the Inmates. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e therefore we &longs;hall treat, <lb/>and of all the Parts of each, having fir&longs;t pre­<lb/>mi&longs;ed &longs;ome Things, which whether they are <lb/>Principles, or nece&longs;&longs;ary Concomitants of the <lb/>Principles of this Work which we have under­<lb/>taken, are certainly very much to our Purpo&longs;e: <lb/>For having con&longs;idered, whether there was any <lb/>Thing that might concern any of tho&longs;e Parts <lb/>which we have enumerated; we found three <lb/>Things by no means to be neglected, which <lb/>relate particularly to the Covering, the Wall­<lb/>ing, and the like: Namely, that each of them <lb/>be adapted to &longs;ome certain and determinate <lb/>Conveniency, and above all, be whole&longs;ome. <pb xlink:href="003/01/012.jpg" pagenum="3"/>That they be firm, &longs;olid, durable, in a Man­<lb/>ner eternal, as to Stability: And as to Grace­<lb/>fulne&longs;s and Beauty, delicately and ju&longs;tly adorn­<lb/>ed, and &longs;et off in all their Parts. </s> <s>Having laid <lb/>down the&longs;e Principles as the Foundations of <lb/>what we are to write, we proceed to our Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Region, of the Climate or Air, of the Sun and Winds, which affect the Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed the utmo&longs;t Caution <lb/>to &longs;ix upon a Region that had in it <lb/>nothing noxious, and was furni&longs;hed with all <lb/>Conveniences; and e&longs;pecially they took parti­<lb/>cular Care that the Air was not unwhole&longs;ome <lb/>or intemperate; in which they &longs;hewed a great <lb/>Deal of Prudence; for they knew that if the <lb/>Earth or Water had any Defect in them, Art <lb/>and Indu&longs;try might correct it; but they affirm­<lb/>ed, that neither Contrivance nor Multitude of <lb/>Hands was able &longs;ufficiently to correct and a­<lb/>mend the Air. </s> <s>And it mu&longs;t be allowed, that, <lb/>as what we breathe is &longs;o conducive to the <lb/>Nouri&longs;hment and Support of Life, the purer <lb/>it is, the more it mu&longs;t pre&longs;erve and main­<lb/>tain our Health. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, how great an In­<lb/>fluence the Air has in the Generation, Pro­<lb/>duction, Aliment, and Pre&longs;ervation of Things, <lb/>is unknown to nobody. </s> <s>It is even ob&longs;erved, <lb/>that they who draw a pure Air, have better <lb/>Under&longs;tandings than tho&longs;e who breathe a heavy <lb/>moi&longs;t one: Which is &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be the Rea­<lb/>&longs;on that the <emph type="italics"/>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"/> had much &longs;harper Wits <lb/>than the <emph type="italics"/>Thebans.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We know that the Air, <lb/>according to the different Situation and Po&longs;iti­<lb/>on of Places, affects us &longs;ometimes in one Man­<lb/>ner, and &longs;ometimes in another. </s> <s>Some of the <lb/>Cau&longs;es of this Variety we imagine we under­<lb/>&longs;tand; others by the Ob&longs;curity of their Natures <lb/>are altogether hidden and unknown to us. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hall fir&longs;t &longs;peak of the manife&longs;t Cau&longs;es, and <lb/>con&longs;ider afterwards of the more occult; that <lb/>we may know how to chu&longs;e a Region com­<lb/>modious and healthful. </s> <s>The Ancient Theo­<lb/>logi&longs;ts called the Air <emph type="italics"/>Pallas. </s> <s>Homer<emph.end type="italics"/> makes <lb/>her a Godde&longs;s, and names her <emph type="italics"/>Glaucopis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>&longs;ignifies an Air naturally clear and tran&longs;parent. <lb/></s> <s>And it is certain, that Air is the mo&longs;t healthy, <lb/>which is the mo&longs;t purged and purified, and <lb/>which may mo&longs;t ea&longs;ily be pierced by the Sight, <lb/>the cleare&longs;t and lighte&longs;t, and the lea&longs;t Subject <lb/>to Variations. </s> <s>And on the contrary we af­<lb/>firm the Air to be pe&longs;tiferous, where there is a <lb/>continued Collection of thick Clouds and &longs;tink­<lb/>ing Vapours, and which always hangs like a <lb/>great Weight upon the Eyes, and ob&longs;tructs <lb/>the Sight. </s> <s>The Occa&longs;ion of this Difference <lb/>proceeds from &longs;everal Cau&longs;es, but chiefly I <lb/>take it, from the Sun and Winds. </s> <s>But we are <lb/>not here to &longs;pend Time in the&longs;e phy&longs;ical En­<lb/>quiries, how the Vapours by the Power of the <lb/>Sun are rai&longs;ed from the mo&longs;t profound and <lb/>hidden Parts of the Earth, and drawn up to <lb/>the Sky, where gathering them&longs;elves together <lb/>in va&longs;t Bodies in the immen&longs;e Spaces of the <lb/>Air, either by their own huge Weight, or by <lb/>receiving the Rays of the Sun upon their rari­<lb/>fied Parts, they fall and thereby pre&longs;s upon the <lb/>Air and occa&longs;ion the Winds; and being after­<lb/>wards carried to the Ocean by their Drought, <lb/>they plunge, and having bathed and impregna­<lb/>ted them&longs;elves with Moi&longs;ture from the Sea, <lb/>they once more a&longs;cend through the Air, where <lb/>being pre&longs;&longs;ed by the Winds, and as it were <lb/>&longs;queezed like a Sponge, they di&longs;charge their <lb/>Burthen of Water in Rains, which again <lb/>create new Vapours. </s> <s>Whether the&longs;e Conjec­<lb/>tures be true, or whether the Wind be occa&longs;i­<lb/>oned by a dry Fumo&longs;ity of the Earth, or a hot <lb/>Evaporation &longs;tirred by the Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the Cold; <lb/>or that it be, as we may call it, the Breath of <lb/>the Air; or nothing but the Air it&longs;elf put into <lb/>Agitation by the Motion of the World, or by <lb/>the Cour&longs;e and Radiation of the Stars; or by <lb/>the generating Spirit of all Things in its own <lb/>Nature active, or &longs;omething el&longs;e not of a &longs;epa­<lb/>rate Exi&longs;tence, but con&longs;i&longs;ting in the Air it&longs;elf <lb/>acted upon and inflamed by the Heat of the <lb/>higher Air; or whatever other Opinion or <lb/>Way of accounting for the&longs;e Things be truer <lb/>or more ancient, I &longs;hall pa&longs;s it over as not <lb/>making to my Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>However, unle&longs;s I am <lb/>mi&longs;taken, we may conceive from what has been <lb/>&longs;aid already, why &longs;ome Countries in the World <lb/>enjoy a plea&longs;ant chearful Air, while others, <lb/>clo&longs;e adjoyning to them, and as it were laid <lb/>by Nature in the &longs;ame Lap, are &longs;tupified and <lb/>afflicted with a heavy and di&longs;mal Climate. <lb/></s> <s>For I &longs;uppo&longs;e, that this happens from no other <lb/>Cau&longs;e, but their being ill di&longs;po&longs;ed for the O­<lb/>peration of the Sun and Winds. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/> tells <lb/>us, that <emph type="italics"/>Syracu&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;o placed, that the Inha­<lb/>bitants never mi&longs;&longs;ed &longs;eeing the Sun every Day <lb/>in the Year; a Situation very &longs;eldom to be met <pb xlink:href="003/01/013.jpg" pagenum="4"/>with, but when Nece&longs;&longs;ity or Opportunity will <lb/>allow of it to be de&longs;ired above all Things. <lb/></s> <s>That Region therefore is to be cho&longs;en, which <lb/>is mo&longs;t free from the Power of Clouds and all <lb/>other heavy thick Vapours. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who ap­<lb/>ply them&longs;elves to the&longs;e Enquiries have ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed, that the Rays and Heat of the Sun act <lb/>with more Violence upon clo&longs;e den&longs;e Bodies, <lb/>than upon tho&longs;e of a loo&longs;er Contexture, upon <lb/>Oil more than Water, Iron more than Wool; <lb/>for which Rea&longs;on they &longs;ay the Air is mo&longs;t <lb/>gro&longs;s and heavy in tho&longs;e Places, which are mo&longs;t <lb/>&longs;ubject to great Heats. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> con­<lb/>tending for Nobility with all the other Nati­<lb/>ons in the World, boa&longs;ted, that the fir&longs;t Men <lb/>were created in their Country, becau&longs;e no <lb/>Place was &longs;o fit to plant the fir&longs;t Race of Men <lb/>in, as there, where they might live the mo&longs;t <lb/>healthily; and that they were ble&longs;&longs;ed by the <lb/>Gods with a Kind of perpetual Spring, and a <lb/>cón&longs;tant unchangeable Di&longs;po&longs;ition of Air above <lb/>all the Re&longs;t of the Word. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>writes, that among the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"/> tho&longs;e chief­<lb/>ly who lived towards <emph type="italics"/>Libia,<emph.end type="italics"/> are the mo&longs;t <lb/>healthy, becau&longs;e they enjoy continual gentle <lb/>Breezes. </s> <s>And to me the Rea&longs;on why &longs;ome <lb/>Cities, both in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> and in other Parts of the <lb/>World, are perpetually unhealthy and pe&longs;ti­<lb/>lential, &longs;eems plainly to be the &longs;udden Turns <lb/>and Changes in the Air, from Hot to Cold, <lb/>and from Cold to Hot. </s> <s>So that it very much <lb/>concerns us to be extremely careful in our Ob­<lb/>&longs;ervation, what and how much Sun the Regi­<lb/>on we pitch upon is expo&longs;ed to; that there be <lb/>neither more Sun nor more Shade than is ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Garamantes<emph.end type="italics"/> cur&longs;e the Sun, both <lb/>at it's Ri&longs;ing and it's Setting, becau&longs;e they are <lb/>&longs;corched with the long Continuation of it's <lb/>Beams. </s> <s>Other Nations look pale and wan, by <lb/>living in a Kind of perpetual Night. </s> <s>And <lb/>the&longs;e Things happen not &longs;o much, becau&longs;e &longs;uch <lb/>Places have the Pole more depre&longs;&longs;ed or oblique, <lb/>tho there is a great deal in that too, as becau&longs;e <lb/>they are aptly &longs;ituated for receiving the Sun and <lb/>Winds, or are skreened from them. </s> <s>I &longs;hould <lb/>chu&longs;e &longs;oft Breezes before Winds, but even <lb/>Winds, though violent and blu&longs;tering, before a <lb/>Calm, motionle&longs;s, and con&longs;equently, a heavy <lb/>Air. </s> <s>Water, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Ovid,<emph.end type="italics"/> corrupts, if not mov­<lb/>ed: And it is certain the Air, to u&longs;e &longs;uch an <lb/>Expre&longs;&longs;ion, wonderfully exhilerated by Moti­<lb/>on: For I am per&longs;uaded, that thereby the Va­<lb/>pours which ri&longs;e from the Earth are either di&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ipated, or el&longs;e growing warm by Action are <lb/>concocted as they &longs;hould be. </s> <s>But then I <lb/>would have the&longs;e Winds come to me, broken <lb/>by the Oppo&longs;ition of Hills and Woods, or tir­<lb/>ed with a long Journey. </s> <s>I would take heed <lb/>that they did not bring any ill Qualities along <lb/>with them, gathered from any Places they <lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ed through. </s> <s>And for this Rea&longs;on we <lb/>&longs;hould be care&longs;ul to avoid all Neighbourhoods <lb/>from which any noxious Particles may be <lb/>brought: In the Number of which are all ill <lb/>Smells, and all gro&longs;s Exhalations from Mar&longs;hes, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially from &longs;tagnating Waters and <lb/>Ditches. </s> <s>The Naturali&longs;ts lay it down for cer­<lb/>tain, that all Rivers that u&longs;e to be &longs;upplied by <lb/>Snows, bring cold &longs;oggy Winds: But no Water <lb/>is &longs;o noi&longs;ome and pernicious, as that which <lb/>rots and putri<gap/>ies for want of Motion. </s> <s>And <lb/>the Contagion of &longs;uch a Neighbourhood will <lb/>be &longs;till more mi&longs;chievous, according as it is <lb/>more or le&longs;s expo&longs;ed to unwhole&longs;ome Winds: <lb/>For we are told, that the very Winds them­<lb/>&longs;elves are in their own Natures &longs;ome more <lb/>whole&longs;ome than others. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> from <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>North<emph.end type="italics"/> is the be&longs;t for re&longs;toring and pre&longs;erv­<lb/>ing of Health; and all the Naturali&longs;ts affirm, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>South<emph.end type="italics"/> is the mo&longs;t noxious of all to <lb/>Mankind; nay further, that the very Bea&longs;ts <lb/>may not &longs;afely be left in the Fields while that <lb/>Wind blows; and they have ob&longs;erved, that at <lb/>&longs;uch Times the Stork never flies, and that the <lb/>Dolphins in a <emph type="italics"/>North<emph.end type="italics"/> Wind, if it &longs;tands fair to­<lb/>wards them, can hear any Voice, but in a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>South,<emph.end type="italics"/> they are more &longs;low in hearing it, and <lb/>mu&longs;t have it brought to them oppo&longs;ite to the <lb/>Wind. </s> <s>They &longs;ay too, that in a <emph type="italics"/>North<emph.end type="italics"/> Wind <lb/>an Eel will live &longs;ix Days out of Water, but <lb/>not &longs;o in a <emph type="italics"/>South,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uch is the Gro&longs;&longs;ne&longs;s and un­<lb/>whole&longs;ome Property of that Wind; and that <lb/>as the <emph type="italics"/>South<emph.end type="italics"/> Wind brings Catarrhs and Rheums, <lb/>&longs;o the <emph type="italics"/>North-We&longs;t<emph.end type="italics"/> is apt to give Coughs. </s> <s>They <lb/>likewi&longs;e find Fault with the Neighbourhood of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Mediterranean,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon this Account chiefly, <lb/>becau&longs;e they &longs;uppo&longs;e, that a Place expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Reflection of the Sun's Rays, does in ef­<lb/>fect &longs;uffer two Suns, one &longs;corching them from <lb/>the Heavens, and the other from the Water; <lb/>and &longs;uch Places upon the Setting of the Sun <lb/>feel the greate&longs;t and mo&longs;t &longs;en&longs;ible Alrerations <lb/>in the Air when the cold Shadows of Night <lb/>come on. </s> <s>And there are &longs;ome who think, that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>We&longs;tern<emph.end type="italics"/> Reverberations or Reflections of <lb/>the Sun, either from the Sea or any other <lb/>Water, or from the Mountains, mole&longs;t us mo&longs;t <pb xlink:href="003/01/014.jpg" pagenum="5"/>of all: Becau&longs;e they double the Heat of a Place <lb/>already &longs;ufficiently warmed by whole Day's <lb/>Sun. </s> <s>And if it happens, that with all this Sun <lb/>the heavy gro&longs;s Winds have free Acce&longs;s to you, <lb/>what can be more annoying or intollerable? <lb/></s> <s>The early Morning Breezes too, which bring <lb/>the Vapours crude ju&longs;t as they are rai&longs;ed, are <lb/>certainly to be avoided. </s> <s>Thus we have briefly <lb/>&longs;poken of the Sun and Winds, by which the <lb/>Air is altered and made healthy and noxious, <lb/>as much as we thought nece&longs;&longs;ary here: And <lb/>in their Places we &longs;hall di&longs;cour&longs;e of them more <lb/>di&longs;tinctly.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Which Region is, and which is not commodious for Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In chu&longs;ing the Region it will be proper to <lb/>have it &longs;uch, that the Inhabitants may find <lb/>it convenient in all Re&longs;pects, both as to its na­<lb/>tural Properties, and as to the Neighbourhood <lb/>and its Corre&longs;pondence with the re&longs;t of Man­<lb/>kind. </s> <s>For certainly I would never build a City <lb/>upon a &longs;teep inacce&longs;&longs;ible Cliff of the <emph type="italics"/>Alps,<emph.end type="italics"/> as <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Caligula<emph.end type="italics"/> intended; unle&longs;s obliged by the ut­<lb/>mo&longs;t Extremity: Nor in a &longs;olitary De&longs;art, as <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> de&longs;cribes that Part of <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> to have <lb/>been which was beyond the <emph type="italics"/>Rhine,<emph.end type="italics"/> and as <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>paints <emph type="italics"/>England<emph.end type="italics"/> in his Days. </s> <s>Neither &longs;hould I <lb/>be plea&longs;ed to live, as in <emph type="italics"/>Ægina,<emph.end type="italics"/> only upon the <lb/>Eggs of Birds, or upon Acorns, as they did in <lb/>&longs;ome Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time. </s> <s>I would <lb/>if po&longs;&longs;ible have nothing be wanting that could <lb/>be of U&longs;e in Life. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, more than <lb/>any other, <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> was perfectly in the right <lb/>in not building a City upon Mount <emph type="italics"/>Athos<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(though the Invention and De&longs;ign of the Archi­<lb/>tect <emph type="italics"/>Policrates<emph.end type="italics"/> mu&longs;t needs have been wonder­<lb/>ful) becau&longs;e the Inhabitants could never have <lb/>been well &longs;upplied with Conveniences. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was indeed be&longs;t plea&longs;ed with a Region that was <lb/>difficult of Acce&longs;s, and e&longs;pecially to build a <lb/>City in: And we find there have been &longs;ome <lb/>Nations, which have cho&longs;e to have their Con­<lb/>fines quite &longs;tript and laid into a De&longs;art for a <lb/>great Way together, only in order to di&longs;tre&longs;s <lb/>their Enemies. </s> <s>Whether this Method is to be <lb/>approved or blamed, we &longs;hall examine in an­<lb/>other Place. </s> <s>If it is of Service in a publick <lb/>Regard, I cannot find Fault with it: But for <lb/>the Situation of other Buildings, I &longs;hould much <lb/>rather chu&longs;e a Region that had many and dif­<lb/>ferent Ways of Acce&longs;s, for the ea&longs;y bringing in <lb/>all Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, both by Land-Car­<lb/>riage and Water-Carriage, as well in Winter <lb/>as in Summer. </s> <s>The Region it&longs;elf likewi&longs;e <lb/>&longs;hould neither be too moi&longs;t through too great <lb/>abundance of Water, nor too much parched <lb/>with Drought, but be kindly and temperate. <lb/></s> <s>And if we cannot find one exactly in all Re­<lb/>&longs;pects as we would have it, let us chu&longs;e it ra­<lb/>ther &longs;omewhat cold and dry, than warm and <lb/>moi&longs;t: For our Hou&longs;es, our Cloaths, Fires, <lb/>and Exerci&longs;e, will ea&longs;ily overcome the Cold; <lb/>neither is it believed, that the Dryne&longs;s of a Soil <lb/>can have any thing in it very noxious, either to <lb/>the Bodies or Mind, only that by Dryne&longs;s <lb/>Men's Bodies are hardened, and by Cold per­<lb/>haps made &longs;omewhat rougher: But it is held <lb/>for certain, that all Bodies corrupt with too <lb/>much Humidity, and are relaxed by Heat. <lb/></s> <s>And we find that Men either in cold Weather, <lb/>or that live in cold Places, are more healthy <lb/>and le&longs;s &longs;ubject to Di&longs;tempers; though it is al­<lb/>lowed, that in hot Climates Men have better <lb/>Wits, as they have better Con&longs;titutions in cold. <lb/></s> <s>I have read in <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian, that the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numidians<emph.end type="italics"/> are very long lived, becau&longs;e their <lb/>Winters are never too cold. </s> <s>That Region <lb/>therefore will be far the be&longs;t, which is ju&longs;t <lb/>moderately warm and moi&longs;t, becau&longs;e that will <lb/>produce lu&longs;ty hand&longs;ome Men, and not &longs;ubject <lb/>to Melancholy. </s> <s>Secondly, that Region will <lb/>be mo&longs;t eligible, which being placed among <lb/>Countries liable to Snow, enjoys more Sun <lb/>than its Neighbours; and among Countries <lb/>burnt by the Sun, that which has mo&longs;t Humi­<lb/>dity and Shade. </s> <s>But no Building, let it be <lb/>what it will, can be placed more un&longs;ightly or <lb/>inconveniently, than in a Valley down be­<lb/>tween two Hills; becau&longs;e, not to in&longs;i&longs;t upon <lb/>more manife&longs;t Rea&longs;ons, an Edifice &longs;o placed <lb/>has no Manner of Dignity, lying quite hid; <lb/>and it's Pro&longs;pect being interrupted can have <lb/>neither Plea&longs;ure nor Beauty. </s> <s>But what is this <lb/>to tho&longs;e greater Mi&longs;chiefs which will &longs;hortly <lb/>happen, when the Hou&longs;e is overwhelmed by <lb/>Floods and filled with Waters that pour in up­<lb/>on it from the adjoining Hills; and imbibing <pb xlink:href="003/01/015.jpg" pagenum="6"/>continual Wet, rots and decays, and always <lb/>exhales Vapours extreamly noxious to the <lb/>Health of its Inhabitants. </s> <s>In &longs;uch a Place, <lb/>the Under&longs;tanding can never be clear, the <lb/>Spirits being dampt and &longs;tupified; nor will <lb/>any Kind of Bodies endure long. </s> <s>The Books <lb/>will grow mouldy and rot; the Arms will <lb/>ru&longs;t, nothing in the Storehou&longs;e will keep, and <lb/>in &longs;hort, the Exce&longs;s of Moi&longs;ture will &longs;poil and <lb/>de&longs;troy every Thing. </s> <s>If the Sun &longs;hines in, <lb/>you will be &longs;corched in&longs;ufferably by the fre­<lb/>quent Reflection of his Rays, which will be <lb/>beat back upon you from every Side, and if it <lb/>does not, you will be dried and withered by <lb/>the continual Shade. </s> <s>Add to this, that if the <lb/>Winds gets in, being confined as it were in a <lb/>Channel, it will rage there with greater Fury <lb/>than in other Places; and if it never enters, <lb/>the Air for want of Motion will grow thick <lb/>and muddy; &longs;uch a Valley may not impro­<lb/>perly be called a Puddle, or Bog of Air. </s> <s>The <lb/>Form of the Place therefore in which we in­<lb/>tend to build, ought to be graceful and plea­<lb/>&longs;ant, not mean and low, as if it were buried <lb/>below the re&longs;t of the Earth, but lofty, and as <lb/>it were a Hawk to look clear round about, and <lb/>con&longs;tantly refre&longs;hed on every Side with de­<lb/>lightful Breezes. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, let there be <lb/>Plenty of every Thing nece&longs;&longs;ary, either to the <lb/>Convenience or Plea&longs;ure of Life, as Water, <lb/>Fire and Provi&longs;ions: But Care mu&longs;t be taken, <lb/>that there is nothing in any of the&longs;e Things <lb/>prejudicial to the Health. </s> <s>The Springs mu&longs;t <lb/>be opened and ta&longs;ted, and the Water tried by <lb/>Fire, that there be no Mixture in it of mucous, <lb/>vi&longs;cous or crude Particles, that may affect the <lb/>Con&longs;titutions of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>I omit the <lb/>ill Effects that often proceed from Water, as <lb/>breeding Wens in the Throat, and giving the <lb/>Stone; as likewi&longs;e tho&longs;e other more wonderful <lb/>Effects of Water, which <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> the Archi­<lb/>tect has learnedly and elegantly &longs;ummed up. <lb/></s> <s>It is the Opinion of the Phy&longs;ician <emph type="italics"/>Hipocrates,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that they who drink Water not well purged, <lb/>but heavy and ill-ta&longs;ted, grow Cholicky, and <lb/>to have large &longs;welled Bellies, while the re&longs;t of <lb/>their Members, their Arms, their Shoulders and <lb/>their Faces become thin and extenuated. </s> <s>Add <lb/>to this, that though the Fault of the Spleen ill <lb/>dige&longs;ting of the Blood, they fall into &longs;everal <lb/>Kinds of Diftempers, &longs;ome even pe&longs;tilential. <lb/></s> <s>In Summer, Fluxes of the Belly by the &longs;tir­<lb/>ring of the Choler, and the di&longs;&longs;olving of the <lb/>Humours wa&longs;te all their Strength; and all the <lb/>Year round they are continually liable to heavy <lb/>and tedious Infirmities, &longs;uch as the Drop&longs;y, <lb/>A&longs;thma and Pleuri&longs;y. </s> <s>The young lo&longs;e their <lb/>Sen&longs;es by melancholy Bile; the old are burnt <lb/>by the Inflammation of the Humours; the <lb/>Women with Difficulty conceive, and with <lb/>more Difficulty bring forth: In a Word, every <lb/>Age and every Sex will fall by early and un­<lb/>timely Deaths, de&longs;troyed and worn away by <lb/>Di&longs;ea&longs;es; nor will they enjoy a &longs;ingle Day <lb/>while they live, without being tormented with <lb/>Melancholy or black Humours, and fretted <lb/>with Spleen and Vapours; &longs;o that their Minds <lb/>will never be free from Vexation and Unea&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s. </s> <s>Many other Things might be &longs;aid of <lb/>Water, which have been ob&longs;erved by the an­<lb/>cient Hi&longs;torians, very curious and remarkable, <lb/>and of extream Efficacy to the Health of Man­<lb/>kind; but they are uncommon, and might <lb/>&longs;eem rather intended to make a Shew of <lb/>Knowledge than for actual U&longs;e; be&longs;ides that <lb/>we &longs;hall &longs;peak more copiou&longs;ly of Waters in <lb/>their proper Place. </s> <s>Thus much certainly is <lb/>not to be neglected, and is mo&longs;t manife&longs;t, <lb/>namely, that Water gives Nouri&longs;hment to all <lb/>Plants, Seeds, and every Thing el&longs;e that has <lb/>the vegetative Life, with the Plenty of who&longs;e <lb/>Fruits Men are refre&longs;hed and &longs;upported. </s> <s>If <lb/>all this be granted, certainly we ought very <lb/>carefully to examine what Veins of Water the <lb/>Country is furni&longs;hed with, in which we intend <lb/>to dwell. <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Indians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>are generally lu&longs;ty &longs;trong Men, and very &longs;harp <lb/>witted, which he imputes to their having a <lb/>whole&longs;ome Air and good Water. </s> <s>Now that <lb/>Water we conceive to be the be&longs;t ta&longs;ted which <lb/>has no Ta&longs;te, and that is be&longs;t coloured which <lb/>has no Colour at all. </s> <s>It is agreed, that the <lb/>be&longs;t Water is clear, tran&longs;parent and light, &longs;uch <lb/>as being poured upon a white Cloth leaves no <lb/>Stain; and upon boiling has no Sediment, and <lb/>which does not cover the Bed it flows in with <lb/>Mo&longs;s or Slime, nor e&longs;pecially the Stones which <lb/>it runs over. </s> <s>A further Proof of the Goodne&longs;s <lb/>of Water is, when boiling any Kind of Pul&longs;e in <lb/>it makes them tender, and when it makes good <lb/>Bread. </s> <s>Neither &longs;hould we be le&longs;s careful to ex­<lb/>amine and note, whether the Region ingenders <lb/>nothing pe&longs;tiferous or venemous, that the Inha­<lb/>bitants may be in no Danger. </s> <s>I pa&longs;s over <lb/>&longs;ome Things, which are recorded by the An­<lb/>cients, to wit, that in <emph type="italics"/>Colchos<emph.end type="italics"/> there di&longs;tills from <lb/>the Leaves of the Trees a Honey, which who­<lb/>&longs;oever ta&longs;tes falls &longs;en&longs;ele&longs;s, and for a whole Day <lb/>&longs;eems to be dead: As al&longs;o what is &longs;aid to have <lb/>happened in <emph type="italics"/>Antony<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Army, occa&longs;ioned by <pb xlink:href="003/01/016.jpg" pagenum="7"/>certain Herbs, which the Soldiers eating for <lb/>want of Bread, grew be&longs;otted, and employed <lb/>them&longs;elves in nothing but digging Stones out <lb/>of the Ground, till their Choler being &longs;tirred <lb/>they fell down dead; nor was any Remedy <lb/>found again&longs;t this Plague, as we are informed <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"/> but drinking of Wine; the&longs;e <lb/>Things are commonly known. </s> <s>But good <lb/>Heavens! what &longs;hall we &longs;ay to what has hap­<lb/>pened in our own Days in <emph type="italics"/>Apulia<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Italy;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>what incredible Effects of Poi&longs;on have we &longs;een <lb/>there! the Bite of a &longs;mall Earth Spider, com­<lb/>monly called a <emph type="italics"/>Tarantula,<emph.end type="italics"/> throwing Men into <lb/>various Kinds of Madne&longs;s, and even Fury; a <lb/>Thing &longs;trange to be told. </s> <s>No Swelling, no <lb/>livid Spot appearing in any Part of the Body <lb/>from the &longs;harp Bite or Sting of the venomous <lb/>Bea&longs;t; but &longs;uddenly lo&longs;ing their Sen&longs;es, they <lb/>fall piteou&longs;ly to bewail them&longs;elves, and if no <lb/>A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance is given them they die. </s> <s>They cure <lb/>this Di&longs;temper with <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Remedy, <lb/>who &longs;ays, that Per&longs;ons bit by Vipers u&longs;ed to <lb/>be cured by the Sound of Pipes. </s> <s>The Mu&longs;i­<lb/>cians therefore with different Kinds of Har­<lb/>mony try to a&longs;&longs;wage the Pain, and when they <lb/>hit upon the Kind proper to the Patient, im­<lb/>mediately, as if he were &longs;uddenly awakened, <lb/>he &longs;tarts up, and tran&longs;ported with Joy, falls to <lb/>be&longs;tirring him&longs;elf to the Mu&longs;ick with all his <lb/>Strength, in whatever his Fancy prompts him <lb/>to. </s> <s>Some that are thus bit, you &longs;hall &longs;ee ex­<lb/>erci&longs;e them&longs;elves in Dancing, others in Singing, <lb/>and others &longs;tirring in other Motions, ju&longs;t as <lb/>their Inclination or Madne&longs;s guides them, till <lb/>through mere Wearine&longs;s they are forced to <lb/>give over. </s> <s>And thus without giving them­<lb/>&longs;elves the lea&longs;t Re&longs;t, they will &longs;weat them&longs;elves <lb/>for &longs;ome Days, and &longs;o recover their Health <lb/>merely by their Madne&longs;s having quite &longs;pent it­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>We read too of &longs;omething like this that <lb/>happened among the <emph type="italics"/>Albanians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;ought <lb/>again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/> with &longs;uch a Power of Hor&longs;e; <lb/>that there was a Sort of Cobweb among them, <lb/>which whoever touched &longs;urely died, &longs;ome <lb/>Laughing, and others on the contrary Weeping.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>By what Marks and Characters we are to know the Goodne&longs;s of the Region.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Nor are tho&longs;e Things alone &longs;ufficient for <lb/>the chu&longs;ing of the Region, which are <lb/>obvious and manife&longs;t of them&longs;elves; but we <lb/>mu&longs;t weigh every Circum&longs;tance, and con&longs;ider <lb/>the mo&longs;t occult Tokens. </s> <s>Thus it will be a <lb/>good Sign of an excelient Air and of good Wa­<lb/>ter, if the Country produces Plenty of good <lb/>Fruits, if it fo&longs;ters a good Number of Men of <lb/>a good old Age, if it abounds with lu&longs;ty hand­<lb/>&longs;ome Youth, if the People are fruitful, and if <lb/>the Births are natural and never mon&longs;trous. </s> <s>I <lb/>have my&longs;elf &longs;een &longs;ome Cities, which out of Re­<lb/>&longs;pect to the Times I forbear to name, where <lb/>there is &longs;carce a Woman, but what &longs;ees her&longs;elf <lb/>at the &longs;ame In&longs;tant, the Mother both of a Man <lb/>and of a Mon&longs;ter. </s> <s>Another City I know in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> where there are &longs;o many People Hump­<lb/>backed, Squint-eyed, Crooked and Lame, that <lb/>there is &longs;carce a Family, but what has Some­<lb/>body in it defective or di&longs;torted. </s> <s>And cer­<lb/>tainly, where we &longs;ee &longs;uch frequent and great <lb/>Inequalities of Pody to Body, and Member to <lb/>Member; we may well conclude, that it pro­<lb/>ceeds from &longs;ome Defect in the Climate or Air, <lb/>or from &longs;ome more hidden Cau&longs;e of the Cor­<lb/>ruption of Nature. </s> <s>Nor is it foreign to our <lb/>Purpo&longs;e what has been ob&longs;erved, that in a gro&longs;s <lb/>Air we are more inclined to Hunger, and in a <lb/>thin One to Thir&longs;t: and we may not impro­<lb/>bably draw &longs;ome Conjectures from the Shape <lb/>and Looks of other Animals, what Con&longs;tituti­<lb/>ons the Men will have in the &longs;ame Place; for <lb/>if the Cattle look lively, fat and large, you <lb/>may not unrea&longs;onably hope to have Children <lb/>that will be &longs;o too. </s> <s>Neither will it be ami&longs;s to <lb/>gather Notice of the Air and Winds, even <lb/>from other Bodies not endued with animal <lb/>Life; thus if the Walls of the neighbouring <lb/>Buildings are grown ru&longs;ty and rugged, it &longs;hews <lb/>that &longs;ome malignant Influence has Power <lb/>there. </s> <s>The Trees too bending all one Way, <lb/>as if by general Con&longs;ent, &longs;hew that they have <lb/>&longs;uffered the Force of high rough Winds; and <lb/>the very Stones, whether growing in their na­<lb/>tive Seats, or placed in Buildings, if their Tops <lb/>are any thing con&longs;iderably rotted, &longs;hew the <lb/>Intemperature of the Air, &longs;ometimes too hot <lb/>and &longs;ometimes over cold. </s> <s>A Region &longs;o ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to the furious A&longs;&longs;aults of Tempe&longs;ts is to <lb/>be avoided, as the very wor&longs;t of all; for if the <lb/>Bodies of Men are &longs;eized with too exce&longs;&longs;ive <lb/>Cold or Heat, the whole Frame and Contex­<pb xlink:href="003/01/017.jpg" pagenum="8"/>ture of all the Parts is pre&longs;ently broken and <lb/>di&longs;&longs;olved, and &longs;alls into dangerous Di&longs;tempers <lb/>and immature old Age. </s> <s>A City &longs;tanding at <lb/>the Foot of a Hill, and looking towards the <lb/>&longs;etting Sun, is accounted unhealthy, more for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on than any other, that it feels too <lb/>&longs;uddenly the cold chilling Breezes of the Night. <lb/></s> <s>It may likewi&longs;e be convenient by looking back <lb/>into Times pa&longs;t, according to the Ob&longs;ervations <lb/>of the Wi&longs;e, to examine into Properties yet <lb/>more hidden, if there be &longs;uch in the Place: <lb/>For there are Countries which have in their <lb/>Nature &longs;ome Secret undi&longs;covered Qualities, <lb/>which confer Happine&longs;s or Unhappine&longs;s. <emph type="italics"/>Lo­<lb/>cris<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Crotona<emph.end type="italics"/> are &longs;aid to have never been <lb/>infected with any Plague. </s> <s>In the I&longs;le of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Candia<emph.end type="italics"/> there is no mi&longs;chievous Creature. </s> <s>In <lb/><emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> very few Mon&longs;ters are born; in other <lb/>Places the Naturali&longs;ts &longs;ay, that in the Middle <lb/>either of Summer or Winter it never Thunders: <lb/>But in <emph type="italics"/>Campania,<emph.end type="italics"/> according to <emph type="italics"/>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"/> it Thun­<lb/>ders at tho&longs;e very Times over tho&longs;e Cities that <lb/>&longs;tand to the South; and the Mountains near <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Albania<emph.end type="italics"/> are &longs;aid to be called <emph type="italics"/>Ceraunia,<emph.end type="italics"/> from <lb/>the frequent Lightnings that fall upon it. </s> <s>The <lb/>I&longs;le of <emph type="italics"/>Lemnos<emph.end type="italics"/> too being very &longs;ubject to Light­<lb/>ning, was the Rea&longs;on, <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, of <lb/>the Poets feigning that <emph type="italics"/>Vulcan<emph.end type="italics"/> fell there from <lb/>Heaven. </s> <s>About the Streights of <emph type="italics"/>Gallipoli<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>E&longs;&longs;edones,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was never known either to <lb/>Thunder or Lighten. </s> <s>If it Rains in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>it is reckoned a Prodigy. </s> <s>Near the <emph type="italics"/>Hyda&longs;pes<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in the Beginning of Summer it Rains continu­<lb/>ally. </s> <s>They &longs;ay that in <emph type="italics"/>Lybia<emph.end type="italics"/> the Air is &longs;o &longs;eldom <lb/>&longs;tirred by Winds, that it grows &longs;o thick, that <lb/>&longs;everal Kinds of Vapours are vi&longs;ible in the Sky: <lb/>And on the Contrary, in mo&longs;t Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Gala­<lb/>tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Winds blow in Summer with &longs;o much <lb/>Violence, that it drives along the very Stones <lb/>like Sand. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> near the <emph type="italics"/>Ebro,<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;ay <lb/>the North-We&longs;t Wind blows &longs;o hard, that it <lb/>overturns Carts heavy laden: In <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"/> we <lb/>are told the South never blows, and Hi&longs;torians <lb/>write, that this Wind in <emph type="italics"/>Arabia<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <lb/>Country of the <emph type="italics"/>Troglodites<emph.end type="italics"/> burns up every <lb/>Thing that is green: And <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Delos<emph.end type="italics"/> was never troubled with Earth­<lb/>quakes, but always &longs;tood firm upon the &longs;ame <lb/>Rock, though the other I&longs;lands all about it <lb/>were often laid in Ruins by Earthquakes, We <lb/>our&longs;elves &longs;ee, that the Part of <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>runs from the <emph type="italics"/>Selva dell' Aglio<emph.end type="italics"/> below <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>all along the Ridge of Hills of the <emph type="italics"/>Campagna <lb/>di Roma<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to <emph type="italics"/>Capua,<emph.end type="italics"/> is perpetually &longs;tript <lb/>and almo&longs;t quite laid wa&longs;te by Earthquakes. <lb/></s> <s>Some believe <emph type="italics"/>Achaia<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;o called from its &longs;re­<lb/>quent Inundations of Water. </s> <s>I find that <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was always &longs;ubject to Agues, and <emph type="italics"/>Galen<emph.end type="italics"/> takes <lb/>tho&longs;e Agues to be a new Kind of double Ter­<lb/>tian, which mu&longs;t have varions and almo&longs;t di­<lb/>rect Remedies applied to it at different Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons. </s> <s>It is an old Fable among the Poets, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Typho<emph.end type="italics"/> the Giant being buried in the I&longs;land of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Prochyta,<emph.end type="italics"/> often turns him&longs;elf about, and with <lb/>his turning &longs;hakes the whole I&longs;land from its <lb/>very Foundation. </s> <s>The Rea&longs;on of this Ficti­<lb/>on of the Poets was, becau&longs;e that I&longs;land was &longs;o <lb/>tormented with Earthquakes and Eruptions, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>Erythreans<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Chalcidians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who in­<lb/>habited it, were forced to fly for it. </s> <s>And a­<lb/>gain, aftewards tho&longs;e who were &longs;ent by <emph type="italics"/>Hiero<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Syracu&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> to build a new City there, frightened <lb/>with the continual Danger of De&longs;truction, de­<lb/>&longs;erted it too. </s> <s>Wherefore all Things of this <lb/>Nature are to be &longs;ifted out from long Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vation, and examined and compared by other <lb/>Places, in order to come at a clear and full <lb/>Knowledge of every Particular.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome more hidden Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of the Region which a <lb/>wi&longs;e Man ought to enquire into.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ought further to enquire carefully, <lb/>whether the Region is u&longs;ed to be mo­<lb/>le&longs;ted with any more hidden Inconveniency. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> believed, that in &longs;ome Places the Influ­<lb/>ence of Spirits often reigned, and was at &longs;ome­<lb/>times mi&longs;chievous, and at others propitious to <lb/>the Inhabitants. </s> <s>It is certain there are &longs;ome <lb/>Places where Men are very &longs;ubject to run mad, <lb/>others where they are ca&longs;ily di&longs;po&longs;ed to do <lb/>them&longs;elves a Mi&longs;chief, and where they put an <lb/>End to their own Lives by Halters or Preci­<lb/>pices, Steel or Poi&longs;on. </s> <s>It is therefore very ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary to examine by the mo&longs;t occult Traces <lb/>of Nature, every Thing that can be attended <lb/>with &longs;uch Effects. </s> <s>It was an ancient Cu&longs;tom <lb/>brought down even from <emph type="italics"/>Demetrius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time, <pb xlink:href="003/01/018.jpg" pagenum="9"/>not only in laying the Foundations of Cities <lb/>and Towns, but al&longs;o in marking out Camps <lb/>for the Armies, to in&longs;pect the Entrails of the <lb/>Bea&longs;t that grazed upon the Place, and to ob­<lb/>&longs;erve both their Condition and Colour. </s> <s>In <lb/>which if they chanced to find any Defect, they <lb/>avoided that Place as unhealthy. <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> in­<lb/>forms us of his own Knowledge, that in &longs;ome <lb/>Places the Air was full of minute Animalcules <lb/>as &longs;mall as Atoms, which being received toge­<lb/>ther with the Breath into the Lungs, fa&longs;tened <lb/>upon the Inte&longs;tines, and gnawing upon them, <lb/>cau&longs;ed dreadful raging Di&longs;ea&longs;es, and at length <lb/>Plagues and Death. </s> <s>Nor ought we to forget <lb/>that there are &longs;ome Places, which, though in <lb/>their own Nature, they are &longs;ubject to no In­<lb/>convenience or Mi&longs;chief what&longs;oever, yet are &longs;o <lb/>&longs;ituated, that by the Arrival of Foreigners they <lb/>will often be infected with pe&longs;tilential Di&longs;tem­<lb/>pers. </s> <s>And this &longs;hall happen, not only by <lb/>Means of Armies of Enemies endeavouring to <lb/>do you all the Mi&longs;chief they can, as befals tho&longs;e <lb/>Nations which are expo&longs;ed to inhuman Barba­<lb/>rians; but by a friendly Reception and Enter­<lb/>tainment of them you &longs;hall expo&longs;e your&longs;elf to <lb/>extreme Calamities. </s> <s>Others by having Neigh­<lb/>bours de&longs;irous of Innovations, have by their <lb/>Broils and De&longs;truction fallen into great Dangers <lb/>them&longs;elves. <emph type="italics"/>Pera<emph.end type="italics"/> a City upon the <emph type="italics"/>Pontus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>Colony of the <emph type="italics"/>Genoe&longs;e,<emph.end type="italics"/> is continually afflicted <lb/>with the Plague, by their giving daily Admi&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ion to Slaves, both infirm in Mind, and almo&longs;t <lb/>quste rotten and worn away with mere Filth <lb/>and Na&longs;tine&longs;s. </s> <s>Some likewi&longs;e will have it, that <lb/>it is the Part of a prudent and wi&longs;e Man to en­<lb/>quire by Augury and the Ob&longs;ervation of the <lb/>Heavens, what Fortune he &longs;hall have in &longs;uch <lb/>a Place. </s> <s>Which Arts, provided they are not <lb/>incompatiable with our Religion, I own I do <lb/>not di&longs;pi&longs;e. </s> <s>Who can deny that what they <lb/>call Fortune, whatever &longs;he be, has a very great <lb/>Power over human Affairs? </s> <s>Can we venture <lb/>to affirm, that the publick Fortune of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> had <lb/>not a great Share in the Enlargement of the <lb/>Empire? </s> <s>The City of <emph type="italics"/>Iolaus<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Sardinia,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <lb/>by a Grand&longs;on of <emph type="italics"/>Hercules,<emph.end type="italics"/> though o&longs;ten at­<lb/>tacked both by the <emph type="italics"/>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Ro­<lb/>mans,<emph.end type="italics"/> yet as <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, always pre&longs;erved <lb/>its Liberty. </s> <s>Can we &longs;uppo&longs;e that the Temple <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Delphos,<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t burnt by <emph type="italics"/>Flegias,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould after­<lb/>wards in <emph type="italics"/>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time be con&longs;umed by Fire, <lb/>the third Time, without the particular ill For­<lb/>tune of that Place? </s> <s>What &longs;hall we &longs;ay of the <lb/>Capitol? </s> <s>How often has that been in Flames? <lb/></s> <s>The City of the <emph type="italics"/>Sybarites,<emph.end type="italics"/> after repeated Cala­<lb/>mities, often de&longs;erted and often re&longs;tored, at <lb/>length quite ruined, was utterly abandoned; <lb/>nay, tho&longs;e who fled from it were pur&longs;ued by ill <lb/>Fortune, nor could they, by removing their <lb/>Dwellings and leaving the ancient Name of <lb/>their City, ever &longs;ave them&longs;elves from Mi&longs;ery <lb/>and De&longs;truction: For new Inhabitants coming <lb/>in upon them, all their mo&longs;t ancient and prin­<lb/>cipal Families, their &longs;acred Edifices and their <lb/>whole City, were utterly laid wa&longs;te and de­<lb/>&longs;troyed with Fire and Sword. </s> <s>But we need <lb/>not dwell upon the&longs;e Things which Hi&longs;torians <lb/>are full of. </s> <s>Our whole De&longs;ign is to &longs;hew, that <lb/>it is the Part of a wi&longs;e Man to do every thing <lb/>which may make him &longs;ecure, that the Trouble <lb/>and Expence of his Building &longs;hall not be in <lb/>vain, and that his Work it&longs;elf may be perma­<lb/>nent. </s> <s>And certainly to omit no Precaution <lb/>which may effect &longs;o great a De&longs;ign, is the Bu­<lb/>&longs;ine&longs;s of every prudent Man. </s> <s>Or will you &longs;ay, <lb/>that it is not of the utmo&longs;t Importance both to <lb/>you and yours to execute an Undertaking, that <lb/>brings with it Health, Dignity and Plea&longs;ure, <lb/>and recommends your Name with Reputation <lb/>to Po&longs;terity? </s> <s>Here you are to apply your&longs;elves <lb/>to your Studies, here you are to breed <lb/>your dear Children and live with your Fa­<lb/>mily, here you are to &longs;pend your Days both <lb/>of Labour and Re&longs;t, here all the Schemes of <lb/>your whole Life are to be executed; &longs;o that <lb/>I do not think any Thing in the World can be <lb/>named, except Virtue, which can de&longs;erve more <lb/>Care and Application, than to fix a good and <lb/>convenient Habitation for your&longs;elf and Family. <lb/></s> <s>And who can be &longs;ure of having &longs;uch a one, <lb/>who de&longs;pi&longs;es the Precautions before-mention­<lb/>ed? </s> <s>but of the&longs;e enough. </s> <s>Come we now to <lb/>the Seat or Platform.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Seat or Platform, and of the &longs;everal Sorts of Lines.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In chu&longs;ing the Platform, we ought to ob­<lb/>&longs;erve all the &longs;ame Rules that we have laid <lb/>down about the Region; for as the Region is <lb/>a determinate and &longs;elect Part of the whole <pb xlink:href="003/01/019.jpg" pagenum="10"/>Country, &longs;o the Platform is a certain determi­<lb/>nate Part of the Region taken up by the <lb/>Building; and for this Rea&longs;on, any Thing that <lb/>may annoy or be of Service to the Region, <lb/>may do the &longs;ame to the Platform. </s> <s>But though <lb/>this be &longs;o, yet our Di&longs;cu&longs;&longs;ion and Con&longs;iderati­<lb/>ons here will offer us &longs;ome Precepts, which <lb/>&longs;eem particularly to regard the Platform only; <lb/>and &longs;ome again which do not &longs;eem &longs;o proper­<lb/>ly to belong to the Seat as in a great Mea&longs;ure <lb/>to the Region; which are the&longs;e. </s> <s>It is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary to con&longs;ider what Work we are taking in <lb/>Hand, publick or private, &longs;acred or profane, <lb/>and &longs;o of the Re&longs;t, which we &longs;hall treat of di&longs;­<lb/>tinctly in their proper Places. </s> <s>For one Situa­<lb/>tion and one Space is to be allotted to an Ex­<lb/>change, another to a Theatre, another to a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Palæ&longs;tra,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Place of Exerci&longs;e, and another to <lb/>a Temple; &longs;o that we mu&longs;t have regard to the <lb/>Quality and U&longs;e of every Edifice in the Deter­<lb/>mining of its Situation and Form. </s> <s>But to <lb/>proceed here only in a general Di&longs;cu&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>the&longs;e Things as we began, we &longs;hall touch on­<lb/>ly upon tho&longs;e Points which we judge nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary: Fir&longs;t &longs;aying &longs;omething of Lines, which <lb/>may be of Service for under&longs;tanding what fol­<lb/>lows. </s> <s>For being to treat of the De&longs;ign of the <lb/>Platform, it will not be inconvenient to explain <lb/>tho&longs;e Things fir&longs;t whereof that De&longs;ign con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts. </s> <s>Every De&longs;ign therefore is compo&longs;ed of <lb/>Lines and Angles; the Lines are that extreme <lb/>De&longs;ign which includes the whole Space of the <lb/>Platform. </s> <s>That Part of the Superficies of this <lb/>De&longs;ign, which is contained between two Lines <lb/>touching at &longs;ome certain Point, is called an <lb/>Angle. </s> <s>The Inter&longs;ection therefore or cro&longs;&longs;ing <lb/>of two Lines over each other form four Angles. <lb/></s> <s>If each of the&longs;e Angles be equal to all and each <lb/>of the other three, they are called right Angles; <lb/>if they are le&longs;s, they are called acute, and the <lb/>greater obtu&longs;e. </s> <s>Of Lines too &longs;ome are &longs;trait <lb/>and others curve; of involved winding Lines <lb/>it is not nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;peak here. </s> <s>The &longs;trait <lb/>Line is a Line drawn from one Point to an­<lb/>other, the &longs;horte&longs;t Way that po&longs;&longs;ibly can be. <lb/></s> <s>The curve Line is Part of a Circle; a Circle <lb/>is a Draught made from one of two Points, <lb/>and turned upon the &longs;ame Superficies in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner, that in its whole Circumference it is <lb/>never nearer nor farther from that immoveable <lb/>Point the Centre, than it was at the fir&longs;t Turn. <lb/></s> <s>But to this it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to add, that the curve <lb/>Line, which was &longs;aid to be Part of the Circle, <lb/>among us Architects, for its Similitude, is call­<lb/>ed an Arch. </s> <s>And the &longs;trait Line, which is <lb/>drawn from the two extreme Points of the <lb/>curve Line, for the &longs;ame Rea&longs;on is called <lb/>a Chord. </s> <s>And that Line, which goes from <lb/>the middle Point of the Chord up to the <lb/>Arch, leaving equal Angles on each Side, is <lb/>called the <emph type="italics"/>Sagitta.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And that which is carried <lb/>from the fixed immoveable Point within the <lb/>Circle to the curve Line of the Circle, is call­<lb/>ed the <emph type="italics"/>Radius.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And that immoveable Point <lb/>in the Middle is called the Centre. </s> <s>And the <lb/>Line which pa&longs;&longs;es through the Centre and <lb/>touches both Sides of the Circumference, is </s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg1"/><lb/>called the Diameter. </s> <s>Arches too are different, <lb/>for &longs;ome are entire, &longs;ome are imperfect, and <lb/>&longs;ome are compo&longs;ite. </s> <s>The entire is that which <lb/>is the full Half of a Circle, or that who&longs;e <lb/>Chord is the Diameter of the whole Circle. <lb/></s> <s>The Imperfect is that who&longs;e Chord is le&longs;s than <lb/>a Diameter, &longs;o that this imperfect Arch is Part <lb/>of a Semi-circle. </s> <s>The compo&longs;ite Arch is <lb/>formed of two imperfect Arches, and &longs;o the <lb/>joyning of tho&longs;e two Arches, inter&longs;ecting each <lb/>other, makes an Angle at Top, which never <lb/>happens either in the entire or imperfect Arch. <lb/></s> <s>The&longs;e Things being premi&longs;ed, we proceed as <lb/>follows.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg1"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Kinds of Platforms, their Forms and Figures, and which are the mo&longs;t <lb/>&longs;erviceable and la&longs;ting.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of Platforms, &longs;ome are angular and others <lb/>circular; of the angular, &longs;ome con&longs;i&longs;t <lb/>all of right Lines, and &longs;ome of right Lines <lb/>and curve mixed together. </s> <s>But I do not re­<lb/>member among the Buildings of the Ancients <lb/>to have met with any angular De&longs;ign, com­<lb/>po&longs;ed of &longs;everal curve Lines, without any Mix­<lb/>ture of &longs;trait Lines at all: But in this we <lb/>&longs;hould have regard to tho&longs;e Things, which be­<lb/>ing wanting in all Parts of the Structure, are <lb/>greatly blamed; and which, where they are, <lb/>make the Edifice hand&longs;ome and convenient. <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/020.jpg" pagenum="11"/>It is that the Angles, the Lines and all the <lb/>Parts have a certain Variety, but not too much <lb/>nor too little of it, but &longs;o ordered both for <lb/>U&longs;e and Beauty, that the entire Parts may an­<lb/>&longs;wer to the entire, and like Parts to like. </s> <s>Right <lb/>Angles are very convenient; the Acute are <lb/>never u&longs;ed even in mean incon&longs;iderable Plat­<lb/>forms, unle&longs;s upon ab&longs;olute Nece&longs;&longs;ity, or the <lb/>Con&longs;traint of the Nature and Manner of the <lb/>Situation, or to make &longs;ome other Part of the <lb/>Platform more graceful. </s> <s>The obtu&longs;e Angles, <lb/>have been thought very convenient, but it has <lb/>always been ob&longs;erved as a Rule never to place <lb/>them any where in unequal Numbers. </s> <s>The <lb/>circular Platform is e&longs;teemed to be the mo&longs;t <lb/>capacious of all, and the lea&longs;t expen&longs;ive to en­<lb/>clo&longs;e either with Wall or Rampart. </s> <s>The <lb/>neare&longs;t to this is &longs;aid to be that which has &longs;e­<lb/>veral Sides, but then they mu&longs;t be all alike and <lb/>an&longs;werable to each other, and equal through­<lb/>out the whole Platform. </s> <s>But tho&longs;e are com­<lb/>mended mo&longs;t of all, which are mo&longs;t conveni­<lb/>ent for rai&longs;ing the Wall to the ju&longs;t Heighth of <lb/>the Work, as are tho&longs;e which have &longs;ix and <lb/>eight Sides. </s> <s>I have &longs;een a Platform of ten <lb/>Angles very commodious and maje&longs;tick. </s> <s>You <lb/>may make them very well of twelve, nay, &longs;ix­<lb/>teen Angles. </s> <s>I my&longs;elf have &longs;een one of twenty­<lb/>four; but the&longs;e are very rare. </s> <s>The Side Lines <lb/>ought to be &longs;o ordered, that tho&longs;e which are <lb/>oppo&longs;ite may be equal to them, nor &longs;hould we <lb/>ever in any Work apply a long Line to corre&longs;­<lb/>pond to a &longs;hort one; but let there be a ju&longs;t <lb/>and rea&longs;onable Proportion, according to the <lb/>Degree of the Thing, among all the Parts. <lb/></s> <s>We would have the Angles &longs;et towards that <lb/>Side, which either any Weight of Earth, or the <lb/>Violence and A&longs;&longs;aults of Waters or Winds may <lb/>threaten and endanger; to the Intent that the <lb/>Force and Shock that beats upon the Edifice <lb/>may be broken and &longs;plit into &longs;everal Parts, re­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ting the Attack (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) <lb/>with the &longs;tout Corner of the Wall, and not <lb/>with one of the weak Sides. </s> <s>But if the other <lb/>Lineaments of the Structure hinder you from <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ing of &longs;uch an Angle in &longs;uch a Part as <lb/>you could de&longs;ire, at lea&longs;t make u&longs;e of a curve <lb/>Line; that being a Part of a Circle, and the <lb/>Circle it&longs;elf according to the Philo&longs;ophers be­<lb/>ing all Angles. </s> <s>Further, the Seat mu&longs;t be <lb/>either upon a Plain, or on the Side or Top of <lb/>a Hill; if it is on a Plain, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>rai&longs;e the Earth and make &longs;omething of an E­<lb/>minence; for be&longs;ides that, &longs;uch a Situation in <lb/>a Plain adds much of Dignity, if you neglect to <lb/>do it, you will find very great Inconveniences. <lb/></s> <s>For the overflowing of Rivers and Rains gene­<lb/>rally leaves Mud upon level Grounds, which by <lb/>degrees rai&longs;es the Earth higher and higher, <lb/>which &longs;till increa&longs;es, if through Negligence the <lb/>Rubbi&longs;h and Dirt, which gathers every Day be <lb/>not removed. <emph type="italics"/>Frontinus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Architect u&longs;ed to <lb/>&longs;ay, that &longs;everal Hills were ri&longs;en in <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in his <lb/>Time by the continual Fires. </s> <s>But we in our <lb/>Days &longs;ee it in a Manner quite buried under <lb/>Ground with Filth and Rubbi&longs;h. </s> <s>In the <lb/>Dutchy of <emph type="italics"/>Spoletto,<emph.end type="italics"/> I have &longs;een a &longs;mall ancient <lb/>Temple, which at fir&longs;t was built in a Plain, <lb/>that is now almo&longs;t wholly buried by the rai&longs;­<lb/>ing of the Earth; that Plain reaching to the <lb/>Foot of the Hills. </s> <s>But why &longs;hould I menti­<lb/>on Buildings that &longs;tand under Mountains? <lb/></s> <s>That noble Temple by the Wall of <emph type="italics"/>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which has for its Covering a Cup of Stone of <lb/>one &longs;ingle Piece, though it be near the Sea and <lb/>far enough from the Hills, is above a fourth <lb/>Part &longs;unk in the Earth, through the Injury of <lb/>Time. </s> <s>But how high this Eminence ought <lb/>to be rai&longs;ed for each Platform, &longs;hall be &longs;hewn <lb/>in due Time, when we come to treat of that <lb/>Subject more particularly, and not &longs;ummarily <lb/>as we do here. </s> <s>It is certain every Situation <lb/>&longs;hould be made &longs;trong, either by Nature or <lb/>Art. </s> <s>And therefore it is not ami&longs;s to follow <lb/>their Method, who advi&longs;e fir&longs;t to try the Good­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Earth by digging in &longs;everal Places at <lb/>&longs;ome Di&longs;tance the one from the other, whe­<lb/>ther it be firm or loo&longs;e, or &longs;oft, fit or unfit to <lb/>bear the Weight of the Wall. </s> <s>For if it &longs;tands <lb/>upon a De&longs;cent, we mu&longs;t have a Care that the <lb/>upper Part does not lie too heavy and break <lb/>down the lower; or that the lower Part, if <lb/>any Accident &longs;hould &longs;hake it, does not pull <lb/>the upper down along with it. </s> <s>I would have <lb/>this Part of the Building, which is intended to <lb/>be the Ba&longs;is of all the Re&longs;t, particularly &longs;trong <lb/>and tightly knit together in all its Parts. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Seat be upon the Summit of an Hill, either <lb/>it &longs;hould be rai&longs;ed where it is not even, or el&longs;e <lb/>be made level by plaining away the Top. </s> <s>But <lb/>here we are to con&longs;ider, that we &longs;hould always <lb/>chu&longs;e that Way (though &longs;till with a due Re­<lb/>gard to the Dignity of the Work) which is lea&longs;t <lb/>trouble&longs;ome and expen&longs;ive. </s> <s>Perhaps it may be <lb/>proper to pare away &longs;ome of the Top of the <lb/>Hill, and enlarge and add to the Sides. </s> <s>For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on that Architect, whoever he was, <lb/>&longs;hewed a great deal of Contrivance, that built <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Alatro,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town of the <emph type="italics"/>Campagna di Roma,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;eated upon a Rocky Hill; for he &longs;o ordered <pb xlink:href="003/01/021.jpg" pagenum="12"/>it, that the Foundations of the Citadel or Tem­<lb/>ple (whatever it was) which are all that now <lb/>remain, the Super&longs;tructure being quite demo­<lb/>li&longs;hed, &longs;hould be &longs;upported and &longs;ortified be­<lb/>neath by the Pieces of Stone cut off in plaining <lb/>the Top of the Rock. </s> <s>And there is another <lb/>Thing in that Work that I am extremely <lb/>plea&longs;ed with; namely, that he &longs;et the Angle <lb/>of the Platform towards that Side on which <lb/>the Rock has the mo&longs;t precipitate De&longs;cent, and <lb/>fortified that Angle with huge Pieces of the <lb/>Fragments piled up one upon the other, and <lb/>contrived by the joyning of the Stones to make <lb/>the Structure beautiful with a very little Ex­<lb/>pence. </s> <s>I am likewi&longs;e very much plea&longs;ed with <lb/>the Contrivance of that other Architect, who <lb/>not having a &longs;ufficient Quantity of Stone, in <lb/>order to keep up the Weight of the Hill, made <lb/>a Fence of a great Number of Semi-circles, <lb/>putting the Backs of the Curves within the <lb/>Hill; which be&longs;ides that it looked hand&longs;ome <lb/>to the Eye, was extremely &longs;trong and very <lb/>cheap; for it makes a Wall, which though not <lb/>&longs;olid, was as firm as if it had been &longs;olid, and of <lb/>the Thickne&longs;s of the <emph type="italics"/>Sagitta<emph.end type="italics"/> of tho&longs;e Curves. <lb/></s> <s>I like <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Method too, which I find <lb/>was ob&longs;erved by the ancient Archi ects all over <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> and e&longs;pecially in <emph type="italics"/>Tarquin<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Wall, of <lb/>making u&longs;e of Buttre&longs;&longs;es; though they did not <lb/>every where mind to make the Di&longs;tance be­<lb/>tween one Buttre&longs;s and another, to be the &longs;ame <lb/>as the Heighth of the Wall; but as the <lb/>Strength or Weakne&longs;s of the Hill required it, <lb/>they placed them &longs;ometimes clo&longs;er and &longs;ome­<lb/>times further off. </s> <s>I have taken Notice too, <lb/>that the ancient Architects were not contented <lb/>with making one Slope for their Platform, but <lb/>rai&longs;ed &longs;everal like &longs;o many Steps, which <lb/>&longs;trengthened and &longs;ecured the Sides of the Hill <lb/>quite down to the very Root of it. </s> <s>Nor <lb/>can I di&longs;approve their Method herein. </s> <s>That <lb/>Stream at <emph type="italics"/>Perugia,<emph.end type="italics"/> which runs under Mount <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Lucino<emph.end type="italics"/> and the Hill the Town &longs;tands upon, <lb/>continually undermining and eating away the <lb/>Root of the Mountain, by degrees brings down <lb/>all the impending Weight; by which means a <lb/>great Part of the Town drops and falls to <lb/>Ruin. </s> <s>I am mightily plea&longs;ed with that Num­<lb/>ber of little Chapels, which are fixed about <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> of the great Church in the Vatican; <lb/>for of the&longs;e, &longs;uch as are placed in the Hollows <lb/>of the Mountains clo&longs;e again&longs;t the Wall of the <lb/>Church, are of great Service both as to Strength <lb/>and Convenience, in &longs;upporting the Weight of <lb/>the Hill, which continually grows heavier and <lb/>heavier, and in intercepting the Wet, which <lb/>falls from the Top of the Cliff, and keeping it <lb/>from getting into the Church; by which means <lb/>the principal Wall of it keeps dry and &longs;ound. <lb/></s> <s>And tho&longs;e Chapels, which are placed on the <lb/>other Side at the lowe&longs;t Decline of the Hill, <lb/>&longs;erve with their Arches to clo&longs;e the Plain, <lb/>which is made above, and preventing the Earth <lb/>from crumbling keeps it from falling in. </s> <s>And <lb/>I have ob&longs;erved that the Architect, who built <lb/>the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Latona<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> contrived his <lb/>Work and his Structure very ingeniou&longs;ly; for <lb/>he &longs;o placed the Angle of the Platform within <lb/>the impending Hill, that two upright Walls <lb/>&longs;upported the incumbent Weight, and divided <lb/>and broke the Pre&longs;&longs;ure by &longs;etting that Angle <lb/>again&longs;t it. </s> <s>But &longs;ince we have begun to cele­<lb/>brate the Prai&longs;es of the Ancients that contriv­<lb/>ed their Buildings prudently, I will not omit <lb/>one Thing which I recollect, and which is very <lb/>much to the pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>In the Church <lb/>o&longs; St. <emph type="italics"/>Mark<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Venice<emph.end type="italics"/> is a very u&longs;eful Precauti­<lb/>on of the Architect, who having made the <lb/>Foundation of the Temple very &longs;trong, le&longs;t <lb/>every here and there a Hole, that if by chance <lb/>any &longs;ubterraneous Vapour or Wind &longs;hould be <lb/>gathered there, it might ea&longs;ily find a Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>out. </s> <s>To conclude, all the Plains that you <lb/>make which are to be under any Covering, <lb/>mu&longs;t be laid exactly level, but tho&longs;e which are <lb/>to be left open, &longs;hould have ju&longs;t Slope enough <lb/>for the Rain to run off; but of this we have <lb/>&longs;aid enough, and perhaps more than was re­<lb/>qui&longs;ite in this Place; becau&longs;e mo&longs;t of the&longs;e <lb/>Things re&longs;pect the Walling. </s> <s>But as they happen­<lb/>ed to fall naturally together, we did not think <lb/>proper to &longs;eparate them in our Di&longs;cour&longs;e. </s> <s>It <lb/>remains that we treat of the Compartition.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/022.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 1. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 10)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.022.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/022/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>“<emph type="italics"/>Arco Composto” = composite arch. </s> <s>“Arco Scemo” = imperfect arch. </s> <s>“Arco Intiero” <lb/>= entire arch. </s> <s>“Raggio” = radius. </s> <s>“Corda” = chord. </s> <s>“Diametro” = diameter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/023.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 2. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 18)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.023.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/023/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/024.jpg" pagenum="13"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Compartition, and of the Origin of Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The whole Force of the Invention and <lb/>all our Skill and Knowledge in the Art <lb/>of Building, is required in the Compartition: <lb/>Becau&longs;e the di&longs;tinct Parts of the entire Building, <lb/>and, to u&longs;e &longs;uch a Word, the Entirene&longs;s of each <lb/>of tho&longs;e Parts, and the Union and Agreement of <lb/>all the Lines and Angles in the Work, duly <lb/>ordered for Convenience, Plea&longs;ure and Beauty, <lb/>are di&longs;po&longs;ed and mea&longs;ured out by the Com­<lb/>partition alone: for if a City, according to <lb/>the Opinion of Philo&longs;ophers, be no more than <lb/>a great Hou&longs;e, and, on the other Hand, a <lb/>Hou&longs;e be a little City; why may it not be <lb/>&longs;aid, that the Members of that Hou&longs;e are &longs;o <lb/>many little Hou&longs;es; &longs;uch as the Court-yard, <lb/>the Hall, the Parlour, the Portico, and the <lb/>like? </s> <s>And what is there in any of the&longs;e, <lb/>which, if omitted by Carele&longs;&longs;ne&longs;s or Negli­<lb/>gence, will not greatly take from the Prai&longs;e <lb/>and Dignity of the Work. </s> <s>Great Care and <lb/>Diligence therefore is to be u&longs;ed in well con­<lb/>&longs;idering the&longs;e Things, which &longs;o much con­<lb/>cern the whole Building; and in &longs;o ordering <lb/>it, that even the mo&longs;t incon&longs;iderable Parts <lb/>may not be uncomformable to the Rules of <lb/>Art, and good Contrivance. </s> <s>What has been <lb/>already &longs;aid above of the Region and Platform, <lb/>may be of no &longs;mall u&longs;e in doing of this aptly <lb/>and conveniently; and as the Members of the <lb/>Body are corre&longs;pondent to each other, &longs;o it is <lb/>fit that one Part &longs;hould an&longs;wer to another in <lb/>a Building; whence we &longs;ay, that great Edi­<lb/>fices require great Members. </s> <s>Which indeed <lb/>was &longs;o well ob&longs;erved by the Ancients, that <lb/>they u&longs;ed much larger Bricks, as well as other <lb/>Materials, about publick and large Buildings, <lb/>than in private ones. </s> <s>To every Member there­<lb/>fore ought to be allotted its fit Place and pro­<lb/>per Situation; not le&longs;s than Dignity requires, <lb/>not greater than Conveniency demands; not <lb/>in an impertinent or indecent Place, but in a <lb/>Situation &longs;o proper to it&longs;elf, that it could be <lb/>&longs;et no where el&longs;e more fitly. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould the <lb/>Part of the Structure, that is to be of the <lb/>greate&longs;t Honour, be thrown into a remote <lb/>Corner; nor that which ought to be the mo&longs;t <lb/>publick, into a private Hole; nor that which <lb/>&longs;hould be mo&longs;t private, be &longs;et in too con&longs;pi­<lb/>cuous a Place. </s> <s>We &longs;hould be&longs;ides have re­<lb/>gard to the Sea&longs;ons of the Year, and make a <lb/>great deal of Difference between hot Places <lb/>and cold, both in Proportions and Situation. <lb/></s> <s>If Rooms for Summer are large and &longs;pacious, <lb/>and tho&longs;e for Winter more compact, it will <lb/>not be at all ami&longs;s; the Summer ones &longs;hady and <lb/>open to the Air, and the Winter ones to the <lb/>Sun. </s> <s>And here we &longs;hould provide, that the <lb/>Inhabitants may not be obliged to pa&longs;s out of <lb/>a cold Place into a hot one, without a Medium <lb/>of temperate Air; or out of a warm one into <lb/>one expo&longs;ed to Cold and Winds; becau&longs;e no­<lb/>thing is &longs;o prejudicial to human Bodies. </s> <s>And <lb/>the&longs;e ought to agree one Member with ano­<lb/>ther to perfect and compo&longs;e the main De&longs;ign <lb/>and Beauty of the whole; that we may not <lb/>&longs;o lay out our whole Study in adorning one <lb/>Part, as to leave the re&longs;t neglected and <lb/>homely in Compari&longs;on of it; but let them <lb/>bear that Proportion among them&longs;elves, that <lb/>they may appear to be an entire and perfect <lb/>Body, and not disjointed and unfini&longs;hed <lb/>Members. </s> <s>Moreover in the forming of the&longs;e <lb/>Members too, we ought to imitate the Mode&longs;ty <lb/>of Nature; becau&longs;e in this, as well as in other <lb/>Ca&longs;es, the World never commends a Modera­<lb/>tion, &longs;o much as it blames an extravagant In­<lb/>temperance in Building. </s> <s>Let the Members <lb/>therefore be mode&longs;tly proportioned, and ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary for your U&longs;es. </s> <s>For all Building in <lb/>general, if you con&longs;ider it well, owes it's <lb/>Birth to Nece&longs;&longs;ity, was nur&longs;ed by Convenience, <lb/>and embelli&longs;hed by U&longs;e; Plea&longs;ure was the <lb/>la&longs;t Thing con&longs;ulted in it, which is never <lb/>truly obtained by Things that are immode­<lb/>rate. </s> <s>Let your Building therefore be &longs;uch, <lb/>that it may not want any Members which it <lb/>has not, and that tho&longs;e which it has, may <lb/>not in any Re&longs;pect de&longs;erve to be condemned. <lb/></s> <s>Nor would I have the Edifice terminated all <lb/>the Way with even continued Lines void of <lb/>all manner of Variety; for &longs;ome plea&longs;e us by <lb/>their Largene&longs;s, others with being little, and <lb/>others moderate. </s> <s>One Part therefore &longs;hould <lb/>be terminated with &longs;trait Lines, another with <lb/>curve, and another again with &longs;trait and curve <lb/>mixed together; provided you ob&longs;erve the <lb/>Caution I have &longs;o often given you, to avoid <lb/>falling into the Error of Exce&longs;s, &longs;o as to &longs;eem <pb xlink:href="003/01/025.jpg" pagenum="14"/>to have made a Mon&longs;ter with Limbs di&longs;pro­<lb/>portionable: Variety is without Di&longs;pute a very <lb/>great Beauty in every Thing, when it joins and <lb/>brings together, in a regular manner, Things <lb/>different, but proportionable to each other; <lb/>but it is rather &longs;hocking, if they are un&longs;uitable <lb/>and incoherent. </s> <s>For as in Mu&longs;ick, when the <lb/>Ba&longs;e an&longs;wers the Treble, and the Tenor agrees <lb/>with both, there ari&longs;es from that Variety of <lb/>Sounds an harmonious and wonderful Union <lb/>of Proportions which delights and enchants <lb/>our Sen&longs;es; &longs;o the like happens in every thing <lb/>el&longs;e that &longs;trikes and plea&longs;es our Fancy. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>the&longs;e Things mu&longs;t be &longs;o executed, as U&longs;e or <lb/>Conveniency requires, or according to the <lb/>approved Practice of Men of Skill; becau&longs;e <lb/>deviating from e&longs;tabli&longs;hed Cu&longs;tom, generally <lb/>robs a Thing of its whole Beauty, as conform­<lb/>ing to it, is applauded and attended with Suc­<lb/>ce&longs;s. </s> <s>Neverthele&longs;s, tho' other famous Archi­<lb/>tects &longs;eem, by their Practice, to have deter­<lb/>mined this or that Compartition, whether <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;can,<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/>be the mo&longs;t convenient of any; yet they do <lb/>not thereby tie us down to follow them &longs;o <lb/>clo&longs;ely, as to tran&longs;cribe their very De&longs;igns into <lb/>this Work of ours; but only &longs;tir us up by <lb/>their In&longs;tructions to produce &longs;omething of <lb/>our own Invention, and to endeavour to ac­<lb/>quire equal or greater Prai&longs;e than they did. <lb/></s> <s>But of the&longs;e Things we &longs;hall &longs;peak more di­<lb/>&longs;tinctly in their proper Places, when we come <lb/>to con&longs;ider in what manner a City and its <lb/>Members ought to be di&longs;po&longs;ed, and every <lb/>thing nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Convenience of <lb/>each.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Columns and Walls, and &longs;ome Ob&longs;ervations relating to the Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to treat &longs;ummarily of the <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Wall. </s> <s>But here I <lb/>mu&longs;t not omit what I have ob&longs;erved among <lb/>the Ancients; namely, that they con&longs;tantly <lb/>avoided drawing any of the outer Lines of the <lb/>Platform quite &longs;trait, &longs;o as to let any great <lb/>Length go on without being interrupted by <lb/>the Concavity of &longs;ome curve Line, or the In­<lb/>ter&longs;ection of &longs;ome Angle; and the Rea&longs;on <lb/>why tho&longs;e wi&longs;e Men did this is plain, that the <lb/>Wall, having, as it were, Props joined to it to <lb/>re&longs;t again&longs;t, might be &longs;o much the &longs;tronger. <lb/></s> <s>In treating of the Walling, we &longs;hould begin <lb/>with the mo&longs;t noble Parts of it. </s> <s>This Place <lb/>there&longs;ore naturally leads us to &longs;peak of the Co­<lb/>lumns, and of the Things belonging to them; <lb/>a Row of Columns being indeed nothing el&longs;e <lb/>but a Wall open and di&longs;continued in &longs;everal <lb/>Places. </s> <s>And having occa&longs;ion to define a Co­<lb/>lumn, it would not be at all improper to &longs;ay, <lb/>that it is a certain &longs;trong continued Part of <lb/>the Wall, carried up perpendicular from the <lb/>Foundation to the Top, for &longs;upporting the <lb/>Covering. </s> <s>In the whole Compa&longs;s of the Art <lb/>of Building, you will find nothing, that either <lb/>for Workman&longs;hip, Expence or Beauty, de­<lb/>&longs;erves to be preferred before the Columns. <lb/></s> <s>But the&longs;e Columns having &longs;ome Particulars in <lb/>which they differ from one another; in this <lb/>Place we &longs;hall &longs;peak only of their Agreement; <lb/>becau&longs;e that regards the Genus of them; but <lb/>as to their Difference, which relates to their <lb/>Species, we &longs;hall handle it in its proper Place. <lb/></s> <s>To begin therefore as we may &longs;ay from the <lb/>Root, every Column has its Foundation; this <lb/>Foundation being brought up to a Level with <lb/>the Plane of the <emph type="italics"/>Area,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was u&longs;ual to rai&longs;e <lb/>thereupon a kind of little Wall, which we <lb/>&longs;hall call the Plinth, others perhaps may call <lb/>it the Dye; upon the Plinth &longs;tood the Ba&longs;e, <lb/>on the Ba&longs;e, the Column; and over the Co­<lb/>lumn the Capital; their Proportion was, that <lb/>from the middle downwards, they were &longs;ome­<lb/>what bigger, and from thence upwards grew <lb/>more and more taper, and that the Foot was <lb/>&longs;omething larger than the Top of all. </s> <s>I make <lb/>no doubt, that at fir&longs;t the Column was in­<lb/>vented to &longs;upport the Covering. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb/>Men's Thoughts being &longs;tirred up to worthy <lb/>Attempts, they &longs;tudied, tho' them&longs;elves were <lb/>mortal, to make their Buildings in a Manner <lb/>immortal and eternal; and for this Rea&longs;on <lb/>they made Columns, Architraves, Intabla­<lb/>tures, and Coverings all of Marble. </s> <s>And in <lb/>doing the&longs;e Things, the ancient Architects al­<lb/>ways kept &longs;o clo&longs;e to Nature, as to &longs;eem, if <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, never to have con&longs;ulted any Thing <lb/>but mere Convenience in Building, and at the <lb/>&longs;ame Time made it their Care, that their <lb/>Works &longs;hould be not only &longs;trong and u&longs;eful, <pb xlink:href="003/01/026.jpg" pagenum="15"/>but al&longs;o plea&longs;ant to the Sight. </s> <s>Nature at fir&longs;t <lb/>certainly gave us Columns made of Wood, <lb/>and of a round Figure, afterwards by U&longs;e they <lb/>came in &longs;ome Places to be cut &longs;quare. </s> <s>There­<lb/>upon, if I judge right, &longs;eeing in the&longs;e wooden <lb/>Columns certain Rings of Circles of Bra&longs;s or <lb/>Iron, fa&longs;ten'd about the Top and Bottom, that <lb/>the continual Weight which they are made to <lb/>bear, might not &longs;plit them; the Architects too <lb/>left at the Foot of their Columns of Marble, a <lb/>little Ring like a &longs;ort of Binding; whereby <lb/>they are defended from any Drops of Rain that <lb/>might da&longs;h up again upon them. </s> <s>And at the <lb/>Top too they left another little Band, and over <lb/>that an A&longs;tragal or Collar; with which helps <lb/>they ob&longs;erv'd the Columns of Wood to be <lb/>fortified. </s> <s>In the Ba&longs;es of their Columns it <lb/>was their Rule, that the under Part &longs;hould <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;t of &longs;trait Lines and right Angles, but <lb/>that their upper Superficies &longs;hould terminate <lb/>circularly to an&longs;wer to the Round of the Pil­<lb/>lar; and they made this Ba&longs;e on every Side <lb/>broader than high, and wider than the Column <lb/>by a determinate Part of it&longs;elf; and the under <lb/>Superficies of the Ba&longs;e they made broader than <lb/>the upper; the Plinth too they would have a <lb/>certain Proportion broader than the Ba&longs;e, and <lb/>the Foundation again a determinate Part wider <lb/>than the Plinth. </s> <s>And all the&longs;e Parts thus <lb/>placed one upon the other, they erected per­<lb/>pendicular from the Center of the Foundation. <lb/></s> <s>On the other hand, the Capitals all agree in <lb/>this, that their under Parts imitate their <lb/>Columns, but their upper End in a Square; <lb/>and con&longs;equently the upper Part of the Capital <lb/>mu&longs;t always be &longs;omewhat broader than the <lb/>under. </s> <s>This may &longs;uffice here as to the <lb/>Columns. </s> <s>The Wall ought to be rai&longs;ed with <lb/>the &longs;ame Proportions as the Columns; &longs;o that <lb/>if it is to be as high as the Column and its Ca­<lb/>pital, its Thickne&longs;s ought to be the &longs;ame with <lb/>that of the bottom of the Column. </s> <s>And they <lb/>al&longs;o ob&longs;erved this Rule, that there &longs;hou'd be <lb/>neither Pillar, nor Ba&longs;e, nor Capital, nor Wall, <lb/>but what &longs;hould in all re&longs;pects corre&longs;pond with <lb/>every thing el&longs;e of the &longs;ame Order, in Heighth, <lb/>Thickne&longs;s, Form and Dimen&longs;ion. </s> <s>But tho' both <lb/>are Faults, either to make the Wall too thin <lb/>or too thick, higher or lower than the Rule <lb/>and Proportion requires; yet of the two I <lb/>wou'd chu&longs;e to offend on that Side, where we <lb/>&longs;hou'd have occa&longs;ion to take away rather than <lb/>to add. </s> <s>And here I think it will not be ami&longs;s <lb/>to take notice of &longs;ome Errors in Buildings, <lb/>that we our &longs;elves may be the more circum­<lb/>&longs;pect: in as much as the chief Prai&longs;e is to be <lb/>exempt from Blame. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved there­<lb/>fore in St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Church at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> what indeed <lb/>the thing it&longs;elf demon&longs;trates, that it was ill ad­<lb/>vi&longs;ed to draw a very long and thick Wall over <lb/>&longs;o many frequent and continued Apertures, <lb/>without &longs;trength'ning it with any curve Lines <lb/>or any other Fortification what&longs;oever. </s> <s>And <lb/>what more de&longs;erves our Notice, all this Wing <lb/>of Wall, under which are too frequent and <lb/>continued Apertures, and which is rai&longs;ed to a <lb/>great Heighth, is expo&longs;ed as a Butt to the im­<lb/>petuous Bla&longs;ts of the North-Ea&longs;t: by which <lb/>means already thro' the continual Violence of <lb/>the Winds it is &longs;werved from its Direction <lb/>above two Yards: and I doubt not that in a <lb/>&longs;hort time, &longs;ome little accidental &longs;hock will <lb/>throw it down into Ruins; and if it were not <lb/>kept in by the Timber Frame of the Roof, it <lb/>mu&longs;t infallibly have fallen down before now. <lb/></s> <s>But the Architect may not be &longs;o much in <lb/>Fault, becau&longs;e con&longs;ulting only the Nece&longs;&longs;ity of <lb/>his Situation, he might perhaps imagine that <lb/>the Neighbourhood of the Mountain, which <lb/>overlooks the Church, might be a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Shelter again&longs;t the Winds. </s> <s>Neverthele&longs;s it is <lb/>certain, tho&longs;e Wings ought to have been more <lb/>&longs;trengthned on both Sides.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the great U&longs;efulne&longs;s of the Coverings both to the Inhabitants and the other <lb/>Parts of the Building, and that being various in their Natures, they mu&longs;t be <lb/>made of various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Covering for U&longs;efulne&longs;s far exceeds <lb/>any other Part of the Building. </s> <s>It <lb/>not only &longs;ecures the Health of the Inhabitants <lb/>by defending them from the Night, from the <lb/>Rain, and e&longs;pecially from the burning Rays of <lb/>the Sun; but it al&longs;o pre&longs;erves all the re&longs;t of the <lb/>Edifice. </s> <s>Take away the Covering and the <lb/>Materials rot, the Wall moulders and &longs;plits, <pb xlink:href="003/01/027.jpg" pagenum="16"/>and in &longs;hort the whole Structure falls to Ruin. <lb/></s> <s>The very Foundations them&longs;elves, which you <lb/>will hardly bèlieve, are &longs;ecured by the Pro­<lb/>tection of the Covering: nor have &longs;o many <lb/>Buildings been de&longs;troyed by Fire, Sword, War, <lb/>by Multitude of Enemies, and all other Ca­<lb/>lamities put together, as have gone to Ruin <lb/>by being left naked and uncovered thro Negli­<lb/>gence. </s> <s>It is certain the Coverings are the de­<lb/>fen&longs;ive Arms of the Building again&longs;t the <lb/>A&longs;&longs;aults and Violence of Storms and Tempe&longs;ts. <lb/></s> <s>Wherefore our Ance&longs;tors in this as in other <lb/>things acted very laudably, in a&longs;cribing &longs;o <lb/>much Honour to the Covering, that they <lb/>&longs;pent their whole Art and Study in adorning <lb/>and beautifying it. </s> <s>For &longs;ome of their Cover­<lb/>ings we &longs;ee of Bra&longs;s, others of Gla&longs;s, &longs;ome of <lb/>Gold with gilded Beams and Rafters, and <lb/>richly adorned with Corni&longs;hes of Flowers and <lb/>Statues. </s> <s>Of Coverings &longs;ome are open to the <lb/>Air, others not: the open are tho&longs;e which are <lb/>not for walking upon, but only for receiving <lb/>the Rain. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e not open to the Air, are <lb/>the Roofs and Coves that are between the <lb/>Covering and the Foundations, &longs;o that one <lb/>Hou&longs;e &longs;eems to &longs;tand upon another. </s> <s>By this <lb/>means it comes to pa&longs;s that the &longs;ame Work, <lb/>which is the Covering to the Apartments <lb/>below, is the <emph type="italics"/>Aréa<emph.end type="italics"/> to tho&longs;e above. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e <lb/>Coverings tho&longs;e above our Heads we call Roofs, <lb/>or Cielings; and tho&longs;e which we tread upon <lb/>with our Feet, <emph type="italics"/>Areas.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Whether the uppermoft <lb/>Covering, which lies to the open Air, is to be <lb/>reckoned as an <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> or Pavement, we &longs;hall <lb/>examine in another Place. </s> <s>But the Covering <lb/>to the open Air, tho' it be of a plain Super­<lb/>ficies, ought never to lie even with re&longs;pect to <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> which it covers below; but &longs;hou'd <lb/>always incline of one Side to throw off the <lb/>Rain. </s> <s>But the Coverings within, that are of <lb/>a plain Superficies, &longs;hould be in all Parts <lb/>equally di&longs;tant from the Floor. </s> <s>All Coverings <lb/>mu&longs;t an&longs;wer in Lines and Angles to the Form <lb/>and Shape of the Platform and Wall which <lb/>they are to cover: And as tho&longs;e are various, <lb/>&longs;ome being all of curve Lines, others all of <lb/>&longs;trait, and others of both mixed together, the <lb/>Coverings too are therefore various, and of <lb/>&longs;everal kinds. </s> <s>But tho' they have this natural <lb/>Difference, and that &longs;ome are hemi&longs;pherical; <lb/>others made up of four Arches; others vaulted; <lb/>others con&longs;i&longs;ting of Parts of &longs;everal Arches; <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;loping or ridged like ordinary mean <lb/>Hou&longs;es: yet which-&longs;oever of the&longs;e Kinds we <lb/>chu&longs;e it is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary, that all Cover­<lb/>ings &longs;hou'd be &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed as to &longs;helter and <lb/>&longs;hade the Pavement, and throw off all Water <lb/>and Rain, defending the whole Edifice upon <lb/>which it is placed for a Covering. </s> <s>For Rain <lb/>is always prepared to do Mi&longs;chief, and where­<lb/>ever there is the lea&longs;t Crack never fails to get <lb/>in and do &longs;ome Hurt or other: By its Subtility it <lb/>penetrates and makes its way by its Humidity <lb/>rots and de&longs;troys, by its Continuance loo&longs;ens <lb/>and unknits all the Nerves of the Building, and <lb/>in the End ruins and lays Wa&longs;te the whole <lb/>Structure to the very Foundations. </s> <s>And for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on prudent Architects have always <lb/>taken care that the Rain &longs;hould have a free <lb/>Slope to run off; and that the Water &longs;hould <lb/>never be &longs;top'd in any Place, or get into any <lb/>Part where it cou'd do Hurt. </s> <s>And therefore <lb/>they advi&longs;ed, that in Places &longs;ubject to much <lb/>Snow, the Coverings &longs;hould have a very &longs;teep <lb/>Slope, ri&longs;ing even to an acute Angle, that the <lb/>Snow might never re&longs;t and gather upon them, <lb/>but fall off ea&longs;ily; but in more Summeri&longs;h Cli­<lb/>mates (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) they laid <lb/>their Covering le&longs;s oblique. </s> <s>La&longs;tly we &longs;hould <lb/>endeavour if po&longs;&longs;ible, without Prejudice to the <lb/>Lights or Wall, to have the whole Structure <lb/>overlaid with one equal Covering in a manner <lb/>all of one Piece, and &longs;o far jutting out, that the <lb/>Water falling from the Gutters may not wet <lb/>or &longs;oak into the Wall: and all the Coverings <lb/>&longs;hould be &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed, where there are more than <lb/>one, that one may not &longs;pout upon the other. <lb/></s> <s>The Space of Covering too that the Water is <lb/>to run over &longs;hould never be too large, becau&longs;e <lb/>upon Rains the Water gathering in the Gut­<lb/>ters in too great Abundance would wa&longs;h back <lb/>again and flow into the Hou&longs;e; which would <lb/>greatly prejudice the whole Work. </s> <s>Where <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore is very large, the Covering <lb/>&longs;hould be divided into &longs;everal Slopes, and the <lb/>Rain flow off in different Places; and this is <lb/>not only attended with Convenience, but Beauty <lb/>too. </s> <s>If you are obliged in any Place to have <lb/>&longs;everal Coverings, let them join one to another <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner, that when you are once <lb/>under one, you may pa&longs;s from that to all the <lb/>re&longs;t always under &longs;helter.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/028.jpg" pagenum="17"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures in the Building, that is to &longs;ay of the Windows and Doors, <lb/>and of tho&longs;e which do not take up the whole Thickne&longs;s of the Wall, and their <lb/>Number and Sizes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now come to treat of the Aper­<lb/>tures, which are of two Sorts, the one <lb/>&longs;erving for the Admi&longs;&longs;ion of Light and Air, <lb/>and the other for the Entrance and Pa&longs;&longs;age of <lb/>the Inhabitants, and of all Manner of Con­<lb/>veniencies all thro' the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e for <lb/>Light are the Windows; tho&longs;e for Pa&longs;&longs;age, the <lb/>Doors, Stairs, and the Spaces between the <lb/>Columns: Tho&longs;e too which are for the carrying <lb/>away of Water and Smoak, as Wells, Sinks, <lb/>the Gullets, as we may call them of Chimneys, <lb/>the Mouths of Ovens and Furnaces are al&longs;o <lb/>called Apertures. </s> <s>No Room ought to be <lb/>without a Window, by which the inclo&longs;ed <lb/>Air may be let out and renew'd, becau&longs;e el&longs;e <lb/>it will corrupt and grow unwhole&longs;ome. <emph type="italics"/>Capi­<lb/>tolinus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian relates, that in the Tem­<lb/>ple of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> there was found a lit­<lb/>tle Gold Casket of very great Antiquity, upon <lb/>opening of which there i&longs;&longs;ued a Steam of Air, <lb/>corrupted by Length of Time, and &longs;o poi&longs;onous, <lb/>that &longs;preading it&longs;elf abroad, it not only killed <lb/>every body that was near, but infected all <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>with a mo&longs;t dreadful Plague quite as far as <emph type="italics"/>Par­<lb/>thia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Hi&longs;tory of <emph type="italics"/>Ammianus Marcellinus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>we read, that in <emph type="italics"/>Seleucia<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Time of <emph type="italics"/>Mark <lb/>Anthony<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Verus,<emph.end type="italics"/> after the Plunder and <lb/>Spoiling of the Temple, and carrying away <lb/>the Image of the <emph type="italics"/>Conic Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>di&longs;covered a little Hole which had been formerly <lb/>&longs;top'd up by the <emph type="italics"/>Chaldean<emph.end type="italics"/> Prie&longs;ts: Which being <lb/>opened by the Soldiers, out of a greedy De&longs;ire <lb/>of Plunder, &longs;ent forth a Vapour &longs;o dreadfully <lb/>pe&longs;tilential and infectious, that from the Con­<lb/>fines of <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to <emph type="italics"/>Gaul,<emph.end type="italics"/> the whole Coun­<lb/>try was tainted with a mortal and loath&longs;ome <lb/>Di&longs;temper. </s> <s>Every Room therefore &longs;hould <lb/>have Windows, not only to let in the Light, <lb/>but to renew the Air; and they ought to be <lb/>&longs;o accommodated to Convenience and the <lb/>Thickne&longs;s of the Wall, as not to admit more <lb/>remote than U&longs;e and Nece&longs;&longs;ity requires. <lb/></s> <s>Morevover we are to take notice what Winds <lb/>our Windows are to &longs;tand open to; becau&longs;e <lb/>tho&longs;e which look towards a healthy Air may <lb/>be allow'd to be large every Way; and it will not <lb/>be ami&longs;s to open them in &longs;uch Manner that the Air <lb/>may go clear round the Bodies of the Inhabitants; <lb/>which may ea&longs;ily be contrived, if the Jambs of <lb/>the Windows are made &longs;o low, that you may <lb/>both &longs;ee and be &longs;een &longs;rom the In&longs;ide into the <lb/>Street. </s> <s>But &longs;uch Windows as are expo&longs;ed to <lb/>Winds not altogether &longs;o healthy, ought to be <lb/>&longs;o proportion'd as to admit what Light is <lb/>requi&longs;ite, but not any Thing larger than is ju&longs;t <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for that U&longs;e; and they &longs;hould like­<lb/>wife be &longs;et high, that the Wall may break the <lb/>Winds before they reach us: Becau&longs;e by this <lb/>means we &longs;hall have Wind enough to renew <lb/>our Air, but &longs;o interrupted as to take off from <lb/>the ill Effects of it. </s> <s>We &longs;hould al&longs;o ob&longs;erve <lb/>what Suns our Hou&longs;e &longs;tands to, and according <lb/>to various Conveniencies make the Windows <lb/>larger or &longs;maller. </s> <s>In Summer Apartments, if <lb/>the Windows are to the North, they &longs;hould be <lb/>made large every Way; but if they are to the <lb/>South Sun, it will be proper to make them low <lb/>and &longs;mall; &longs;uch being be&longs;t adapted for Re­<lb/>ception of the Air, and lea&longs;t liable to be of­<lb/>fended by the Sun's Rays; and there is no <lb/>Danger &longs;uch a Place &longs;hould ever want Light, <lb/>when the Sun lies in a Manner continually <lb/>upon it; &longs;o that Shade and not Light is what <lb/>is to be con&longs;ulted there. </s> <s>On the contrary in <lb/>Apartments for Winter, the Windows will be <lb/>be&longs;t contrived for admitting the Sun if they <lb/>are made large, and yet we may avoid being <lb/>troubled by the Winds at the &longs;ame Time, if we <lb/>place them high, &longs;o that the cold Air may not <lb/>blow directly upon the People within. </s> <s>La&longs;tly <lb/>from whatever Side we take in the Light, we <lb/>ought to make &longs;uch an Opening for it, as may <lb/>always give us a free Sight of the Sky, and the <lb/>Top of that Opening ought never to be too <lb/>low, becau&longs;e we are to &longs;ee the Light with our <lb/>Eyes; and not with our Heels; be&longs;ides the In­<lb/>convenience, that if one Man gets between <lb/>nother and the Window, the Light is inter­<lb/>cepted, and all the re&longs;t of the Room is <lb/>darken'd, which never happens when the Light <lb/>comes from above. </s> <s>The Doors &longs;hould imitate <lb/>the Windows, that is, be larger or &longs;maller, <lb/>more or fewer, according to the Frequency or <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the Place. </s> <s>But I ob&longs;erve, that <pb xlink:href="003/01/029.jpg" pagenum="18"/>the Ancients in their Publick Buildings always <lb/>eft a great many of both the afore-mention'd <lb/>Kinds of Apertures. </s> <s>This appears from their <lb/>Theatres, which if we ob&longs;erve are extremely <lb/>full of Apertures, not only Stair-ca&longs;es, but <lb/>Windows and Doors. </s> <s>And we ought &longs;o to <lb/>order the Proportions of the&longs;e Openings, as <lb/>not to make very little ones in great Walls, <lb/>nor too large in &longs;mall ones. </s> <s>In the&longs;e Sorts of <lb/>Apertures various De&longs;igns have been com­<lb/>mended; but the be&longs;t Architects have never <lb/>made U&longs;e of any but Squares and &longs;trait Lines. <lb/></s> <s>However all have agreed in this, that let them <lb/>be of what Shape they will, they &longs;hould be ac­<lb/>modated to the Bigne&longs;s and Form of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg2"/><lb/>Building. *The Doors, then they <lb/>fay &longs;hould always be more high than <lb/>broad; and the highe&longs;t be &longs;uch as <lb/>are capable of receiving two Circles [A] one <lb/>upon t'other, and the lowe&longs;t &longs;hould be of <lb/>the Heighth of the Diagonal of a Square [B] <lb/>whereof the Ground&longs;ell is one of the Sides. </s> <s>It <lb/>is al&longs;o convenient to place the Doors in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner, that they may lead to as many Parts <lb/>of the Edifice as po&longs;&longs;ible: And in order to give <lb/>Beauty to &longs;uch Apertures, Care mu&longs;t be taken <lb/>that tho&longs;e of like Dimen&longs;ions corre&longs;pond with <lb/>each other both on the Right and Left. </s> <s>It was <lb/>u&longs;ual to leave the Windows and Doors in odd <lb/>Numbers, but &longs;o as for the Side ones to an&longs;wer <lb/>each other, and that in the Middle to be <lb/>&longs;omewhat larger than the re&longs;t. </s> <s>And particular <lb/>Regard was always had to the Strength of the <lb/>Building, for which Rea&longs;on they contrived to <lb/>&longs;et the Openings clear from the Corners and <lb/>from the Columns, in the weake&longs;t Parts of the <lb/>Wall, but not &longs;o weak as to be in&longs;ufficient to <lb/>&longs;upport the Weight: It being their Cu&longs;tom <lb/>to rai&longs;e as many Parts of the Wall as they <lb/>could plum, and as it were of one Piece <lb/>without any Interruption from the Foundation <lb/>quite up to the Covering. </s> <s>There is a certain <lb/>Kind of an Aperture, which in Form and <lb/>Po&longs;ition imitates the Doors and Windows, but <lb/>which does not penetrate the whole Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of the Wall, and &longs;o, as Niches leave very <lb/>hand&longs;ome and convenient Seats for Statues and <lb/>Paintings. </s> <s>But in what Parts the&longs;e are to be <lb/>left, as al&longs;o how frequent and large, will be <lb/>&longs;hewn more di&longs;tinctly when we come to treat <lb/>of the Ornaments of Edifices. </s> <s>We &longs;hall only <lb/>ob&longs;erve here, that they not only add to the <lb/>Beauty of the Work, but al&longs;o &longs;ave &longs;ome Ex­<lb/>pence, as they make le&longs;s Stone and Lime to <lb/>&longs;erve for the Walling. </s> <s>This chiefly is to be <lb/>taken Care of, that you make the&longs;e Niches in <lb/>convenient Numbers, not too big, and of a ju&longs;t <lb/>Form; and &longs;o as in their Order to imitate the <lb/>Windows. </s> <s>And let them be as you will, I <lb/>have remark'd in the Structures of the Ancients, <lb/>that they never u&longs;ed to &longs;uffer them to take up <lb/>above the &longs;eventh Part of the Front, nor le&longs;s <lb/>than the ninth. </s> <s>The Spaces between the <lb/>Columns are to be reckoned among the princi­<lb/>pal Apertures, and are to be le&longs;t variou&longs;ly ac­<lb/>cording to the Variety of Buildings. </s> <s>But we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;peak of the&longs;e more clearly in their <lb/>proper Place, and chie&longs;ly when we treat of <lb/>Sacred Edifies. </s> <s>Let it be &longs;ufficient to premi&longs;e <lb/>here, that tho&longs;e Openings &longs;hould be left in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner, as to have particular Re&longs;pect to the <lb/>Nature of the Columns, which are de&longs;ign'd <lb/>for the Support of the Covering; and fir&longs;t, that <lb/>tho&longs;e Columns be not too &longs;mall, nor &longs;tand too <lb/>thin, &longs;o as not to be duly able to bear the <lb/>Weight, nor too big, or &longs;et &longs;o thick as not to <lb/>leave open convenient Spaces for Pa&longs;&longs;age. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Apertures mu&longs;t be different, when <lb/>the Columns are frequent from what they are <lb/>when they &longs;tand thin, becau&longs;e over frequent <lb/>Columns we lay an Architrave, and over the <lb/>others we turn an Arch. </s> <s>But in all Openings <lb/>over which we make Arches, we &longs;hould con­<lb/>trive to have the Arch never le&longs;s than a half <lb/>Circle, with an Addition of the &longs;eventh Part <lb/>of half its Diameter: The mo&longs;t experienced <lb/>Workmen having found that Arch to be by <lb/>much the be&longs;t adapted for enduring in a <lb/>Manner to Perpetuity; all other Arches being <lb/>thought le&longs;s &longs;trong for &longs;upporting the Weight, <lb/>and more liable to ruin. </s> <s>It is moreover imagi­<lb/>ned, that the half Circle is the only Arch <lb/>which has no Occa&longs;ion either for Chain or any <lb/>other Fortification; and all others, if you <lb/>don't either chain them or place &longs;ome Weight <lb/>again&longs;t them for a Counterpoi&longs;e, are found by <lb/>their own Weight to bur&longs;t out and fall to ruin. <lb/></s> <s>I will not omit here what I have taken Notice <lb/>of among the Ancients, a Contrivance certainly <lb/>very excellent and Prai&longs;e-worthy: Their be&longs;t <lb/>Architects placed the&longs;e Apertures and the <lb/>Arches of the Roofs of their Temples in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner, that even tho' you took away every <lb/>Column from under them, yet they would <lb/>&longs;till &longs;tand firm and not fall down, the Arches <lb/>on which the Roof was placed being drawn <lb/>quite down to the Foundation with wonderful <lb/>Art, known but to few: So that the Work <lb/>upheld it&longs;elf by being only &longs;et upon Arches; for <lb/>tho&longs;e Arches having the &longs;olid Earth for their <lb/>Chain, no Wonder they &longs;tood firm without any <lb/>other Support.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/030.jpg" pagenum="19"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg2"/>☆ <emph type="italics"/>Plate 2. <lb/>(facing <lb/>page 13)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Stair ca&longs;es, and their different Sorts, of the Steps of the Stairs which <lb/>ought to be in odd Numbers, and how many. </s> <s>Of the re&longs;ting Places, of the <lb/>Tunnels for carrying away the Smoke. </s> <s>Of Pipes and Conduits for carrying <lb/>off the Water, and of the proper Placing of Wells and Sinks.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The placing of the Stairs is a Work of <lb/>&longs;uch Nicety, that without deliberate <lb/>and mature Con&longs;ideration you can never place <lb/>them well: For in a Stair-ca&longs;e there meet <lb/>three Apertures: One, the Door by which you <lb/>enter upon the Stairs; another, the Window <lb/>that &longs;upplies you with Light to &longs;ee the Steps <lb/>by, and the third, the Opening in the Ceiling <lb/>which lets you into the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> above; and <lb/>therefore it is &longs;aid to be no Wonder, that the <lb/>Stairs &longs;hould perplex the De&longs;ign of a Structure; <lb/>but let him that is de&longs;irous to have the Stair <lb/>not hinder him, take Caré not to hinder the <lb/>Stair, but allow it a determinate and ju&longs;t Por­<lb/>tion of the Platform, in order to give its free <lb/>Cour&longs;e quite up to the Covering at the Top <lb/>of all. </s> <s>And do not let us repine that the <lb/>Stair-ca&longs;e &longs;hould take up &longs;o much of the <emph type="italics"/>Area,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for it furni&longs;hes us with very many Conve­<lb/>niencies, and is no Inconvenience to the other <lb/>Parts of the Building. </s> <s>Add to this, that <lb/>tho&longs;e little Vaults and Spaces under the Stairs <lb/>are very &longs;erviceable for a great many Purpo&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>Our Stair-ca&longs;es therefore are of two Sorts (for <lb/>as to tho&longs;e Steps or Ladders which belong to <lb/>military Expeditions, I &longs;hall not &longs;peak of them <lb/>here.) The fir&longs;t is that which has no Steps, but <lb/>is mounted by a &longs;loping A&longs;cent, and the other <lb/>is that which is mounted by Steps. </s> <s>The An­<lb/>cients u&longs;ed to make the &longs;loping one as ea&longs;y <lb/>and as little &longs;teep as po&longs;&longs;ible, and as I have <lb/>ob&longs;erved from their Works, thought it a con­<lb/>venient A&longs;cent when the highe&longs;t Part of its <lb/>Perpendicular was rai&longs;ed one &longs;ixth Part of the <lb/>Line at Bottom. </s> <s>In making of Stair-ca&longs;es <lb/>with Steps, they recommend the making of <lb/>the Steps in odd Numbers, and e&longs;pecially in <lb/>their Temples: Becau&longs;e they &longs;aid that by this <lb/>Means we always &longs;et our right Foot into the <lb/>Temple fir&longs;t; which was accounted a Point <lb/>of Religion. </s> <s>And I have ob&longs;erved, that the <lb/>be&longs;t Architects never put above &longs;even, or at <lb/>mo&longs;t nine Steps together in one Flight; imita­<lb/>ting I &longs;uppo&longs;e, the Number either of the <lb/>Planets or of the Heavens; but at the End of <lb/>the&longs;e &longs;even or nine Steps, they very con&longs;ider­<lb/>ately made a Plain, that &longs;uch as were weak or <lb/>tired with the Fatigue of the A&longs;cent, might <lb/>have Lei&longs;ure to re&longs;t them&longs;elves, and that if they <lb/>&longs;hould chance to &longs;tumble, there might be a <lb/>Place to break their Fall, and give them Means <lb/>to recover them&longs;elves. </s> <s>And I am thoroughly <lb/>of Opinion, that the Stairs ought to be <lb/>frequently interrupted by the&longs;e landing Places, <lb/>and that they &longs;hould be well lighted, and be <lb/>ample and &longs;pacious according to the Dignity <lb/>of the Place. </s> <s>The Steps they never made <lb/>higher than nine Inches, nor lower than fix, <lb/>and in Breadth never le&longs;s than a Foot and a <lb/>half, nor more than a Yard, The fewer Stair­<lb/>ca&longs;es that are in a Hou&longs;e, and the le&longs;s Room <lb/>they take up, the more convenient they are <lb/>e&longs;teem'd. </s> <s>The I&longs;&longs;ues for Smoak and Water <lb/>ought to be as direct as po&longs;&longs;ible, and &longs;o built, <lb/>that they may not lie and gather within, or <lb/>&longs;oil, or offend, or endanger the Building For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on too the Tunnels of the Chimnies <lb/>&longs;hould be carried quite clear from all Manner <lb/>of Wood-work, for fear &longs;ome Spark, or their <lb/>meer Heat &longs;hould &longs;et Fire to the Beams or <lb/>Rafters that are near them. </s> <s>The Drains al&longs;o <lb/>for carrying off the Water &longs;hould be &longs;o con­<lb/>trived, as to convey away all Super&longs;luities, and <lb/>in their Pa&longs;&longs;age not to do any Harm to the <lb/>Hou&longs;e, either by &longs;apping or dirtying it. </s> <s>For <lb/>if any of the&longs;e Things do Mi&longs;chief, let it be <lb/>ever &longs;o little, yet by Length of Time and con­<lb/>tinuation, they will in the End be of the utmo&longs;t <lb/>ill Con&longs;equence; and I have ob&longs;erved, that <lb/>the be&longs;t Architects have contrived either to <lb/>throw off the Rain by Spouts, &longs;o as not to wet <lb/>any body that is going into the Hou&longs;e, or car­<lb/>ried it thro Pipes into Ci&longs;terns to &longs;erve for U&longs;e, <lb/>or el&longs;e brought it together to &longs;ome Place <lb/>where it might wa&longs;h away all the Filth, &longs;o that <lb/>the Eyes and No&longs;es of the Inhabitants might <lb/>not be offended with it. </s> <s>Indeed they &longs;eem <lb/>to have been particularly careful to throw the <lb/>Rain Water clear away from the Building, <lb/>that it might not &longs;ap the Foundations, as well <pb xlink:href="003/01/031.jpg" pagenum="20"/>as for &longs;everal other Rea&longs;ons. </s> <s>In a Word, <lb/>they were very ob&longs;ervant to make all their <lb/>Apertures in the mo&longs;t convenient Places, and <lb/>where they might be mo&longs;t &longs;erviceable. </s> <s>I am <lb/>particularly for having the Wells &longs;et in the <lb/>mo&longs;t publick and open Part of the Structure, <lb/>&longs;o that they do not take off from the Dignity <lb/>of the Work, by being &longs;et in a Place improper <lb/>for them; and the Naturali&longs;ts affirm, that <lb/>Water mo&longs;t expo&longs;ed and open is be&longs;t and mo&longs;t <lb/>purified. </s> <s>But in whatever Part of the Building <lb/>you make either Wells or Drains, or any other <lb/>Conveyance for the Water, they ought to <lb/>have &longs;uch Apertures, as to admit a good <lb/>Quantity of Air, that the Pavement may be <lb/>kept dry from the damp Exhalations, which <lb/>will be purged and carried off by the Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>of the Winds, and the Motion of the Air. <lb/></s> <s>We have now taken a &longs;ufficient Review of the <lb/>De&longs;igns of Buildings, as far as they &longs;eem to <lb/>relate to the Work in general, noting each Par­<lb/>ticular by it&longs;elf that we intend to &longs;peak of. <lb/></s> <s>We are now to treat of the Work it&longs;elf and <lb/>of the Structure of Edifies. </s> <s>But fir&longs;t we will <lb/>con&longs;ider of the Materials, and of the Prepara­<lb/>tions nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Materials.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>End of the Fir&longs;t Book.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.031.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/031/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/032.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.032.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/032/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK II. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Treating of the Materials. </s> <s>That no Man ought to begin a Building ha&longs;tily <lb/>but &longs;hould fir&longs;t take a good deal of Time to con&longs;ider, and revolve in his Mind <lb/>all the Qualities and Requi&longs;ites of &longs;uch a Work: And that he &longs;hould carefull <lb/>review and examine, with the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structuly <lb/>in it&longs;elf, and the Proportions and Mea&longs;ures of every di&longs;tinct Part, not o re <lb/>in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual Models of Wood or &longs;ome othe Sunly <lb/>&longs;tance, that when he has fini&longs;h'd his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I do not think the Labour and <lb/>Expence of a Building to be en­<lb/>ter'd upon in a hurry; as well <lb/>for &longs;everal other Rea&longs;ons, as <lb/>al&longs;o becau&longs;e a Man's Honour and <lb/>Reputation &longs;uffers by it. </s> <s>For as a De&longs;ign <lb/>well and compleatly fini&longs;h'd brings Prai&longs;e to <lb/>him that has employ'd his Pains and Study in <lb/>the Work; &longs;o if in any particular the Author <lb/>&longs;eems to have been wanting, either of Art or <lb/>Prudence, it detracts very much from that <lb/>Prai&longs;e, and from his Reputation. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>the Beauties or Faults of Edifices, e&longs;pecially <lb/>publick ones, are in a Manner clear and mani­<lb/>fe&longs;t to every body; and (I know not how it <lb/>happens) any Thing ami&longs;s &longs;ooner draws Con­<lb/>tempt, than any Thing hand&longs;ome or well <lb/>fini&longs;h'd does Commendation. </s> <s>It is really won­<lb/>derful, how, by a Kind of natural In&longs;tinct, all <lb/>of us knowing or ignorant, immediately hit upon <lb/>what is right or wrong in the Contrivance or <lb/>Execution of Things, and what a &longs;hrewd Judg­<lb/>ment the Eye has in Works of this Nature <lb/>above all the other Sen&longs;es. </s> <s>Whence it happens, <lb/>that if any Thing offers it&longs;elf to us that is <lb/>lame or too little, or unnece&longs;&longs;ary, or un­<lb/>graceful, we pre&longs;ently find our&longs;elves moved <lb/>and de&longs;irous to have it hand&longs;omer. </s> <s>The Rea­<lb/>&longs;ons of tho&longs;e Faults perhaps we may not all of <lb/>us be acquainted with, and yet if we were to <pb xlink:href="003/01/033.jpg" pagenum="22"/>be ask'd, there is none of us but would readily <lb/>&longs;ay, that &longs;uch a Thing might be remedied and <lb/>corrected. </s> <s>Indeed every one cannot propo&longs;e <lb/>the Remedy, but only &longs;uch as are well practi­<lb/>ced and experienced that Way. </s> <s>It is therefore <lb/>the Part of a wi&longs;e Man to weigh and review <lb/>every particular thoroughly in his Mind: That <lb/>he may not afterwards be forced to &longs;ay, either <lb/>in the Middle or at the End of this Work, I <lb/>wi&longs;h this, or I wi&longs;h that were otherwi&longs;e. </s> <s>And <lb/>it is really &longs;urprizing, what a hearty Puni&longs;h­<lb/>ment a Man &longs;uffers for a Work ill managed: <lb/>For in Proce&longs;s of Time, he him&longs;elf at Length <lb/>finds out the Mi&longs;takes he fooli&longs;hly made in the <lb/>Beginning for want of due Reflection: And <lb/>then, unle&longs;s he pulls it to pieces and reforms <lb/>it, he is continually repenting and fretting at <lb/>the Eye-&longs;ore; or if he pulls it down, he is <lb/>blamed upon Account of the Lo&longs;s and Expence, <lb/>and accu&longs;ed of Levity and In&longs;tability of Mind. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Suetonius<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>Julius Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> having <lb/>begun a Structure at the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Nemoren&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> from <lb/>the very Foundations, and compleated it at <lb/>va&longs;t Expence, pull'd it all down again, becau&longs;e <lb/>it was not exactly in all re&longs;pects to his Mind. <lb/></s> <s>For which he is certainly very much to be <lb/>blamed, even by us his Po&longs;terity, either for <lb/>not &longs;ufficiently con&longs;idering what was requi&longs;ite <lb/>at fir&longs;t, or el&longs;e afterwards for di&longs;liking thro' <lb/>Levity what might really not be ami&longs;s. </s> <s>I <lb/>therefore always highly commend the ancient <lb/>Cu&longs;tom of Builders, who not only in Draughts <lb/>and Paintings, but in real Models of Wood or <lb/>other Sub&longs;tance, examin'd and weigh'd over <lb/>and over again, with the Advice of Men of the <lb/>be&longs;t Experience, the whole Work and the Ad­<lb/>mea&longs;urements of all its Parts, before they put <lb/>them&longs;elves to the Expence or Trouble. </s> <s>By <lb/>making a Model you will have an Opportunity, <lb/>thoroughly to weigh and con&longs;ider the Form <lb/>and Situation of your Platform with re&longs;pect to <lb/>the Region, what Extent is to be allow'd to <lb/>it, the Number and Order of the Parts, how <lb/>the Walls are to be made, and how &longs;trong and <lb/>firm the Covering; and in a Word all tho&longs;e <lb/>Particulars which we have &longs;poken of in the <lb/>preceding Book: And there you may ea&longs;ily <lb/>and freely add, retrench, alter, renew, and in <lb/>&longs;hort change every Thing from one End to <lb/>t'other, till all and every one of the Parts are <lb/>ju&longs;t as you would have them, and without Fault. <lb/></s> <s>Add likewi&longs;e, that you may then examine and <lb/>compute (what is by no means to be neglected) <lb/>the Particulars and Sum of your future Ex­<lb/>pence, the Size, Heighth, Thickne&longs;s, Num­<lb/>ber, Extent, Form, Species and Quality of <lb/>all the Parts, how they are to be made, and <lb/>by what Artificers; becau&longs;e you will thereby <lb/>have a clear and di&longs;tinct Idea of the Numbers <lb/>and Forms of your Columns, Capitals, Ba&longs;es, <lb/>Corni&longs;hes, Pediments, Incru&longs;tations, Pave­<lb/>ments, Statues and the like, that relates either <lb/>to the Strength or Ornament. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t not <lb/>omit to ob&longs;erve, that the making of curious, <lb/>poli&longs;h'd Models, with the Delicacy of Painting, <lb/>is not required from an Architect that only <lb/>de&longs;igns to &longs;hew the real Thing it&longs;elf; but is <lb/>rather the Part of a vain Architect, that makes <lb/>it his Bu&longs;ine&longs;s by charming the Eye and <lb/>&longs;triking the Fancy of the Beholder, to divert <lb/>him from a rigorous Examination of the Parts <lb/>which he ought to make, and to draw him <lb/>into an Admiration of him&longs;elf. </s> <s>For this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on I would not have the Models too exactly <lb/>fini&longs;h'd, nor too delicate and neat, but plain <lb/>and &longs;imple, more to be admired for the Con­<lb/>trivance of the Inventor, than the Hand of <lb/>the Workman. </s> <s>Between the De&longs;ign of the <lb/>Painter and that of the Architect, there is this <lb/>Difference, that the Painter by the Exactne&longs;s <lb/>of his Shades, Lines and Angles, endeavours <lb/>to make the Parts &longs;eem to ri&longs;e from the Can­<lb/>va&longs;s, whereas the Architect, without any Re­<lb/>gard to the Shades, makes his Relieves from <lb/>the De&longs;ign of his Platform, as one that would <lb/>have his Work valued, not by the apparent <lb/>Per&longs;pective, but by the real Compartments <lb/>founded upon Rea&longs;on. </s> <s>In a Word, you ought <lb/>to make &longs;uch Models, and con&longs;ider them by <lb/>your&longs;elf, and with others &longs;o diligently, and <lb/>examine them over and over &longs;o often, that <lb/>there &longs;hall not be a &longs;ingle Part in your whole <lb/>Structure, but what you are thoroughly ac­<lb/>quainted with, and know what Place and how <lb/>much Room it is to po&longs;&longs;e&longs;s, and to what U&longs;e to <lb/>be applied. </s> <s>But above all, nothing requires <lb/>our Attention &longs;o much as the Covering, which <lb/>&longs;eems in its Nature, if I mi&longs;take not, beyond <lb/>any Thing el&longs;e in Architecture to have been <lb/>of the greate&longs;t and fir&longs;t Convenience to Man­<lb/>kind; &longs;o that indeed it mu&longs;t be own'd, that <lb/>it was upon the Account of this Covering that <lb/>they invented not only the Wall and tho&longs;e <lb/>other Parts which are carried up with the Wall <lb/>and nece&longs;&longs;arily accompany it, but al&longs;o tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts which are made under Ground, &longs;uch as <lb/>Conduits, Channels, Receptacles of Rain <lb/>Water, Sewers and the like. </s> <s>For my Part, <lb/>that have had no &longs;mall Experience in Things of <lb/>this Nature, I indeed know the Difficulty of <pb xlink:href="003/01/034.jpg" pagenum="23"/>performing a Work, wherein the Parts are <lb/>join'd with Dignity, Convenience and Beauty, <lb/>having not only other Things prai&longs;e-worthy, <lb/>but al&longs;o a Variety of Ornaments, &longs;uch as <lb/>Decency and Proportion requires; and this no <lb/>Que&longs;tion is a very great Matter; but to cover <lb/>all the&longs;e with a proper, convenient and apt <lb/>Covering, is the Work of none but a very <lb/>great Ma&longs;ter. </s> <s>To conclude, when the whole <lb/>Model and the Contrivance of all the Parts <lb/>greatly plea&longs;es both your&longs;elf and others of <lb/>good Experience, &longs;o that you have not the <lb/>lea&longs;t Doubt remaining within your&longs;elf, and do <lb/>not know of any Thing that wants the lea&longs;t <lb/>Re-examination; even then I would advi&longs;e <lb/>you not to run furiou&longs;ly to the Execution out <lb/>of a Pa&longs;&longs;ion for Building, demoli&longs;hing old <lb/>Structures, or laying mighty Foundations of <lb/>the whole Work, which ra&longs;h and incon&longs;iderate <lb/>Men are apt to do; but if you will hearken <lb/>to me, lay the Thoughts of it a&longs;ide for &longs;ome <lb/>Time, till this favourite Invention grows old. <lb/></s> <s>Then take a fre&longs;h Review of every Thing, <lb/>when not being guided by a Fondne&longs;s for your <lb/>Invention, but by the Truth and Rea&longs;on of <lb/>Things you will be capable of judging more <lb/>clearly. </s> <s>Becau&longs;e in many Ca&longs;es Time will <lb/>di&longs;cover a great many Things to you, worth <lb/>Con&longs;ideration and Reflection, which, be you <lb/>ever &longs;o accurate, might before e&longs;cape you.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That we ought to undertake nothing above our Abilities, nor &longs;trive again&longs;t <lb/>Nature, and that we ought al&longs;o not only to con&longs;ider what we can do, <lb/>but what is &longs;it for us to do, and in what Place it is that we are to <lb/>build.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>On examining your Model, among other <lb/>Points to be con&longs;ider'd, you mu&longs;t take <lb/>Care not to forget the&longs;e. </s> <s>Fir&longs;t, not to under­<lb/>take a Thing, which is above the Power of <lb/>Man to do, and not to pretend to &longs;trive directly <lb/>contrary to the Nature of Things. </s> <s>For Na­<lb/>ture, if you force or wre&longs;t her out of her Way, <lb/>whatever Strength you may do it with, will <lb/>yet in the End overcome and break thro' all <lb/>Oppo&longs;ition and Hindrance; and the mo&longs;t ob­<lb/>&longs;tinate Violence (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) <lb/>will at la&longs;t be forced to yield to her daily and <lb/>continual Per&longs;everence a&longs;&longs;i&longs;ted by Length of <lb/>Time. </s> <s>How many of the mighty Works of <lb/>Men do we read of, and know our&longs;elves to <lb/>have been de&longs;troy'd by no other Cau&longs;e than <lb/>that they contended again&longs;t Nature? </s> <s>Who <lb/>does not laugh at him, that having made a <lb/>Bridge upon Ships, intended to ride over the <lb/>Sea? </s> <s>or rather, who does not hate him for his <lb/>Folly and In&longs;olence? </s> <s>The Haven of <emph type="italics"/>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>below <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that of <emph type="italics"/>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"/> near <emph type="italics"/>Terra­<lb/>cina,<emph.end type="italics"/> Works in all other Re&longs;pects likely to la&longs;t <lb/>to Eternity, yet now having their Mouths <lb/>&longs;top'd with Sand, and their Beds quite choak'd <lb/>up, they have been long &longs;ince totally de&longs;troy'd <lb/>by the continual A&longs;&longs;aults of the Sea, which in­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;antly wa&longs;hing again&longs;t it gains from it daily. <lb/></s> <s>What then think ye will happen in any Place, <lb/>where you pretend to oppo&longs;e or entirely repel <lb/>the Violence of Water, or the enormous <lb/>Weight of Rocks tumbling down on you in <lb/>Ruins? </s> <s>This being con&longs;ider'd, we ought never <lb/>to undertake any Thing that is not exactly <lb/>agreeable to Nature; and moreover we &longs;hould <lb/>take Care not to enter upon a Work in which <lb/>we may be &longs;o much wanting to our&longs;elves as to <lb/>be forced to leave it imperfect. </s> <s>Who would <lb/>not have blamed <emph type="italics"/>Tarquin,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of the <emph type="italics"/>Romans,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>if the Gods had not favoured the Greatne&longs;s of <lb/>the City, and if by the Enlargement of the <lb/>Empire he had not received an Acce&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>Wealth &longs;ufficient to compleat the Magnificence <lb/>of his Beginning, for throwing away the whole <lb/>Expence of his future Work in laying the <lb/>Foundations of his Temple. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides it is not <lb/>ami&longs;s to con&longs;ider, and that not in the la&longs;t <lb/>Place, not only what you are able, but al&longs;o <lb/>what is decent for you to do. </s> <s>I do not com­<lb/>mend <emph type="italics"/>Rhodope<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Thrace,<emph.end type="italics"/> the famous Courtezan, <lb/>and the Wonder of her Days, for building her­<lb/>&longs;elf a Sepulcher of incredible Expence: For <lb/>though &longs;he might po&longs;&longs;ibly by her Whoredom <lb/>have acquired the Riches of a Queen, yet &longs;he <lb/>was by no means worthy of a Royal Sepulcher. <lb/></s> <s>But on the other Hand I do not blame <emph type="italics"/>Arte­<lb/>mi&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> Queen of <emph type="italics"/>Caria,<emph.end type="italics"/> for having built her <lb/>beloved and worthy Con&longs;ort a mo&longs;t &longs;tately <pb xlink:href="003/01/035.jpg" pagenum="24"/><emph type="italics"/>Mau&longs;oleum:<emph.end type="italics"/> Though in Things of that Nature, <lb/>I think Mode&longs;ty is be&longs;t. <emph type="italics"/>Horace<emph.end type="italics"/> blamed <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mæcenas<emph.end type="italics"/> for having too furious a Pa&longs;&longs;ion for <lb/>Building. </s> <s>I commend him, who according to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cornelius Tacitus,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <emph type="italics"/>Otho<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Sepulcher, mode&longs;t, <lb/>but extremely durable. </s> <s>And though it be <lb/>true that private Monuments require Mode&longs;ty <lb/>and publick ones Magnificence; yet publick <lb/>ones too are &longs;ometimes prai&longs;ed for being as <lb/>mode&longs;t as the others. </s> <s>We admire <emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/>'s <lb/>Theatre for the &longs;urprizing Greatne&longs;s and Dig­<lb/>nity of the Work: A Work truly worthy of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Mid&longs;t of her <lb/>Victories: but <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/>'s unadvi&longs;edly Fondne&longs;s for <lb/>Building, and mad Pa&longs;&longs;ion for Undertaking im­<lb/>men&longs;e De&longs;igns, is commended by nobody. <lb/></s> <s>And be&longs;ides, who would not rather have <lb/>wi&longs;h'd, that he who employ'd &longs;o many thou­<lb/>&longs;and Men to bore through the Hill near <emph type="italics"/>Poz­<lb/>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> had taken the &longs;ame Pains, and be&longs;towed <lb/>the &longs;ame Expence upon &longs;ome Work of greater <lb/>U&longs;e? </s> <s>Who will not dete&longs;t the mon&longs;trous Folly <lb/>and Vanity of <emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus?<emph.end type="italics"/> who had Thoughts <lb/>of erecting a huge Column with Stairs on the <lb/>In&longs;ide of it to mount to the Top, whereon <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf was to be &longs;et as a God, <lb/>which he pretended to make him&longs;elf. </s> <s>But not <lb/>being able to find a Stone of that Bigne&longs;s, tho' <lb/>he &longs;ought for it quite to <emph type="italics"/>Thebais,<emph.end type="italics"/> he de&longs;i&longs;ted <lb/>from his wild De&longs;ign. </s> <s>Hereunto we may add, <lb/>that we ought not to begin a Thing, which <lb/>though in &longs;ome Re&longs;pects worthy and u&longs;eful, <lb/>and not altogether &longs;o difficult of Execution, <lb/>&longs;ome particular Opportunity or Means &longs;avouring <lb/>it at that Time, that yet is of a Nature to &longs;all <lb/>&longs;oon to decay, either thro' the Neglience of <lb/>Succe&longs;&longs;ors, or Di&longs;like of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>I <lb/>therefore find Fault with the Canal which <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made navigable for Callies with five Rows of <lb/>Oars from <emph type="italics"/>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> as well as <lb/>other Accounts, as becau&longs;e the Maintaining of <lb/>it &longs;eem'd to require perpetual and eternal <lb/>Felicity of the Empire, and a Succe&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>Princes all inclined to the &longs;ame Works. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Con&longs;iderations being granted, we ought to re­<lb/>flect duly upon all the Particulars before­<lb/>mention'd, that is to &longs;ay, what Work we un­<lb/>dertake, the Place we are to build in, and <lb/>what the Per&longs;on is that is to build; and to con­<lb/>trive every Thing according to his Dignity and <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ities, is the Part of a di&longs;creet and pru­<lb/>dent Architect.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That having con&longs;ider'd the whole Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Building in all the Parts <lb/>of the Model, we ought to take the Advice of prudent and under&longs;tanding Men, <lb/>and before we begin our Work, it will not only be proper to know how to <lb/>rai&longs;e Money for the Expence, but al&longs;o long before hand to provide all the <lb/>Materials for compleating &longs;uch an Undertaking.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having weigh'd and con&longs;ider'd the&longs;e <lb/>Things you mu&longs;t proceed to the Ex­<lb/>amination of the Re&longs;t, whether each of them <lb/>be perfectly contrived and conveniently di&longs;­<lb/>po&longs;ed in its proper Place. </s> <s>And to do this ef­<lb/>fectually, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary you &longs;hould be full of <lb/>this Per&longs;ua&longs;ion, all the while you are medita­<lb/>ting upon the&longs;e Things, that it will be a Scandal <lb/>to you, if as far as in you lies, you &longs;uffer any <lb/>other Building with the &longs;ame Expence or Ad­<lb/>vantages to gain more Prai&longs;e and Approbation <lb/>than your own. </s> <s>Nor is it &longs;ufficient in the&longs;e <lb/>Ca&longs;es to be only not de&longs;pi&longs;ed, unle&longs;s you are <lb/>highly and principally commended, and then <lb/>imitated. </s> <s>Therefore we ought to be as &longs;evere <lb/>and diligent as po&longs;&longs;ible in our Scrutiny of every <lb/>Particular, as well to &longs;uffer nothing but what <lb/>is excellent and elegant, as to have all Things <lb/>mutually concur to make the whole Hand&longs;ome <lb/>and Beautiful, in&longs;omuch that whatever you at­<lb/>tempted to add, or retrench, or alter, &longs;hould <lb/>be for the Wor&longs;e and make a Defect. </s> <s>But <lb/>herein, I repeat my Advice, let your Mode­<lb/>rator be the Prudence and Coun&longs;el of the mo&longs;t <lb/>experienced Judges, who&longs;e Approbation is <lb/>founded upon Knowledge and Sincerity: Be­<lb/>cau&longs;e by their Skill and Directions you will be <lb/>much more likely, than by your own private <lb/>Will and Opinion, to attain to Perfection or <lb/>Something very near it. </s> <s>And be&longs;ides, the <lb/>Prai&longs;e of good Judges is the highe&longs;t Satisfaction; <lb/>and as for others they prai&longs;e you &longs;ufficiently, and <lb/>indeed too much in not doing Something bet­<lb/>ter them&longs;elves. </s> <s>So that you will be &longs;ure of <pb xlink:href="003/01/036.jpg" pagenum="25"/>the Plea&longs;ure of having the Approbation of all <lb/>that under&longs;tand the&longs;e Matters. </s> <s>And you may <lb/>find your Advantage in hearkning to every <lb/>Body; for &longs;ometimes it happens, that Per&longs;ons <lb/>of no Skill make Ob&longs;ervations by no Means to <lb/>be de&longs;pi&longs;ed. </s> <s>When therefore you have well <lb/>weigh'd, review'd, and examin'd all the Parts <lb/>of your Model, and all the Proportions of the <lb/>whole Building, &longs;o that there is not the lea&longs;t <lb/>Particular any where about it, which you have <lb/>not con&longs;ider'd and reflected upon, and that <lb/>you are fully re&longs;olved to build in that Man­<lb/>ner in every Re&longs;pect, and can rai&longs;e the Money <lb/>conveniently for bearing the Expence; then <lb/>prepare the other Things nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Ex­<lb/>ecution of your Work, that when you have <lb/>begun, nothing may be wanting &longs;o as to pre­<lb/>vent your fini&longs;hing your Structure expeditiou&longs;ly. <lb/></s> <s>For as you will have Occa&longs;ion for a great Num­<lb/>ber of Things for carrying on the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, and <lb/>as if but one is unprovided, it may &longs;top or &longs;poil <lb/>the whole Work, it is your Care to have every <lb/>Thing at Hand that may be of U&longs;e to you, if <lb/>provided, or a Detriment, if wanting. </s> <s>The <lb/>Kings of <emph type="italics"/>Judea, David<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Solomon,<emph.end type="italics"/> when <lb/>they had undertaken to build the Temple of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem,<emph.end type="italics"/> having ama&longs;s'd great Quantities of <lb/>Gold, Silver, Bra&longs;s, Timber, Stone and the <lb/>like Materials, that they might want Nothing <lb/>that could be &longs;erviceable in the ea&longs;y and &longs;peedy <lb/>Execution of the Work (as <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius Pamphilus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us) &longs;ent to the neighbouring Kings for <lb/>&longs;everal Thou&longs;ands of Workmen and Architects. <lb/></s> <s>Which I highly commend: Becau&longs;e it cer­<lb/>tainly adds Dignity to the Work, and encrea&longs;es <lb/>the Glory of the Author; and Structures that <lb/>have been hand&longs;omely contrived and &longs;peedily <lb/>fini&longs;h'd be&longs;ides, have been very much celebra­<lb/>ted by ancient Writers. <emph type="italics"/>Quintus Curtius<emph.end type="italics"/> re­<lb/>lates that <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> the Great, in Building a <lb/>City, and that no very &longs;mall one, near the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tanais,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;pent but &longs;even Days; and <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Hi&longs;torian tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>Nebuchadnezzer<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>built the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Belus<emph.end type="italics"/> in fifteen, and in the <lb/>&longs;ame Space of Time girt the City of <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>with three Circuits of Walls. </s> <s>That <emph type="italics"/>Titus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made a Wall little le&longs;s than five Miles long, <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"/> near <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> built the eighth <lb/>Part of a Mile of a prodigious Wall every <lb/>Day; and that &longs;he erected another of above <lb/>five and twenty Miles in Length, very High <lb/>and Thick, to confine the Lake, and in no <lb/>more than &longs;even Days. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e in <lb/>another Place.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>What Materials are to be provided for the Building, what Workmen to be <lb/>cho&longs;e, and in what Sea&longs;ons, according to the Opinions of the Ancients, to cut <lb/>Timber.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Things to be prepared are the&longs;e, <lb/>Lime, Timber, Sand, Stone, as al&longs;o <lb/>Iron, Bra&longs;s, Lead, Gla&longs;s and the like. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Thing of greate&longs;t Con&longs;equence is to <lb/>chu&longs;e skilful Workmen, not light or incon­<lb/>&longs;tant, whom you may tru&longs;t with the Care <lb/>and Management of an Edifice well de&longs;ign'd, <lb/>and who will compleat it with all Expedition. <lb/></s> <s>And in fixing upon all the&longs;e, it will be of U&longs;e <lb/>to you to be &longs;omewhat guided by the Con&longs;idera­<lb/>tion of other Works already fini&longs;h'd in your <lb/>Neighbourhood, and by the Information you <lb/>receive from them to determine what to do in <lb/>your own Ca&longs;e. </s> <s>For by ob&longs;erving the Faults <lb/>and Beauties in them, you will con&longs;ider that <lb/>the &longs;ame may happen in yours. <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Emperor having form'd a De&longs;ign of dedica­<lb/>cating a huge Statue of an hundred and twenty <lb/>Foot high in Honour of the Sun at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> ex­<lb/>ceeding any Thing that had been done before <lb/>in Greatne&longs;s and Magnificence, as <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> re­<lb/>lates, before he gave final Orders for the <lb/>Work to <emph type="italics"/>Zenodarus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a famous and excellent <lb/>Sculptor in tho&longs;e Days, would fir&longs;t &longs;ee his Ca­<lb/>pacity for &longs;uch a Work by a <emph type="italics"/>Colo&longs;&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> of ex­<lb/>traordinary Weight, which he had made in <lb/>the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Auvergne<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>France.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The&longs;e <lb/>Things duly con&longs;ider'd, we proceed to the <lb/>others. </s> <s>We intend, then, in treating of the <lb/>Materials nece&longs;&longs;ary for Building, to repeat <lb/>tho&longs;e Things which have been taught us by the <lb/>mo&longs;t learned among the Ancients, and particu­<lb/>larly <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus, Ari&longs;otle, Cato, Varro, <lb/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Virgil,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e they have learned <lb/>more from long Ob&longs;ervation than from any <lb/>Quickne&longs;s of Genius; &longs;o that they are be&longs;t <lb/>gathered from tho&longs;e who have ob&longs;erved them <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Diligence. </s> <s>We &longs;hall there­<pb xlink:href="003/01/037.jpg" pagenum="26"/>fore go on to collect tho&longs;e Rules which the <lb/>mo&longs;t approved Ancients have left us in many <lb/>and various Places, and to the&longs;e, according to <lb/>our Cu&longs;tom, we &longs;hall add whatever we our­<lb/>&longs;elves have deduced from antique Works, or <lb/>the In&longs;tructions of mo&longs;t experienced Artificers, <lb/>if we happen to know any Thing that may be <lb/>&longs;erviceable to our Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>And I believe it <lb/>will be the be&longs;t Method, following Nature <lb/>her&longs;elf, to begin with tho&longs;e Things which were <lb/>&longs;ir&longs;t in U&longs;e among Men in their Buildings; <lb/>which, if we mi&longs;take not, were Timber Trees <lb/>which they fell'd in the Woods: Though <lb/>among Authors, I find, &longs;ome are divided <lb/>upon this very Subject. </s> <s>Some will have it, <lb/>that Men at fir&longs;t dwelt in Caves, and that <lb/>they and their Cattle were both &longs;heltered <lb/>under the &longs;ame Roof; and therefore they <lb/>believe what <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that one <emph type="italics"/>Gellius <lb/>Texius<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t, that, in Imitation of Na­<lb/>ture built him&longs;elf a Hou&longs;e of Mud. <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays that <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Daughter of <emph type="italics"/>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>the fir&longs;t that invented Hou&longs;es. <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius <lb/>Pamphilus,<emph.end type="italics"/> an excellent Searcher into Antiqui­<lb/>ty, tells us from the Te&longs;timony of the Ancients, <lb/>that the Grand&longs;ons of <emph type="italics"/>Protogenes<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t taught <lb/>Men the Building of Hou&longs;es, which they <lb/>patch'd up of Reeds and Bullru&longs;hes: But to <lb/>return to our Subject. </s> <s>The Ancients, then, <lb/>and particularly <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> inform us, that <lb/>mo&longs;t Trees, and e&longs;pecially the Fir, the Pitch­<lb/>tree and the Pine, ought to be cut immediately, <lb/>when they begin to put forth their young <lb/>Shoots, when through their abundance of Sap <lb/>you mo&longs;t ea&longs;ily &longs;trip off the Bark. </s> <s>But that <lb/>there are &longs;ome Trees, as the Maple, the Elm, <lb/>the A&longs;h, and the Linden, which are be&longs;t cut <lb/>after Vintage. </s> <s>The Oak if cut in Summer, <lb/>they ob&longs;erve is apt to breed Worms; but if in <lb/>Winter, it will keep &longs;ound and not &longs;plit. <lb/></s> <s>And it is not foreign to our Purpo&longs;e what they <lb/>remark, that Wood which is cut in Winter, in <lb/>a North Wind, though it be green, will never­<lb/>thele&longs;s burn extremely well, and in a Manner <lb/>without Smoak; which manife&longs;tly &longs;hews that <lb/>their Juices are not crude, but well dige&longs;ted. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> is for cutting Timber from the be­<lb/>ginning of Autumn, till &longs;uch Time as the &longs;oft <lb/>We&longs;terly Winds begin to blow. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"/>He&longs;iod<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that when the Sun darts his burning Rays <lb/>directly upon our Heads, and turns Mens Com­<lb/>plections to brown, then is the Time for Har­<lb/>ve&longs;t, but that when the Trees drop their <lb/>Leaves, then is the Sea&longs;on for cutting of Tim­<lb/>ber. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> moderates the Matter thus; let the <lb/>Oak, &longs;ays he, be felled during the Sol&longs;tice, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e in Winter it is always out of Sea&longs;on; other <lb/>Woods that bear Seed may be cut when that <lb/>is mature; tho&longs;e that bear none, when you <lb/>plea&longs;e. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e that have their Seeds green and <lb/>ripe at the &longs;ame Time, &longs;hould be cut when <lb/>that is fallen, but the Elm when the Leaves <lb/>drop. </s> <s>And they &longs;ay it is of very great Im­<lb/>portance, what Age the Moon is of when you <lb/>fell your Timber: For they are all of Opini­<lb/>on, and e&longs;pecially <emph type="italics"/>Varro,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the Influence of <lb/>the Moon is &longs;o powerful over Things of this <lb/>Nature, that even they who cut their Heir in <lb/>the Wane of the Moon, &longs;hall &longs;oon grow bald; <lb/>and for this Rea&longs;on, they tell us, <emph type="italics"/>Tiberius<emph.end type="italics"/> ob­<lb/>&longs;erved certain Days for cutting his Hair. </s> <s>The <lb/>A&longs;trologers affirm, that your Spirits will al­<lb/>ways be oppre&longs;&longs;ed with Melancholly, if you <lb/>cut your Nails or Hair while the Moon is op­<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ed or ill di&longs;po&longs;ed. </s> <s>It is to our pre&longs;ent <lb/>Purpo&longs;e what they &longs;ay, that &longs;uch Things as <lb/>are de&longs;igned in their U&longs;es to be moveable, <lb/>ought to be cut and wrought when the Moon <lb/>is in <emph type="italics"/>Libra<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Cancer;<emph.end type="italics"/> but &longs;uch as are to be <lb/>fixed and immoveable, when &longs;he is in <emph type="italics"/>Leo, <lb/>Taurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the like. </s> <s>But that Timber ought <lb/>to be cut in the Wane of the Moon, all the <lb/>Learned are agreed, becau&longs;e they hold that the <lb/>flegmatick Moi&longs;ture, &longs;o very liable to immedi­<lb/>ate Putrefaction, is then almo&longs;t quite dried up, <lb/>and it is certain, that when it is cut in &longs;uch a <lb/>Moon, it is never apt to breed Worms. </s> <s>Hence <lb/>they &longs;ay you ought to reap the Corn which <lb/>you intend to &longs;ell, at full Moon; becau&longs;e then <lb/>the Ears are full; but that which you intend <lb/>to keep in the Wane. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o evident, that <lb/>the Leaves of Trees cropt in the Wane of the <lb/>Moon do not rot. <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks it be&longs;t to <lb/>fell Timber from the twentieth to the thirtieth <lb/>Day of the Moon's Age; <emph type="italics"/>Vegetius,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <lb/>fifteenth to the two and twentieth; and hence <lb/>he &longs;uppo&longs;es the religious Ceremony to ari&longs;e, of <lb/>celebrating all My&longs;teries relating to Eternity <lb/>only on tho&longs;e Days, becau&longs;e Wood cut then <lb/>la&longs;ted in a Manner for ever. </s> <s>They add, that <lb/>we &longs;hould likewi&longs;e ob&longs;erve the Setting of the <lb/>Moon. </s> <s>But <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks it a proper Time to <lb/>fell Trees when the Dog-&longs;tar reigns, and when <lb/>the Moon is in Conjunction with the Sun, <lb/>which Day is called an <emph type="italics"/>Interlunium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and &longs;ays <lb/>it is good to wait for the Night of that Day <lb/>too, till the Moon is &longs;et. </s> <s>The A&longs;tronomers <lb/>&longs;ay, the Rea&longs;on of this is, becau&longs;e the Action <lb/>of the Moon puts the Fluids of all Bodies into <lb/>Motion; and that therefore when tho&longs;e Fluids <pb xlink:href="003/01/038.jpg" pagenum="27"/>are drawn down, or left by the Moon in the <lb/>lowe&longs;t Roots, the Re&longs;t of the Timber is clearer <lb/>and &longs;ounder. </s> <s>Moreover they think that the <lb/>Tree will be much more &longs;erviceable, if it is not <lb/>cut quite down immediately, but chopt round <lb/>about, and &longs;o left &longs;tanding upon the Stump to <lb/>dry. </s> <s>And they &longs;ay, that if the Fir (which is <lb/>not the mo&longs;t unapt to &longs;uffer by Moi&longs;ture) be <lb/>barked in the Wane of the Moon, it will never <lb/>afterwards be liable to be rotted by Water. <lb/></s> <s>There are &longs;ome who affirm that if the Oak, <lb/>which is &longs;o heavy a Wood that naturally it <lb/>&longs;inks in the Water, be chopt round the Bot­<lb/>tom in the Beginning of Spring, and cut down <lb/>when it has lo&longs;t its Leaves, it will have &longs;uch <lb/>an Effect upon it, that it will float for the <lb/>Space of ninety Days and not &longs;ink. </s> <s>Others <lb/>advi&longs;e to chop the Trees which you leave thus <lb/>upon their Stumps, half way through, that the <lb/>Corruption and bad Juices may di&longs;til through, <lb/>and be carried off. </s> <s>They add, that the Trees, <lb/>which are de&longs;igned to be &longs;awed or planed, <lb/>&longs;hould not be cut down till they have brought <lb/>their Fruits and ripened their Seeds; and that <lb/>Trees &longs;o cut, e&longs;pecially Fruit-bearers, &longs;hould <lb/>be barked, becau&longs;e while they are covered with <lb/>the Bark, Corruption is very apt to gather be­<lb/>tween the Rind and the Tree.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of pre&longs;erving the Trees after they are cut, what to plai&longs;ter or anoint them with, <lb/>of the Remedies again&longs;t their Infirmities, and of allotting them their proper <lb/>Places in the Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>After the Timber is cut, it mu&longs;t be <lb/>laid where the &longs;corching Heat of the <lb/>Sun or rude Bla&longs;ts of Winds never come; and <lb/>e&longs;pecially, that which falls of it&longs;elf, ought to <lb/>be very well protected with Shade. </s> <s>And for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on, the ancient Architects u&longs;ed to <lb/>plai&longs;ter it over with Ox-Dung; which <emph type="italics"/>Theo­<lb/>phra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays they did, becau&longs;e by that Means <lb/>all the Pores being &longs;topped up, the &longs;uperfluous <lb/>Flegm and Humidity concreting within, di&longs;­<lb/>tils and vents it&longs;elf by Degrees through the <lb/>Heart, by which Means the Dryne&longs;s of the <lb/>other Parts of the Wood is conden&longs;ed by its <lb/>drying equally throughout. </s> <s>And they are of <lb/>Opinion that Trees dry better, if &longs;et with their <lb/>Heads downward. </s> <s>Moreover, they pre&longs;cribe <lb/>various Remedies again&longs;t their decaying and <lb/>other Infirmities. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks that <lb/>burying of Timber hardens it extremely. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>advi&longs;es to anoint it with Lees of Oil, to pre­<lb/>&longs;erve it from all Manner of Worms; and we <lb/>all know that Pitch is a Defence to it again&longs;t <lb/>Water. </s> <s>They &longs;ay that Wood, which has been <lb/>&longs;oaked in the Dregs of Oil, will burn without <lb/>the Offence of Smoak. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that in <lb/>the Labyrinth of <emph type="italics"/>Egypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are a great <lb/>many Beams made of the <emph type="italics"/>Egyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Thorn <lb/>rubed over with Oil, and <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that Timber dawbed over with Glue will <lb/>not burn. </s> <s>Nor will I omit what we read in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Aulus Gellius,<emph.end type="italics"/> taken out of the Annals of <emph type="italics"/>Quin­<lb/>tus Claudius,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Archelaus, Mithridates<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Præ­<lb/>fect, having thoroughly debawbed a wooden <lb/>Tower in the Piræum with Allum, when <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"/> be&longs;ieged it, it would not take Fire. </s> <s>Se­<lb/>veral Woods are hardened and &longs;trengthened a­<lb/>gain&longs;t the A&longs;&longs;aults of Storms in various Man­<lb/>ners. </s> <s>They bury the Citron-wood under <lb/>Ground, plai&longs;tered over with Wax, for &longs;even <lb/>Days, and after an Intermi&longs;&longs;ion of as many <lb/>more, lay it under Heaps of Corn for the &longs;ame <lb/>Space of Time, whereby it becomes not only <lb/>&longs;tronger but ea&longs;ier to be wrought, becau&longs;e it <lb/>takes away a very con&longs;iderable Part of its <lb/>Weight; and they &longs;ay too, that the &longs;ame <lb/>Wood thus dryed, being afterwards laid &longs;ome <lb/>time in the Sea, acquires a Hardne&longs;s incredibly <lb/>&longs;olid and incorruptible. </s> <s>It is certain the Che&longs;­<lb/>nut Tree is purged by the Sea-water. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>writes, the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Fig-tree is laid under <lb/>Water to dry and grow lighter, for at fir&longs;t it <lb/>will &longs;ink to the Bottom. </s> <s>We &longs;ee that our <lb/>Workmen lay their Timber under Water or <lb/>Dung for thirty Days, e&longs;pecially &longs;uch as they <lb/>de&longs;ign for turning, by which Means they think <lb/>it is better dried and more ea&longs;ily worked for <lb/>all Manner of U&longs;es. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome who af­<lb/>firm, that all Manner of Woods agree in this, <lb/>that if you bury them in &longs;ome moi&longs;t Place <lb/>while they are green, they will endure for ever; <lb/>but whether you pre&longs;erve it in Woods, or bury, <lb/>or anoint it, the Experienced are univer&longs;ally of <lb/>this Opinion, that you mu&longs;t not meddle with <lb/>it under three Months: The Timber mu&longs;t have <pb xlink:href="003/01/039.jpg" pagenum="28"/>Time to harden and to get a Kind of Matu­<lb/>rity of Strength before it is applied to U&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>After it is thus prepared, <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> directs, that it <lb/>mu&longs;t not be brought out into the Air but in <lb/>the Wane of the Moon, and after Mid-day, and <lb/>even in the Wane of the Moon he condemns <lb/>the four Days next after the fi&longs;teenth, and pre­<lb/>cautions us again&longs;t bringing it out in a South <lb/>Wind. </s> <s>And when we bring it out, we mu&longs;t <lb/>take Care not to draw it through the Dew, <lb/>nor to &longs;aw or cut it when it is covered with <lb/>Dew or Fro&longs;t, but only when it is perfectly dry <lb/>in all Re&longs;pects.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>What Woods are mo&longs;t proper for Building, their Natures and U&longs;es, how they <lb/>are to be employed, and what Part of the Edifice each Kind is mo&longs;t fit for.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks that Timber is not dry <lb/>enough for the making of Planks, e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally for Doors, in le&longs;s than three Years. </s> <s>The <lb/>Trees of mo&longs;t U&longs;e for Building were reckoned <lb/>to be the&longs;e; the Holm, and all other Sorts of <lb/>Oaks, the Beech, the Poplar, the Linden, the <lb/>Willow, the Alder, the A&longs;h, the Pine, the Cy­<lb/>pre&longs;s, the Olive, both Wild and Garden, the <lb/>Che&longs;nut, the Larch Tree, the Box, the Cedar, <lb/>the Ebony, and even the Vine: But all the&longs;e <lb/>are various in their Natures, and therefore mu&longs;t <lb/>be applied to various U&longs;es. </s> <s>Some are better <lb/>than others to be expo&longs;ed without Doors, <lb/>others mu&longs;t be u&longs;ed within; &longs;ome delight in <lb/>the open Air, others harden in the Water, and <lb/>will endure almo&longs;t for ever under Ground; <lb/>&longs;ome are good to make nice Boards, and for <lb/>Sculptures, and all Manner of Joyner's Work; <lb/>&longs;ome for Beams and Rafters; others are &longs;tronger <lb/>for &longs;upporting open Terra&longs;&longs;es, and Coverings; <lb/>and the Alder, for Piles to make a Foundation <lb/>in a River or mar&longs;hy Ground, exceeds all other <lb/>Trees, and bears the Wet incomparably well, <lb/>but will not la&longs;t at all in the Air or Sun. </s> <s>On <lb/>the contrary, the Beech will not endure the <lb/>Wet at all. </s> <s>The Elm, &longs;et in the open Air, <lb/>hardens extremely; but el&longs;e it &longs;plits and will <lb/>not la&longs;t. </s> <s>The Pitch Tree and Pine, if buried <lb/>under Ground, are wonderfully durable. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Oak, being hard, clo&longs;e, and nervous, and <lb/>of the &longs;malle&longs;t Pores, not admitting any Moi&longs;­<lb/>ture, is the propere&longs;t of any for all Manner of <lb/>Works under Ground, capable of &longs;upporting <lb/>the greate&longs;t Weights, and is the &longs;tronge&longs;t of <lb/>Columns. </s> <s>But though Nature has endued it <lb/>with &longs;o much Hardne&longs;s that it cannot be bored <lb/>unle&longs;s it be &longs;oaked, yet above Ground it is <lb/>reckoned incon&longs;tant, and to warp and grow <lb/>unmanageable, and in the Sea-water quickly <lb/>rots; which does not happen to the Olive, nor <lb/>Holm Oak, nor Wild Olive, though in other <lb/>Things they agree with the Oak. </s> <s>The Ma&longs;t­<lb/>Holm never con&longs;umes with Age, becau&longs;e it's <lb/>In&longs;ide is juicy, and as it were always green. <lb/></s> <s>The Beech likewi&longs;e and the Che&longs;nut do not <lb/>rot in the Water, and are reckoned among the <lb/>principal Trees for Works under Ground. </s> <s>The <lb/>Cork Tree al&longs;o, and the wild Pine, the Mul­<lb/>berry, the Maple, and the Elm are not ami&longs;s <lb/>for Columns. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> recommends the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Negropont<emph.end type="italics"/> Nut Tree for Beams and Rafters, <lb/>becau&longs;e before it breaks it gives Notice by a <lb/>Crack, which formerly &longs;aved the Lives of a <lb/>great many People, who, upon the falling of <lb/>the publick Baths at <emph type="italics"/>Andros,<emph.end type="italics"/> by Means of that <lb/>Warning had Time to make their E&longs;cape. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Fir is much the Be&longs;t for that U&longs;e; for as it <lb/>is one of the Bigge&longs;t and Thicke&longs;t of Trees, &longs;o <lb/>it is endued with a natural Stiffne&longs;s, that will <lb/>not ea&longs;ily give way to the Weight that is laid <lb/>upon it, but &longs;tands firm and never yields. </s> <s>Add <lb/>be&longs;ides, that it is ea&longs;y to work, and does not <lb/>lie too heavy upon the Wall. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, many <lb/>Perfections, and U&longs;es, and great Prai&longs;es are a&longs;­<lb/>cribed to this &longs;ingle Wood; neverthele&longs;s we <lb/>cannot di&longs;own that it has one Fault, which is, <lb/>that it is too apt to catch Fire. </s> <s>Not inferior <lb/>to this for Roofs, is the Cypre&longs;s, a Tree, in <lb/>many other Re&longs;pects &longs;o u&longs;eful, that it claims a <lb/>principal Rank among the mo&longs;t excellent. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients reckoned it as one of the Be&longs;t, and <lb/>not inferior to Cedar or Ebony. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>India<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Cypre&longs;s is valued almo&longs;t equal with the Spice <lb/>Trees, and with good Rea&longs;on; for whatever <lb/>Prai&longs;es may be be&longs;towed upon the Ammony or <lb/>Cirenaic Field Pine, which <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays is <lb/>everla&longs;ting, yet if you con&longs;ult either Smell, <lb/>Beauty, Strength, Bigne&longs;s, Straitne&longs;s, or Du­<lb/>ration, or all the&longs;e together, what Tree can you <lb/>put in Competition with the Cypre&longs;s? </s> <s>It is <pb xlink:href="003/01/040.jpg" pagenum="29"/>affirmed that the Cypre&longs;s never &longs;uffers either <lb/>by Worms or Age, and never &longs;plits of its own <lb/>accord. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, <lb/>that the publick Laws and Statutes &longs;hould be <lb/>carved in &longs;acred Tables of Cypre&longs;s, believing <lb/>they would be more la&longs;ting than Tables of <lb/>Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>This Topick naturally leads me to give <lb/>an Account of what I my&longs;elf remember to <lb/>have read and ob&longs;erv'd of this Wood. </s> <s>It is re­<lb/>lated that the Gates of the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> being of Cypre&longs;s, la&longs;ted four hun­<lb/>dred Years, and pre&longs;erved their Beauty in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner that they always &longs;eemed to be new. <lb/></s> <s>In the Church of St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the <lb/>repairing of the Gates by Pope <emph type="italics"/>Eugenius,<emph.end type="italics"/> I <lb/>found, that where they had not been injured <lb/>by the Violence of the Enemy in &longs;tripping a­<lb/>way the Silver with which they were formerly <lb/>covered, they had continued whole and &longs;ound <lb/>above five hundred and fifty Years; for if we <lb/>examing the Annals of the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Pontiffs, &longs;o <lb/>long it is from the Time of <emph type="italics"/>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"/> the Third, <lb/>who &longs;et them up, to <emph type="italics"/>Eugene<emph.end type="italics"/> the Fourth. </s> <s>There­<lb/>fore, though the Fir is very much commended <lb/>for making Rafters, yet the Cypre&longs;s is prefer­<lb/>red before it, perhaps only upon this one Ac­<lb/>count, namely, that it is more la&longs;ting; but <lb/>then it is heavier than the Fir. </s> <s>The Pine and <lb/>Pitch Trees al&longs;o are valued, for the Pine is <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed to have the &longs;ame Quality as the Fir, <lb/>of ri&longs;ing again&longs;t the Weight that is laid upon <lb/>it: But between the Fir and the Pine there is <lb/>this Difference, among others, that the Firs is <lb/>le&longs;s injured by Worms, becau&longs;e the Pine is of a <lb/>&longs;weeter Juice than the Fir. </s> <s>I do not know <lb/>any Wood that is to be preferred to the Larch, <lb/>or Turpentine Tree, which, within my Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vation, has &longs;upported Buildings perfectly &longs;trong, <lb/>and to a very great Age, in many Places, and <lb/>particularly in tho&longs;e very ancient Structures in <lb/>the Market-place at <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> and indeed this one <lb/>Tree is reckoned to be furni&longs;hed with the Con­<lb/>veniences of all the Re&longs;t; it is nervous, tena­<lb/>cious of its Strength, unmoveable in Storms, <lb/>not mole&longs;ted with Worms; and it is an anci­<lb/>ent Opinion, that again&longs;t the Injuries of Fire <lb/>it remains invincible, and in a Manner unhurt, <lb/>in&longs;omuch that they advi&longs;e us, on whatever Side <lb/>we are apprehen&longs;ive of Fire, to place Beams of <lb/>Larch by Way of Security. </s> <s>It is true I have <lb/>&longs;een it take Fire and burn, but yet in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner that it &longs;eemed to di&longs;dain the Flames, <lb/>and to threaten to drive them away. </s> <s>It has <lb/>indeed one Defect, which is, that in Sea-wa­<lb/>ter it is very apt to breed Worms. </s> <s>For Beams <lb/>the Oak and Olive are accounted improper, <lb/>becau&longs;e of their Heavine&longs;s, and that they give <lb/>Way beneath the Weight that is laid upon <lb/>them, and are apt to warp even of them&longs;elves; <lb/>be&longs;ides, all Trees that are more inclinable to <lb/>break into Shivers than to &longs;plit, are unfit for <lb/>Beams; &longs;uch are the Olive, the Fig, the Lin­<lb/>den, the Sallow, and the like. </s> <s>It is a &longs;urpriz­<lb/>ing Property which they relate of the Palm <lb/>Tree, that it ri&longs;es again&longs;t the Weight that is <lb/>laid upon it, and bends upwards in &longs;pite of all <lb/>Re&longs;i&longs;tance. </s> <s>For Beams and Coverings ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to the open Air, the Juniper is greatly <lb/>commended; and <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays it has the &longs;ame <lb/>Properties as the Cedar, but is &longs;ounder. </s> <s>The <lb/>Olive too is reckoned extreamly durable, and <lb/>the Box is e&longs;teemed as one of the Be&longs;t of all. <lb/></s> <s>Nor is the Che&longs;nut, though apt to cleave and <lb/>&longs;plit, rejected for Works to the open Air. </s> <s>But <lb/>the wild Olive they particularly e&longs;teem &longs;or the <lb/>&longs;ame Rea&longs;on as the Cypre&longs;s, becau&longs;e it never <lb/>breeds Worms, which is the Advantage of all <lb/>Trees that have oily and gummy Juices, e&longs;pe­<lb/>cially if tho&longs;e Juices are bitter. </s> <s>The Worm <lb/>never enters into &longs;uch Trees, and it is certain <lb/>they exclude all Moi&longs;ture from without. </s> <s>Con­<lb/>trary to the&longs;e are &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be all Woods <lb/>that have Juices of a &longs;weet Ta&longs;te, and which <lb/>ea&longs;ily take Fire; out of which, neverthele&longs;s, <lb/>they except the &longs;weet as well as the wild Olive. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the Holm Oak and Beech <lb/>are very weak in their Nature again&longs;t Storms, <lb/>and do not endure to a great Age. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the Ma&longs;t-holm &longs;oon rots. </s> <s>But the Fir, <lb/>and particularly that which grows in the <emph type="italics"/>Alps,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for U&longs;es within Doors, as for Bed&longs;teads, Ta­<lb/>bles, Doors, Benches, and the like, is excel­<lb/>lent; becau&longs;e it is, in its Nature, very dry, and <lb/>very tenacious of the Glue. </s> <s>The Pitch-Tree <lb/>and Cypre&longs;s al&longs;o are very good for &longs;uch U&longs;es; <lb/>the Beech for other Service is too brittle, but <lb/>does mighty well for Coffers and Beds, and <lb/>will &longs;aw into extreme thin Planks, as will like­<lb/>wi&longs;e the Scarlet-Oak. </s> <s>The Che&longs;nut, on the <lb/>Contrary, the Elm, and the A&longs;h are reckoned <lb/>very unfit for Planks, becau&longs;e they ea&longs;ily &longs;plit, <lb/>and though they &longs;plit &longs;lowly, they are very in­<lb/>clinable to it; though el&longs;e the A&longs;h is account­<lb/>ed very obedient in all Manner of Works. </s> <s>But <lb/>I am &longs;urprized the Ancients have not celebra­<lb/>ted the Nut Tree; which, as Experience &longs;hews <lb/>us, is extremely tractable, and good for mo&longs;t <lb/>U&longs;es, and e&longs;pecially for Boards or Planks, <lb/>They commend the Mulberry-Tree, both for <lb/>its Durablene&longs;s, and becau&longs;e by Length of <pb xlink:href="003/01/041.jpg" pagenum="30"/>it grows blacker and hand&longs;omer. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that the Rich u&longs;ed to make their <lb/>Doors of the Lote-Tree, the Scarlet-Oak, and <lb/>of Box. </s> <s>The Elm, becau&longs;e it firmly main­<lb/>tains its Strength, is &longs;aid to be very proper for <lb/>Jambs of Doors, but it &longs;hould be &longs;et with its <lb/>Head downwards. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that Levers <lb/>ought to be made of Holly, Laurel, and Elm: <lb/>For Bars and Bolts, they recommend the Cor­<lb/>nel-Tree; for Stairs, the wild A&longs;h or the <lb/>Maple. </s> <s>They hollowed the Pine, the Pitch­<lb/>Tree and the Elm for Aqueducts, but they &longs;ay <lb/>unle&longs;s they are buried under Ground they pre­<lb/>&longs;ently decay. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Female Larch-Tree, <lb/>which is almo&longs;t of the Colour of Honey, for <lb/>the Ornaments of Edifices and for Tables for <lb/>Painting, they found to be in a Manner eternal <lb/>and never crack or &longs;plit; and be&longs;ides, as its <lb/>Veins run &longs;hort, not long, they u&longs;ed it for the <lb/>Images of their Gods, as they did al&longs;o the <lb/>Lote, the Box, the Cedar, and the Cypre&longs;s <lb/>too, and the large Roots of the Olive, and the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Egyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Peach-Tree, which they &longs;ay is like <lb/>the Lote-Tree.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IF they had Occa&longs;ion to turn any Thing <lb/>long and round, they u&longs;ed the Beech, the <lb/>Mulberry, the Tree that yields the Turpentine, <lb/>but e&longs;pecially the mo&longs;t clo&longs;e bodied Box, mo&longs;t <lb/>excellent for Turning; and for very curious <lb/>Works, the Ebony. </s> <s>Neither for Statues or <lb/>Pictures did they de&longs;pi&longs;e the Poplar, both <lb/>white and black, the Sallow, the Hornbeam, <lb/>the Service-Tree, the Elder, and the Fig; <lb/>which Woods, by their Dryne&longs;s and Evenne&longs;s, <lb/>are not only good for receiving and pre&longs;erving <lb/>the Gums and Colours of the Painter, but are <lb/>wonderfully &longs;oft and ea&longs;y under the Carver's <lb/>Tool for expre&longs;&longs;ing all Manner of Forms. <lb/></s> <s>Though it is certain that none of the&longs;e for <lb/>Tractablene&longs;s can compare with the Linden. <lb/></s> <s>Some there are that for Statues chu&longs;e the Jubol­<lb/>Tree. </s> <s>Contrary to the&longs;e is the Oak, which <lb/>will never join either with it&longs;elf or any other <lb/>Wood of the &longs;ame Nature, and de&longs;pi&longs;es all <lb/>Manner of Glue: The &longs;ame Defect is &longs;uppos'd <lb/>to be in all Trees that are grained, and in­<lb/>clin'd to di&longs;til. </s> <s>Wood that is ea&longs;ily plain'd, <lb/>and has a clo&longs;e Body, is never well to be <lb/>fa&longs;ten'd with Glue; and tho&longs;e al&longs;o that are of <lb/>different Natures, as the Ivy, the Laurel and <lb/>the Linden, which are hot, if glued to tho&longs;e <lb/>that grow in moi&longs;t Places, which are all in <lb/>their Natures cold, never hold long together. <lb/></s> <s>The Elm, the A&longs;h, the Mulberry, and the <lb/>Cherry-Tree, being dry, do not agree with the <lb/>Plane Tree or the Alder, which are Moi&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>Nay, the Ancients were &longs;o far from joining <lb/>together Woods different in their Natures, that <lb/>they would not &longs;o much as place them near <lb/>one another. </s> <s>And for this Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>advi&longs;es us again&longs;t joining Planks of Beech and <lb/>Oak together.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Trees more &longs;ummarily.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to &longs;peak of all the&longs;e more &longs;um­<lb/>marily. </s> <s>All Authors are agreed that <lb/>Trees which do not bear Fruit are &longs;tronger and <lb/>&longs;ounder than tho&longs;e which do; and that the <lb/>wild ones, which are not cultivated either with <lb/>Hand or Steel, are harder than the Dome&longs;tick. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the wild ones never fall <lb/>into any Infirmities that kill them, whereas the <lb/>Dome&longs;tick and Fruit-bearers are &longs;ubject to <lb/>very con&longs;iderable Infirmities; and among the <lb/>Fruit-bearers tho&longs;e which bear early are <lb/>weaker than tho&longs;e which bear late, and the <lb/>Sweet than the Tart; and among the tart ones, <lb/>&longs;uch are accounted the Firme&longs;t, that have the <lb/>Sharpe&longs;t and the lea&longs;t Fruit. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e that bear Fruit <lb/>only once in two Years, and tho&longs;e which are <lb/>entirely barren, have more Knots in them than <lb/>tho&longs;e which bear every Year; the Shorte&longs;t <lb/>likewi&longs;e are the Harde&longs;t, and the Barren grow <lb/>fa&longs;ter than the Fruitful. </s> <s>They &longs;ay likewi&longs;e <lb/>that &longs;uch Trees as grow in an open Place, un­<lb/>&longs;helter'd either by Woods or Hills, but &longs;haken <lb/>by frequent Storms and Winds, are &longs;tronger <lb/>and thicker, but at the &longs;ame Time &longs;horter and <lb/>more knotty than &longs;uch as grow down in a Val­<lb/>ley, or in any other Place defended from the <lb/>Winds. </s> <s>They al&longs;o believe that Trees which <lb/>grow in moi&longs;t &longs;hady Places are more tender <lb/>than tho&longs;e which grow in a dry open Situation, <lb/>and that tho&longs;e which &longs;tand expo&longs;ed to the <lb/>North are more &longs;erviceable than tho&longs;e which <lb/>grow to the South. </s> <s>They reject, as abortive <lb/>all Trees that grow in Places not agreeable to <lb/>their Natures, and though &longs;uch as &longs;tand to the <pb xlink:href="003/01/042.jpg" pagenum="31"/>South are very hard, yet they are apt to warp <lb/>in their Sap, &longs;o that they are not &longs;trait and <lb/>even enough for Service, Moreover, tho&longs;e <lb/>which are in their Natures dry and &longs;low growers, <lb/>are &longs;tronger than tho&longs;e which are moi&longs;t and <lb/>fruitful; wherefore <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uppos'd that the <lb/>one were Male and the other Female, and that <lb/>white Timber was le&longs;s clo&longs;e and more tractable <lb/>than that which has any other Colour in it. <lb/></s> <s>It is certain that heavy Wood is harder and <lb/>clo&longs;er than light; and the Lighter it is, the <lb/>more Brittle; and the more Knotty the &longs;tronger. <lb/></s> <s>Trees likewi&longs;e which Nature has endu'd with <lb/>the longe&longs;t Life, &longs;he has always endu'd with <lb/>the Property of keeping longe&longs;t from Decay <lb/>when cut down, and the le&longs;s Sap they have, &longs;o <lb/>much they are the Stronger and more Hardy. <lb/></s> <s>The Parts neare&longs;t to the Sap are indeed <lb/>harder and clo&longs;er than the re&longs;t; but tho&longs;e next <lb/>the Bark have more binding Nerves, for it is <lb/>&longs;uppos'd, in Trees ju&longs;t as in Animals, the Bark <lb/>is the Skin, the Parts next under the Bark are <lb/>the Fle&longs;h, and that which enclo&longs;es the Sap, the <lb/>Bone; and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> thought the Knots in Plants <lb/>were in the Nature of Nerves. </s> <s>Of all the Parts <lb/>of the Tree, the wor&longs;t is the Alburnum, or <lb/>Juice, that nouri&longs;hes it, both becau&longs;e it is very <lb/>apt to breed Worms, and upon &longs;everal other <lb/>Accounts. </s> <s>To the&longs;e Ob&longs;ervations we may <lb/>add, that the Part of the Tree which, while <lb/>it was &longs;tanding, was towards the South, will <lb/>be dryer than the re&longs;t, and thinner, and more <lb/>extenuated, but it will be firmer and clo&longs;er; <lb/>and the Sap will be nearer to the Bark on that <lb/>Side than on the other. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Parts al&longs;o <lb/>which are neare&longs;t to the Ground and to the <lb/>Roots, will be heavier than any of the re&longs;t; a <lb/>Proof whereof is that they will hardly float <lb/>upon the Water; and the Middle of all Trees <lb/>is the mo&longs;t knotty. </s> <s>The Veins too, the nea­<lb/>rer they are to the Roots, the more they are <lb/>wreath'd and contorted; neverthele&longs;s the <lb/>lower Parts are reckoned always &longs;tronger and <lb/>more u&longs;eful than the Upper. </s> <s>But I find in <lb/>good Authors &longs;ome very remarkable Things <lb/>of &longs;ome Trees; they &longs;ay that the Vine exceeds <lb/>even the Eternity of Time it&longs;elf. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>near <emph type="italics"/>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Statue of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made of that Wood to be &longs;een in <emph type="italics"/>Cœ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Days, <lb/>which had la&longs;ted for a va&longs;t Number of Years <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Decay; and indeed it is uni­<lb/>ver&longs;ally allow'd that there is no Wood what­<lb/>&longs;oever more durable. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Ariana,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Province <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are Vines &longs;o large, as <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>informs us, that two Men can hardly embrace <lb/>its Trunk. </s> <s>They tell us of a Roof of Cedar <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Utica<emph.end type="italics"/> that la&longs;ted twelve Hundred and <lb/>&longs;eventy eight Years. </s> <s>In a Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;peak of Rafters of Juniper, that <lb/>la&longs;ted from two Hundred Years before the <lb/>Siege of <emph type="italics"/>Troy<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to the Days of <emph type="italics"/>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The Cedar too is of a mo&longs;t wonderful Nature, <lb/>if as they &longs;ay it is the only Wood that will <lb/>not retain the Nails. </s> <s>In the Mountains near <lb/>the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Benacus,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <emph type="italics"/>Lago di Garda,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>grows a Kind of Fir, which, if you make <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els of it, will not hold the Wine, unle&longs;s <lb/>you fir&longs;t anoint them with Oil. </s> <s>Thus much <lb/>for Trees.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Stones in general, when they are to be dug, and when u&longs;ed; which are the <lb/>&longs;ofte&longs;t and which the harde&longs;t, and which be&longs;t and mo&longs;t durable.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We mu&longs;t likewi&longs;e make Provi&longs;ion of the <lb/>Stone which is to be u&longs;ed in our <lb/>Walls, and this is of two Sorts; the one proper <lb/>only &longs;or making the Lime and the Cement, <lb/>the other for erecting the Building. </s> <s>Of <lb/>this latter we &longs;hall treat fir&longs;t, omitting many <lb/>Particulars, both for the Sake of Brevity, and <lb/>becau&longs;e they are already &longs;ufficiently known. <lb/></s> <s>Neither &longs;hall we &longs;pend any Time here in phi­<lb/>lo&longs;ophical Enquiries about the Principle and <lb/>Origin of Stones; as, whether their fir&longs;t Par­<lb/>ticles, made vi&longs;cous by a Mixture of Earth and <lb/>Water, harden fir&longs;t into Slime, and afterwards <lb/>into Stone; or what is &longs;aid of Gems, that <lb/>they are collected and concreted by the Heat <lb/>and Power of the Rays of the Sun, or rather <lb/>that there is in the Bo&longs;om of the Earth certain <lb/>natural Seeds as of other Things, &longs;o al&longs;o of <lb/>Stones: And whether their Colour is owing <lb/>to a certain proper blending of the Particles of <lb/>Water with very minute ones of Earth; or to <lb/>&longs;ome innate Quality of its own Seed, or to an <lb/>Impre&longs;&longs;ion receiv'd from the Sun's Rays. </s> <s>And <lb/>though the&longs;e Di&longs;qui&longs;itions might perhaps help <pb xlink:href="003/01/043.jpg" pagenum="32"/>to adorn our Work, I &longs;hall omit them, and <lb/>proceed to treat of the Method of Building as <lb/>addre&longs;&longs;ing my&longs;elf to Artificers approv'd for <lb/>Skill and Experience, with more Freedom <lb/>than perhaps would be allow'd by tho&longs;e who <lb/>are &longs;or more exact philo&longs;ophi&longs;ing. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> advi&longs;es <lb/>to dig the Stone in Summer, to let it lie in the <lb/>open Air, and not to u&longs;e it under two Years: <lb/>In Summer, to the Intent that it may grow <lb/>accu&longs;tom'd by Degrees to Wind, Rain, and <lb/>Fro&longs;t, and other Inclemencies of the Weather, <lb/>which it had not felt before. </s> <s>For if Stone, <lb/>immediately upon its being dug out of the <lb/>Quarry, while it is full of its native Juice and <lb/>Humidity, is expos'd to &longs;evere Winds and <lb/>&longs;udden Fro&longs;ts, it will &longs;plit and break to Pieces. <lb/></s> <s>It &longs;hould be kept in the open Air, in order to <lb/>prove the Goodne&longs;s of each particular Stone, <lb/>and how well it is able to re&longs;i&longs;t the Accidents <lb/>that injure it, making Experiment by this &longs;mall <lb/>Trial, how long they are likely to hold again&longs;t <lb/>the A&longs;&longs;aults of Time. </s> <s>They &longs;hould not be <lb/>u&longs;ed under two Years, to the Intent that you <lb/>may have Time to find out &longs;uch among them <lb/>as are weak in their Nature, and likely to dam­<lb/>age the Work, and to &longs;eperate them from the <lb/>good ones; for it is certain, in one and the <lb/>&longs;ame Kind of Stones there is a Difference in <lb/>Goodne&longs;s of any Sort of Stone, and its Fit­<lb/>ne&longs;s for this or that particular Situation, is be&longs;t <lb/>learnt from U&longs;e and Experience; and you <lb/>may much &longs;ooner come at their Values and <lb/>Properties from old Buildings, than from the <lb/>Writings and Precepts of Philo&longs;phers. </s> <s>How­<lb/>ever, to &longs;ay &longs;omething briefly of Stones in ge­<lb/>neral, we will beg Leave to offer the follow­<lb/>ing Ob&longs;ervations.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ALL white Stone is &longs;ofter than red, the clear <lb/>is more ea&longs;ily wrought than the Cloudy, and <lb/>the more like Salt it looks, the harder it is to <lb/>work. </s> <s>Stone that looks as if it were &longs;trew'd <lb/>over with a bright &longs;hining Sand, is har&longs;h; if <lb/>little Sparks, as it were, of Gold are intermix'd, <lb/>it will be &longs;tubborn; if it has a Kind of little <lb/>black Points in it, it will be hard to get out <lb/>of the Quarry: That which is &longs;potted with <lb/>angular Drops is &longs;tronger than that which has <lb/>round ones, and the &longs;maller tho&longs;e Drops are, <lb/>the harder it will be; and the finer and clearer <lb/>the Colour is, the longer it will la&longs;t. </s> <s>The <lb/>Stone that has fewe&longs;t Veins, will be mo&longs;t <lb/>entire, and when the Veins come neare&longs;t in <lb/>Colour to the adjoining Parts of the Stone, it <lb/>will prove mo&longs;t equal throughout: The &longs;maller <lb/>the Veins, the hand&longs;omer; the more winding <lb/>they run, the more untoward; and the more <lb/>knotty, the wor&longs;e, Of the&longs;e Veins that is <lb/>mo&longs;t apt to &longs;plit which has in the Middle a <lb/>reddi&longs;h Streak, or of the Colour of rotten <lb/>Oker. </s> <s>Much of the &longs;ame Nature is that which <lb/>is &longs;tain'd here and there with the Colour of <lb/>faded Gra&longs;s, but the mo&longs;t difficult of all is <lb/>&longs;uch as looks like a cloudy Piece of Ice. </s> <s>A <lb/>Multitude of Veins &longs;hews the Stone to be de­<lb/>ceitful and apt to crack; and the &longs;traiter they <lb/>are, the more un&longs;aithful. </s> <s>Upon breaking a <lb/>Stone, the more fine and poli&longs;h'd the Frag­<lb/>ments appear, the clo&longs;er bodied it is; and that <lb/>which when broken has its Out&longs;ide the lea&longs;t <lb/>rugged, will be more manageable than tho&longs;e <lb/>which are rough. </s> <s>Of the Rough ones, tho&longs;e <lb/>which are white&longs;t will be wor&longs;t for working; <lb/>whereas, on the Contrary, in brown Stones, <lb/>tho&longs;e of the &longs;malle&longs;t and fine&longs;t Grain are lea&longs;t <lb/>obedient to the Tool. </s> <s>All mean ordinary <lb/>Stones are the Harder for being &longs;pungy, and <lb/>that which being &longs;prinkled with Water is long­<lb/>e&longs;t in drying, is the mo&longs;t crude.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ALL heavy Stones are more &longs;olid and ea&longs;ier <lb/>to poli&longs;h than light ones, which upon rubbing <lb/>is much more apt to come off in Flakes than <lb/>&longs;uch as are heavy. </s> <s>That which upon being <lb/>&longs;truck gives the be&longs;t Sound, is clo&longs;er made than <lb/>that which &longs;ounds dull; and that which upon <lb/>&longs;trong Friction &longs;mells of Sulphur, is &longs;tronger <lb/>than that which yields no Smell at all. </s> <s>La&longs;t­<lb/>ly, that which makes the mo&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance again&longs;t <lb/>the Chizzel will be mo&longs;t firm and rigid again&longs;t <lb/>the Violence of Storms. </s> <s>They &longs;ay, that tho&longs;e <lb/>Stones which hold together in the large&longs;t Scant­<lb/>lings at the Mouth of the Quarry, are firme&longs;t <lb/>again&longs;t the Weather. </s> <s>All Stone too is &longs;ofter <lb/>when it is ju&longs;t dug up, than after it has been <lb/>&longs;ome Time in the Air, and when it is wetted, <lb/>or &longs;o&longs;tened with Water, is more yielding to the <lb/>Tool than when it is dry. </s> <s>Al&longs;o &longs;uch Stones as <lb/>are dug out of the moi&longs;te&longs;t Part of the Quarry, <lb/>will be the clo&longs;e&longs;t when they come to be dry; <lb/>and it is thought that Stones are ea&longs;ier wrought <lb/>in a South-wind than in a North, and are more <lb/>apt to &longs;plit in a North-wind than in a South. <lb/></s> <s>But if you have a Mind to make an Experi­<lb/>ment how your Stone will hold out again&longs;t <lb/>Time, you may judge from hence: If a Piece <lb/>of it, which you &longs;oak in Water, increa&longs;es much <lb/>of its Weight, it will be apt to be rotted by <lb/>Moi&longs;ture; and that which flies to Pieces in <lb/>Fire, will bear neither Sun nor Heat. </s> <s>Neither <lb/>do I think that we ought to omit here &longs;ome <lb/>Things worthy Memorial, which the Ancients <lb/>relate of &longs;ome Stones.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/044.jpg" pagenum="33"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Some Things worthy Memorial, relating to Stones, left us by the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It will not be foreign to our Purpo&longs;e to hear <lb/>what a Variety there is in Stones, and <lb/>what admirable Qualities &longs;ome are endued <lb/>with, that we may be able to apply each to its <lb/>propere&longs;t U&longs;e. </s> <s>In the Territory of <emph type="italics"/>Bol&longs;ena<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Stratone,<emph.end type="italics"/> they tell us there is a Stone extremely <lb/>proper for all Manner of Buildings, which nei­<lb/>ther Fire nor any Injuries of Weather ever af­<lb/>fects, and which pre&longs;erves the Lineaments of <lb/>Statues beyond any other. <emph type="italics"/>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that <lb/>when <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> repaired the City, which lay in <lb/>Ruins by the Flames, he made u&longs;e of the <emph type="italics"/>Al­<lb/>banian<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Gabinian<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone for Beams, becau&longs;e <lb/>the Fire never hurts that Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Territory of the <emph type="italics"/>Genoe&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>Ve­<lb/>nice,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Dutchy of <emph type="italics"/>Spoletto,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the March <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Anconia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and near <emph type="italics"/>Burgundy,<emph.end type="italics"/> they find a <lb/>white Stone, which is ea&longs;ily cut with a Saw <lb/>and poli&longs;h'd, which if it were not for the <lb/>Weakne&longs;s and Brittlene&longs;s of its Nature, would <lb/>be u&longs;ed by every body; but any thing of <lb/>Fro&longs;t or Wet rots and breaks it, and it is not <lb/>&longs;trong enough to re&longs;i&longs;t the Winds from the <lb/>Sea. <emph type="italics"/>I&longs;tria<emph.end type="italics"/> produces a Stone very like Marble, <lb/>but if touch'd either by Flame or Vapour, it <lb/>immediately flies in Pieces, which indeed is <lb/>&longs;aid to be the Ca&longs;e of all Stones, e&longs;pecially of <lb/>Flint both white and black, that they cannot <lb/>endure Fire.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the <emph type="italics"/>Campagna di Roma<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Stone of the <lb/>Colour of black A&longs;hes, in which there &longs;eems <lb/>to be Coals mix'd and inter&longs;pers'd, which is <lb/>beyond Imagination ea&longs;y to be wrought with <lb/>Iron, thoroughly &longs;ound, and not weak again&longs;t <lb/>Fire or Weather; but it is &longs;o dry and thir&longs;ty, <lb/>that it pre&longs;ently drinks and burns up the Moi­<lb/>&longs;ture of the Cement, and reduces it perfectly <lb/>into Powder, &longs;o that the Junctures opening, <lb/>the Work pre&longs;ently decays and falls to Ruins. <lb/></s> <s>But round Stones, and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e which <lb/>are found in Rivers, are of a Nature directly <lb/>contrary; for being always moi&longs;t, they never <lb/>bind with the Cement. </s> <s>But what a &longs;urprizing <lb/>Di&longs;covery is this which has been made, name­<lb/>ly, that the Marble in the Quarry grows! in <lb/>the&longs;e our Days they have found at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> under <lb/>Ground a Number of &longs;mall Pieces of <emph type="italics"/>Trever­<lb/>tine<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone, very porous and &longs;pungy, which by <lb/>the Nouri&longs;hment (if we may &longs;o call it) given <lb/>it by the Earth and by Time, are grown to­<lb/>gether into one Piece.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Lake <emph type="italics"/>di pie di Luco,<emph.end type="italics"/> in that Part <lb/>where the Water tumbles down a broken Pre­<lb/>cipice into the River <emph type="italics"/>Nera,<emph.end type="italics"/> you may perceive <lb/>that the upper Edge of the Bank has grown <lb/>continually, in&longs;omuch that &longs;ome have believ'd <lb/>that this Encrea&longs;e and Growth of the Stone <lb/>has in Length of Time clo&longs;ed up the Mouth <lb/>of the Valley and turn'd it into a Lake.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BELOW <emph type="italics"/>la Ba&longs;ilicata,<emph.end type="italics"/> not far from the River <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Silari,<emph.end type="italics"/> on that Side where the Water flows <lb/>from &longs;ome high Rocks towards the Ea&longs;t, there <lb/>are daily &longs;een to grow huge Pieces of hanging <lb/>Stone, of &longs;uch a Magnitude, that any one of <lb/>them would be a Load for &longs;everal Carts. </s> <s>This <lb/>Stone while it is fre&longs;h and moi&longs;t with its natu­<lb/>ral Juices, is very &longs;oft; but when it is dry, it <lb/>grows extremely hard, and very good for all <lb/>Manner of U&longs;es. </s> <s>I have known the like hap­<lb/>pen in ancient Aqueducts, who&longs;e Mouths, <lb/>having contracted a Kind of Gummine&longs;s, have <lb/>&longs;eem'd incru&longs;ted all over with Stone. </s> <s>There <lb/>are two very remarkable Things to be &longs;een at <lb/>this Day in <emph type="italics"/>Romania:<emph.end type="italics"/> In the Country of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Imola<emph.end type="italics"/> is a very &longs;teep Torrent, which daily <lb/>throws out, &longs;ometimes in one Place and &longs;ome­<lb/>times in another, a great Number of round <lb/>Stones, generated within the Bowels of the <lb/>Earth: In the Territory of <emph type="italics"/>Faenza,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the <lb/>Banks of the River <emph type="italics"/>Lamona,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are found a <lb/>great many Stones, naturally long and large, <lb/>which continually throw out a con&longs;iderable <lb/>Quantity of Salt, which in Proce&longs;s of Time is <lb/>thought to grow into Stone too. </s> <s>In that of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Florence,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the River <emph type="italics"/>Chiane,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is a Piece <lb/>of Ground all &longs;trew'd over with hard Stones, <lb/>which every &longs;even Years di&longs;&longs;olve into Clods of <lb/>Earth.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> relates, that near <emph type="italics"/>Cizicus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;&longs;andra,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Clods of Earth turn into Stone. <lb/></s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Pozzuolo<emph.end type="italics"/> there is a Du&longs;t which hardens into <lb/>Stone, if mix'd with Sea-water. </s> <s>All the Way <lb/>upon the Shore from <emph type="italics"/>Oropus<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>Aulis,<emph.end type="italics"/> every <lb/>thing that is wa&longs;h'd by the Sea is petrified. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that in <emph type="italics"/>Arabia<emph.end type="italics"/> the Clods dug <lb/>out of the Ground have a &longs;weet Smell, and <pb xlink:href="003/01/045.jpg" pagenum="34"/>will melt in Fire like Metal, and run into Stone; <lb/>and he adds, that this Stone is of &longs;uch a Na­<lb/>ture, that when the Rain falls upon it in any <lb/>Building, the Cement all di&longs;&longs;olves, and the <lb/>Wall grows to be all of a Piece.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE are told, that they find in <emph type="italics"/>Troas,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>Stone very apt to cleave, call'd the <emph type="italics"/>Sarcopha­<lb/>gus,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which any dead Corp&longs;e buried, is in­<lb/>tirely con&longs;um'd in le&longs;s than forty Days, all <lb/>but the Teeth; and which is mo&longs;t &longs;urprizing, <lb/>all the Habits, and every Thing buryed with <lb/>the Body, turns into Stone. </s> <s>Of a contrary <lb/>Nature to this is the Stone called <emph type="italics"/>Chernites,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in which <emph type="italics"/>Darius<emph.end type="italics"/> was buried, for that pre&longs;erves <lb/>the Body entire for a long Time. </s> <s>But of this <lb/>Subject enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Origin of the U&longs;e of Bricks, in what Sea&longs;on they ought to be made, <lb/>aud in what Shapes, their different Sorts, and the U&longs;efulne&longs;s of triangular <lb/>Ones; and briefly, of all other Works made of baked Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain the Ancients were very fond of <lb/>u&longs;ing Bricks in&longs;tead of Stone. </s> <s>I confe&longs;s, <lb/>I believe that at fir&longs;t Men were put upon mak­<lb/>ing Bricks to &longs;upply the Place of Stone in <lb/>their Buildings, thro' Scarcity and Want of it; <lb/>but afterwards finding how ready they were <lb/>in working, how well adapted both to U&longs;e <lb/>and Beauty, how &longs;trong and durable, they pro­<lb/>ceeded to make not only their ordinary Struc­<lb/>tures, but even their Palaces of Brick. </s> <s>At <lb/>la&longs;t, either by Accident or Indu&longs;try, di&longs;cover­<lb/>ing what U&longs;e Fire was of in hardening and <lb/>&longs;trengthening them, they began in mo&longs;t Places <lb/>to bake the Bricks they built with. </s> <s>And &longs;rom <lb/>my own Ob&longs;ervations upon the ancient Struc­<lb/>tures, I will be bold to &longs;ay, that there is not a <lb/>better Material for any Sort of Edifice than <lb/>Brick, not crude but baked; provided a right <lb/>Method be u&longs;ed in baking them. </s> <s>But we will <lb/>re&longs;erve the Prai&longs;es of Works make of Bricks <lb/>for another Place.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OUR Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to ob&longs;erve here, that a <lb/>whiti&longs;h chalky Earth is very much recom­<lb/>mended for making them. </s> <s>The reddi&longs;h al&longs;o <lb/>is approved of, and that which is call'd male <lb/>Sand. </s> <s>That which is ab&longs;olutely &longs;andy and <lb/>gravelly is to be avoided, and the &longs;tony mo&longs;t <lb/>of all; becau&longs;e in baking it is &longs;ubject to warp <lb/>and crack, and if over baked will fret away of <lb/>it&longs;elf. </s> <s>We are advi&longs;ed not to make our Bricks <lb/>of Earth fre&longs;h dug, but to dig it in the Au­<lb/>tumn, and leave it to dige&longs;t all Winter, and to <lb/>make it into Brick early in the Spring; for if <lb/>you make it in Winter, it is obvious that the <lb/>Fro&longs;t will crack it, and if you make it in the <lb/>Middle of Summer, the exce&longs;&longs;ive Heat will <lb/>make it &longs;cale off in drying. </s> <s>But if Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>obliges you to make it in Winter, in extreme <lb/>cold Weather, cover it immediately over with <lb/>very dry Sand, and if in Summer, with wet <lb/>Straw; for being &longs;o kept, it will neither crack <lb/>nor warp. </s> <s>Some are for having their Bricks <lb/>glazed; if &longs;o, you mu&longs;t take Care not to make <lb/>them of Earth that is either &longs;andy, or too lean <lb/>or dry; &longs;or the&longs;e will &longs;uck and eat away the <lb/>Glazing: But you mu&longs;t make them of a whiti&longs;h <lb/>fat Clay, and you mu&longs;t make them thin, for <lb/>if they are too thick they will not bake tho­<lb/>rowly, and it is a great Chance but they &longs;plit; <lb/>if you are oblig'd to have them thick, you may <lb/>in a great Mea&longs;ure prevent that Inconveniency, <lb/>if you make one or more little Holes in them <lb/>about half Way through, whereby the Damp <lb/>and Vapour having proper Vents, they will <lb/>both dry and bake the better.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Petters rub their Ve&longs;&longs;els over with <lb/>Chalk, by which Means, the Glazing, when <lb/>it is melted over it, makes an even Surface; <lb/>the &longs;ame Method may be u&longs;ed in making <lb/>Bricks. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erv'd in the Works of the <lb/>Ancients, that their Bricks have a Mixture of a <lb/>certain Proportion of Sand, and e&longs;pecially of <lb/>the red Sort, and I find they al&longs;o mix'd them <lb/>with red Earth, and even with Marble. </s> <s>I know <lb/>by Experience that the very &longs;ame Earth will <lb/>make harder and &longs;tronger Brick, if we take the <lb/>Pains to knead every Lump two or three Times <lb/>over, as if we were making of Bread, till it <lb/>grows like Wax, and is per&longs;ectly clear of the <lb/>lea&longs;t Particle of Stone. </s> <s>The&longs;e, when they have <lb/>pa&longs;s'd the Fire will attain the Hardne&longs;s even <lb/>of a Flint, and whether owing to the Heat in <lb/>baking, or the Air in drying, will get a Sort <lb/>of a &longs;trong Cru&longs;t, as Bread does. </s> <s>It will there­<lb/>fore be be&longs;t to make them thin, that they <lb/>may have the more Cru&longs;t and the le&longs;s Crum: </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/046.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 3. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 35)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.046.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/046/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Muraglia etc.” = wall of triangular bricks.<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/047.jpg" pagenum="35"/>And we &longs;hall find, that if they are well rubb'd <lb/>and poli&longs;hed, they will defy the Fury of the <lb/>Weather. </s> <s>The &longs;ame is true of Stones that are <lb/>poli&longs;hed, which thereby e&longs;cape being eaten <lb/>with Ru&longs;t. </s> <s>And it is thought that Bricks <lb/>&longs;hould be rubbed and ground either immedi­<lb/>ately upon their being taken out of the Kiln, <lb/>before they are wetted; or when they have <lb/>been wetted, before they are dry again; be­<lb/>cau&longs;e when once they have been wetted and <lb/>afterwards dryed, they grow &longs;o hard that they <lb/>will turn and break the Edge of the Tool; <lb/>but they are ea&longs;ier to grind when they are new, <lb/>and hardly cold. </s> <s>There were three Sorts of <lb/>Bricks among the Ancients; the Fir&longs;t was a <lb/>Foot and an Half Long, and a Foot Bread, the <lb/>Second fifteen Inches every Way, the Third a <lb/>Foot. </s> <s>We &longs;ee in &longs;ome of their Buildings, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially in their Arches and <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aick<emph.end type="italics"/> Works, <lb/>Bricks two Foot every Way. </s> <s>We are told that <lb/>the Ancients did not u&longs;e the &longs;ame Sort of Brick <lb/>in their publick as in their private Edifices. </s> <s>I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved in &longs;everal of their Structures, and <lb/>particularly in the <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/> Way, &longs;everal dif­<lb/>ferent Sorts of Bricks, &longs;ome bigger, &longs;ome &longs;mall­<lb/>er; &longs;o that I &longs;uppo&longs;e they u&longs;ed them indiffe­<lb/>rently, and put in Practice not only what was <lb/>ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary for U&longs;e, but any Thing <lb/>that came into their Fancy, or which they <lb/>thought would conduce to the Beauty of the <lb/>Work. </s> <s>But, not to mention others, I have <lb/>&longs;een &longs;ome not longer than &longs;ix Inches, and not <lb/>thicker than one, nor broader than three; but <lb/>the&longs;e they chiefly u&longs;ed in their Pavements, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg3"/><lb/>where they were laid edgeways. </s> <s>I am be&longs;t <lb/>plea&longs;ed with their triangular ones, which they <lb/>made in this Manner; they made one large <lb/>Brick, a Foot Square, and an Inch and an <lb/>Half Thick; and while it was fre&longs;h they cut <lb/>it in two Lines cro&longs;&longs;ways from one Angle to <lb/>the other, which divided it into four equal <lb/>Triangles. </s> <s>The&longs;e Bricks had the follow­<lb/>ing Advantages, they took up le&longs;s Clay, they <lb/>were ea&longs;ier to di&longs;po&longs;e in the Kiln and to take <lb/>out again, they were more convenient for <lb/>working, becau&longs;e the Bricklayer could hold <lb/>four of them in one Hand, and with a &longs;mail <lb/>Stroke divide the one &longs;rom the other; when <lb/>placed in the Wall, with their Fronts &longs;oremo&longs;t <lb/>and their Angles inward, they appeared like <lb/>compleat Bricks of a Foot Long: This made <lb/>the Expence le&longs;s, the Work more graceful, and <lb/>the Wall &longs;tronger; for as there &longs;eemed to be <lb/>none but entire Bricks in the Wall, the Angles <lb/>being &longs;et like Teeth in the Rubbi&longs;h that was <lb/>laid in the Middle, made it extremely &longs;trong <lb/>and durable. </s> <s>After the Bricks are moulded, <lb/>they direct that they &longs;hould not be put into the <lb/>Kiln till they are perfectly dry, and they &longs;ay <lb/>they never are &longs;o under two Years; and they <lb/>are reckoned to dry better in the Shade than in <lb/>the Sun: But of the&longs;e too enough, unle&longs;s we <lb/>will add that in all this Sort of Works, which <lb/>are called Pla&longs;tick, they reckon excellent, <lb/>among others, the Earth that is called <emph type="italics"/>Samian,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Aretinian,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Modeneze;<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Saguntan;<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Pergamean<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Nor will I con&longs;ult Brevity &longs;o much as to omit, <lb/>that whatever I have here &longs;aid of Bricks, will <lb/>hold good of all Sorts of Tiles for Roofs of <lb/>Hou&longs;es or Gutters, and in a Word, of all Man­<lb/>ner of Works made of baked Earth. </s> <s>We have <lb/>treated of Stone, let us now proceed to &longs;peak <lb/>of Lime.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg3"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature of Lime and Plai&longs;ter of Paris, their U&longs;es and Kinds, wherein <lb/>they agree and wherein they differ, and of &longs;ome Things not unworthy of <lb/>Memory.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> the Cen&longs;or, condemns Lime made <lb/>of different Sorts of Stone, and takes that <lb/>which is made of Flint to be good for no Man­<lb/>ner of Work what&longs;oever; be&longs;ides, in making <lb/>of Lime all Stone is extremely improper that <lb/>is dry and exhau&longs;ted, or rotten, and which in <lb/>burning has nothing in it for the Fire to con­<lb/>&longs;ume, as all mouldering Stone, and the reddi&longs;h <lb/>and pale ones, which are found near <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>the Country of the <emph type="italics"/>Fidenates<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Albanians.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The Lime commended by the be&longs;t Judges, is <lb/>that which lo&longs;es a third Part of its Weight by <lb/>burning; be&longs;ides, Stone that is too moi&longs;t in its <lb/>Nature, is apt to vitrify in the Fire, &longs;o as to be <lb/>of no U&longs;e for making of Lime. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the green, or <emph type="italics"/>Serpentine<emph.end type="italics"/>-&longs;tone mightily <lb/>re&longs;i&longs;ts the Fire; but we know very well that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Porphiry<emph.end type="italics"/> will not only not burn it&longs;elf, but <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/048.jpg" pagenum="36"/>will hinder the other Stones that are near it <lb/>in the Kiln, from burning too. </s> <s>They al&longs;o <lb/>di&longs;like all carthy Stone, becau&longs;e it makes the <lb/>Lime &longs;oul. </s> <s>But the ancient Architects greatly <lb/>prai&longs;e the Lime made of very hard clo&longs;e Stone, <lb/>e&longs;pecially white, which they &longs;ay is not im­<lb/>proper for any Sort of Work, and is extremely <lb/>&longs;trong in Arches. </s> <s>In the &longs;econd Place, they <lb/>commend Lime made of Stone, not indeed <lb/>light or rotten, but &longs;pungy; which they think <lb/>for plai&longs;tering is better, and more tractable <lb/>than any other, and gives the be&longs;t Varni&longs;h to <lb/>the Work; and I have ob&longs;erved the Architects <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>France,<emph.end type="italics"/> to u&longs;e no other Sort of Lime but <lb/>what was made of the common Stones they <lb/>found in Rivers or Torrents, blacki&longs;h, and &longs;o <lb/>very hard, that you would take them for <lb/>Flints; and yet it is certain, both in Stone <lb/>and Brickwork, it has pre&longs;erved an extraordi­<lb/>nary Strength to a very great Age. </s> <s>We read <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"/> that Lime made of the Stone of <lb/>which they make Mill-&longs;tones, is excellent for <lb/>all manner of U&longs;es; but I find upon Experi­<lb/>ence, that &longs;uch of them as &longs;eem &longs;potted with <lb/>Drops of Salt, being too rough and dry, will <lb/>not do for this U&longs;e; but that which is not &longs;o <lb/>&longs;potted, but is clo&longs;er, and when it is ground, <lb/>makes a finer Du&longs;t, &longs;ucceeds extremely well. <lb/></s> <s>However, let the Nature of the Stone be what <lb/>it will, that of the Quarry will be much bet­<lb/>ter for making of Lime, than that which we <lb/>pick up; and that dug out of a &longs;hady, moi&longs;t <lb/>Quarry, better than out of a dry one; and <lb/>made of white Stone, more tractable than of <lb/>black. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>France,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the Sea-&longs;hore about <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vannes,<emph.end type="italics"/> for Want of Stone, they make their <lb/>Lime of Oy&longs;ter and Cockle-Shells. </s> <s>There is <lb/>moreover a kind of Lime which we call Plai­<lb/>&longs;ter of Paris, which too is made of burnt <lb/>Stone; tho' we are told that in <emph type="italics"/>Cyprus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>about <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/> this Sort of Plai&longs;ter is dug out <lb/>of the Surface of the Earth, ready baked by <lb/>the Heat of the Sun. </s> <s>But the Stone that <lb/>makes the Plai&longs;ter of Paris, is different from <lb/>that which makes the Lime; for it is very <lb/>&longs;oft, and will ea&longs;ily rub to Pieces, except one <lb/>found in <emph type="italics"/>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is very hard. </s> <s>It differs <lb/>likewi&longs;e in this, that the Plai&longs;ter of Paris <lb/>Stone requires but twenty Hours; and the <lb/>Lime Stone takes three&longs;core Hours in burning. <lb/></s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved, that in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> there are four <lb/>Sorts of Plai&longs;ter of Paris, two of which are <lb/>tran&longs;parent, and two which are not: Of the <lb/>tran&longs;parent, one is like Lumps of Allum, or <lb/>rather of Alaba&longs;ter, and they called it the <lb/>Scaly Sort, becau&longs;e it con&longs;its of extreme <lb/>thin Scales, one over the other, like the Coats <lb/>of an Onion. </s> <s>The other is &longs;caly too, but is <lb/>more like a blacki&longs;h Salt than Allum. </s> <s>The <lb/>Sorts that are not tran&longs;parent are both like a <lb/>very clo&longs;e Sort of Chalk, but one is pale and <lb/>whiti&longs;h, and the other with that Palene&longs;s has <lb/>a Tincture of red; which la&longs;t is firmer and <lb/>clo&longs;er than the fir&longs;t. </s> <s>Of the la&longs;t, the redde&longs;t <lb/>is the mo&longs;t tenacious. </s> <s>Of the fir&longs;t, that which <lb/>is the cleare&longs;t and white&longs;t is u&longs;ed in Stuc Work <lb/>for Figures and Corni&longs;hes.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>NEAR <emph type="italics"/>Rimini<emph.end type="italics"/> they find a Plai&longs;ter of Paris &longs;o <lb/>&longs;olid that you would take it for Marble or Ala­<lb/>ba&longs;ter, which I had had cut with a Saw into <lb/>large thin Pieces, extremely convenient for In­<lb/>cru&longs;tations. </s> <s>That I may omit nothing that is <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, all Plai&longs;ter of Paris mu&longs;t be broken <lb/>and pounded with wooden Mallets, till it is <lb/>reduced to Powder, and &longs;o kept in Heaps in <lb/>&longs;ome very dry Place, and as &longs;oon as ever it is <lb/>brought out, it mu&longs;t be watered and u&longs;ed im­<lb/>mediately.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT Lime on the Contrary need not be <lb/>pounded, but may be &longs;oak'd in the Lumps, <lb/>and mu&longs;t be plentifully &longs;oak'd with Water a <lb/>good while before you u&longs;e it, e&longs;pecially if it is <lb/>for Plai&longs;tering; to the Intent that if there <lb/>&longs;hould be any Lumps not enough burnt, it <lb/>may be di&longs;&longs;olv'd and liquify'd by long lying <lb/>in the Water: Becau&longs;e, when it is u&longs;ed too <lb/>&longs;oon, before it is duly &longs;oak'd, there will be &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;mall unconcocted Stones in it, which afterwards <lb/>coming to rot, throw out little Pu&longs;tules, which <lb/>&longs;poil the Neatne&longs;s of the Work. </s> <s>Add here­<lb/>unto, that you need not give your Lime a <lb/>Flood, as I may call it, of Water at once, but <lb/>wet it by little and little, &longs;prinkling it &longs;everal <lb/>Times over, till it is in all Parts thoroughly <lb/>impregnated with it; afterwards it mu&longs;t be <lb/>kept in &longs;ome &longs;hady Place, moderately moi&longs;t, <lb/>clear from all Mixture, and only cover'd over <lb/>with a little Sand, till by Length of Time it is <lb/>better fermented; and it has been found that <lb/>Lime by this thorough Fermentation acquires <lb/>inconceivable Virtue. </s> <s>I have known &longs;ome <lb/>found in an old neglected Ditch, that, as <lb/>plainly appear'd by the &longs;tronge&longs;t Conjectures, <lb/>was left there above five hundred Years; <lb/>which when it was di&longs;cover'd was &longs;o moi&longs;t and <lb/>liquid, and, to u&longs;e the Expre&longs;&longs;ion, &longs;o mature, <lb/>that it far exceeded Honey or Marrow it&longs;elf in <lb/>Softne&longs;s; and nothing in Nature can be ima­<lb/>gin'd more &longs;erviceable for all Manner of U&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>It requires double the Sand if prepared thus, <pb xlink:href="003/01/049.jpg" pagenum="37"/>than if you mix it immediately. </s> <s>In this, <lb/>therefore, Lime and Plai&longs;ter of Paris do not <lb/>agree; but in other Things they do. </s> <s>Carry <lb/>your Lime, therefore, immediately out of the <lb/>Kiln into a &longs;hady, dry Place, and water it; for <lb/>if you keep it either in the Kiln it&longs;elf, or any <lb/>where el&longs;e in the Air, or expos'd to the Moon <lb/>or Sun, e&longs;pecially in Summer, it would &longs;oon <lb/>crumble to Powder, and be totally u&longs;ele&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>But of this &longs;ufficient. </s> <s>They advi&longs;e us not to <lb/>put our Stone into the Kiln till we have bro­<lb/>ken it into Pieces, not &longs;maller than the Clods; <lb/>for, not to mention that they will burn the <lb/>ea&longs;ier, it has been ob&longs;erved that in the middle <lb/>of &longs;ome Stones, and e&longs;pecially of round ones, <lb/>there are &longs;ometimes certain Concavities, in <lb/>which the Air being inclo&longs;ed often does a great <lb/>deal of Mi&longs;chief: For when they come to <lb/>feel the Fire in the Kiln, this Air is either <lb/>compre&longs;&longs;ed by the cold retiring inwards, or <lb/>el&longs;e when the Stone grows hot it turns to Va­<lb/>pour, which makes it &longs;well till it bur&longs;ts the <lb/>Pri&longs;on wherein it is confined, and breaks out <lb/>with a dreadful Noi&longs;e and irre&longs;i&longs;tible Force, <lb/>and blows up the whole Kiln. </s> <s>Some in the <lb/>middle of &longs;uch Stones have &longs;een living Crea­<lb/>tures, of various kinds, and particularly Worms <lb/>with a hairy Back, and a great Number of <lb/>Feet, which do a great deal of Harm to the <lb/>Kiln. </s> <s>And I will here add &longs;ome Things worthy <lb/>to be recorded, which have been &longs;een in our <lb/>Days, &longs;ince I do not write only for the U&longs;e of <lb/>Workmen, but al&longs;o for all &longs;uch as are &longs;tudious <lb/>of curious Enquiries; for which Rea&longs;on, I <lb/>&longs;hall not &longs;cruple, now and then, to intermix <lb/>any thing that is delightful, provided it is not <lb/>ab&longs;olutely foreign to my Purpo&longs;e.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THERE was brought to Pope <emph type="italics"/>Martin<emph.end type="italics"/> V. a <lb/>Serpent found by the Miners in a Quarry in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>la Romagna,<emph.end type="italics"/> which lived pent up in the Hol­<lb/>low of a great Stone, without the lea&longs;t Crack <lb/>or Hole in it for Admi&longs;&longs;ion of Air; in like <lb/>Manner Toads too have been found and Crabs, <lb/>but dead. </s> <s>I my&longs;elf have been Witne&longs;s to the <lb/>finding of the Leaves of Trees in the Middle <lb/>of a very white Piece of Marble. </s> <s>All the <lb/>Summit of Mount <emph type="italics"/>Vellino,<emph.end type="italics"/> one of tho&longs;e which <lb/>divide the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Abruzzo<emph.end type="italics"/> from <emph type="italics"/>Mar&longs;i,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and is higher than any of the re&longs;t, is covered <lb/>over with a white Stone, &longs;o that the very <lb/>Mountain looks white with it, among which, <lb/>e&longs;pecially on that Side, which looks towards <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Abruzzo,<emph.end type="italics"/> are a great many broken Pieces with <lb/>Figures upon them, exactly like Sea-&longs;hells, not <lb/>bigger than the Palm of a Man's Hand. </s> <s>But, <lb/>what is more extraordinary, in the <emph type="italics"/>Veroneze,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they daily find Stones upon the Ground marked <lb/>with the Figure of the Cinquefoil, with every <lb/>Line and Vein drawn &longs;o exactly and regularly, <lb/>by the Hand of Nature, that the nice&longs;t Arti&longs;t <lb/>cannot pretend to come up to it; and which <lb/>is mo&longs;t curious of all, every one of the&longs;e Stones <lb/>are found with the Impre&longs;&longs;ion turned down­<lb/>wards, and hid by the Stone, as if Nature had <lb/>not been at the Pains of &longs;uch fine Sculptures <lb/>to gain the Approbation of Men, but for her <lb/>own Diver&longs;ion. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I SHALL not &longs;pend Time here to &longs;hew how <lb/>to make the Mouth of the Kiln, and its Co­<lb/>vering, and the inward Seat of the Fire, and <lb/>how to give Vent to the Flame when it grows <lb/>hot, and to keep it, as it were, within its <lb/>own Confines, &longs;o as to direct the whole uni­<lb/>ted Strength and Power of the Fire to the <lb/>burning of the Lime. </s> <s>Nor will I proceed to <lb/>teach how the Fire is to be kindled by little <lb/>and little, and never left till the Flame burns <lb/>out at the Top of the Furnace perfectly clear, <lb/>and without the lea&longs;t Smoke, and till the very <lb/>uppermo&longs;t Stones are red hot; and that the <lb/>Stone is not burnt enough, till the Kiln, <lb/>which had been &longs;welled and cracked by the <lb/>Fire, afterwards &longs;ettles and clo&longs;es it&longs;elf again. <lb/></s> <s>It is a &longs;urprizing Thing to ob&longs;erve the Nature <lb/>of this Element; for if you take away the Fire, <lb/>the Kiln will grow cooler and cooler by De­<lb/>grees at the Bottom, while it continues burn­<lb/>ing hot at Top. </s> <s>But as in Building, we have <lb/>Occa&longs;ion not only for Lime, but Sand, we will <lb/>now &longs;ay &longs;omething about that.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the three different Kinds of Sands, and of the various Materials in Build­<lb/>ing, in different Places.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are three Sorts of Sand, Pit­<lb/>&longs;and, River-&longs;and, and Sea-&longs;and; the <lb/>be&longs;t of all the&longs;e is the Pit-&longs;and; and this is of <lb/>&longs;everal Kinds; black, white, red, the car­<lb/>buncly, and the gritty. </s> <s>But if any &longs;hould ask <lb/>what I take Sand to be, I might perhaps an­<pb xlink:href="003/01/050.jpg" pagenum="38"/>&longs;wer, that it is nothing but a Compo&longs;ition of <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Stones, the large ones being all bro­<lb/>ken to Pieces; tho' it is <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Opinion, <lb/>that Sand, e&longs;pecially that which in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they call the carbuncly Sort, is a Kind of <lb/>Earth burnt by the Fire inclo&longs;ed by Nature <lb/>within the Hills, and made &longs;omewhat harder <lb/>than Earth unburnt, but &longs;ofter than any Stone. <lb/></s> <s>Of all the&longs;e they mo&longs;t commend the carbuncly <lb/>Sort. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved, that in the publick <lb/>Buildings in <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> they u&longs;ed the red as none <lb/>of the wor&longs;t. </s> <s>Of all the Pit-&longs;and the white is <lb/>the wor&longs;t. </s> <s>The gritty is of U&longs;e in filling up <lb/>of Foundations; but among the be&longs;t, they <lb/>give the &longs;econd Place to the fine&longs;t of the <lb/>gritty, and e&longs;pecially to the &longs;harp angular Sort, <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Mixture of Earth in it, as is <lb/>that which they find in the Territory of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vilumbrians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Next to this they e&longs;teem the <lb/>River Sand, which is dug after the uppermo&longs;t <lb/>Layer is taken off; and next to the River­<lb/>&longs;and that of the Torrent, e&longs;pecially of &longs;uch <lb/>Torrents as run between Hills, where the <lb/>Water has the greate&longs;t De&longs;cent. </s> <s>In the la&longs;t <lb/>Place comes the Sea-&longs;and, and of this Sort, <lb/>the blacke&longs;t and mo&longs;t glazed is not wholly to <lb/>be de&longs;pi&longs;ed. </s> <s>In the Country, near <emph type="italics"/>Salerno,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they e&longs;teem their Sea-&longs;and not inferior to Pit­<lb/>&longs;and, but they &longs;ay it is not to be dug in all <lb/>Parts of the Shore alike; for they find it wor&longs;t <lb/>of all where it is expo&longs;ed to the South Wind; <lb/>but it is not bad in tho&longs;e Places which look to <lb/>the South-we&longs;t. </s> <s>But of Sea-&longs;ands, it is certain <lb/>the be&longs;t is that which lies under Rocks, and <lb/>which is of the coar&longs;e&longs;t Grain. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>great deal of Difference in Sands, for that of <lb/>the Sea is very &longs;low in drying, and is continu­<lb/>ally moi&longs;t and apt to di&longs;&longs;olve, by Rea&longs;on of its <lb/>Salt, and is therefore very improper and un­<lb/>faithful in &longs;upporting of great Weights. </s> <s>That <lb/>of the River too is &longs;omewhat moi&longs;ter than the <lb/>Pit-&longs;and, and therefore is more tractable and <lb/>better for Plai&longs;tering-work. </s> <s>The Pit-&longs;and, by <lb/>means of its Fatne&longs;s, is mo&longs;t tenacious, but is <lb/>apt to crack, for which Rea&longs;on they u&longs;e it in <lb/>Vault-work, but not in plai&longs;tering. </s> <s>But of <lb/>each Sort, that is always be&longs;t, which being <lb/>rubbed with the Hand creeks the mo&longs;t, and <lb/>being laid upon a white Cloth, makes the <lb/>lea&longs;t Soil, and leaves the lea&longs;t Earth behind it. <lb/></s> <s>On the contrary, that is the wor&longs;t, which feels <lb/>mealy in&longs;tead of &longs;harp, and which in Smell and <lb/>Colour re&longs;embles red Earth, and being mixed <lb/>with Water makes it foul and muddy, and if <lb/>le&longs;t abroad in the Air, pre&longs;ently brings forth <lb/>Gra&longs;s. </s> <s>Neither will that be good, which af­<lb/>ter it is dug, is left for any Time expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Sun, or Moon, or to Fro&longs;ts; becau&longs;e it <lb/>turns it in a Manner to Earth, and makes it <lb/>very apt to rot; or when it is inclined to <lb/>bring &longs;orth Shrubs, or wild Figs, it is ex­<lb/>tremly bad for cementing of Walls. </s> <s>We have <lb/>now treated of Timber, Stone, Lime, and <lb/>Sand, &longs;uch as are approved of by the Anci­<lb/>ents; but in all Places the&longs;e Things are not <lb/>to be found with all the Qualifications which <lb/>we require. <emph type="italics"/>Tully<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> by means <lb/>of its Abundance of Marble, always flouri&longs;hed <lb/>in fine Buildings and Statues; but Marble is <lb/>not to be got every where. </s> <s>In &longs;ome Places <lb/>there is either no Stone at all, or what there is, <lb/>is good for no manner of U&longs;e. </s> <s>In all the <lb/>Southern Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;ay there is no <lb/>Want of Sand-Pits, but on the other Side of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Appenine<emph.end type="italics"/> there are none. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Babylonians<emph.end type="italics"/> made U&longs;e of Slime, and the <emph type="italics"/>Car­<lb/>thaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> of Mud. </s> <s>In &longs;ome Places, not ha­<lb/>ving any Sort of Stone, they build with <lb/>Hurdles and Potters Earth. <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>Budini<emph.end type="italics"/> make all their Structures, as <lb/>well publick as private, of nothing but Wood, <lb/>even to the Walls of their City, and the Sta­<lb/>tues of their Gods. <emph type="italics"/>Mela<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the <emph type="italics"/>Nervi<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>have no Wood at all; and that for Want of it <lb/>they are obliged to make their Fires of Bones. <lb/></s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> their Fuel is the Dung of their Cat­<lb/>tle. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, the Habitations of Men <lb/>are different, according to the different Conve­<lb/>niencies of the Country. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyp­<lb/>tians<emph.end type="italics"/> there are Royal Palaces built of Ru&longs;hes; <lb/>and in <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Ribs of Whales. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Car­<lb/>ræ,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town in <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> they build with Lumps <lb/>of Salt: But of the&longs;e el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>So that as <lb/>we have already ob&longs;erved, there is not the &longs;ame <lb/>Plenty of Stone, Sand, and the like, every <lb/>where, but in different Places there are diffe­<lb/>rent Accommodations and Conveniencies: <lb/>Therefore we are to make U&longs;e of &longs;uch as of­<lb/>fer them&longs;elves; and out of tho&longs;e we &longs;hould, <lb/>in the fir&longs;t Place, make it our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, always <lb/>to &longs;elect and provide the be&longs;t and propere&longs;t, <lb/>and, &longs;econdly, in building with them, we <lb/>&longs;hould carefully allot to each its proper Place <lb/>and Situation.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/051.jpg" pagenum="39"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Whether the Ob&longs;ervation of Times and Sea&longs;ons is of any U&longs;e in beginning a <lb/>Building; what Sea&longs;on is mo&longs;t convenient; as al&longs;o, with what Auguries or <lb/>Prayers we ought to &longs;et out upon our Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having got ready the Materials before <lb/>&longs;poken of, it remains now that we pro­<lb/>ceed to treat of the Work it&longs;elf. </s> <s>For as to the <lb/>providing of Iron, Bra&longs;s, Lead, Gla&longs;s, and the <lb/>like, it requires no Care, but merely the Buy­<lb/>ing, and having them in Readine&longs;s, that your <lb/>Building may not &longs;tand &longs;till for them; tho' <lb/>we &longs;hall in due Time lay down &longs;ome In&longs;truc­<lb/>tions about the Choice and Di&longs;tribution of <lb/>them, which is of Con&longs;equence to the com­<lb/>pleating and adorning the Work. </s> <s>And we <lb/>&longs;hall take and con&longs;ider the Structure from the <lb/>Foundation, in the &longs;ame Manner as if we were <lb/>actually about doing the Work our&longs;elves. </s> <s>But <lb/>here I mu&longs;t again admoni&longs;h you to con&longs;ider <lb/>the Times, both with Relation to the Publick, <lb/>and to your&longs;elf and Family, whether they are <lb/>trouble&longs;ome or peaceable, pro&longs;perous or cala­<lb/>mitous, le&longs;t we expo&longs;e our&longs;elve<emph type="italics"/>s<emph.end type="italics"/> to Envy, if we <lb/>go on with our Undertaking, or to Lo&longs;s if we <lb/>give it over. </s> <s>We &longs;hould al&longs;o have a particu­<lb/>lar Regard to the Sea&longs;on of the Year; for we <lb/>&longs;ee that Buildings begun and pro&longs;ecuted <lb/>in Winter, e&longs;pecially in a cold Climate, <lb/>are taken with the Fro&longs;t, or in Summer, <lb/>in a hot Climate, dry'd up with the Heat before <lb/>ever they have fa&longs;ten'd. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on it <lb/>was that <emph type="italics"/>Frontinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Architect, advis'd us <lb/>never to undertake &longs;uch a Work but in a pro­<lb/>per Sea&longs;on of the Year, which is from the Be­<lb/>ginning of <emph type="italics"/>April<emph.end type="italics"/> to the Beginning of <emph type="italics"/>Novem­<lb/>ber,<emph.end type="italics"/> re&longs;ting, however, in the greate&longs;t Heat <lb/>of Summer. </s> <s>But I am for ha&longs;tening or delay­<lb/>ing the Work ju&longs;t according to the Difference <lb/>of the Climate and of the Weather; and there­<lb/>fore if you are prepar'd with all the Things before <lb/>recited, and your Convenience &longs;uits, you have <lb/>nothing to do but to mark out the Area of <lb/>your Structure in the Ground, with all its <lb/>Lines, Angles and Dimen&longs;ions. </s> <s>But there are <lb/>&longs;ome who tell us that in Building we &longs;hould <lb/>ob&longs;erve and wait for happy Au&longs;pices, and that <lb/>it is of the utmo&longs;t Importance from what par­<lb/>ticular Point of Time the Structure is to date <lb/>its Being. </s> <s>They relate, that <emph type="italics"/>Lucius Tarutius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>found out the exact Nativity of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> only <lb/>by the Ob&longs;ervation of the Turns in its For­<lb/>tune. </s> <s>The wi&longs;e&longs;t Men among the Ancients <lb/>had &longs;uch an Opinion of the Con&longs;equence of <lb/>the Moment of the Beginning a Thing might <lb/>have as to its future Succe&longs;s, that <emph type="italics"/>Julius Fer­<lb/>micus Maturnus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us of &longs;ome Mathematici­<lb/>ans that pretended to have di&longs;cover'd the very <lb/>in&longs;tant when the World had its Beginning, <lb/>and that wrote very accurately about it: For <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Æ&longs;culapius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Anubius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Peto&longs;iris,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Necep&longs;o,<emph.end type="italics"/> who only wrote from them, &longs;ay that <lb/>it begun ju&longs;t at the Ri&longs;ing of the <emph type="italics"/>Crab,<emph.end type="italics"/> when <lb/>the Moon was fourteen Days old, the Sun <lb/>being in <emph type="italics"/>Leo, Saturn<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Capricorn, Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Sagittary, Mars<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Scorpio, Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Libra,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Virgo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And indeed, if we <lb/>rightly con&longs;ider them, the Times may have a <lb/>great Influence in Things. </s> <s>For how is it el&longs;e, <lb/>that in the &longs;horte&longs;t Day of the Year, the <lb/>Penny-royal, tho' quite dry, &longs;prouts and flou­<lb/>ri&longs;hes; Bladders that are blown up bur&longs;t; the <lb/>Leaves of Willows, and the Kernels of Apples <lb/>turn and change Sides; and that the &longs;mall <lb/>Fibres of a Shell-fi&longs;h corre&longs;pond, increa&longs;e and <lb/>decrea&longs;e with the Increa&longs;e and Decrea&longs;e of <lb/>the Moon. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t confe&longs;s, though I have <lb/>not &longs;o much Faith in the Profe&longs;&longs;ors of this <lb/>Science, and the Ob&longs;ervers of Times and Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons, as to believe their Art can influence the <lb/>Fortune of any Thing, yet I think they are not <lb/>to be de&longs;pi&longs;ed when they argue for the Happi­<lb/>ne&longs;s or Adver&longs;ity of &longs;uch &longs;tated Times as the&longs;e <lb/>from the Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Heavens. </s> <s>But let <lb/>this be as it will, the following their In&longs;tructi­<lb/>ons may be of great Service, if true; and can <lb/>do little harm, if fal&longs;e. </s> <s>I might here add &longs;ome <lb/>ridiculous Circum&longs;tances which the Ancients <lb/>ob&longs;erved in the Beginning of their Undertakings; <lb/>but I would not have them interpreted in a <lb/>wrong Sen&longs;e; and indeed they de&longs;erve only to <lb/>be laughed at, who would per&longs;wade us that <lb/>the very Marking out of the Platform ought <lb/>to be done under proper Au&longs;pices. </s> <s>The An­<lb/>cients were &longs;o governed by the&longs;e Super&longs;titions, <lb/>that in making out the Li&longs;ts of their Armies, <pb xlink:href="003/01/052.jpg" pagenum="40"/>they took great Care that the fir&longs;t Soldier had <lb/>not an unlucky Name; which was a Rule they <lb/>al&longs;o ob&longs;erved in the Ceremony of purifying their <lb/>Soldiers and their Colonies, wherein, the Per­<lb/>&longs;on that was to lead the Bea&longs;t to the Sacrifice <lb/>mu&longs;t have a fortunate Name. </s> <s>And the Cen­<lb/>&longs;ors, in framing out the publick Revenues and <lb/>E&longs;tates, always began with the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Lucrinus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>becau&longs;e of the Lucrativene&longs;s of its Name, So <lb/>likewi&longs;e, being terrified with the di&longs;mal Name <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Epidamnus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that &longs;uch as went thither might <lb/>not be &longs;aid to be gone a damnable Voyage, <lb/>they changed its Name into <emph type="italics"/>Dyrraehium;<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;o <lb/>likewi&longs;e they &longs;erved <emph type="italics"/>Beneventum,<emph.end type="italics"/> which before <lb/>was called <emph type="italics"/>Maleventum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Neither, on the other <lb/>Hand, can I forbear laughing at their Conceit, <lb/>that in beginning Undertakings of this Sort it <lb/>was good to repeat certain favourable Words <lb/>and Charms.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND there are &longs;ome that affirm, that Men's <lb/>Words are &longs;o powerful, that they are obey'd <lb/>even by Bea&longs;ts and Things inanimate. </s> <s>I omit <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Fancy, that Oxen when fatigued may <lb/>be refre&longs;h'd by certain Words. </s> <s>They tell us <lb/>too, that they u&longs;ed with certain Prayers and <lb/>Forms of Words to entreat and be&longs;eech their <lb/>Mother Earth to give Nouri&longs;hment to foreign <lb/>Trees, and &longs;uch as &longs;he was not accu&longs;tom'd to <lb/>bear; and that the Trees al&longs;o were to be <lb/>humbly pray'd to &longs;uffer them&longs;elves to be re­<lb/>mov'd, and to thrive in another Ground. </s> <s>And <lb/>&longs;ince we are got into this fooli&longs;h Strain of re­<lb/>cording the Follies of other Men, I will al&longs;o <lb/>mention, for Diver&longs;ion Sake, what they tell us, <lb/>that the Words of Mankind are of &longs;uch Effect, <lb/>that Turnips will grow incredibly, if when we <lb/>&longs;ow them we at the &longs;ame Time pray them to <lb/>be gracious and lucky to us, our Families, and <lb/>our Neighbourhood. </s> <s>But if the&longs;e be &longs;o, I can't <lb/>imagine why the Ba&longs;ilico-root &longs;hould, as they <lb/>&longs;ay, grow the fa&longs;ter for being cur&longs;t and abu&longs;ed <lb/>when it is &longs;own. </s> <s>But let us leave this idle Sub­<lb/>ject. </s> <s>It is undoubtedly proper, omitting all <lb/>the&longs;e uncertain Super&longs;titions, to &longs;et about our <lb/>Work with a holy and religious Preparation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Ab Jove principium, Mu&longs;æ;— <lb/>Jovis omnia plena.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ought therefore to begin our Undertaking <lb/>with a clean Heart, and with devout Oblati­<lb/>ons, and with Prayers to Almighty God to <lb/>implore his A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance, and Ble&longs;&longs;ing upon the <lb/>Beginnings of our Labours, that it may have <lb/>a happy and pro&longs;perous Ending, with Strength <lb/>and Happine&longs;s to it and its Inhabitants, with <lb/>Content of Mind, Encrea&longs;e of Fortune, Succe&longs;s <lb/>of Indu&longs;try, Acqui&longs;ition of Glory, and a Suc­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ion and Continuance of all good Things. <lb/></s> <s>So much for our Preparation.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> II.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.052.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/052/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/053.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.053.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/053/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/>ARCHITECTURE <lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK III. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Work. </s> <s>Wherein lies the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the Work; the different Parts of <lb/>the Wall, and what they require. </s> <s>That the Foundation is no Part of the <lb/>Wall; what Soil makes the be&longs;t Foundation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The whole Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the working <lb/>Part of Building is this; by a re­<lb/>gular and artful Conjunction of <lb/>different Things, whether &longs;quare <lb/>Stone, or uneven Scantlings, or <lb/>Timber, or any other &longs;trong Material, to form <lb/>them as well as po&longs;&longs;ible into a &longs;olid, regular, <lb/>and con&longs;i&longs;tent Structure. </s> <s>We call it regular <lb/>and con&longs;i&longs;tent when the Parts are not incon­<lb/>gruous and disjointed, but are di&longs;po&longs;ed in their <lb/>proper Places, and are an&longs;werable one to the <lb/>other, and conformable to a right Ordinance of <lb/>Lines. </s> <s>We are therefore to con&longs;ider what are <lb/>the principal e&longs;&longs;ential Parts in the Wall, and <lb/>what are only the Lines and Di&longs;po&longs;ition of <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts. </s> <s>Nor are the Parts of the Wall <lb/>any Thing difficult to find out; for the Top, <lb/>the Bottom, the right Side, the Left, the re­<lb/>mote Parts, the Near, the Middle are obvious <lb/>of them&longs;elves; but the particular Nature of <lb/>each of the&longs;e, and wherein they differ, is not <lb/>&longs;o ea&longs;ily known. </s> <s>For the rai&longs;ing a Building is <lb/>not, as the Ignorant imagine, merely laying <lb/>Stone upon Stone, or Brick upon Brick; but <lb/>as there is a great Diver&longs;ity of Parts, &longs;o there <lb/>requires a great Diver&longs;ity of Materials and Con­<lb/>trivance. </s> <s>For one Thing is proper in the <lb/>Foundation, another in the naked Wall and in <lb/>the Corni&longs;h, another for the Coins, and for the <lb/>Lips of the Apertures, one for the outward <lb/>Face of the Wall, another for the cramming <lb/>and filling up the middle Parts: Our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>here is to &longs;hew what is requi&longs;ite in each of <lb/>the&longs;e. </s> <s>In doing this, therefore, we &longs;hall begin <lb/>at the Foundation, imitating, as we &longs;aid before, <lb/>tho&longs;e that are actually going to rai&longs;e the Struc­<lb/>ture. </s> <s>The Foundation, if I mi&longs;take not, is <lb/>not properly a Part of the Wall, but the Place <lb/>and Seat on which the Wall is reared. </s> <s>For <lb/>if we can find a Seat perfectly firm and &longs;olid, <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ting perhaps of nothing but Stone, what <lb/>Foundation are we obliged to make? </s> <s>None, <pb xlink:href="003/01/054.jpg" pagenum="42"/>certainly, but to begin immediately from <lb/>thence to erect our Wall. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Siena<emph.end type="italics"/> there are <lb/>huge Towers rai&longs;ed immediately from the na­<lb/>ked Earth, becau&longs;e the Hill is lined with a <lb/>&longs;olid Rock. </s> <s>Making a Foundation, that is <lb/>to &longs;ay, digging up the Ground, and making a <lb/>Trench, is nece&longs;&longs;ary in tho&longs;e Places, where <lb/>you cannot find firm Ground without digging; <lb/>which, indeed, is the Ca&longs;e almo&longs;t every where, <lb/>as will appear hereafter. </s> <s>The Marks of a good <lb/>Soil for a Foundation are the&longs;e; if it does not <lb/>produce any kind of Herb that u&longs;ually grows <lb/>in moi&longs;t Places; if it bears either no Tree at <lb/>all, or only &longs;uch as delight in a very hard, <lb/>clo&longs;e Earth; if every Thing round about is <lb/>extremely dry, and, as it were, quite parched <lb/>up; if the Place is &longs;tony, not with &longs;mall round <lb/>Pebbles, but large &longs;harp Stones, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>Flints; if there are no Springs nor Veins of <lb/>Water running under it; becau&longs;e the Nature <lb/>of all Streams is either to be perpetually car­<lb/>rying away, or bringing &longs;omething along with <lb/>them: And therefore it is that in all flat <lb/>Grounds, lying near any River, you can never <lb/>meet with any firm Soil, till you dig below <lb/>the Level of the Channel. </s> <s>Before you begin <lb/>to dig your Foundations, you &longs;hould once <lb/>again carefully review and con&longs;ider all the <lb/>Lines and Angles of your Platform, what Di­<lb/>men&longs;ions they are to be of, and how they are <lb/>to di&longs;po&longs;ed. </s> <s>In making the&longs;e Angles we mu&longs;t <lb/>u&longs;e a &longs;quare Rule, not of a &longs;mall but of a <lb/>very large Size, that our &longs;trait Lines may be <lb/>the truer. </s> <s>The Ancients made their &longs;quare <lb/>Rule of three &longs;trait ones joined together in a <lb/>Triangle, whereof one was of three Cubits, <lb/>the other of four, and the third of five. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ignorant do not know how to make the&longs;e <lb/>Angles till they have fir&longs;t cleared away every <lb/>Thing that incumbers the Area, and have it <lb/>all per&longs;ectly open, almo&longs;t level before them: <lb/>For which Rea&longs;on, laying furiou&longs;ly hold of <lb/>their Tools, they fall like &longs;o many Ravagers <lb/>to demoli&longs;hing and levelling every Thing be­<lb/>fore them; which would become them much <lb/>better in the Country of an Enemy. </s> <s>But the <lb/>Error of the&longs;e Men ought to be corrected; <lb/>for a Change of Fortune, or the Adver&longs;ity of <lb/>the Times, or &longs;ome unfore&longs;een Accident, or <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity, may po&longs;&longs;ibly oblige you to lay a&longs;ide <lb/>the Thoughts of the Undertaking you have <lb/>begun. </s> <s>And it is certainly very un&longs;eemly, in <lb/>the mean while, to have no Regard to the <lb/>Labours of your Ance&longs;tors, or to the Conve­<lb/>niencies which your Fellow-Citizens find in <lb/>the&longs;e paternal Habitations, which they have <lb/>been long accu&longs;tomed to; and as for pulling <lb/>down and demoli&longs;hing, that is in your Power <lb/>at any Time. </s> <s>I am therefore for pre&longs;erving <lb/>the old Structures untouched, till &longs;uch Time <lb/>as it is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary to remove them <lb/>to make Way for the new.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Foundation chiefly is to be marked out with Lines; and by what <lb/>Tokens we may know the Goodne&longs;s of the Ground.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In marking out your Foundations, you are <lb/>to remember, that the &longs;ir&longs;t Ground-work <lb/>of your Wall, and the Soccles, which are <lb/>called Foundations too, mu&longs;t be a determinate <lb/>Proportion broader than the Wall that is to be <lb/>erected upon it; in Imitation of tho&longs;e who <lb/>walk over the Snow in the <emph type="italics"/>Alps<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who wear upon their Feet Hurdles made of <lb/>Twigs and &longs;mall Ropes, plaited together for <lb/>that very Purpo&longs;e, the Broadne&longs;s of which <lb/>keeps them from &longs;inking in the Snow. </s> <s>How <lb/>to di&longs;po&longs;e the Angles, is not ea&longs;y to teach <lb/>clearly with Words alone; becau&longs;e the Method <lb/>of drawing them, is borrowed &longs;rom the Ma­<lb/>thematicks, and &longs;tands in Need of the Ex­<lb/>ample of Lines, a Thing &longs;oreign to our De&longs;ign <lb/>here, and which we have treated of in another <lb/>Place, in our Mathematical Commentaries. <lb/></s> <s>However, I will endeavour, as far as is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary here, to &longs;peak of them in &longs;uch a Manner, <lb/>that if you have any Share of Ingenuity, you <lb/>may ea&longs;ily comprehend many Things, by <lb/>Means of which you may afterwards make <lb/>your&longs;elf Ma&longs;ter of all the re&longs;t. </s> <s>Whatever may <lb/>chance to &longs;eem more ob&longs;cure, if you have a <lb/>Mind to under&longs;tand it thoroughly, you may <lb/>apply to tho&longs;e Commentaries. </s> <s>My Method, <lb/>then, in de&longs;cribing the Foundations, is to draw <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg4"/><lb/>&longs;ome Lines, which I call radical ones, <lb/>in this Manner*. From the Middle <lb/>of the Fore-front of the Work, I draw a Line <lb/>quite thro' to the Back-front, in the Middle <pb xlink:href="003/01/055.jpg" pagenum="43"/>of this Line I &longs;ix a Nail in the Ground, from <lb/>which I rai&longs;e, and let fall Perpendiculars, ac­<lb/>cording to the Method of the Geometers; and <lb/>to the&longs;e two Lines I reduce every Thing <lb/>that I have Occa&longs;ion to mea&longs;ure; which &longs;uc­<lb/>ceeds per&longs;ectly well in all Re&longs;pects; for the <lb/>Parallel Lines are obvious; you &longs;ee exactly <lb/>where to make your Angles corre&longs;pondent, <lb/>and to di&longs;po&longs;e every Part con&longs;i&longs;tently, and <lb/>agreeably, with the others. </s> <s>But if it &longs;o hap­<lb/>pens, that any old Buildings ob&longs;truct your <lb/>Sight from di&longs;covering and fixing upon the <lb/>exact Seat of every Angle; your Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>then is to draw Lines, at equal Di&longs;tances, in <lb/>tho&longs;e Places which are clear and free; then <lb/>having marked the Point of Inter&longs;ection, by <lb/>the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of the Diameter and Gnomon, <lb/>and by drawing other Lines at equal Di&longs;tances, <lb/>fitted to the Square, we may compleatly effect <lb/>our Purpo&longs;e: And it will be of no &longs;mall Con­<lb/>venience to terminate the Ray of Sight with a <lb/>Line in tho&longs;e Places which lie higher than the <lb/>re&longs;t; whence letting fall a Perpendicular, we <lb/>may find the right Direction and Production of <lb/>our Lines. </s> <s>Having marked out the Lines <lb/>and Angles of our Trenches, we ought to <lb/>have, if po&longs;&longs;ible, as &longs;harp and clear a Sight as <lb/>a certain <emph type="italics"/>Spaniard<emph.end type="italics"/> in our Days was fabulou&longs;ly <lb/>&longs;aid to have, who they tell us, could &longs;ee the <lb/>lowe&longs;t Veins of Water that run under Ground, <lb/>as plainly as if they were above Ground. </s> <s>So <lb/>the many Things happen under the Surface of <lb/>Earth, which we know nothing of, as makes it <lb/>un&longs;afe to tru&longs;t the Weight and Expence of a <lb/>Building to it. </s> <s>And, certainly, as in all the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Structure, &longs;o e&longs;pecially in the Foun­<lb/>dations, we ought to neglect no Precaution <lb/>which it becomes an accurate and diligent <lb/>Architect to take; for an Error in any other <lb/>Part does le&longs;s Mi&longs;chief, and is more ea&longs;ily re­<lb/>medied, or better borne, than in the Founda­<lb/>tion; in which, a Mi&longs;take is inexcu&longs;able. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Ancicnts u&longs;ed to &longs;ay, dig on, and good <lb/>Fortune attend you, till you find a &longs;olid Bot­<lb/>tom; for the Earth has &longs;everal Strata, and <lb/>tho&longs;e of different Natures; &longs;ome &longs;andy, others <lb/>gravelly, &longs;ome &longs;tony, and the like; under <lb/>which, at certain Depths, is a hard, firm <lb/>Bank, fit to &longs;upport the heavie&longs;t Structure. <lb/></s> <s>This al&longs;o is various, and hardly like any thing of <lb/>its own kind in any Particular; in &longs;ome Places <lb/>it is exce&longs;&longs;ively hard, and &longs;carce penetrable with <lb/>Iron; in others, fatter and &longs;ofter; in &longs;ome <lb/>Places blacker, in others whiter; which la&longs;t <lb/>is reckoned the weake&longs;t of all; in &longs;ome Places <lb/>chalky, in others, &longs;tony; in others, a Kind <lb/>of Potters Clay mixed with Gravel; of all <lb/>which, no other certain Judgment can be <lb/>made, but that the be&longs;t is reckoned to be that <lb/>which is harde&longs;t to the Pick-axe, and which <lb/>when wetted does not di&longs;&longs;olve. </s> <s>And for this <lb/>Rea&longs;on, none is thought firmer and &longs;tronger, <lb/>or more durable, than that which &longs;erves as a <lb/>Bottom to any Springs of Water in the Bowels <lb/>of the Earth. </s> <s>But it is my Opinion, that the <lb/>be&longs;t Way is to take Coun&longs;el with di&longs;ereet and <lb/>experienced Men of the Country, and with <lb/>the neighbouring Architects; who, both from <lb/>the Example of old Structures, and from their <lb/>daily Practice in actual Building, mu&longs;t be the <lb/>be&longs;t Judges of the Nature of the Soil, and <lb/>what Weight it is able to bear. </s> <s>There are <lb/>al&longs;o Methods of proving the Firmne&longs;s of the <lb/>Soil. </s> <s>If you roll any great Weight along the <lb/>Ground, or let it fall down from any Heighth, <lb/>and it does not make the Earth &longs;hake, nor <lb/>&longs;tir the Water &longs;et there on Purpo&longs;e in a Ba&longs;on; <lb/>you may &longs;afely promi&longs;e your&longs;elf a good, &longs;ound <lb/>Foundation in that Place. </s> <s>But in &longs;ome Coun­<lb/>tries there is no &longs;olid Bottom to be found any <lb/>where; as near the <emph type="italics"/>Adriatic,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about <emph type="italics"/>Ve­<lb/>nice,<emph.end type="italics"/> where, generally, there is nothing to be <lb/>met with but a loo&longs;e, &longs;oft Mud.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg4"/>* Plate 4. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing <lb/>page 44)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Nature of Places is various, and therefore we ought not to tru&longs;t any <lb/>Place too ha&longs;tily, till we have fir&longs;t dug Wells, or Re&longs;ervoirs; but that in <lb/>mar&longs;hy Places, we mu&longs;t make our Foundation with Piles burnt at the Ends, <lb/>and driven in with their Heads downward with light Beetles, and many <lb/>repeated Blows, till they are driven quite into the Head.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>You mu&longs;t therefore u&longs;e different Me­<lb/>thods for your Foundations, according <lb/>to the Diver&longs;ity of Places, whereof &longs;ome are <lb/>lofty, &longs;ome low, others between both, as the <lb/>Sides of Hills: Some again are parcht and <lb/>dry, as generally the Summits and Ridges of <pb xlink:href="003/01/056.jpg" pagenum="44"/>Mountains; others damp and wa&longs;hy, as are <lb/>tho&longs;e which lie near Seas or Lakes, or in Bot­<lb/>toms between Hills. </s> <s>Others are &longs;o &longs;ituated as <lb/>to be neither always dry nor always wet, which <lb/>is the Nature of ca&longs;y A&longs;cents, where the <lb/>Water does not lie and &longs;oak, but runs gently <lb/>off. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t never tru&longs;t too ha&longs;tily to any <lb/>Ground, tho' it does re&longs;i&longs;t the Pick-axe, for <lb/>it may be in a Plain, and be infirm, the Con­<lb/>&longs;equence of which might be the Ruin of the <lb/>whole Work. </s> <s>I have &longs;een a Tower at <emph type="italics"/>Me&longs;tri,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>a Place belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Venetians,<emph.end type="italics"/> which in <lb/>a few Years after it was built, made its Way <lb/>thro' the Ground it &longs;tood upon, which, as <lb/>the Fact evinced, was a loo&longs;e weak Soil, and <lb/>bury'd it&longs;elf in Earth, up to the very Battle­<lb/>ments. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on they are very much <lb/>to be blamed, who not being provided by Na­<lb/>ture with a Soil fit to &longs;upport the Weight of <lb/>an Edifice, and Lightning upon the Ruins or <lb/>Remains of &longs;ome old Structure, do not take <lb/>the Pains to examine the Goodne&longs;s of its Foun­<lb/>dation, but incon&longs;iderately rai&longs;e great Piles of <lb/>Building upon it, and out of the Avarice of <lb/>&longs;aving a little Expence, throw away all the <lb/>Money they lay out in the Work. </s> <s>It is there­<lb/>fore excellent Advice, the fir&longs;t Thing you do <lb/>to dig Wells, for &longs;everal Rea&longs;ons, and e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally in order to get acquainted with the Strata <lb/>of the Earth, whether &longs;ound enough to bear <lb/>the Super&longs;tructure, or likely to give way. </s> <s>Add, <lb/>likewi&longs;e, that the Water you find in them, and <lb/>the Stuff you dig out, will be of great Service <lb/>to you in &longs;everal Parts of your Work; and <lb/>moreover, that the Opening &longs;uch Vents will be <lb/>a great Security to the Firmne&longs;s of the Build­<lb/>ing, and prevent its being injured by &longs;ubter­<lb/>rancous Exhalations. </s> <s>Having therefore, either <lb/>by digging a Well, or a Ci&longs;tern, or a Shoar, or <lb/>any other Hole of that Nature, made your&longs;elf <lb/>thoroughly acquainted with the Veins or <lb/>Layers of the Earth, you are to make Choice <lb/>of that which you may mo&longs;t &longs;afely tru&longs;t with <lb/>your Super&longs;tructure. </s> <s>In Eminences, or where­<lb/>ever el&longs;e the Water is running down wa&longs;hes <lb/>away the Ground, the deeper you make your <lb/>Trench, the better. </s> <s>And that the Hills are <lb/>actually eaten and wa&longs;h'd away, and wa&longs;ted <lb/>more and more daily by continual Rains, is <lb/>evident &longs;rom the Caverns and Rocks which <lb/>every Day grow more vi&longs;ible, whereas at fir&longs;t <lb/>they were &longs;o cover'd with Earth that we could <lb/>hardly perceive them. </s> <s>Mount <emph type="italics"/>Morello,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>is about <emph type="italics"/>Florence,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Days of our Fathers <lb/>was all over cover'd with Firs; and now it is <lb/>quite wild and naked; occa&longs;ion'd, as I &longs;up­<lb/>po&longs;e, by the Wa&longs;hing of the Rain In Situ­<lb/>ations upon Slopes, <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> directs us to be­<lb/>gin our Foundations at the lowe&longs;t Part of the <lb/>Slope fir&longs;t; which is certainly very right, for <lb/>be&longs;ides that whatever you lay there will always <lb/>&longs;tand firm and unmoveable in its Place, it will <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;erve as a Prop or Buttre&longs;s, to whatever <lb/>you add to the upper Parts, if you aftewards <lb/>think fit to enlarge your Structure. </s> <s>You will <lb/>al&longs;o thereby di&longs;cover and provide again&longs;t tho&longs;e <lb/>Defects which &longs;ometimes happen in &longs;uch Tren­<lb/>ches by the cracking or falling in of the Earth. </s> <s>In <lb/>mar&longs;hy Grounds, you &longs;hould make your Trench <lb/>very wide, and fortify both Sides of it with <lb/>Stakes, Hurdles, Planks, Sea-weeds, and Clay, <lb/>&longs;o &longs;trongly that no Water may get in; then <lb/>you mu&longs;t draw off every drop of Water that <lb/>happens to be left within your Frame-work, <lb/>and dig out the Sand, and clear away the Mud <lb/>from the Bottom till you have firm dry Ground <lb/>to &longs;et your Foot upon. </s> <s>The &longs;ame you are to <lb/>do in &longs;andy Ground, as far as Nece&longs;&longs;ity requires. <lb/></s> <s>Moreover, the Bottom of the Trench <lb/>mu&longs;t be laid exactly level, not &longs;loping on <lb/>either Side, that the Materials laid upon it may <lb/>be equally balanced. </s> <s>There is a natural in­<lb/>&longs;tinct in all heavy Bodies to lean and pre&longs;s <lb/>upon the lowe&longs;t Parts. </s> <s>There are other <lb/>Things which they direct us to do in mar&longs;hy <lb/>Situations, but they belong rather to the Wal­<lb/>ling than to the Foundations. </s> <s>They order us to <lb/>drive into the Ground a great Number of <lb/>Stakes and Piles burnt at the End, and &longs;et <lb/>with their Heads downwards, &longs;o as to have <lb/>a Surface of twice the Breadth that we intend <lb/>for our Wall; that the&longs;e Piles &longs;hould never be <lb/>le&longs;s in length than the eighth Part of the <lb/>Heighth of the Wall to be built upon them, <lb/>and for their Thickne&longs;s, it &longs;hould be the <lb/>twel&longs;th Part of their Length, and no le&longs;s. </s> <s>La&longs;tly <lb/>they &longs;hould be drove in &longs;o clo&longs;e that their is <lb/>not room for one more. </s> <s>The In&longs;trument we <lb/>u&longs;e for driving in the&longs;e Piles, whatever Sort it <lb/>it is of, &longs;hould do its Bu&longs;ine&longs;s by a great many <lb/>repeated Strokes; for when it is too heavy, <lb/>coming down with an immen&longs;e and intolerable <lb/>Force, it breaks and &longs;plits the Timber; but the <lb/>continual Repetition of gentle Strokes wearies <lb/>and overcomes the greate&longs;t Hardne&longs;s and Ob&longs;ti­<lb/>nacy of the Ground. </s> <s>You have an In&longs;tance of this <lb/>when you go to drive a &longs;mall Nail into a hard <lb/>Piece of Timber; if you u&longs;e a great heavy <lb/>Hammer, it won't do; but if you work with <lb/>a manageable light one, it penetrates imme-</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/057.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 4. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 42-43)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.057.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/057/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Leoni delin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Facciata di Dietro” = back-front [rear facade]. “Facciata d'Inanzi” = fore-front. <lb/></s> <s>“Linea Prima” = first line. </s> <s>“Linea Seconda” = second line. </s> <s>“Chiodo” = nail.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/058.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 5. <emph type="italics"/>(A: Page 45; B: Page 47)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.058.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/058/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/059.jpg" pagenum="45"/><p type="main"> <s>What has been &longs;aid may &longs;uffice, with relation <lb/>to our Trench, unle&longs;s we would add, that <lb/>&longs;ometimes, either to &longs;ave Money, or to avoid <lb/>an intermediate Piece of rotten Ground, it may <lb/>not be ami&longs;s to make a Foundation not con­<lb/>tinued entire all the way, but with Intervals <lb/>left between, as if we were only making <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg5"/><lb/>Columns or Pila&longs;ters, then turning Arches <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg6"/><lb/>from one Pila&longs;ter to the other, to <lb/>lay over them the re&longs;t of the Wall <lb/>In the&longs;e we are to ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame <lb/>Directions as we gave before; but the greater <lb/>Weight you are to rai&longs;e upon them, the large. <lb/></s> <s>and &longs;tronger Pila&longs;ters and Ba&longs;es you mu&longs;t <lb/>make. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e enough.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg5"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg6"/>* A. </s> <s>Plate 5. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing page 45)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, and of the Tempering of <lb/>Mortar.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We now come to begin our Wall; but <lb/>as the Workman's Art and Manner <lb/>of Building depends partly upon the Nature, <lb/>Form and Quality of his Stone, and partly <lb/>upon the Tempering of his Mortar, we are <lb/>therefore fir&longs;t to treat briefly of the&longs;e. </s> <s>Of <lb/>Stones, &longs;ome are living, juicy, and &longs;trong, &longs;uch <lb/>as Flint, Marble, and the like, which by Na­<lb/>ture are heavy and &longs;onorous; others are ex­<lb/>hau&longs;ted, light, and dead &longs;ounding, as are all <lb/>Stones that are &longs;oft and &longs;andy. </s> <s>Again, &longs;ome <lb/>have even Superficies, &longs;trait Lines, and equal <lb/>Angles, which are call'd Squared Stones; <lb/>others have uneven Superficies, of various <lb/>Lines, and unequal Angles, which we call <lb/>Rough. </s> <s>Of Stones al&longs;o, &longs;ome are big and <lb/>unweildy, &longs;o that a Man's Hand cannot <lb/>manage them at Plea&longs;ure, without the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance <lb/>of Sleds, Leavers, Rowlers, Pullies, or the <lb/>like Engines; others &longs;mall, &longs;o as you may <lb/>rai&longs;e and manage them with one &longs;ingle Hand <lb/>ju&longs;t as you plea&longs;e. </s> <s>The third Sort is between <lb/>both, of a moderate Size and Weight, which <lb/>are call'd &longs;izeable. </s> <s>All Stone &longs;hould be En­<lb/>tire, not Muddy, and well wa&longs;h'd; you may <lb/>know whether it is Entire or Crack'd, by the <lb/>Sound it gives when you Strike upon it. </s> <s>You <lb/>can wa&longs;h them no where better than in a <lb/>River; and it is certain that the Middling <lb/>&longs;izeable Sort are not &longs;oak'd enough under nine <lb/>Days, and the large ones under more. </s> <s>That <lb/>which is fre&longs;h dug out of the Quarry is better <lb/>than that which has been long kept; and that <lb/>which has been once cemented with Mortar <lb/>will not cement well again a &longs;econd Time. <lb/></s> <s>So much may &longs;uffice as to Stone. </s> <s>As for <lb/>Lime, they condemn that which when it <lb/>comes from the Kiln is not in entire Lumps, <lb/>but in broken Pieces, and as it were in Pow­<lb/>der, and they &longs;ay it will never prove &longs;ervice­<lb/>able. </s> <s>They commend that which purges and <lb/>grows white in the Fire, and which is light <lb/>and &longs;onorous, and when you water it, bur&longs;ts, <lb/>and throws out a &longs;trong thick Smoke high into <lb/>the Air. </s> <s>The former, being weak, mu&longs;t of <lb/>Cour&longs;e require le&longs;s Sand; but this latter, being <lb/>&longs;trong, requires more. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> directs, that to <lb/>every two Foot of Work, we &longs;hould allow one <lb/>Bu&longs;hel of Lime and two of Sand: Others <lb/>pre&longs;cribe different Proportions. <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> are for mixing the Sand thus; namely <lb/>to give to each Bu&longs;hel of Lime three of Pit­<lb/>&longs;and, or two of River or Sea-&longs;and. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>when the Quality and Nature of your Stone <lb/>requires your Mortar to be more liquid or <lb/>tractable (which we &longs;hall &longs;peak of more clearly <lb/>below) your Sand mu&longs;t be &longs;ifted through a <lb/>Sieve; but when it is to be &longs;tiffer, then mix it <lb/>with half Gravel and broken Fragments of <lb/>Stone. </s> <s>All agree, that if you mix it with <lb/>one third of broken Tile or Brick pounded, it <lb/>will be much more tenacious. </s> <s>However, mix <lb/>it as you will, you mu&longs;t &longs;tir it about often, till <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Pieces are incorparated; and &longs;ome, <lb/>for this Purpo&longs;e, and that it may be well <lb/>mingled together, &longs;tir it about and beat it a <lb/>great while in a Mortar. </s> <s>But we &longs;hall &longs;ay <lb/>no more here of the Cement, only thus much, <lb/>that Lime takes better hold with Stone of its <lb/>own Kind, and e&longs;pecially out of the &longs;ame <lb/>Quarry, than with a Stranger.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/060.jpg" pagenum="46"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the lower Cour&longs;es or Foundations, according to the Precepts and Example <lb/>of the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>For making the lower Cour&longs;es, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, rai&longs;ing the Foundations up to the <lb/>Level of the Ground, I do not find any Precepts <lb/>among the Ancients, except this one, that all <lb/>Stones which, after being in the Air two Years, <lb/>di&longs;cover any Defect, mu&longs;t be bani&longs;h'd into the <lb/>Foundation. </s> <s>For as in an Army, the &longs;luggi&longs;h <lb/>and weak who cannot endure the Sun and <lb/>Du&longs;t, are &longs;ent home with Marks of Infamy, <lb/>&longs;o the&longs;e &longs;oft enervated Stones ought to be re­<lb/>jected, and left to an inglorious Repo&longs;e in their <lb/>primitive Ob&longs;curity. </s> <s>Indeed I find by Hi&longs;torians, <lb/>that the Ancients took as much Care of the <lb/>Strength and Soundne&longs;s of their Foundation in <lb/>all its Parts as of any other Part of the Wall. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ithis,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of <emph type="italics"/>Nicerinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(the Author of the Law, that whoever was <lb/>&longs;ued for Debt &longs;hould give the Corp&longs;e of his <lb/>Father in Pawn) when he built a Pyramid of <lb/>Bricks to make his Foundations, drove Piles <lb/>into the Mar&longs;h, and laid his Bricks upon them. <lb/></s> <s>And we are inform'd that <emph type="italics"/>Cte&longs;ipho,<emph.end type="italics"/> the excel­<lb/>lent Architect that built the famous Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> having made Choice of <lb/>a level Piece of Ground, thoroughly drain'd, <lb/>and likely to be free from Earthquakes; that <lb/>he might not lay the Foundations of &longs;uch a <lb/>huge Pile in &longs;o loo&longs;e and unfaithful a Soil <lb/>without due Precautions, fir&longs;t made a Bottom <lb/>of Coals pounded to Du&longs;t; then drove in Piles <lb/>with Fleeces and Coals wedged in between <lb/>Pile and Pile; and over the&longs;e a Cour&longs;e of <lb/>Stone with very long Junctures.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE find that about <emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>Foundations of their Publick Works, they <lb/>&longs;ometimes u&longs;ed Stones thirty Feet long, and <lb/>not le&longs;s than fifteen high. </s> <s>But I have ob­<lb/>&longs;erved, that in other Places, the Ancients, <lb/>who were wonderfully expert in managing of <lb/>great Works, followed different Rules and <lb/>Methods in filling up the Foundations. </s> <s>In <lb/>the Sepulchre of the <emph type="italics"/>Antonini<emph.end type="italics"/> they filled them <lb/>up with little Pieces of very hard Stone, each <lb/>not bigger than a Handful, and which they <lb/>perfectly drowned in Mortar. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Forum <lb/>Argentarium,<emph.end type="italics"/> with Fragments of all Sorts of <lb/>broken Stones; in the <emph type="italics"/>Comitia,<emph.end type="italics"/> with Bits of <lb/>the very wor&longs;t Sort of &longs;oft Stuff. </s> <s>But I am <lb/>mightily plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who in the <emph type="italics"/>Tarpeia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>imitated Nature, in a Contrivance particularly <lb/>well adapted to Hills; for as &longs;he, in the For­<lb/>mation of Mountains, mixes the &longs;ofte&longs;t Mate­<lb/>rials with the harde&longs;t Stone, &longs;o the&longs;e Work­<lb/>men &longs;ir&longs;t laid a Cour&longs;e of &longs;quared Stone, as <lb/>&longs;trong as they could get, to the Heighth of <lb/>two Feet; over the&longs;e they made a Kind of <lb/>Plai&longs;ter of Mortar, and broken Fragments, <lb/>then another Cour&longs;e of Stone, and with another <lb/>of Plai&longs;ter they fini&longs;hed their Foundation. </s> <s>I <lb/>have known other In&longs;tances, where the An­<lb/>cients have made much the &longs;ame Sort of Foun­<lb/>dations and Structures too, of coar&longs;e Pit-gra­<lb/>vel, and common Stone that they have picked <lb/>up by chance, which have la&longs;ted many Ages. <lb/></s> <s>Upon pulling down a very high and &longs;trong <lb/>Tower at <emph type="italics"/>Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"/> they di&longs;covered that the <lb/>Foundations were filled with nothing but <lb/>round Stones and Chalk, to the Heighth of <lb/>nine Feet; the other Parts were built with <lb/>Mortar. </s> <s>We find therefore that very different <lb/>Methods have been u&longs;ed, and which to ap­<lb/>prove mo&longs;t I confe&longs;s my&longs;elf at a Lo&longs;s, all of <lb/>them have &longs;o long endured firm and &longs;ound. <lb/></s> <s>So that I think we ought to chu&longs;e that which <lb/>is lea&longs;t expen&longs;ive, provided we do not throw <lb/>in all manner of old Rubbi&longs;h, and any thing <lb/>apt to moulder. </s> <s>There are al&longs;o other Sorts <lb/>of Foundations; one belongs to Porticoes, <lb/>and all other Places where Rows of Columns <lb/>are to be &longs;et; the other to Maritime Places, <lb/>where we cannot pick and chu&longs;e the Good­<lb/>ne&longs;s of our Bottom as we could wi&longs;h. </s> <s>Of <lb/>the Maritime we will con&longs;ider when we come <lb/>to treat of making of Ports, and running Moles <lb/>out into the Sea; becau&longs;e the&longs;e do not relate <lb/>to the general Work of all manner of Build­<lb/>ings, which is the Subject of our Di&longs;cour&longs;e here, <lb/>but only to one particular Part of the City, <lb/>which we &longs;hall treat of together with other <lb/>Things of the like Nature, when we give an <lb/>Account of all Publick Works, Member by <lb/>Member. </s> <s>In laying Foundations under Rows <lb/>of Columns, there is no Occa&longs;ion to draw an <lb/>even continued Line of Work all the Way <pb xlink:href="003/01/061.jpg" pagenum="47"/>without Interruption; but only fir&longs;t to <lb/>&longs;trengthen the Places you intend for the Seats <lb/>or Beds of your Columns, and then from one <lb/>to the other draw Arches with their Backs <lb/>downwards, &longs;o that the Plane or Level of the <lb/>Area will be the Chord of tho&longs;e Arches; as <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg7"/><lb/>you may &longs;ee by the Plate of the Page 41. let <lb/>B. </s> <s>For &longs;tanding thus, they will be le&longs;s apt to <lb/>force their Way into the Earth in any one <lb/>Place, the Weight being counterpos'd and <lb/>thrown equally on both Sides on the Props of <lb/>the Arches. </s> <s>And how apt Columns are to <lb/>drive into the Ground, by means of the great <lb/>Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the Weight laid upon them, is <lb/>manife&longs;t from that Corner of the noble Tem­<lb/>ple of <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;pa&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/> that &longs;tands to the North­<lb/>We&longs;t. </s> <s>For being de&longs;irous to leave the publick <lb/>Way, which was interrupted by that Angle, a <lb/>free and open Pa&longs;&longs;age underneath, they broke <lb/>the Area of their Platform and turn'd an Arch <lb/>again&longs;t the Wall, leaving that Corner as a Sort <lb/>of Plai&longs;ter on the other Side of the Pa&longs;&longs;age, <lb/>and fortifying it, as well as po&longs;&longs;ible, with &longs;tout <lb/>Work, and with the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of a Buttre&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>Yet this at la&longs;t, by the va&longs;t Weight of &longs;o great <lb/>a Building, and the giving Way of the Earth, <lb/>became ruinous. </s> <s>But let this &longs;uffice upon this <lb/>Head.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg7"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That there ought to be Vents left open in thick Walls from the Bottom to the <lb/>Top; the Difference between the Wall and the Foundation; the principal <lb/>Parts of the Wall; the three Methods of Walling; the Materials and <lb/>Form of the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e or Layer.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Foundations being laid, we come <lb/>next to the Wall. </s> <s>But I will not omit <lb/>here a Precaution which belongs as well to the <lb/>Compleating of the Foundation as to the <lb/>Structure of the Wall. </s> <s>In large Buildings, <lb/>where the Wall is to be very thick, we ought <lb/>to leave Vents and Tunnels in the Body of the <lb/>Wall, at moderate Di&longs;tances one from the other, <lb/>from the Foundation quite to the Top, through <lb/>which any Vapour or Damp that may happen <lb/>to engender or gather under Ground may have <lb/>free Pa&longs;&longs;age without damaging the Work. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients in &longs;ome of the&longs;e Vents were u&longs;ed to <lb/>make winding Stairs, as well for the Sake of the <lb/>Beauty of the Contrivance it&longs;elf, as for the <lb/>Convenience of pa&longs;&longs;ing up to the Top of the <lb/>Edifice, and perhaps too for the Saving of &longs;ome <lb/>Expence. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject; be­<lb/>tween the Foundation and the naked Wall there <lb/>is this Difference, that the former having the <lb/>Support of the Sides of the Trench, may be made <lb/>of nothing but Rubbi&longs;h, whereas the Latter con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts of Variety of Parts, as we &longs;hall hereafter <lb/>&longs;hew. </s> <s>The principal Parts of the Wall are <lb/>the&longs;e; fir&longs;t, the bottom Part, which begins <lb/>immediately from the Level of the Foundati­<lb/>ons; this we call the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e laid upon the <lb/>Level, or the Cour&longs;e ri&longs;ing from the Ground: <lb/>The middle Parts, which girt and &longs;urround <lb/>the Wall, we &longs;hall call the &longs;econd Cour&longs;e: The <lb/>highe&longs;t Parts, la&longs;tly, that is to &longs;ay, tho&longs;e which <lb/>&longs;upport the top Roof, we call Cornices. </s> <s>Some <lb/>of the principal Parts or rather the prin­<lb/>cipal Parts of all are the Corners of the <lb/>Wall, and the Pila&longs;ters, or Columns, or any <lb/>thing el&longs;e in their &longs;tead &longs;et in the Wall to &longs;up­<lb/>port the Beams and Arches of the Covering; <lb/>all which are comprized under the Name of <lb/>Bones or Ribs. </s> <s>Likewi&longs;e the Jambs on each <lb/>Side of all Openings partake of the Nature both <lb/>of Corners and of Columns. </s> <s>Moreover, the <lb/>Coverings of Openings, that is to &longs;ay, the Lin­<lb/>tels or Tran&longs;oms, whether &longs;trait or arched, are <lb/>al&longs;o reckoned among the Bones. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>I take an Arch to be nothing more than a Beam <lb/>bent, and the Beam or Tran&longs;om to be only a <lb/>Column laid cro&longs;&longs;ways. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Parts which <lb/>interfere or lie between the&longs;e principal Parts, <lb/>are very properly called Fillers up. </s> <s>There are <lb/>&longs;ome Things throughout the whole Wall <lb/>which agree each with &longs;ome one of the Parts <lb/>we have here &longs;poken of; that is to &longs;ay, the fill­<lb/>ing up or cramming of the Middle of the Wall, <lb/>and the two Barks or Shells of each Side, <lb/>whereof that without is to bear the Sun and <lb/>Weather, and that within is to give Shade and <lb/>Shelter to the In&longs;ide of the Platform. </s> <s>The <lb/>Rules for the&longs;e Shells and for their &longs;tuffing are <lb/>various, according to the Variety of Structures. <lb/></s> <s>The different Sorts of Structures are the&longs;e; the <lb/>ordinary Sort, the chequer Sort and the Irregu­<lb/>lar: And here it may not be ami&longs;s to take <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/062.jpg" pagenum="48"/>Notice of what <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cans<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>u&longs;ed to build their Country Hou&longs;es of Stone, <lb/>but the <emph type="italics"/>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"/> of baked Brick, the <emph type="italics"/>Sabines<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>Brick unbaked, the <emph type="italics"/>Spaniards<emph.end type="italics"/> of Mud and lit­<lb/>tle Stones mixed together. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;peak el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>The ordinary Sort of <lb/>Structure, is that in which &longs;quared Stones, <lb/>either the middling or rather the large Sort, are <lb/>placed with their Fronts exactly an&longs;wering to <lb/>the &longs;quare level and plumb Line; which is the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t and mo&longs;t la&longs;ting Way of all. </s> <s>The <lb/>chequered Way is when &longs;quared Stones, either <lb/>the middle &longs;ized, or rather very &longs;mall ones, are <lb/>placed not on their Sides, but on their Corners, <lb/>and lie with their Fronts an&longs;wering to the <lb/>&longs;quare and plumb Line. </s> <s>The irregular Way <lb/>is where ordinary rough Stones are placed with <lb/>their Sides an&longs;wering, as well as the Inequality <lb/>of their Forms will permit, one to the other; <lb/>and this is the Method u&longs;ed in the Pavement <lb/>of the publick Ways. </s> <s>But the&longs;e Methods mu&longs;t <lb/>be u&longs;ed differently in different Places; for in <lb/>the Ba&longs;es, or fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e above the Ground, we <lb/>mu&longs;t make our Shell of nothing but very large <lb/>and very hard &longs;quare Stones; for as we ought <lb/>to make the whole Wall as firm and entire as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, &longs;o there is no Part of it that requires <lb/>more Strength and Soundne&longs;s than this; in&longs;o­<lb/>much that if it were po&longs;&longs;ible for you to make <lb/>it all of one &longs;ingle Stone you &longs;hould do it, or <lb/>at lea&longs;t make it only of &longs;uch a Number as may <lb/>come as near as may be to the Firmne&longs;s and <lb/>Durablene&longs;s of one &longs;ingle Stone. </s> <s>How the&longs;e <lb/>great Stones are to be mov'd and manag'd, <lb/>belonging properly to the Article of Ornaments, <lb/>we &longs;hall con&longs;ider of it in another Place.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>RAISE your Wall &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Cato,<emph.end type="italics"/> of hard Stone <lb/>and good Mortar to at lea&longs;t a Foot high above <lb/>the Ground, and it matters not if you build <lb/>the re&longs;t even of Brick unbak'd. </s> <s>His Rea&longs;on <lb/>for this Admonition is plainly becau&longs;e the Rain­<lb/>Water falling from the Roof might not rot <lb/>this Part of the Wall. </s> <s>But when we examine <lb/>the Works of the Ancients, and find that not <lb/>only in our own Country the lower Parts of <lb/>all good Buildings are compos'd of the harde&longs;t <lb/>Stone, but that even among tho&longs;e Nations <lb/>which are under no Apprehen&longs;ions from Rain, <lb/>as in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> they u&longs;ed to make the Ba&longs;es of <lb/>their Pyramids of a black Stone of an extreme <lb/>Hardne&longs;s; we are obliged to look more nearly <lb/>into this Matter. </s> <s>We &longs;hould therefore con­<lb/>&longs;ider that as Iron, Bra&longs;s, and the like hard <lb/>Metals, if bent &longs;everal Times fir&longs;t this way <lb/>and then that, will at la&longs;t crack and break; &longs;o <lb/>other Bodies, if wearied with a repeated Change <lb/>of Injuries, will &longs;poil and corruptinconceivably; <lb/>which is what I have ob&longs;erved in Bridges, <lb/>e&longs;pecially of Wood: Tho&longs;e Parts of them <lb/>which &longs;tand all the Changes of Weather, &longs;ome­<lb/>times burnt with the Rays of the Sun, and <lb/>&longs;harp Bla&longs;ts of Wind, at other Times &longs;oak'd <lb/>with Night-dews or Rains, very &longs;oon decay <lb/>and are quite eaten away by the Worms. </s> <s>The <lb/>&longs;ame holds good of tho&longs;e Parts of the Wall <lb/>which are near to the Ground, which by theal­<lb/>ternate injuries of Du&longs;t and Wet are very apt to <lb/>moulder and rot. </s> <s>I therefore lay it down as an <lb/>indi&longs;pen&longs;ible Rule, that all the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e of <lb/>Work from the Level, &longs;hould be compos'd of <lb/>the harde&longs;t, &longs;ounde&longs;t, and large&longs;t Stones, to <lb/>&longs;ecure it again&longs;t the frequent A&longs;&longs;aults of con­<lb/>trary Injuries: Which Stone is harde&longs;t and be&longs;t, <lb/>we have &longs;hewn &longs;ufficiently in the Second Book.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Generation of Stones; how they are to be di&longs;pos'd and join'd together, as <lb/>al&longs;o, which are the Stronge&longs;t and which the Weake&longs;t.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certainly of very great Con&longs;equence in <lb/>what Manner we di&longs;po&longs;e and join our <lb/>Stone in the Work, either in this or any other <lb/>Part; for as in Wood &longs;o al&longs;o in Stone, there <lb/>are Veins and Knots, and other Parts, of <lb/>which &longs;ome are weaker than others, in&longs;omuch <lb/>that Marble it&longs;elf will warp and &longs;plit. </s> <s>There <lb/>is in Stones a Kind of Impo&longs;tumes, or Collections <lb/>of putrid Matter, which in Time &longs;well and <lb/>grow, by means, as I &longs;uppo&longs;e of the Humidity <lb/>of the Air, which they &longs;uck in and imbibe <lb/>which breeds larger Pu&longs;tules, and eats away <lb/>the Building. </s> <s>For be&longs;ides what we have <lb/>already &longs;aid of Stones in their proper Place, it <lb/>is nece&longs;&longs;ary to con&longs;ider here that they are <lb/>created by Nature, lying flat as we &longs;ee them <lb/>in the Ground, of a liquid and fluxible Sub­<lb/>&longs;tance, which, as we are told, when it is af­<lb/>terwards harden'd and grown, re&longs;erves in the <lb/>Ma&longs;s the original Figure of its Parts. </s> <s>Hence <pb xlink:href="003/01/063.jpg" pagenum="49"/>it proceeds, that the lower Part of Stones is of <lb/>a more &longs;olid and weighty Con&longs;i&longs;tence than the <lb/>Upper, and that they interrupted with Veins, <lb/>ju&longs;t according as their Sub&longs;tances happened to <lb/>unite and conglutinate. </s> <s>That Matter which is <lb/>found within the Veins, whether it be the Scum <lb/>of the fir&longs;t congealed Sub&longs;tance mix'd with the <lb/>Dregs of the adventitious Matter, or whatever <lb/>el&longs;e it be, as it is plainly of &longs;o different a Con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;tence, that Nature will not permit it to <lb/>unite with the re&longs;t, it is no Wonder that it is <lb/>the Part in Stone which is apt to crack. </s> <s>And <lb/>indeed, as Experience teaches us, the Deva­<lb/>&longs;tations of Time too evidently demon&longs;trate, <lb/>without &longs;earching into Cau&longs;es more remote, <lb/>that all vegetative and compound Bodies con­<lb/>&longs;ume and decay; &longs;o in Stones, the Parts ex­<lb/>pos'd to the Weather are &longs;oone&longs;t rotted. </s> <s>This <lb/>being the Ca&longs;e, we are advi&longs;ed in Placing our <lb/>Stone to &longs;et tho&longs;e Parts of it which are the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t, and lea&longs;t apt to putrify, again&longs;t the <lb/>Violence of the alternate Injuries of the Wea­<lb/>ther, e&longs;pecially in tho&longs;e Parts of the Building <lb/>where mo&longs;t Strength is requir'd. </s> <s>For this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on we &longs;hould not &longs;et the Veins upright, le&longs;t <lb/>the Weather &longs;hould make the Stone crack and <lb/>&longs;cale off; but they &longs;hould be laid flat down­<lb/>wards that the Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the incumbant <lb/>Weight may hinder them from opening. </s> <s>The <lb/>Side which in the Quarry lay mo&longs;t hid, &longs;hould <lb/>be placed again&longs;t the Air; becau&longs;e it is always <lb/>the &longs;tronge&longs;t and mo&longs;t unctious. </s> <s>But of all <lb/>Stone, none will prove &longs;o hardy as that which <lb/>has its Veins not running in parellel Lines with <lb/>tho&longs;e of the Quarry, but cro&longs;&longs;way and directly <lb/>tran&longs;ver&longs;e. </s> <s>Moreover the Corners throughout <lb/>the whole Building, as they require the <lb/>greate&longs;t Degree of Strength, ought to be par­<lb/>ticularly well fortify'd; and, if I mi&longs;take not, <lb/>each Corner is in effect the half of the whole <lb/>Structure; for if one of them happens to fail, <lb/>it occa&longs;ions the Ruin of both the Sides to <lb/>which it an&longs;wers. </s> <s>And if you will take the <lb/>Pains to examine, I dare &longs;ay you will find that <lb/>hardly any Building ever begins to decay, but <lb/>by the Fault of one of its Corners. </s> <s>It there­<lb/>fore &longs;hew'd great Di&longs;cretion in the Ancients, <lb/>to make their Corners much thicker than the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Wall, and in Porticoes of Columns <lb/>to &longs;trengthen their Angles in a particular Man­<lb/>ner. </s> <s>This Strength in the Corners is not re­<lb/>quired upon Account of its Supporting the <lb/>Covering (for that is rather the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the <lb/>Columns) but only to keep the Wall up to its <lb/>Duty, and hinder it from leaning any Way <lb/>from its perpendicular. </s> <s>Let the Corners there­<lb/>fore be of the harde&longs;t and longe&longs;t Stones, <lb/>which may embrace both Sides of the Wall, as <lb/>it were, like Arms; and let them be full as <lb/>broad as the Wall, that there may be no need <lb/>to &longs;tuff the Middle with Rubbi&longs;h. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, that the Ribs in the Wall and the <lb/>Jambs or Sides of the Apertures, &longs;hould be <lb/>fortify'd like the Corners, and made &longs;trong in <lb/>proportion to the Weight they are de&longs;ign'd to <lb/>&longs;upport. </s> <s>And above all we &longs;hould leave Bits, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, Stones left every other Row jut­<lb/>ting out at the Ends of the Wall, like Teeth, <lb/>for the Stones of the other Front of the Wall <lb/>to fa&longs;ten and catch into.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts of the Fini&longs;hing; of the Shells, the Stuffing, and their different <lb/>Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Parts of the Fini&longs;hing are tho&longs;e <lb/>which, as we &longs;aid before, are common <lb/>to the whole Wall; that is, the Shell and the <lb/>Stuffing; but there are two Shells, one out­<lb/>ward and the other inward; if you make the <lb/>outward of the harde&longs;t Stone you can get, the <lb/>Building will be the more durable. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>in all Sorts of Fini&longs;hing, let it be of what <lb/>Kind of Work you will, either chequer'd, or <lb/>of rough Stones, it is indifferent, provided you <lb/>&longs;et again&longs;t the continual mi&longs;chievous Violence <lb/>either of Sun, or Wind, or of Fire, or Fro&longs;t, <lb/>&longs;uch Stones as are in their Nature be&longs;t fitted <lb/>for re&longs;i&longs;ting either Force, Weight, or Injuries; <lb/>and we &longs;hould take Care to let our Materials be <lb/>particularly Sound where-ever the Rain in its <lb/>Fall from the Roof or Gutters is driven by the <lb/>Wind again&longs;t the Wall; &longs;ince we often find in <lb/>old Buildings, that &longs;uch Sprinklings will rot <lb/>and eat into Marble it&longs;elf. </s> <s>Though all prudent <lb/>Architects, to provide again&longs;t this Mi&longs;chief, <lb/>have taken Care to bring all the Water on the <lb/>Roof together into Gutters and Pipes, and &longs;o <lb/>carry it clear away. </s> <s>Moreover, the Ancients <pb xlink:href="003/01/064.jpg" pagenum="50"/>ob&longs;erv'd that in Autumn the Leaves of Trees <lb/>always began to fall to the South-&longs;ide &longs;ir&longs;t; <lb/>and in Buildings ruinated by Time, I have <lb/>taken Notice that they always began to decay <lb/>fir&longs;t towards the South. </s> <s>The Rea&longs;on of this <lb/>may perhaps be that the Heat and Force of the <lb/>Sun lying upon the Work while it was &longs;till <lb/>in Hand might exhau&longs;t the Strength of the <lb/>Cement; and the Stone it&longs;elf being frequently <lb/>moi&longs;ten'd by the South-wind, and then again <lb/>dry'd and burnt by the Rays of the Sun, <lb/>rots and moulders. </s> <s>Again&longs;t the&longs;e and the like <lb/>Injuries therefore, we &longs;hould oppo&longs;e our be&longs;t <lb/>and &longs;toute&longs;t Materials. </s> <s>What I think too is <lb/>principally to be ob&longs;erv'd, is to let every Row <lb/>or Cour&longs;e of Stone throughout the Wall be <lb/>even and equally proportion'd, not patch'd up <lb/>of great Stones on the right Hand and little <lb/>ones on the left; becau&longs;e we are told that the <lb/>Wall by the Addition of any new Weight is <lb/>&longs;queezed clo&longs;er together, and the Mortar in <lb/>drying is hinder'd by this Pre&longs;&longs;ure from taking <lb/>due hold, which mu&longs;t of Cour&longs;e make Cracks <lb/>and Defects in the Work. </s> <s>But you may be <lb/>&longs;afely allow'd to make the inward Shell, and <lb/>all the Front of the Wall of that Side, of a <lb/>&longs;ofter and weaker Stone; but whatever Shell <lb/>you make, whether inward or outward, it <lb/>mu&longs;t be always perpendicular, and its Line <lb/>exactly even. </s> <s>Its Line mu&longs;t always an&longs;wer <lb/>ju&longs;tly to the Line of the Platform, &longs;o as not in <lb/>any Part to &longs;well out or &longs;ink in, or to be <lb/>wavy, or not exactly plum, and perfectly well <lb/>compacted and fini&longs;hed. </s> <s>If you rough. </s> <s>Ca&longs;t <lb/>your Wall as you build it, or while it is fre&longs;h, <lb/>whatever Plai&longs;tering or Whitening you do it <lb/>over with afterwards will la&longs;t, in a Manner, for <lb/>ever. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of Stuffing; the <lb/>one is that with which we fill the Hollow that <lb/>is left between the two Shells, con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>Mortar and broken Fragments of Stone thrown <lb/>in together without any Order; the other con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ting of ordinary rough Stone, with which <lb/>we may be &longs;aid rather to wall than only to fill <lb/>up. </s> <s>Both plainly appears to have been in­<lb/>vented by good-husbandry, becau&longs;e any &longs;mall <lb/>Coar&longs;e Stuff is u&longs;ed in this Kind of Work. <lb/></s> <s>But if there was Plenty of large &longs;quare Stone <lb/>ea&longs;ily to be had, who I wonder, would choo&longs;e <lb/>to make U&longs;e of &longs;mall Fragments? </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>herein alone the Ribs of the Wall differ from <lb/>what we call the Fini&longs;hing, that between the <lb/>two Shells of this latter we &longs;tuff in coar&longs;e Rub­<lb/>bi&longs;h or broken Pieces that come to Hand; <lb/>whereas, in the Former we admit very &longs;ew <lb/>or no unequal Stones, but make tho&longs;e Parts of <lb/>the Wall quite through, of what we have <lb/>call'd the <emph type="italics"/>ordinary<emph.end type="italics"/> Sort of Work. </s> <s>If I were to <lb/>choo&longs;e, I would have the Wall throughout <lb/>made of nothing but regularCour&longs;es of &longs;quared <lb/>Stone, that it might be as la&longs;ting as po&longs;&longs;ible; <lb/>but whatever hollow you leave between the <lb/>Shells to be filled up with Rubbi&longs;h, you &longs;hould <lb/>take Care to let the Cour&longs;es of each Side be <lb/>as even as po&longs;&longs;ible and it will be proper be­<lb/>&longs;ides to lay a good many large Stones, at con­<lb/>venient Di&longs;tances, that may go quite through <lb/>the Wall to both Shells, in order to bind and <lb/>gird them together, that the Rubbi&longs;h you <lb/>&longs;tuff them with may not bur&longs;t them out. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients made it a Rule in &longs;tuffing their <lb/>Walls, not to continue the Stuffing uninterrup­<lb/>ted to the Heigth of above five Foot, and then <lb/>they laid over it a Cour&longs;e of whole Stone. </s> <s>This <lb/>fa&longs;ten'd and bound the Wall, as it were, with <lb/>Nerves and Ligaments; &longs;o that if any Part of <lb/>the Stuffing, either through the Fault of the <lb/>Workman, or by Accident, happen'd to &longs;ink, <lb/>it could not pull every Thing el&longs;e along with <lb/>it, but the Weight above had in a Manner <lb/>a new Ba&longs;is to re&longs;t upon. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, we are <lb/>taught what I find con&longs;tantly ob&longs;erved <lb/>among the Ancients, never to admit any Stone <lb/>among our Stuffing that weighs above a Pound, <lb/>becau&longs;e they &longs;uppo&longs;e that &longs;mall ones unite <lb/>more ea&longs;ily, and knit bettter with the Cement <lb/>than large ones.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT is not altogether foreign to our Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e, what we read in <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> of King <emph type="italics"/>Minos,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that he divided the Plebeans into &longs;everal Cla&longs;­<lb/>&longs;es, according to their &longs;everal Profe&longs;&longs;ions, upon <lb/>this Principle, that the &longs;maller the Parts are <lb/>a Body is &longs;plit into, the more ea&longs;ily it may <lb/>be governed and managed. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o of no <lb/>little Con&longs;equence to have the Hollow com­<lb/>pletly fill'd up, and every the lea&longs;t Crevice <lb/>clo&longs;e &longs;topt, not only upon the Account of <lb/>Strength, but likewi&longs;e to hinder any Animals <lb/>from getting in and making their Ne&longs;ts there, <lb/>and to prevent the Gathering of Dirt and <lb/>Seeds, which might make Weeds grow in the <lb/>Wall. </s> <s>It is almo&longs;t incredible what huge <lb/>Weights of Stone, and what va&longs;t Piles I have <lb/>known moved and opened by the &longs;ingle Root <lb/>of one Plant. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t take Care therefore <lb/>to let your whole Structure be girt and fill'd <lb/>compleatly.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/065.jpg" pagenum="51"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Girders of Stone, of the Ligament and Fortification of the Cornices, <lb/>and how to unite &longs;everal Stones for the &longs;trengthening of the Wall.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>A mong the Girders we reckon tho&longs;e Cour­<lb/>&longs;es of large Stone which tie the out­<lb/>ward Shell to the Inward, and which bind the <lb/>Ribs one into the other, &longs;uch as are tho&longs;e <lb/>which we &longs;aid in the la&longs;t Chapter ought to be <lb/>made every five Foot. </s> <s>But there are other <lb/>Girders be&longs;ides, and tho&longs;e principal ones, <lb/>which run the whole Length of the Wall to <lb/>embrace the Corners and &longs;trengthen the whole <lb/>Work: But the&longs;e latter are not &longs;o frequent, <lb/>and I do not remember ever to have &longs;een <lb/>above two, or at mo&longs;t three in one Wall. <lb/></s> <s>Their Place is the Summit of the Wall, to be <lb/>as it were a Crown to the Whole, and to per­<lb/>form the &longs;ame Service at the Top which the <lb/>other more frequent Girders at the Di&longs;tance <lb/>of every five Foot do in the Middle, where <lb/>&longs;maller Stones are allow'd; but in the&longs;e other <lb/>Girders, which we call Cornices, as they are <lb/>fewer and of more Importance, &longs;o much the <lb/>larger and the &longs;tronger Stones they require. </s> <s>In <lb/>both according to their different Offices, the <lb/>be&longs;t, the longe&longs;t, and the thicke&longs;t Stones are <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>The &longs;maller Girders are made to <lb/>an&longs;wer to the Rule and Plum-line with the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Shell of the Wall: but the&longs;e great <lb/>ones, like a Crown, project &longs;omewhat forwards. <lb/></s> <s>The&longs;e long, thick Stones mu&longs;t be laid exactly <lb/>plum, and be well link'd with the under <lb/>Cour&longs;es, &longs;o as to make a Kind of Pavement <lb/>at Top to &longs;hadow and protect the Sub&longs;truc­<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg8"/><lb/>ture. </s> <s>The Way of placing the&longs;e Stones one <lb/>upon the other, is to let the Middle of the <lb/>Stone above an&longs;wer exactly to the Juncture of <lb/>the two in the Cour&longs;e below, &longs;o that its Weight <lb/>is equally pois'd upon them both; as (A.) <lb/>Which way of Working, as it ought not in­<lb/>deed to be neglected in any Part of the Wall, <lb/>ought to be particularly followed in the Gir­<lb/>ders. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved that the Ancients in <lb/>their checquer'd Works u&longs;ed to make their <lb/>Girders of five Cour&longs;es of Bricks, or at lea&longs;t of <lb/>three, and that all of them, or at lea&longs;t one <lb/>Cour&longs;e was of Stone, not thicker than the re&longs;t, <lb/>but longer and broader; as (B.) But in their <lb/>ordinary Sort of Brick-work, I find they were <lb/>content for Girders to make at every five Foot <lb/>a Cour&longs;e of Bricks two Foot thick as (C)</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg8"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I KNOW &longs;ome too have inter&longs;pers'd Plates or <lb/>Cramps of Lead of a con&longs;iderable Length, <lb/>and as broad as the Wall was thick, in order <lb/>to bind the Work. </s> <s>But when they built with <lb/>very large Stone, I find they were contented <lb/>with fewer Girders, or even only with the <lb/>Cornices. </s> <s>In making the Cornices, which are <lb/>to girt in the Wall with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Liga­<lb/>ture, we ought to neglect none of the Rules <lb/>which we have laid down about the Girders; <lb/>namely, we &longs;hould u&longs;e in them none but the <lb/>longe&longs;t, thicke&longs;t, and &longs;tronge&longs;t Stones, which <lb/>we &longs;hould put together in the mo&longs;t exact and <lb/>regular Order, each laid nicely even and level <lb/>by the Square and Plum-line. </s> <s>And we ought <lb/>to be more diligent and careful in this Part of <lb/>the Work, becau&longs;e it is to gird in the Whole <lb/>Wall, which is more apt to ruinate in this Part <lb/>than in any other. </s> <s>The Covering too has its <lb/>Office with relation to the Wall; whence it <lb/>is laid down as a Rule, that to a Wall of crude <lb/>Bricks we are to make a Cornice of baked <lb/>ones, to the Intent that if any Water &longs;hould <lb/>chance to fall from the End of the Covering, <lb/>or from the Gutters, it may be it may do no <lb/>Mi&longs;chief, but that the Wall may be defended <lb/>by the Projecting of the Cornice. </s> <s>For which <lb/>Rea&longs;on we ought to take Care that every Part <lb/>of the Wall have a Cornice over it for a <lb/>Covering to it, which ought to be firmly <lb/>wrought and well &longs;tucco'd over to repel all the <lb/>Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>We are here again <lb/>to con&longs;ider in what Manner we are to unite <lb/>and con&longs;olidate a Number of &longs;eperate Stones <lb/>into one Body of Wall; and the principal <lb/>Thing that offers it&longs;elf to our Thoughts as <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, is good Lime; though I do not <lb/>take it to be the proper Cement for every Sort <lb/>of Stone: Marble, for In&longs;tance, if touch'd <lb/>with Lime, will not only loo&longs;e its Whitene&longs;s, <lb/>but will contract foul bloody Spots. </s> <s>But Mar­<lb/>ble, is &longs;o delicate and &longs;o coy of its Whitene&longs;s, <lb/>that it will hardly bear the Touch of any <lb/>Thing but it&longs;elf; it di&longs;dains Smoke; &longs;mear'd <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/066.jpg" pagenum="52"/>with Oil, it grows pale; wa&longs;h'd with Red <lb/>Wine, it turns of a dirty brown; with Water, <lb/>kept &longs;ome time in Che&longs;&longs;nut-wood, it changes <lb/>quite thro' to black, and is &longs;o totally &longs;tain'd, <lb/>that no &longs;craping will fetch out the Spots. </s> <s>For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on the Ancients u&longs;ed Marble in their <lb/>Works naked, and if po&longs;&longs;ible without the <lb/>lea&longs;t Mortar: But of the&longs;e hereafter.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, and of the Agreement there is be­<lb/>tween Stone and Sand.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now as it is the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of an expert <lb/>Workman, not &longs;o much to make <lb/>Choice of the fitte&longs;t Materials, as to put tho&longs;e <lb/>which he is &longs;upplied with to the be&longs;t and <lb/>propere&longs;t U&longs;es; we will proceed on our Sub­<lb/>ject in this Manner. </s> <s>Lime is well burnt, when <lb/>after it has been water'd, and the Heat gone <lb/>out of it, it ri&longs;es up like the Froth of Milk, <lb/>and &longs;wells all the Clods. </s> <s>Its not having been <lb/>long enough &longs;oak'd you may know by the little <lb/>Stones you will find in it when you mix the <lb/>Sand with it. </s> <s>If you put too much Sand to it, <lb/>it will be too &longs;harp to cement well; if you <lb/>put le&longs;s than its Nature and Strength requires, <lb/>it will be as &longs;tiff as Glue, and is not to be <lb/>managed. </s> <s>Such as is not thoroughly &longs;oak'd, <lb/>or that is weaker upon any other Account, <lb/>may be u&longs;ed with le&longs;s Danger in the Foundation <lb/>than in the Wall, and in the Stuffing than in <lb/>Shells. </s> <s>But the Corners, the Ribs, and the <lb/>Band-&longs;tones mu&longs;t be entirely free from Mortar <lb/>that has the lea&longs;t Defect; and Arches e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally require the very be&longs;t of all. </s> <s>The Corners, <lb/>and Ribs, and the Band-&longs;tones, and Cornices <lb/>require the fine&longs;t, &longs;malle&longs;t and cleare&longs;t Sand, <lb/>particularly when they are built of poli&longs;hed <lb/>Stone. </s> <s>The Stuffing may be done with <lb/>coar&longs;er Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>STONE in its Nature dry and thir&longs;ty, agrees <lb/>not ill with River-&longs;and. </s> <s>Stone in its Nature <lb/>moi&longs;t and watery, delights in Pit-&longs;and. </s> <s>I <lb/>would not have Sea-&longs;and u&longs;ed towards the <lb/>South; it may perhaps do better again&longs;t the <lb/>Northern Winds. </s> <s>For &longs;mall Stones, a thick <lb/>lean Mortar is be&longs;t; to a dry exhau&longs;ted Stone, <lb/>we &longs;hould u&longs;e a fat Sort; though the Ancients <lb/>were of Opinion that in all Parts of the Walls <lb/>the fatti&longs;h Sort is more tenacious than the lean. <lb/></s> <s>Great Stones they always lay upon a very &longs;oft <lb/>fluid Mortar, &longs;o that it rather &longs;eems de&longs;ign'd <lb/>to lubricate and make the Bed they are laid <lb/>upon &longs;lippery, to the Intent, that while they <lb/>are fixing in their Places they may be ea&longs;y to <lb/>move with the Hand, then to cement and <lb/>fa&longs;ten them together. </s> <s>But it is certainly proper <lb/>to lay a &longs;oft Stuff underneath in this Manner, <lb/>like a Pillow, to prevent the Stones, which <lb/>have a great Weight lying upon them, from <lb/>breaking. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome, who ob&longs;erving <lb/>here and there in the Works of the Ancients, <lb/>large Stones, which where they join &longs;eem <lb/>dawb'd over with red Earth, imagine that the <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed that in&longs;tead of Mortar. </s> <s>I do <lb/>not think this probable, becau&longs;e we never find <lb/>both Sides, but only one of them, &longs;mear'd <lb/>with this Sort of Stuff. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome other <lb/>Rules concerning the Working of our Walls, <lb/>not to be neglected. </s> <s>We ought never to fall <lb/>upon our Work with a violent Ha&longs;te, heaping <lb/>one Stone upon another, in a Kind tumul­<lb/>tuousHurry, without the lea&longs;t Re&longs;pite: Neither <lb/>ought we, after we have began to build, to <lb/>delay it with a &longs;luggi&longs;h Heavine&longs;s, as if we had <lb/>no Stomach to what we are about; but we <lb/>ought to follow our Work with &longs;uch a rea&longs;on­<lb/>able Di&longs;patch, that Speed and Con&longs;ideration <lb/>may appear to go Hand in Hand together. <lb/></s> <s>Experienced Workmen forewarn us again&longs;t <lb/>rai&longs;ing the Structure too high, before what we <lb/>have already done is thoroughly &longs;ettled; be­<lb/>cau&longs;e the Work, while it is fre&longs;h and &longs;oft, is <lb/>too weak and pliable to bear a Super&longs;tructure. <lb/></s> <s>We may take Example from the Swallows, <lb/>taught by Nature, which when they build <lb/>their Ne&longs;ts, fir&longs;t dawb or glue over the Beams <lb/>which are to be the Foundation and Ba&longs;is of <lb/>their Edifice, and then are not too ha&longs;ty to <lb/>lay the &longs;econd dawbing over this, but inter­<lb/>mit the Work till the fir&longs;t is &longs;ufficiently dry'd; <lb/>after which they continue their Building rea&longs;on­<lb/>ably and properly. </s> <s>They &longs;ay the Mortar has <lb/>taken &longs;ufficient hold when it puts forth a Kind <lb/>of Mo&longs;s or little Flower well known to Ma&longs;ons. <lb/></s> <s>At what Di&longs;tances it is proper to re&longs;pite the <lb/>we may gather from the Thickne&longs;s of the <lb/>Wall it&longs;elf, and from the Temperature of the </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/067.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 6. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 51)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.067.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/067/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/068.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 7. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 56)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.068.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/068/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/069.jpg" pagenum="53"/>Place and of the Climate. </s> <s>When you think <lb/>it Time for a Re&longs;pite, cover the Top of the <lb/>Wall over with Straw, that the Wind and Sun <lb/>may not exhau&longs;t the Strength of the Cement, <lb/>and make it rather u&longs;ele&longs;s than dry and binding. <lb/></s> <s>When you re&longs;ume your Work, pour a con­<lb/>&longs;iderable Quantity of clean Water upon it, <lb/>till it is thoroughly &longs;oak'd and wa&longs;h'd from <lb/>all Manner of Dirt, that no Seeds may be left <lb/>to engender Weeds. </s> <s>There is nothing that <lb/>makes the Work &longs;tronger and more durable <lb/>than moi&longs;tening the Stone &longs;ufficiently with <lb/>Water; and they &longs;ay the Stone is never <lb/>&longs;oak'd as it &longs;hould be, if upon breaking, the <lb/>In&longs;ide all through is not moi&longs;t and turned black. <lb/></s> <s>Add to what has been &longs;aid, that in erecting <lb/>our Wall we ought, in &longs;uch Places where it <lb/>is po&longs;&longs;ible new Openings may afterwards be <lb/>wanting either for Conveniency or Plea&longs;ure, to <lb/>turn Arches in the Wall, that if you after­<lb/>wards take out any of the Work from beneath <lb/>tho&longs;e Arches, for the afore&longs;aid Purpo&longs;es, the <lb/>Wall may have a good Arch, built at the <lb/>&longs;ame Time with it&longs;elf, to re&longs;t upon. </s> <s>It is <lb/>hardly to be conceiv'd how much the Strength <lb/>of a Building is impair'd only by taking out <lb/>one &longs;ingle Stone, be it ever &longs;o little; and <lb/>there is no &longs;uch Thing as &longs;etting a new Struc­<lb/>ture upon an old one, but that they will open <lb/>and part one from the other; and how much <lb/>&longs;uch a Crack mu&longs;t di&longs;po&longs;e the Wall to ruin, <lb/>need not be mention'd. </s> <s>A very thick Wall <lb/>has no need of Scaffolding, becau&longs;e it is broad <lb/>enough for the Ma&longs;on to &longs;tand upon the Wall <lb/>it&longs;elf.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Way of Working different Materials; of Plai&longs;tering; of Cramps, <lb/>and how to pre&longs;erve them; the mo&longs;t ancient In&longs;tructions of Architects; and <lb/>&longs;ome Methods to prevent the Mi&longs;chiefs of Lightening.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have treated of the be&longs;t Manner of <lb/>Building, what Stone we are to <lb/>choo&longs;e, and how we are to prepare our Mor­<lb/>tar: But as we &longs;hall &longs;ometimes be obliged to <lb/>make u&longs;e of other Sorts of Stone, whereof &longs;ome <lb/>are not cemented with Mortar, but only with <lb/>Slime; and others which are join'd without <lb/>any Cement at all: And there are al&longs;o Buildings <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ting only of Stuffing, or rough Work, <lb/>and others again only of the Shells; of all <lb/>the&longs;e we &longs;hall &longs;ay &longs;omething as briefly as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>Stones that are to be cemented with <lb/>Slime, ought to be &longs;quared, and very arid; and <lb/>nothing is more proper for this than Bricks, <lb/>either burnt, or rather crude, but very well <lb/>dried. </s> <s>A Building made of crude Bricks is <lb/>extremely healthy to the Inhabitants, very <lb/>&longs;ecure again&longs;t Fire, and but little affected by <lb/>Earthquakes; But then if it is not of a good <lb/>Thickne&longs;s, it will not &longs;upport the Roof; for <lb/>which Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> directs the Rai&longs;ing of <lb/>Pila&longs;ters of Stone to perform that Office. </s> <s>Some <lb/>tell us, that the Slime which is u&longs;ed for <lb/>Cement ought to be like Pitch, and that the <lb/>be&longs;t is that which being &longs;teep'd in Water is <lb/>&longs;lowe&longs;t in di&longs;&longs;olving, and will not ea&longs;ily rub <lb/>off from one's Hand, and which conden&longs;es <lb/>mo&longs;t in drying. </s> <s>Others commend the Sandy <lb/>as be&longs;t, becau&longs;e it is mo&longs;t tractable. </s> <s>This Sort <lb/>of Work ought to be cloathed with a Cru&longs;t of <lb/>Mortar on the Out&longs;ide, and within, if you think <lb/>fit, with Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"/> or white Earth. <lb/></s> <s>And for the better Sticking the&longs;e on, you mu&longs;t <lb/>in Building your Wall, &longs;et little Pieces of Tile <lb/>here and there in the Cracks of the Joining, <lb/>jutting out like Teeth, for the Plai&longs;ter to <lb/>cleave to. </s> <s>When the Structure is to be com­<lb/>po&longs;ed of naked Stones, they ought to be <lb/>&longs;quared and much bigger than the other, <lb/>and very &longs;ound and &longs;trong; and in this Sort <lb/>of Work we allow of no &longs;tuffing; the Cour&longs;es <lb/>mu&longs;t be regular and even, the Junctures con­<lb/>trived with frequent Ligatures of Cramps and <lb/>Pins. </s> <s>Cramps are what fa&longs;ten together with <lb/>two Stones &longs;ideways that lie even with one <lb/>another, and unite them into a Row: Pins <lb/>are fix'd into an upper Stone and an under one, <lb/>to prevent the Row from being by any Violence <lb/>driven out from the re&longs;t. </s> <s>Cramps and Pins <lb/>of Iron are not reckoned ami&longs;s; but I have <lb/>ob&longs;erved in the Works of the Ancients, that <lb/>Iron ru&longs;ts, and will not la&longs;t; But Bra&longs;s will <lb/>almo&longs;t endure for ever. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, I find that <lb/>Marble is tainted by the Ru&longs;t of the Iron, and <lb/>breaks all round it. </s> <s>We likewi&longs;e meet with <lb/>Cramps made of Wood in very ancientStructures; <pb xlink:href="003/01/070.jpg" pagenum="54"/>and indeed, I do not think them inferior to <lb/>tho&longs;e of Iron. </s> <s>The Cramps of Bra&longs;s and Iron <lb/>are &longs;a&longs;tened in with Lead: But tho&longs;e of Wood <lb/>are &longs;ufficiently &longs;ecured by their Shape, which <lb/>is made in &longs;uch Manner, that for Re&longs;emblance, <lb/>they are called Swallow, or Dove-tailed. </s> <s>The <lb/>Cramps mu&longs;t be &longs;o placed that no Drops of <lb/>Rain may penetrate to them; and it is <lb/>Thought that the Bra&longs;s ones are yet more <lb/>&longs;trengthened again&longs;t old Age, if in Ca&longs;ting <lb/>they are mixed with one thirtieth Part of Tin: <lb/>They will be le&longs;s liable to ru&longs;t if they are <lb/>anointed with Pitch, or Oil. </s> <s>It is affirmed <lb/>that Iron may be &longs;o tempered by White-lead, <lb/>Plai&longs;ter, and Liquid Pitch, as not to ru&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>Wooden Cramps done over with Maiden-wax <lb/>and Lees of Oil, will never rot. </s> <s>I have <lb/>known them pour &longs;o much Lead upon Cramps, <lb/>and that &longs;o boyling Hot, that it has bur&longs;t the <lb/>Stones. </s> <s>In ancient Structures we often meet <lb/>with very &longs;trong Walls made of nothing but <lb/>Rubbi&longs;h and broken Stuff; the&longs;e are built like <lb/>the Mud-Walls common in <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Africa,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>by fa&longs;tening on each Side Planks or Hurdles, <lb/>in&longs;tead of Shells, to keep the Stuff together till <lb/>it is dry and &longs;ettled: But herein they differ, <lb/>that the Ancients filled up their Work with <lb/>Mortar liquid, and in a Manner floating; <lb/>whereas, the other only took a clammy Sort <lb/>of Earth which they trod and rammed with <lb/>their Feet, and with Beetles, after having fir&longs;t <lb/>made it tractable by thorough wetting and <lb/>kneading. </s> <s>The Ancients al&longs;o in tho&longs;e rough <lb/>Works of theirs, at the Di&longs;tance of every three <lb/>Foot made a Kind of Band of Pieces of large <lb/>Stone, e&longs;pecially of the ordinary Sort, or at <lb/>lea&longs;t angular; becau&longs;e round Stones, though <lb/>they are very hardy again&longs;t all Sorts of Injuries, <lb/>yet if they are not &longs;urrounded with &longs;trong Sup­<lb/>ports, are very unfaithful in any Wall. </s> <s>In <lb/>the&longs;e other Works, that is to &longs;ay, in the <emph type="italics"/>African<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Buildings of Earth, they mixed with their Clay <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Spani&longs;h<emph.end type="italics"/>-Broom, or Sea-Bullru&longs;h, which <lb/>made a Stuff admirably good for Working, <lb/>and which remained unhurt either by Wind or <lb/>Weather. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time there was to be <lb/>&longs;een upon the Ridges of Mountains &longs;everal <lb/>little Towers for viewing the Country built of <lb/>Earth, which had endured quite from the Days <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We make this Sort of Cru&longs;t <lb/>(which is a fitter Name for it than Shell) with <lb/>Hurdles and Mats, made of Reeds not fre&longs;h <lb/>gathered; a Work indeed not very magni­<lb/>ficent, but generally u&longs;ed by the Old <emph type="italics"/>Plebeian <lb/>Romans.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They rough Ca&longs;t the Hurdles over <lb/>with Clay, beat up for three Days running <lb/>with the Reeds, and then (as we &longs;aid before) <lb/>cloath it with Mortar, or Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which they afterwards adorn with Painting <lb/>and Statues. </s> <s>If you mix your Plai&longs;ter up with <lb/>a third Part of broken Tile, or Brick pounded, <lb/>it will be the le&longs;s injured by wet: If you mix <lb/>it with Lime, it will be the Stronger: But in <lb/>damp Places, or &longs;uch as are expo&longs;ed to Cold and <lb/>Fro&longs;t, Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris<emph.end type="italics"/> is very un&longs;erviceable. <lb/></s> <s>I will now, by Way of Epilogue, give you a <lb/>Law of very great Antiquity among Arch­<lb/>itects, which in my Opinion ought no le&longs;s to <lb/>be ob&longs;erved than the An&longs;wers of Oracles: And <lb/>it is this. </s> <s>Make your Foundation as &longs;trong as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible: Let the Super&longs;tructure lie exactly <lb/>plum to its Centre: Fortify the Corners and <lb/>Ribs of the Wall from the Bottom to the Top <lb/>with the large&longs;t and the &longs;tronge&longs;t Stones: Soak <lb/>your Lime well: Do not u&longs;e your Stone till <lb/>it is thoroughly watered: Set the harde&longs;t Sort <lb/>to that Side which is mo&longs;t expo&longs;ed to Injuries: <lb/>Rai&longs;e your Wall exactly by the Square, Level <lb/>and Plum-line: Let the Middle of the upper <lb/>Stone lie directly upon the Meeting of the two <lb/>below it: Lay the entire Stones in the Cour&longs;es, <lb/>and fill up the Middle with the broken Pieces: <lb/>Bind the inward and out&longs;ide Shells to one <lb/>another by frequent Cro&longs;s or Band-&longs;tones. </s> <s>Let <lb/>this &longs;uffice with Relation to the Wall; we <lb/>come now to the Covering. </s> <s>But I will not <lb/>pa&longs;s over one Thing which I find the Ancients <lb/>ob&longs;erved very religiou&longs;ly. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome <lb/>Things in Nature which are endued with <lb/>Properties by no means to be neglected; par­<lb/>ticularly, that the Lawrel-tree, the Eagle, and <lb/>the Sea-calf, are never to be touched by <lb/>Lightening. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome therefore who <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;e that if the&longs;e are inclo&longs;ed in the Wall, <lb/>the Lightening will never hurt it. </s> <s>This I take <lb/>to be ju&longs;t as probable as another wonderful <lb/>Thing which we are told, that the Land-toad, <lb/>or Rudduck, if &longs;hut up in an earthen Pot, <lb/>and burned in a Field, will drive away the <lb/>Birds from devouring the Seeds; and that the <lb/>Tree <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;trys,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;trya<emph.end type="italics"/> brought into a Hou&longs;e, <lb/>will ob&longs;truct a Woman's Delivery; and that <lb/>the Leaves of the Lesbian Oemony kept but <lb/>under the Roof, will give a Flux of the Belly <lb/>and an Evacuation that will certainly prove <lb/>Mortal. </s> <s>Let us now return to our Subject, <lb/>for the better under&longs;tanding of which, it will <lb/>be proper to look back to what we have <lb/>formerly &longs;aid of the Lines of Building</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/071.jpg" pagenum="55"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings of &longs;trait Lines; of the Beams and Rafters, and of the uniting <lb/>the Ribs.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of Coverings, &longs;ome are to the open Air, <lb/>and &longs;ome are within; &longs;ome con&longs;i&longs;t of <lb/>&longs;trait Lines, others of curve, and &longs;ome of both: <lb/>We may add, not improperly, that &longs;ome are <lb/>of Wood, and &longs;ome of Stone. </s> <s>We will fir&longs;t, <lb/>according to our Cu&longs;tom, mention one Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vation which relates in general to all Sorts of <lb/>Coverings; which is this: That all manner of <lb/>Roofs, or Coverings have their Ribs, Nerves, <lb/>Fini&longs;hings, and Shells, or Cru&longs;ts, ju&longs;t the &longs;ame <lb/>as the Wall: Which will appear from the <lb/>Con&longs;ideration of the Thing it&longs;elf. </s> <s>To begin <lb/>with tho&longs;e of Wood, and con&longs;i&longs;ting of &longs;trait <lb/>Lines; it is nece&longs;&longs;ary for &longs;upporting the Cover <lb/>to lay very &longs;trong Beams acro&longs;s from one Wall <lb/>to the other; which, as we took Notice be­<lb/>fore, are Columns laid tran&longs;ver&longs;e: The&longs;e <lb/>Beams therefore, are a Sort of Ribs; and if <lb/>it were not for the Expences, who would not <lb/>wi&longs;h to have the whole Building con&longs;i&longs;t, if we <lb/>may u&longs;e the Expre&longs;&longs;ion, of nothing but Ribs <lb/>and &longs;olid Work; that is to &longs;ay, of continued <lb/>Columns and Beams clo&longs;e compacted? </s> <s>but we <lb/>here con&longs;ult Oeconomy, and &longs;uppo&longs;e every <lb/>Thing to be &longs;uperfluous, that without Pre­<lb/>judice to the Strength of the Work, may be <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ibly retrenched; and for this Rea&longs;on, we <lb/>leave Spaces between the Beams. </s> <s>Between <lb/>the&longs;e we lay the Cro&longs;s-beams, Rafters, and the <lb/>like; which may not at all improperly be <lb/>reckoned the Ligatures: To the&longs;e we fit and <lb/>joyn Boards and Planks of greater Breadth, <lb/>which there is no Rea&longs;on why we &longs;hould not <lb/>call theFini&longs;hing; and in the &longs;ame Way of think­<lb/>ing, the Pavement and Tiling is the Outward <lb/>Shell, and the Ceiling, or Roof, which is over <lb/>our Head the Inward. </s> <s>If this be granted, let <lb/>us con&longs;ider whether there is any Thing ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary to be ob&longs;erved with Relation to any of <lb/>the&longs;e Parts, that having duly examined it, we <lb/>may the more ea&longs;ily under&longs;tand what belongs <lb/>to Coverings of Stone. </s> <s>We will &longs;peak of them <lb/>therefore as briefly as po&longs;&longs;ible: Fir&longs;t, taking <lb/>Notice of one Thing not foreign to our Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e. </s> <s>There is a very vicious Practice among <lb/>our modern Architects; which is, that in <lb/>order to make their Ceilings, they leave great <lb/>Holes in the very Ribs of the Building to let <lb/>the Heads of the Beams into after the Wall is <lb/>fini&longs;hed; which not only weakens the Struc­<lb/>ture, but al&longs;o makes it more expo&longs;ed to Fire; <lb/>becau&longs;e by the&longs;e Holes the Flames find a <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age from one Apartment to another. </s> <s>For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on, I like the Method u&longs;ed among <lb/>the Ancients, of &longs;etting in the Wall &longs;trong <lb/>Tables of Stone called Corbels, upon which <lb/>they laid the Heads of their Beams. </s> <s>If you <lb/>would bind the Wall, and the Beams together, <lb/>you have Bra&longs;s Cramps, and Braces, and <lb/>Catches or Notches in the Corbel it&longs;elf, which <lb/>will &longs;erve for that Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The Beams ought <lb/>to be perfectly &longs;ound and clear; and e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally about the Middle of its Length it ought <lb/>to be free from the lea&longs;t Defect, placing your <lb/>Ear at one End of it while the other is &longs;truck, <lb/>if the Sound come to you dead, and flat, it is <lb/>a Sign of &longs;ome private Infirmity. </s> <s>Beams that <lb/>have Knots in them are ab&longs;olutely to be re­<lb/>jected, e&longs;pecially if there are many, or if they <lb/>are crouded together in a Clu&longs;ter. </s> <s>The Side <lb/>of the Timber that lies neare&longs;t the Heart, <lb/>mu&longs;t be planed, and laid uppermo&longs;t in the <lb/>Building; but the Part that is to lie under­<lb/>mo&longs;t, mu&longs;t be planed very &longs;uperficially, only <lb/>the Bark, nay, and of that hardly any, or as <lb/>little as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>Which-&longs;oever Side has a <lb/>Defect that runs cro&longs;&longs;ways of the Beam, lay <lb/>uppermo&longs;t; if there is a Crak longways, ne­<lb/>&vring;er venture it of the Side, but lay it either <lb/>uppermo&longs;t, or rather undermo&longs;t. </s> <s>If you hap­<lb/>pen to have Occa&longs;ion to bore a Hole in it, or <lb/>any Opening, never meddle with the Middle <lb/>of its length, nor its lower Superficies. </s> <s>If, as in <lb/>Churches, the Beams are to be laid in Couples; <lb/>leave a Space of &longs;ome Inches between them, <lb/>that they may have Room to exhale, and not <lb/>be &longs;poyled by heating one another: And it <lb/>will not be ami&longs;s to lay the two Beams of the <lb/>&longs;ame Couple different Ways, that both their <lb/>Heads may not lie upon the &longs;ame Pillow; <lb/>but where one has its Head, the other may <lb/>have its Foot: For by this Means the Strength <lb/>of the one's Foot will a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t the Weakne&longs;s <lb/>of the other's Head; and &longs;o <emph type="italics"/>vice ver&longs;a.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <pb xlink:href="003/01/072.jpg" pagenum="56"/>Beams ought al&longs;o to be related to one another; <lb/>that is, they &longs;hould be of the &longs;ame Kind of <lb/>Timber, and rai&longs;ed in the &longs;ame Wood, ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed if po&longs;&longs;ible to the &longs;ame Winds, and fell'd <lb/>the &longs;ame Day; that being endued with the <lb/>&longs;ame natural Strength, they may bear their <lb/>Shares equally in the Service. </s> <s>Let the Beds for <lb/>the Beams be exactly level, and perfectly firm <lb/>and &longs;trong; and in laying them take care <lb/>that the Timber does not touch any Lime, <lb/>and let it have clear and open Vents all about <lb/>it, that it may not be tainted by the Contact <lb/>of any other Materials, nor decay by being <lb/>too clo&longs;e &longs;hut up. </s> <s>For a Bed for the Beams, <lb/>&longs;pread under them either Fern, a very dry <lb/>Kind of Herb, or A&longs;hes, or rather Lees of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg9"/><lb/>Oil with the brui&longs;ed Olives. </s> <s>But if your Tim­<lb/>ber is &longs;o &longs;hort, that you cannot make a Beam <lb/>of one Piece, you mu&longs;t join two or more to­<lb/>gether, in &longs;uch a Manner as to give them the <lb/>Strength of an Arch; that is to &longs;ay, &longs;o that <lb/>the upper Line of the compacted Beam, can­<lb/>not po&longs;&longs;ibly by any Pre&longs;&longs;ure become &longs;horter; <lb/>and on the contrary, that the lower Line can­<lb/>not grow longer: And there mu&longs;t be a Sort <lb/>of Cord to bind the two Beams together, <lb/>which &longs;hove one another with their Heads, <lb/>with a &longs;trong Ligature. </s> <s>The Rafters, and all <lb/>the re&longs;t of the Wood-work, depend upon the <lb/>Goodne&longs;s and Soundne&longs;s of the Beams; being <lb/>nothing el&longs;e but Beams &longs;plit. </s> <s>Boards or Planks <lb/>are thought to be inconvenient if too thick, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e whenever they begin to warp they throw <lb/>out the Nails; and thin Boards, e&longs;pecially in <lb/>Coverings expo&longs;ed to the Air, they &longs;ay, mu&longs;t <lb/>be fa&longs;tened with Nails in Pairs, &longs;o as to &longs;e­<lb/>cure the Corners, the Sides and the Middle. <lb/></s> <s>They tell us, that &longs;uch Nails as are to bear any <lb/>tran&longs;ver&longs;e Weight, mu&longs;t be made thick; but as <lb/>for others, it matters not if they are thinner; <lb/>but then they mu&longs;t be longer, and have <lb/>broader Heads.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg9"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BRASS Nails are mo&longs;t durable in the Air, or <lb/>in wet; but I have found the Iron ones to be <lb/>&longs;tronger under Cover. </s> <s>For fattening of the <lb/>Rafters together, wooden Pins are much u&longs;ed. <lb/></s> <s>Whatever we have here &longs;aid of Coverings of <lb/>Wood, mu&longs;t be ob&longs;erved al&longs;o with relation to <lb/>tho&longs;e of Stone; for &longs;uch Stones as have Veins, <lb/>or Faults running cro&longs;&longs;ways, mu&longs;t be rejected <lb/>for the making of Beams, and u&longs;ed in Columns; <lb/>or if there are any &longs;mall incon&longs;iderable Faults, <lb/>the Side of the Stone in which it appears, <lb/>when it is u&longs;ed, mu&longs;t be laid downwards, <lb/>Veins running longways in Beams of any Sort, <lb/>are more excu&longs;able than tran&longs;ver&longs;e ones. <lb/></s> <s>Tables, or Scantlings of Stones al&longs;o, as well <lb/>for other Rea&longs;ons, as upon Account of their <lb/>Weight, mu&longs;t not be made too thick. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>the Beams, Rafters, and Planks that are u&longs;ed <lb/>in Coverings, whether of Wood, or Stone, <lb/>mu&longs;t be neither &longs;o thin, nor &longs;o few as not to <lb/>be &longs;ufficient for upholding them&longs;elves, and their <lb/>Burthens; nor &longs;o thick, or &longs;o crouded as to <lb/>take from the Beauty, and Symmetry of the <lb/>Work; but tho&longs;e are things we &longs;hall &longs;peak of <lb/>el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>And thus much for Coverings of <lb/>&longs;traight Lines; unle&longs;s it may be proper to men­<lb/>tion one Thing which is in my Opinion tobe neg­<lb/>lected in no Sort of Structure. </s> <s>The Philo&longs;ophers <lb/>have ob&longs;erved, that Nature in forming the Bo­<lb/>dies of Animals, always takes care to fini&longs;h her <lb/>Work in &longs;uch a Manner, that the Bones &longs;hould <lb/>all communicate, and never be &longs;eperate one <lb/>from the other: So we al&longs;o &longs;hould connect the <lb/>Ribs togther, and fa&longs;ten them together well <lb/>with Nerves and Ligatures; &longs;o that the Com­<lb/>munication among the Ribs &longs;hould be &longs;o con­<lb/>tinued, that if all the re&longs;t of the Structure <lb/>failed, the Frame of the Work &longs;hould yet <lb/>&longs;tand firm and &longs;trong with all its Parts and <lb/>Members.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings, or Roofs of Curve Lines; of Arches, their Difference and Con­<lb/>&longs;truction, and how to &longs;et the Stones in an Arch.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to &longs;peak of Roofs made <lb/>of Curve Lines, and we are fir&longs;t to <lb/>con&longs;ider tho&longs;e Particulars wherein they exactly <lb/>agree with Coverings of &longs;trait Lines. </s> <s>A curvili­<lb/>near Roof is compo&longs;ed of Arches; and we have <lb/>already &longs;aid that an Arch is nothing but a <lb/>Beam bent. </s> <s>We might al&longs;o here mention the <lb/>Ligatures, and tho&longs;e Things which mu&longs;t be <lb/>u&longs;ed for filling up the Vacuities; but I would <lb/>be under&longs;tood more clearly, by explaining <lb/>what I take to be the Nature of an Arch, and <lb/>of what Parts it con&longs;i&longs;ts.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I SUPPOSE then, that Men learnt at fir&longs;t to turn <lb/>Arches from this: They &longs;aw that two Beams <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/073.jpg" pagenum="57"/>&longs;et with their Heads one again&longs;t the other, and <lb/>their Feet &longs;et wide, would, if fa&longs;tened at Top, <lb/>&longs;tand, very firm, by means of the Equalne&longs;s <lb/>of their Weight: They were plea&longs;ed with this <lb/>Invention, and began to make their Roofs <lb/>in the &longs;ame Manner, to throw off the Rain, <lb/>both Ways. </s> <s>Afterwards, perhaps, not being <lb/>able to cover a wider Space for want of Beams <lb/>long enough, they put between the Heads of <lb/>the&longs;e two Beams another cro&longs;&longs;ways at Top, <lb/>&longs;o that they made a Figure much like that of <lb/>the Greek Letter <foreign lang="greek">p,</foreign> and this middle Beam <lb/>they might call a Wedge; and as this &longs;uc­<lb/>ceeded very well, they multiplyed the Wedges, <lb/>and thus made a Kind of Arch, who&longs;e Figure <lb/>mightily delighted them. </s> <s>Then transferring <lb/>the &longs;ame Method to their Works of Stone, con­<lb/>tinuing to multiply the Wedges, they made <lb/>an entire Arch, which mu&longs;t be allowed to be <lb/>nothing el&longs;e but a Conjunction of a Number <lb/>of Wedges, whereof &longs;ome &longs;tanding with their <lb/>Heads below the Arch, are called the Foot of <lb/>the Arch, tho&longs;e in the Middle above, the Key <lb/>of the Arch, and tho&longs;e on the Sides, the Turn, <lb/>or Ribs of the Arch. </s> <s>It will not be improper <lb/>here to repeat what we &longs;aid in the fir&longs;t Book <lb/>upon this Subject: There are different Sorts <lb/>of Arches, the Entire, is the full half of a <lb/>Circle, or that who&longs;e Chord runs through the <lb/>Centre of the Circle; there is another which <lb/>approaches more to the Nature of a Beam than <lb/>of an Arch, which we call the Imperfect, or <lb/>dimini&longs;hed Arch, becau&longs;e it is not a compleat <lb/>Semi-circle; but a determinate Part le&longs;s, <lb/>having its Chord above the Centre, and at <lb/>&longs;ome Di&longs;tance from it. </s> <s>There is al&longs;o the <lb/>Compo&longs;ite Arch, called by &longs;ome the Angular, <lb/>and by others an Arch comp&longs;ed of two Arches <lb/>le&longs;s than Semi-circles; and its Chord has the <lb/>two Centres of two Curve Lines, which <lb/>mutually inter&longs;ect each other. </s> <s>That the Entire <lb/>Arch is the Stronge&longs;t of all, appears not only <lb/>from Experience, but Rea&longs;on; for I do not <lb/>&longs;ee how it can po&longs;&longs;ibly di&longs;unite of it&longs;elf, unle&longs;s <lb/>one Wedge &longs;hoves out another, which they are <lb/>&longs;o far from doing, that they a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t and &longs;upport <lb/>one another. </s> <s>And indeed, if they were to go <lb/>about any &longs;uch Violence, they would be pre­<lb/>vented by the very Nature of Pondero&longs;ity, by <lb/>which they are pre&longs;&longs;ed downwards, either by <lb/>&longs;ome Super&longs;tructure, or by that which is in the <lb/>Wedges them&longs;elves. </s> <s>This makes <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ay, <lb/>that in Arches, the Work on the right Hand <lb/>is keptup no le&longs;s by that on the Left, than the <lb/>Work on the Left is by that on the Right. </s> <s>And <lb/>if we look only into the Thing it&longs;elf; how is <lb/>it po&longs;&longs;ible for the middle Wedge at Top, which <lb/>is the Key-&longs;tone to the Whole, to thru&longs;t out <lb/>either of the two next Side Wedges, or how <lb/>can that be driven out of its Place by them? <lb/></s> <s>The next Wedges al&longs;o in the Turn of the <lb/>Arch, being ju&longs;tly counterpoi&longs;ed, will &longs;urely <lb/>&longs;tand to their Duty; and la&longs;tly, how can the <lb/>two Wedges under the two Feet of the Arch, <lb/>ever be moved while the upper ones &longs;tand firm? <lb/></s> <s>Therefore we have no need of a Cord, or Bar <lb/>in an entire Arch, becau&longs;e it &longs;upports it&longs;elf <lb/>by its own Strength; but in dimini&longs;h'd <lb/>Arches there is Occa&longs;ion either for an Iron <lb/>Chain or Bar, or for an Exten&longs;ion of Wall on <lb/>both Sides, that may have the Effect of a Bar <lb/>to &longs;upply the Want of Strength, that there is <lb/>in the dimini&longs;h'd Arch, and make it equal to <lb/>the Entire. </s> <s>The ancient Architects always <lb/>u&longs;e the&longs;e Precautions, and where-ever it was <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, con&longs;tantly &longs;ecured their dimini&longs;h'd <lb/>Arches, by &longs;etting them in a good Body of <lb/>Wall. </s> <s>They al&longs;o endeavour'd, if they had an <lb/>Opportunity, to turn their imperfect Arches <lb/>upon a &longs;trait Beam; and over the&longs;e imperfect <lb/>ones, they u&longs;ed to turn entire Arches, which <lb/>protected the dimini&longs;hed ones which were <lb/>within them, and took upon them&longs;elves the <lb/>Burthen of the Super&longs;tructure. </s> <s>As for Com­<lb/>po&longs;ite Arches, we do not find any of them in <lb/>the Buildings of the Ancients; &longs;ome think <lb/>them not ami&longs;s for the Apertures in Towers; <lb/>becau&longs;e they &longs;uppo&longs;e they will cleave <lb/>the great Weight that is laid upon <lb/>them, as the Prow of a Ship does the Water, <lb/>and that they are rather &longs;trengthened than op­<lb/>pre&longs;s'd by it.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Stones u&longs;ed in Building an Arch, <lb/>&longs;hould be every Way the bigge&longs;t that can be <lb/>got; becau&longs;e the Parts of any Body that are <lb/>united and compacted by Nature, are more <lb/>in&longs;eparable than tho&longs;e which are join'd and <lb/>cemented by Art. </s> <s>The Stones al&longs;o ought to <lb/>be equal on both Sides, as if they were balan­<lb/>ced with re&longs;pect to their Fronts, Sizes, Weight, <lb/>and the like. </s> <s>If you are to make a Portico, and <lb/>to draw &longs;everal Arches over continued Aper­<lb/>tures, from the Capitals of Columns, never let <lb/>the Seat from which two or more Arches are <lb/>to ri&longs;e, be made of two Pieces, or of as many <lb/>as there are to be Arches, but only of one <lb/>&longs;ingle Stone, and that as &longs;trong as may be, to <lb/>hold together the Feet of all the Arches. </s> <s>The <lb/>&longs;econd Stones in the Arch, which ri&longs;e next to <lb/>the&longs;e, if they are large Pieces, mu&longs;t be &longs;et <pb xlink:href="003/01/074.jpg" pagenum="58"/>with their Backs again&longs;t each other, joining <lb/>perpendicularly. </s> <s>The third Stone which is <lb/>laid upon the&longs;e &longs;econd ones, mu&longs;t be &longs;et <lb/>by the Plum-lines, as we directed in rai&longs;ing <lb/>the Wall, with even Joinings, &longs;o that they <lb/>may &longs;erve both the Arches, and be a Binding <lb/>to both their Wedges. </s> <s>Let the Lines of the <lb/>Joinings of all the Stones in the Arch point <lb/>exactly to the Centre of that Arch.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE mo&longs;t skillful Workmen always make <lb/>the Key-&longs;tone of one &longs;ingle Piece, very large <lb/>and &longs;trong; and if the Breadth of the Top is <lb/>&longs;o great, that no one Stone will &longs;uffice, it will <lb/>then be no longer only an Arch, but a vaul­<lb/>ted Roof.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Vaults, and wherein they differ; of what Lines they <lb/>are compo&longs;ed, and the Method of letting them &longs;ettle.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are &longs;everal Sorts of Vaults; &longs;o <lb/>that it is our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s here to enquire <lb/>wherein they differ, and of what Lines they <lb/>are compo&longs;ed; in doing of which, I &longs;hall be <lb/>obliged to invent new Names, to make my&longs;elf <lb/>clear and per&longs;picuous, which is what I have <lb/>principally &longs;tudied in the&longs;e Books. </s> <s>I know <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ennius<emph.end type="italics"/> the Poet calls the Arch of the Heavens <lb/>the mighty Vaults; and <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> calls all Vaults <lb/>made like the Keel of a Ship, Caverns: But I <lb/>claim this Liberty; that whatever in this Work, <lb/>is expre&longs;&longs;ed aptly, clearly, and properly, &longs;hall <lb/>be allowed to be expre&longs;&longs;ed right. </s> <s>The differ­<lb/>ent Sorts of Vaults are the&longs;e, the plain Vault, <lb/>the Camerated, or mixed Vault, and the he­<lb/>mi&longs;pherical Vault, or Cupola; be&longs;ides tho&longs;e <lb/>others which partake of the Kind of &longs;ome of <lb/>the&longs;e. </s> <s>The Cupola in its Nature is never <lb/>placed but upon Walls that ri&longs;e from a cir­<lb/>cular Platform: The Camerated are proper for <lb/>a &longs;quare one; the plain Vaults are made over <lb/>any quadrangular Platform, whether long or <lb/>&longs;hort, as we &longs;ee in all &longs;ubterraneous Porticoes. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e Vaults too which are like a Hill bored <lb/>through, we al&longs;o call plain Vaults; the plain <lb/>Vault therefore, is like a Number of Arches <lb/>join'd together Sideways; or like a bent Beam <lb/>extended out in Breadth, &longs;o as to make a Kind <lb/>of a Wall turn'd with a Sweep over our <lb/>Heads for a Covering. </s> <s>But if &longs;uch a Vault <lb/>as this, running from North to South, hap­<lb/>pens to be cro&longs;s'd by another which runs from <lb/>Ea&longs;t to We&longs;t, and inter&longs;ects it with equal <lb/>Lines meeting at the Angles like crooked <lb/>Horns, this will make a Vault of the Camer­<lb/>ated Sort. </s> <s>But if a great Number of equal <lb/>Arches meet at the Top exactly in the Centre, <lb/>they con&longs;titute a Vault like the Sky, which <lb/>therefore we call the Hemi&longs;pherical, or com­<lb/>pleat Cupola. </s> <s>The Vaults made of Part of <lb/>the&longs;e, are as follows: If Nature with an even <lb/>and perpendicular Section, were to divide the <lb/>Hemi&longs;phere of the Heavens in two Parts, from <lb/>Ea&longs;t to We&longs;t, it would make two Vaults, <lb/>which would be proper Coverings for any <lb/>&longs;emi-circular Building. </s> <s>But if from the Angle <lb/>at the Ea&longs;t, to that at the South, and from the <lb/>South to the We&longs;t, thence to the North, and <lb/>&longs;o back again to the Ea&longs;t, if Nature were to <lb/>break and interrupt this Hemi&longs;phere by &longs;o <lb/>many Arches turn'd from Angle to Angle, <lb/>&longs;he would then leave a Vault in the Middle, <lb/>which for its Re&longs;emblance to a &longs;welling Sail, <lb/>we will venture to call a Velar Cupola. </s> <s>But <lb/>that Vault which con&longs;i&longs;ts of a Number of <lb/>plain Vaults meeting in a Point at Top, we <lb/>&longs;hall call an Angular Cupola.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Con&longs;truction of Vaults, we mu&longs;t <lb/>ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame Rules as in that of the Walls, <lb/>carrying on the Ribs of the Wall clear up to <lb/>the Summit of the Vault; and according to <lb/>the Method pre&longs;cribed for the Former, ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ing the &longs;ame Proportions and Di&longs;tances: From <lb/>Rib to Rib, we mu&longs;t draw Ligatures cro&longs;&longs;ways, <lb/>and the Inter&longs;paces we mu&longs;t fill up with Stuf­<lb/>fing. </s> <s>But the Difference between the Work­<lb/>ing of a Vault and a Wall, lies in this; that <lb/>in the Wall the Cour&longs;es of Stone are laid even <lb/>and perpendicular by the Square and Plum­<lb/>line; whereas, in the Vault the Cour&longs;es are <lb/>laid by a curve Line, and the Joints all point <lb/>to the Centre of their Arch.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients hardly ever made their Ribs <lb/>of any but burnt Bricks, and tho&longs;e generally <lb/>about two Foot long, and advi&longs;e to fill up the <lb/>Inter&longs;paces of our Vaults with the lighte&longs;t <lb/>Stone, that they might not oppre&longs;s the Wall <lb/>with too great a Weight. </s> <s>But I have ob&longs;erved <lb/>that &longs;ome have not always thought them&longs;elves <lb/>obliged to make continued &longs;olid Ribs, but in <lb/>their &longs;tead, have at certain Di&longs;tances, &longs;et Bricks <lb/>lying Sideways, with their Heads jointing into </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/075.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 8. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 59)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.075.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/075/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/076.jpg" pagenum="59"/>each other, like the Teeth of a Comb; as a Man <lb/>locks his right Hand Fingers into his left; and <lb/>the Inter&longs;paces they filled up with any common <lb/>Stone, and e&longs;pecially with Pumice Stone, which <lb/>is univer&longs;ally agreed to be the propere&longs;t of all, <lb/>for the &longs;tuffing Work of Vaults. </s> <s>In building <lb/>either Arches or Vaults, we mu&longs;t make u&longs;e of <lb/>Centres. </s> <s>The&longs;e are a Kind of Frames made <lb/>with the Sweep of an Arch of any rough Boards <lb/>ju&longs;t clapt together for a &longs;hort Service, and <lb/>covered either with Hurdles, Ru&longs;hes, or any <lb/>&longs;uch common Stuff, in order to &longs;upport the <lb/>Work till it is &longs;ettled and hardened. </s> <s>Yet there <lb/>is one &longs;ort of Vault which &longs;tands in no Need <lb/>of the&longs;e Machines, and that is the <emph type="italics"/>perfect <lb/>Cupola;<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e it is compo&longs;ed not only of <lb/>Arches, but al&longs;o, in a Manner, of Cornices. <lb/></s> <s>And who can conceive the innumerable Liga­<lb/>tures that there are in the&longs;e, which all wedge <lb/>together, and inter&longs;ect one another both with <lb/>equal and unequal Angles? </s> <s>So that in what&longs;o­<lb/>ever Part of the whole Cupola you lay a Stone, <lb/>or a Brick, you may be &longs;aid at the &longs;ame time <lb/>to have laid a Key-&longs;tone to an infinite Number, <lb/>both of Arches, and Cornices. </s> <s>And when <lb/>the&longs;e Cornices, or Arches are thus built one <lb/>upon the other, if the Work were inclined to <lb/>ruinate, where &longs;hould it begin, when the Joints <lb/>of every Stone are directed to one Centre with <lb/>equal Force and pre&longs;&longs;ure? </s> <s>Some of the Ancients <lb/>tru&longs;ted &longs;o much to the Firmne&longs;s of this Sort of <lb/>Structure, that they only made plain Cornices <lb/>of Brick at &longs;tated Di&longs;tances, and filled up the <lb/>Inter&longs;paces with Rubble. </s> <s>But I think, tho&longs;e <lb/>acted much more prudently, who in rai&longs;ing <lb/>this Sort of Cupola, u&longs;ed the &longs;ame Methods as <lb/>in Walling, to cramp and fa&longs;ten the under <lb/>Cornices to the next above, and the Arches <lb/>too in &longs;everal Places, e&longs;pecially if they had not <lb/>plenty of Pit Sand to make very good Cement, <lb/>or if the Building was expo&longs;ed to South Winds, <lb/>or Bla&longs;ts from the Sea. </s> <s>You may likewi&longs;e <lb/>turn the Angular Cupolas without a Centre, <lb/>if you make a perfect one in the Middle of the <lb/>Thickne&longs;s of the Work. </s> <s>But here you will <lb/>have particular Occa&longs;ion for Ligatures to fa&longs;ten <lb/>the weaker Parts of the outer one tightly to <lb/>the &longs;tronger Parts of that within. </s> <s>Yet it will <lb/>be nece&longs;&longs;ary when you have laid one or two <lb/>Rows of Stone to make little light Stays, or <lb/>Catchers jutting out, on which, when tho&longs;e <lb/>Rows are &longs;ettled, you may &longs;et ju&longs;t Frame-work <lb/>enough to &longs;upport the next Cour&longs;es above, to <lb/>the Height of a few Feet, till they are &longs;ufficiently <lb/>hardened; and then you may remove the&longs;e <lb/>Frames, or Supports, higher and higher to <lb/>the other Cour&longs;es till you have fini&longs;h'd the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg10"/><lb/>whole Work. </s> <s>The other Vaults, both plain and <lb/>mixed, or camerated, mu&longs;t needs be turn'd <lb/>upon Centres. </s> <s>But I would have the fir&longs;t <lb/>Cour&longs;es, and the Heads of their Arches be <lb/>placed upon very &longs;trong Seats; nor can I ap­<lb/>prove the Method of tho&longs;e who carry the <lb/>Wall clear up fir&longs;t, only leaving &longs;ome Mould­<lb/>ings, or Corbels, upon which, after a Time, <lb/>they turn their Arches; which mu&longs;t be a very <lb/>infirm and peri&longs;hable Sort of Work. </s> <s>The <lb/>true Way is to turn the Arch immediately, <lb/>and equally with the Cour&longs;es of the Wall <lb/>which is to &longs;upport it, that the Work may <lb/>have the &longs;tronge&longs;t Ligatures that is po&longs;&longs;ible, <lb/>and grow in a Manner all of one Piece. </s> <s>The <lb/>Vacuities which are left between the Back of <lb/>the Sweep of the Arch, and the Upright of <lb/>the Wall it is turn'd from, call'd by Work­<lb/>men, the <emph type="italics"/>Hips<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Arch, &longs;hould be fill'd <lb/>up, not with Dirt, or old Rubbi&longs;h, but rather <lb/>with &longs;trong ordinary Work, frequently knit <lb/>and jointed into the Wall.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg10"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who, to avoid over­<lb/>burthening the Arch, have &longs;tuffed up the&longs;e <lb/>Vacuities with earthen Pots, turn'd with their <lb/>Mouths downwards, that they might not con­<lb/>tain any wet, if it &longs;hould gather there, and <lb/>over the&longs;e thrown in Fragments of Stone not <lb/>heavy, but perfecty &longs;ound. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in all Man­<lb/>ner of Vaults, let them be of what Kind they <lb/>will, we ought to imitate Nature, who, when <lb/>&longs;he has knit the Bones, fa&longs;tens the Fle&longs;h with <lb/>Nerves, interweaving it every where with Li­<lb/>gatures running in Breadth, Length, Height <lb/>and circularly. </s> <s>This artful Contexture is what <lb/>we ought to imitate in the joining of Stones <lb/>in Vaults. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things being compleated, <lb/>the next, and la&longs;t Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to cover them <lb/>over; a Work of the greate&longs;t Con&longs;equence in <lb/>Building, and no le&longs;s difficult than nece&longs;&longs;ary; <lb/>in effecting, and compleating of which, the <lb/>utmo&longs;t Care and Study has been over and over <lb/>employed. </s> <s>Of this we are to treat; but fir&longs;t, <lb/>it will be proper to mention &longs;omething nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary to be ob&longs;erved in working of Vaults; for <lb/>different Methods are to be taken in the Exe­<lb/>cution of different Sorts: Tho&longs;e which are <lb/>turn'd upon Centres mu&longs;t be fini&longs;h'd out of <lb/>hand, without Intermi&longs;&longs;ion; but tho&longs;e which <lb/>are wrought without Centres mu&longs;t be di&longs;con­<lb/>tinued, and left to &longs;ettle Cour&longs;e by Cour&longs;e, <lb/>left new Work being added to the fir&longs;t before <lb/>it is dry, &longs;hould ruin the Whole. </s> <s>As to tho&longs;e <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/077.jpg" pagenum="60"/>which are turned upon Centres, when they are <lb/>clo&longs;ed with their Key-&longs;tones, it will be proper <lb/>immediately to ea&longs;e the Props a little, that <lb/>tho&longs;e Centres re&longs;t upon; not only to prevent <lb/>the Stones fre&longs;h laid from floating in the Beds <lb/>of Mortar they are &longs;et in, but that the whole <lb/>Vault may &longs;ink and clo&longs;e by its own Weight <lb/>epually, into its right Seat: Otherwi&longs;e in drying, <lb/>the Work would not compact it&longs;elf as it ought, <lb/>but would be apt to leave Cracks when it came <lb/>afterwards to &longs;ettle. </s> <s>And therefore you mu&longs;t <lb/>not quite take away the Centre immediately, <lb/>but let it down ea&longs;ily Day after Day, by little <lb/>and little, for Fear, if you &longs;hould take it away <lb/>too &longs;oon, the Building &longs;hould never duly cement. <lb/></s> <s>But after a certain Number of Days, according <lb/>to the Greatne&longs;s of the Work, ea&longs;eit a little, and <lb/>&longs;o go on gradually, till the Wedges all compact <lb/>them&longs;elves in their Places, and are perfectly <lb/>&longs;ettled. </s> <s>The be&longs;t Way of letting down the <lb/>Frame is this: When you place your Centre <lb/>upon the Pila&longs;ters, or whatever el&longs;e it is to <lb/>re&longs;t upon, put under each of its Feet two <lb/>Wedges of Wood; aud when afterwards you <lb/>want to let it down, you may with a Ham­<lb/>mer &longs;afely drive out the&longs;e Wedges by little <lb/>and little, as you &longs;hall judge proper.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, it is my Opinion, that the Centres <lb/>ought not to be taken away till after Winter, <lb/>as well for other Rea&longs;ons, as becau&longs;e the <lb/>Wa&longs;hing of the Rains may weaken and de­<lb/>moli&longs;h the whole Structure; though el&longs;e we <lb/>cannot do greater Service to a Vault than to <lb/>give it Water enough, and to let it be <lb/>thoroughly &longs;oak'd, that it may never feel Thir&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>But of this Subject we have &longs;aid enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Shell of the Covering, and its U&longs;efulne&longs;s; the different Sorts and <lb/>Shapes of Tiles, and what to make them of.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to cover the Roof. </s> <s>And cer­<lb/>tainly, if we weigh the Matter duly, there <lb/>is no Convenience in the whole Building <lb/>greater than the having Shelter from the burn­<lb/>ing Sun, and the inclement Sea&longs;ons; and this <lb/>is a Benefit which you owe the Continuance <lb/>of, not to the Wall, nor to Area, nor any of <lb/>the&longs;e; but principally to the outward Shell of <lb/>the Roof; which all the Art and Indu&longs;try of <lb/>Man, though they have tried all Means, has <lb/>not yet been able to make &longs;o &longs;trong and im­<lb/>penetrable again&longs;t the Weather as might be <lb/>wi&longs;h'd: Nor do I think, it will be an ea&longs;y <lb/>Matter to do it; for where, not only Rains, <lb/>but Extremes of Heat and Cold, and above <lb/>all, blu&longs;tering Storms of Wind, are continu­<lb/>ally a&longs;&longs;aulting the &longs;ame Place; what Mate­<lb/>rials are &longs;trong enough to re&longs;i&longs;t &longs;uch unwearied <lb/>and powerful Adver&longs;aries? </s> <s>Hence it happens, <lb/>that &longs;ome Coverings pre&longs;ently rot, others open, <lb/>others oppre&longs;s the Wall, &longs;ome crack, or break, <lb/>others are wa&longs;hed away; in&longs;omuch, that even <lb/>Metals, which are &longs;o hardy again&longs;t the Wea­<lb/>ther, in other Places, are not here able to hold <lb/>out again&longs;t &longs;uch frequent A&longs;&longs;aults. </s> <s>But Men <lb/>not de&longs;pi&longs;ing &longs;uch Materials as Nature furni&longs;h­<lb/>ed them with in their re&longs;pective Countries, <lb/>have provided again&longs;t the&longs;e Inconveniences as <lb/>well as they were able; and hence aro&longs;e various <lb/>Methods of Covering in a Building. <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvi­<lb/>us<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Pyrgen&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/> covered their <lb/>Hou&longs;es with Reeds, and the People of <emph type="italics"/>Mar­<lb/>&longs;eilles<emph.end type="italics"/> with Clay kneaded, and mixed with <lb/>Straw. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Chelonophagi,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the <emph type="italics"/>Garaman­<lb/>tes, Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, cover'd theirs with the <lb/>Shells of Tortoi&longs;es. </s> <s>The greate&longs;t Part of <emph type="italics"/>Ger­<lb/>many<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;e Shingles. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Flanders<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Picardy,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they cut a white Sort of Stone which they <lb/>have (which Saws ea&longs;ier than Wood it&longs;elf) in­<lb/>to their Scantlings, which they u&longs;e in&longs;tead of <lb/>Tiles. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Genoueze,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Florentines<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;e thin <lb/>Pieces of a &longs;caly Sort of Stone. </s> <s>Others have <lb/>tried the Pargets, which we &longs;hall &longs;peak of by <lb/>and by. </s> <s>But after having made Experiment of <lb/>every Thing, the Wit and Invention of Man <lb/>has found out nothing yet more convenient <lb/>than Tiles of baked Clay. </s> <s>For all Sorts of <lb/>Parget grow rugged in Fro&longs;ts, and &longs;o crack and <lb/>break: Lead is melted by the Sun's Heat: <lb/>Bra&longs;s, if laid in thick Plates, is very co&longs;tly; <lb/>and if it is thin, it is apt to warp, and to be <lb/>eaten and con&longs;umed with Ru&longs;t.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ONE <emph type="italics"/>Grinias<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Cyprus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of a Pea­<lb/>&longs;ant, is &longs;aid to be the Inventer of Tiles, which <lb/>are of two Sorts, the one broad and flat, one <lb/>Foot broad, and a Foot and a half long, <pb xlink:href="003/01/078.jpg" pagenum="61"/>with Rims of each Side, a ninth Part of its <lb/>Breadth, which is call'd a Gutter-tile; the <lb/>other round, like Greaves, (a Piece of Armour <lb/>for the Legs,) which is called a Ridge-tile; <lb/>both broader in that Part which is to receive <lb/>the Rain, and narrower in that from which <lb/>they are to di&longs;charge it. </s> <s>But the Plain, or <lb/>Gutter-tiles are the mo&longs;t Commodius, pro­<lb/>vided they are laid exactly even, &longs;o as not to <lb/>lean of either Side, nor to make either Vallies <lb/>or Hilocks to &longs;top the Current of the Water, <lb/>or to let it &longs;ettle in, nor to leave any Cranny <lb/>uncover'd. </s> <s>If the Superficies of the Roof is <lb/>very large, it requires bigger Gutter-tiles, that <lb/>the Rain may not overflow them for want of <lb/>a &longs;ufficient Receptacle. </s> <s>To prevent the Fury <lb/>of the Wind from ripping off the Tiles, I <lb/>would have them all fa&longs;tened with Mortar; <lb/>e&longs;pecially in publick Buildings: But in private <lb/>Ones, it will be enough if you &longs;ecure only the <lb/>Gutter-tiles from that Violence, becau&longs;e what­<lb/>ever Mi&longs;chief is done, is ea&longs;ily repair'd. </s> <s>There <lb/>is another very convenient Way of Tiling, in <lb/>this Manner: If in Timber Roofs, in&longs;tead of <lb/>Planks, you lay along the Girders Squares of <lb/>baked Clay, fa&longs;ten'd with Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>over the&longs;e Squares lay your Tiles with Mortar, <lb/>it will be a Covering very &longs;ecure again&longs;t Fire, <lb/>and very commodious to the Inhabitants; and <lb/>it will be le&longs;s expen&longs;ive, if, in&longs;tead of Squares, <lb/>you underlay it with Reeds, bound with Mor­<lb/>tar. </s> <s>I would not have you u&longs;e your Tiles, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e which you lay with Mor­<lb/>tar, in publick Works, till they have &longs;upported <lb/>the Fro&longs;t and Sun two Years; becau&longs;e, if you <lb/>happen to u&longs;e any bad ones, there is no taking <lb/>them out again without a good deal of <lb/>Trouble and Expence. </s> <s>It may not be ami&longs;s <lb/>here to mention what I have read in <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Hi&longs;torian, relating to the famous hanging <lb/>Gardens in <emph type="italics"/>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"/> which were contrived with <lb/>a new, and not unu&longs;eful Invention: For upon <lb/>the Beams they laid Ru&longs;hes dawb'd over with <lb/>Pitch, and on the&longs;e two Rows of baked <lb/>Bricks, one above the other, cemented with <lb/>Mortar; and in the third Place, they laid <lb/>Plates of Lead &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed, and fa&longs;ten'd to­<lb/>gether, that not the lea&longs;t wet could penetrate <lb/>to the Brick.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Pavements according to the Opinion of<emph.end type="italics"/> Pliny <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Vitruvius, <emph type="italics"/>and the Works <lb/>of the Ancients; and of the proper Sea&longs;ons for Beginning and Fini&longs;hing <lb/>the &longs;everal Parts of Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to treat of Pavements, <lb/>which al&longs;o partake &longs;omewhat of the <lb/>Nature of Coverings. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e, &longs;ome are <lb/>open to the Air; others are laid upon Rafters <lb/>and Boards, others not: All require for their <lb/>Foundation a &longs;olid, and even Superficies, laid <lb/>exactly according to their proper Lines. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e <lb/>which are open to the Air ought to be rai&longs;ed <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner, that every ten Foot may <lb/>have a Declivity of, at lea&longs;t, two Inches, to <lb/>throw off the Water, which ought to be con­<lb/>veyed from thence either into Ci&longs;terns or <lb/>Sinks. </s> <s>If from the&longs;e Sinks you have not the <lb/>Conveniency of a Drain, either into the Sea, <lb/>or &longs;ome River, dig Pits for the Soil in conve­<lb/>nient Places, &longs;o deep as to come to &longs;ome Spring <lb/>of Water, and then fill up tho&longs;e Pits with <lb/>round Pebbles.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, if you have no Opportunity to <lb/>do this, make good large Sinks, and fling <lb/>Coals into them, and then fill them up with <lb/>Sand, which will &longs;uck up, and dry away the <lb/>&longs;uperfluous Moi&longs;ture. </s> <s>If the Superficies that <lb/>your Pavement is to be laid upon, is a &longs;oft <lb/>loo&longs;e Earth, ram it &longs;oundly, and lay it over <lb/>with broken Fragments of Stone, well beat in <lb/>with the Rammer al&longs;o: But if the Pavement <lb/>is to be upon Rafters, cover them over with <lb/>Boards, and upon them lay your Rubbi&longs;h or <lb/>Fragments of Stone a Foot high, and beaten <lb/>together, and con&longs;olidated with the Rammer. <lb/></s> <s>Some are of Opinion, that under the&longs;e we <lb/>ought to lay Fern, or Spart, to keep the Mor­<lb/>tar from rotting the Timber. </s> <s>If your Rub­<lb/>bi&longs;h is of new Stone, allow one Part of Mortar <lb/>to three of Rubbi&longs;h; if it is of old, you mu&longs;t <lb/>allow two Parts in five; and when it is laid, <lb/>the Way to &longs;tiffen it, is to pound it heartily <lb/>with the Rammer. </s> <s>Over the&longs;e you lay a <lb/>Plai&longs;ter &longs;ix Inches high, made of broken <lb/>Tiles, or Bricks pounded, mix'd with one <lb/>fourth Part of Mortar; and upon this, la&longs;tly, <lb/>you lay your Pavement, of what&longs;oever Sort it <lb/>is, whether of Brick or Tile, exactly by Rule <pb xlink:href="003/01/079.jpg" pagenum="62"/>and Level. </s> <s>The Work will be more &longs;ecure <lb/>&longs;till, if between the Rubbi&longs;h, and the Plai&longs;ter <lb/>you lay a Row of plain Tiles cemented with <lb/>Mortar, mixed up with Oil. </s> <s>As for Pave­<lb/>ments which are not to be expo&longs;ed to the open <lb/>Air. <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> directs us to make them in the <lb/>following Manner, which he tells us will be <lb/>very &longs;erviceable by means of its extraordinary <lb/>Dryne&longs;s: Dig two Foot deep into the Ground, <lb/>then ram the Bottom &longs;oundly, and lay a Pave­<lb/>ment, either of Rubbi&longs;h, or broken Brick, <lb/>leaving Vent-holes for the Vapours to di&longs;charge <lb/>them&longs;elves; over this lay Coals well levell'd, <lb/>and ramm'd down, and over all a Cru&longs;t made <lb/>of Sand, Mortar, and A&longs;hes. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things <lb/>already mention'd, we have gathered from <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> e&longs;pecially: I will now &longs;et <lb/>down what I have with great Pains and Labour <lb/>di&longs;covered relating to Pavements from the <lb/>actual Works of the Ancients; from whence, <lb/>I con&longs;e&longs;s, I have learnt much more than from <lb/>their Writings. </s> <s>We will begin with the Out­<lb/>ward Shell, which it is very difficult to make, <lb/>&longs;o as it &longs;hall not rot, or crack: For when once <lb/>it has been thoroughly &longs;oak'd with wet, and <lb/>comes to dry again, either by Sun, or Wind, <lb/>it dries by Scales, and as we &longs;ee in Mud left <lb/>after Floods, the upper Coat &longs;hrinks, and <lb/>leaves Cracks which cannot be filled up; for <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts which are dried and hardened, <lb/>cannot be made to cohere again by any Art <lb/>what&longs;oever, and tho&longs;e which are &longs;till moi&longs;t, <lb/>yield and give Way to the lea&longs;t Violence. </s> <s>I <lb/>find the Ancients made their Shell either of <lb/>baked Earth, or of Stone; and where Mens <lb/>Feet were not to tread, they made their Tiles <lb/>&longs;ometimes a Foot and a half every Way, ce­<lb/>mented with Mortar mixed up with Oil; we <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;ometimes meet with &longs;mall Bricks one <lb/>Inch in Thickne&longs;s, two in Breadth, and four in <lb/>Length, join'd Sideways like a Fi&longs;h's Back­<lb/>bone. </s> <s>We often find Pavements of very large <lb/>Slabs of Marble, and others again of &longs;maller <lb/>Pieces, and little Squares. </s> <s>There are other An­<lb/>cient Pavements made all of one Piece, which <lb/>I &longs;uppo&longs;e, was a Mixture of Lime, Sand, and <lb/>pounded Brick, of each a third Part: which <lb/>may be made more &longs;trong and la&longs;ting yet, by <lb/>the Addition of one fourth Part of <emph type="italics"/>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"/>­<lb/>Stone, beat to Powder. </s> <s>Others in this Sort of <lb/>Plai&longs;ter mightily commend the Sand of <emph type="italics"/>Poz­<lb/>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which they call <emph type="italics"/>Rapillo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Plai&longs;ter that is <lb/>de&longs;igned for Pavements mu&longs;t be tried by con­<lb/>tinual beating, whereby it will daily acquire <lb/>greater Stiffne&longs;s and Hardne&longs;s, till it comes to be <lb/>in a Manner firmer than Stone it&longs;elf. <!--neuer Satz-->And it <lb/>is certain, that if this Plai&longs;ter is &longs;prinkled with <lb/>Lime-water, and Lin&longs;eed-oil, it will grow <lb/>almo&longs;t as hard as Gla&longs;s, and de&longs;y all Manner of <lb/>Weather. </s> <s>Mortar worked up with Oil, is &longs;aid <lb/>in Pavements to keep out every Thing that is <lb/>noxious. </s> <s>Under the Shell I ob&longs;erve they made <lb/>a Layer of Mortar, and &longs;mall Pieces of broken <lb/>Brick, of the Thickne&longs;s of two or three Inches. <lb/></s> <s>Next to this we find a Cour&longs;e of Rubbi&longs;h, of <lb/>Bits of Bricks and Chippings of Stone, &longs;uch as <lb/>the Ma&longs;ons cut off with their Chizzel, and this <lb/>is about a Foot in Thickne&longs;s. </s> <s>In &longs;ome Places <lb/>betwixt the&longs;e two Cour&longs;es, we find a regular <lb/>one of baked Tile, or Brick, and at the Bottom <lb/>of all a Layer of Stones, none bigger than a <lb/>Man's Fi&longs;t. </s> <s>The Stones found in Rivers, <lb/>which are called Male ones, as for In&longs;tance, <lb/>tho&longs;e round ones which partake of the Nature <lb/>of Flint, or Gla&longs;s, grow dry immediately when <lb/>they are taken out of the Water, whereas Brick <lb/>and ordinary Stone retain Moi&longs;ture a long <lb/>Time; for which Rea&longs;on, many affirm that the <lb/>Damps which ari&longs;e out of the Earth will never <lb/>be able to penetrate to the Shell of the Pave­<lb/>ment, if it is underlaid with tho&longs;e Stones. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;ometimes find that they made little &longs;quare <lb/>Pila&longs;ters a Foot and a half high next to the <lb/>Ground, &longs;tanding about two Foot di&longs;tance one <lb/>from the other, upon which they laid baked <lb/>Tiles, and upon the&longs;e the Pavement above­<lb/>mention'd. </s> <s>But this Kind of Pavement belongs <lb/>chiefly to Baths; of which we &longs;hall treat in <lb/>their proper Place. </s> <s>Pavements delight in <lb/>Damps, and a wet Air, while they are making, <lb/>and endure be&longs;t and longe&longs;t in moi&longs;t and &longs;hady <lb/>Places; and their chief Enemies are the Loo&longs;e­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Earth, and &longs;udden Droughts. </s> <s>For <lb/>as repeated Rains make the Ground clo&longs;e and <lb/>firm, &longs;o Pavements being heartily wetted, grow <lb/>compact, and hard as Iron. </s> <s>That Part of the <lb/>Pavement which is to receive the Water falling <lb/>from the Gutters, ought to be made of the <lb/>large&longs;t and &longs;ounde&longs;t Stones, &longs;uch as will not <lb/>ea&longs;ily be worn away by the continual Malice <lb/>(if we may &longs;o call it) of the Spouts that fall <lb/>upon them. </s> <s>In &longs;uch Pavements as are laid <lb/>upon Timber-work, or Roofing, you mu&longs;t take <lb/>Care that the Ribs upon which it re&longs;ts are <lb/>&longs;ufficiently &longs;trong, and equal one to the other; <lb/>for if it &longs;hould be otherwife, or one Wall, or <lb/>Rafter which it lies upon, &longs;hould be &longs;tronger <lb/>than another, the Pavement would decay and <lb/>&longs;plit in that Part; for as Timber-work will <lb/>not always keep exactly in the &longs;ame Condition, <pb xlink:href="003/01/080.jpg" pagenum="63"/>but is affected and altered by the Variety of <lb/>Weather, being &longs;well'd by wet, and dried and <lb/>&longs;hrunk by Heat, it is no Wonder that the wea­<lb/>ker Parts &longs;hould &longs;ink under the Weight, and <lb/>&longs;o crack the Pavement. </s> <s>But of this we have <lb/>&longs;aid enough.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>HOWEVER, I will not pa&longs;s over one Thing <lb/>which is not at all foreign to our Purpo&longs;e, <lb/>namely, that different Times and Sea&longs;ons, and <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;itions of the Air, are proper for digging <lb/>the Foundations, filling them up, rai&longs;ing the <lb/>Wall, turning of Vaults, and fini&longs;hing the <lb/>Shells. </s> <s>The Foundations are be&longs;t dug while <lb/>the Sun is in <emph type="italics"/>Leo,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in <emph type="italics"/>Autumn,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Ground <lb/>being then thoroughly dry, which will keep <lb/>your Trench from being infe&longs;ted with Water. <lb/></s> <s>The Spring is very convenient for filling them <lb/>up, e&longs;pecially if they are pretty deep; becau&longs;e <lb/>they will be &longs;ufficiently defended from the <lb/>Heat of the Summer, by means of the Ground <lb/>which &longs;tands about them as their Protector; <lb/>though it will be &longs;till more convenient to fill <lb/>them up in the Beginning of Winter, unle&longs;s in <lb/>Countries near the Pole, or in &longs;uch cold <lb/>Climates where they will be likely to freeze <lb/>before they are dry. </s> <s>The Wall too abhors <lb/>both exce&longs;&longs;ive Heat, exce&longs;&longs;ive Cold, and &longs;ud­<lb/>den Fro&longs;ts, and e&longs;pecially Northerly Winds. <lb/></s> <s>Vaults, till they are dry and &longs;ettled, require <lb/>an equal and temperate Sea&longs;on, more than <lb/>any other Sort of Structure. </s> <s>The be&longs;t Time <lb/>for laying on the Coat is about the ri&longs;ing of <lb/>the Stars, call'd the <emph type="italics"/>Pleiadas,<emph.end type="italics"/> (which is in <lb/>Spring) and particularly &longs;uch Days as have <lb/>been &longs;ufficiently moi&longs;tened with &longs;outherly <lb/>Breezes; for if the Work which you are to <lb/>plai&longs;ter over, or white-wa&longs;h, is not extreamly <lb/>moi&longs;t, nothing that you lay on will &longs;tick to it, <lb/>but it will part and crack, and always look <lb/>rough and &longs;candalous. </s> <s>But of Plai&longs;tering and <lb/>Stuc-work we &longs;hall treat more largely in its <lb/>proper Place. </s> <s>Having now gone through the <lb/>general Con&longs;ideration of our Subject, it remains <lb/>that we de&longs;cend to Particulars; and accor­<lb/>dingly we de&longs;ign to &longs;hew fir&longs;t the different <lb/>Sorts of Buildings, and the Qualities requi&longs;ite <lb/>in each of them; then their Ornaments; and <lb/>la&longs;tly, how to remedy &longs;uch Defects in them as <lb/>are owing either to the Fault of the Workman, <lb/>or the Injury of Time.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> III.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.080.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/080/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/081.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.081.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/081/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IV. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>That all Buildings, whether contrived for <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity, Conveniency or Plea&longs;ure, were intended for the Service of Man­<lb/>kind. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Divi&longs;ions of humane Conditions, whence ari&longs;es the <lb/>Diver&longs;ity of Buildings.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is plain that Building was in­<lb/>vented for the Service of Man­<lb/>kind; for if we con&longs;ider the <lb/>Matter ever &longs;o little, it is natural <lb/>to &longs;uppo&longs;e that their fir&longs;t De&longs;ign <lb/>was only to rai&longs;e a Structure that might de­<lb/>fend them and theirs from the ill Qualities of <lb/>the Weather; afterwards they proceeded to <lb/>make not only every Thing that was ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary to their Safety, but al&longs;o every Thing <lb/>that might be convenient or u&longs;eful to them. <lb/></s> <s>At la&longs;t, in&longs;tructed and allured by the Oppor­<lb/>tunities that naturally offer'd them&longs;elves, they <lb/>began to contrive how to make their Build­<lb/>ings &longs;ub&longs;ervient to their Plea&longs;ures and Recre­<lb/>adons, and proceeded every Day further and <lb/>further in &longs;o doing: So that if upon con&longs;ider­<lb/>ing the various Sorts of Buildings, we <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;ay, that &longs;ome were contrived by Ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome by Convenience, and &longs;ome by <lb/>Plea&longs;ure, it might, perhaps, be no ill Defini­<lb/>tion of the Matter. </s> <s>Yet when we take a View <lb/>of the great Plenty and Variety of Buildings <lb/>all about us, we ea&longs;ily perceive that all were <lb/>not erected merely upon tho&longs;e Accounts, or <lb/>for one Occa&longs;ion more than another, but that <lb/>this great Variety and Difference among them, <lb/>are owing principally to the Variety there is <lb/>among Mankind. </s> <s>So that, if according to <lb/>our Method we would make a careful Enquiry <lb/>into their Sorts and Parts, it is here that we <lb/>mu&longs;t begin our Di&longs;qui&longs;ition, namely, from the <lb/>Nature of Mankind, and wherein they differ <lb/>from one another; &longs;ince upon their Account <lb/>it is that Buildings are erected, and for their <lb/>U&longs;es varied: So that having thoroughly con­<lb/>&longs;idered the&longs;e Things, we may treat of them <lb/>more clearly. </s> <s>For this Purpo&longs;e, it will not <lb/>be ami&longs;s to recollect the Opinions of the wi&longs;e <lb/>Founders of ancient Republicks and Laws con­<pb xlink:href="003/01/082.jpg" pagenum="65"/>cerning the Divi&longs;ion of the People into differ­<lb/>ent Orders; in as much as they applied them­<lb/>&longs;elves to the Con&longs;ideration of the&longs;e Things <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Care, Diligence and Appli­<lb/>cation, and have received the highe&longs;t Applau&longs;es <lb/>for their Di&longs;coveries.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>The&longs;eus<emph.end type="italics"/> divided the <lb/>Commonwealth into two Ranks, one that made <lb/>and expounded the Laws, both Humane and <lb/>Divine, and the other that follow'd manual Oc­<lb/>cupations. <emph type="italics"/>Solon<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;tingui&longs;h'd his Citizens <lb/>according to their Wealth, and &longs;uch as did not <lb/>rai&longs;e from their Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ions three hundred <lb/>Bu&longs;hels of Grain every Year, he reckon'd &longs;carce <lb/>worthy to be e&longs;teem'd a Citizen. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>gave the fir&longs;t Rank to Men of Learning and <lb/>Wi&longs;dom; the &longs;econd to the Orators, and the <lb/>la&longs;t to Artificers. <emph type="italics"/>Romulùs<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;eparated the Knights <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Patricians<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <emph type="italics"/>Plebeians;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Numa<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>divided the <emph type="italics"/>Plebeians<emph.end type="italics"/> according to their re­<lb/>&longs;pective Employments. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Plebeians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were in a Manner Slaves; the re&longs;t, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were either Soldiers, or Profe&longs;&longs;ors of Religion, <lb/>or the Study of Wi&longs;dom, whom they call'd <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Druids.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Among the <emph type="italics"/>Panchæi<emph.end type="italics"/> the fir&longs;t were <lb/>the Prie&longs;ts; the &longs;econd, the Husbandmen, <lb/>and the la&longs;t, the Soldiers, with whom were <lb/>reckon'd the Shepherds, and Tenders of Herds. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Britons<emph.end type="italics"/> were divided into four Orders; <lb/>the fir&longs;t were tho&longs;e out of who&longs;e Number <lb/>they cho&longs;e their King; the &longs;econd were the <lb/>Prie&longs;ts; the third, the Soldiers, and the la&longs;t <lb/>the common People. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> gave the <lb/>fir&longs;t Rank to their Prie&longs;ts; the &longs;econd to their <lb/>King and Governours; the third to the Sol­<lb/>diers, and the re&longs;t of the People were &longs;ubdi­<lb/>vided into Husbandmen, Shepherds, and Ar­<lb/>tificers, and further, as <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>into Mercenaries, and Seamen. </s> <s>We are told, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Hipodamus<emph.end type="italics"/> divided his Republic into three Parts, <lb/>Artificers, Husbandmen, and Soldiers. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;eems not di&longs;plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who &longs;eparated <lb/>from the Multitude &longs;ome Men of greate&longs;t <lb/>Worth to manage their Coun&longs;els, and exerci&longs;e <lb/>their Office of Magi&longs;tracy and Judicature, and <lb/>divided the Remainder of the People into <lb/>Husbandmen, Artificers, Merchants, Merce­<lb/>naries, Hor&longs;e, Foot and Seamen. </s> <s>Not much <lb/>unlike this, according to <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;to­<lb/>rian, was the Commonwealth of the <emph type="italics"/>Indians,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who were di&longs;tingui&longs;hed into Prie&longs;ts, Husband­<lb/>men, Shepherds, Artificers, Soldiers, Ephori, <lb/>or Super-intendants, and tho&longs;e who pre&longs;ided <lb/>over the publick Coun&longs;els.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erves that a Nation is &longs;ometimes <lb/>peaceable and de&longs;irous of Quiet and Repo&longs;e; <lb/>and at other Times re&longs;tle&longs;s and warlike, ac­<lb/>cording to the Temper of tho&longs;e at the Helm; <lb/>and therefore he divides the Body of the Citi­<lb/>zens according to the Parts of the Mind of <lb/>Man; one to moderate every Thing with <lb/>Rea&longs;on and Coun&longs;el; another to re&longs;ent and <lb/>repel Injuries with Force; and a third to <lb/>prepare and admini&longs;ter Nouri&longs;hment to all <lb/>the re&longs;t. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things I have thus briefly <lb/>recited out of numorous Writings of the An­<lb/>cients; and the natural Re&longs;ult &longs;eems to be <lb/>this, that all the&longs;e which I have mentioned <lb/>are every one of them different Parts of the <lb/>Republick, and con&longs;equently that each re­<lb/>quires a particular Kind of Building. </s> <s>But <lb/>that according to our Cu&longs;tom we may be <lb/>able to treat of this Subject more di&longs;tinctly, it <lb/>will not be ami&longs;s to reflect upon the follow­<lb/>ing Con&longs;iderations: If any one were to &longs;epa­<lb/>rate the whole Number of Mankind into dif­<lb/>ferent Parts, the fir&longs;t Thing that would offer <lb/>it&longs;elf to his Thoughts would be this; that it <lb/>is not the &longs;ame Thing to con&longs;ider all the In­<lb/>habitants of any one Province all together <lb/>collectively, and to con&longs;ider them &longs;eparately <lb/>according to their re&longs;pective Di&longs;tinctions; and <lb/>the next Thing would be, that by a Contem­<lb/>plation of Nature it&longs;elf, he would take Notice <lb/>in what Particular they differ'd mo&longs;t from <lb/>one another, that from thence he might take <lb/>Occa&longs;ion to &longs;eparate them into their proper <lb/>Divi&longs;ions. </s> <s>Now there is nothing wherein Men <lb/>differ more one from the other, than in the <lb/>very particular wherein they differ from <lb/>Brutes; namely, in Rea&longs;on, and the Know­<lb/>ledge of u&longs;eful Arts, to which, if you plea&longs;e, <lb/>you may add Pro&longs;perity of Fortune: In all <lb/>which Gifts there are very few that excel at <lb/>the &longs;ame Time. </s> <s>This then opens to us our <lb/>fir&longs;t Divi&longs;ion, and in&longs;tructs us to &longs;elect from <lb/>the Multitude, a &longs;mall Number, whereof &longs;ome <lb/>are illu&longs;trious for their Wi&longs;dom, Experience <lb/>and Capacity; others for their Progre&longs;s, and <lb/>Knowledge in u&longs;eful Arts; and others, la&longs;tly, <lb/>for their Riches, and Abundance in the Goods <lb/>of Fortune. </s> <s>And who will deny that the&longs;e <lb/>are the mo&longs;t fit to be intru&longs;ted with the prin­<lb/>cipal Offices in the Commonwealth? </s> <s>The <lb/>mo&longs;t excellent Per&longs;ons, therefore, who are <lb/>endued with the greate&longs;t Share of Wi&longs;dom, <lb/>ought to be intru&longs;ted with the chief Care and <lb/>Power of moderating in all Affairs. </s> <s>Such <pb xlink:href="003/01/083.jpg" pagenum="66"/>will order the &longs;acred Ceremonies with religious <lb/>Minds, and frame Laws with Ju&longs;tice and <lb/>Equity, and them&longs;elves &longs;et the Example of <lb/>Living orderly and happily. </s> <s>They will watch <lb/>continually for the Defence and Enlargement <lb/>of the Authority and Dignity of their Fellow­<lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>And when they have determined <lb/>upon any Thing convement, u&longs;eful, or nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary; being perhaps them&longs;elves worn out <lb/>with Years, and fitter for Contemplation than <lb/>Action, they will commit the Execution of it <lb/>to &longs;uch as they know to be well experienced, <lb/>and brisk and courageous to bring the Matter <lb/>to effect, to whom they will give an Oppor­<lb/>tunity of de&longs;erving well of their Country, by <lb/>the Pro&longs;ecution of their De&longs;ign. </s> <s>Then the&longs;e <lb/>others, having taken the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s upon them­<lb/>&longs;elves, will faithfully perform their Parts at <lb/>home with Study and Application, and abroad <lb/>with Diligence and Labour, giving Judgment, <lb/>leading Armies, and exerci&longs;ing their own In­<lb/>du&longs;try, and that of tho&longs;e who are under them. <lb/></s> <s>And la&longs;tly, as it is in vain to think of effecting <lb/>any Thing without Means, the next in Place <lb/>to tho&longs;e already mentioned are &longs;uch as &longs;upply <lb/>the&longs;e with their Wealth, either by Husbandry <lb/>or Merchandize. </s> <s>All the other Orders of <lb/>Men ought in Rea&longs;on to obey and be &longs;ub­<lb/>&longs;ervient to the&longs;e as chief. </s> <s>Now if any Thing <lb/>is to be gather'd from all this to our Purpo&longs;e, <lb/>it is certainly that of the different Kinds of <lb/>Building, one Sort belongs to the Publick, <lb/>another to the principal Citizens, and another <lb/>to the Commonality.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND again, among the principal Sort, one <lb/>is proper for tho&longs;e who bear the Weight of <lb/>the publick Coun&longs;els and Deliberations, an­<lb/>other for tho&longs;e who are employ'd in the Exe­<lb/>cution, and another for &longs;uch as apply them­<lb/>&longs;elves to the ama&longs;&longs;ing of Wealth. </s> <s>Of all <lb/>which one Part, as we ob&longs;erved before, having <lb/>Relation to Nece&longs;&longs;ity, and another to Con­<lb/>venience; it will be no Pre&longs;umption in us <lb/>who are treating of Buildings to allow another <lb/>Part to Plca&longs;ure, while in&longs;tead of claiming <lb/>any Merit upon this Account to our&longs;elves, we <lb/>confe&longs;s that the Principles of this Divi&longs;ion are <lb/>to be drawn from the fir&longs;t Rudiments of the <lb/>Philo&longs;ophers.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF this, therefore, we are now to treat, <lb/>what belongs to a publick Building, what <lb/>to tho&longs;e of the principal Citizens, and what <lb/>to tho&longs;e of the common Sort. </s> <s>But where &longs;hall <lb/>we begin &longs;uch great Matters? </s> <s>Shall we follow <lb/>the gradual Cour&longs;e of Mankind in their pro­<lb/>curing of all the&longs;e, and &longs;o beginning with the <lb/>mean Huts of poor People, go on by degrees <lb/>to tho&longs;e va&longs;t Structures which we &longs;ee of Thea­<lb/>tres, Baths, and Temples. </s> <s>It is certain it was <lb/>a great while before Mankind enclo&longs;ed their <lb/>Cities with Walls. </s> <s>Hi&longs;torians tell us that <lb/>when <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"/> made his Progre&longs;s thro' <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>he did not meet with one walled Town; and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that formerly there were <lb/>none in <emph type="italics"/>Greece<emph.end type="italics"/> it&longs;elf: And in <emph type="italics"/>Burgundy,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>Province of <emph type="italics"/>Gaul,<emph.end type="italics"/> even in <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time, there <lb/>were no Towns encompa&longs;s'd with Walls, but <lb/>the People dwelt up and down in Villages. <lb/></s> <s>The fir&longs;t City I find any Mention of is <emph type="italics"/>Biblus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Phænicians,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <emph type="italics"/>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>girt in with a Wall drawn round all their <lb/>Hou&longs;es: Whatever <emph type="italics"/>Pomponius Mela<emph.end type="italics"/> may &longs;ay <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Joppa<emph.end type="italics"/> built even before the Flood. <emph type="italics"/>Hero­<lb/>dotus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that while the <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>had Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ion of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> they never puni&longs;h'd <lb/>any Criminal with Death, but obliged him to <lb/>rai&longs;e the Earth all round the Village he lived <lb/>in; and this, they &longs;ay, was the fir&longs;t Beginning <lb/>of Cities in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But we &longs;hall &longs;peak of <lb/>them in another Place. </s> <s>And though it mu&longs;t <lb/>be confe&longs;s'd that all humane Inventions take <lb/>their Ri&longs;e from very &longs;mall Beginnings, yet I <lb/>intend here to begin with the Works of the <lb/>greate&longs;t Perfection.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Region, Place, and Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of a Situation <lb/>for a City, according to the Opinion of the Ancients, and that of the <lb/>Author.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>All the Citizens are concerned in every <lb/>Thing of a publick Nature that makes <lb/>Part of the City: And if we are convinced of <lb/>what the Philo&longs;ophers teach, that the Occa&longs;ion <lb/>and Rea&longs;on of Building Cities is that the In­<lb/>habitants may dwell in them in Peace, and, <lb/>as far as po&longs;&longs;ibly may be, free from all Incon­<lb/>veniencies and Mole&longs;tations, then certainly it <pb xlink:href="003/01/084.jpg" pagenum="67"/>requires the mo&longs;t deliberate Con&longs;ideration in <lb/>what Place or Situation, and with what Cir­<lb/>cuit of Lines it ought to be fix'd. </s> <s>Concern­<lb/>ing the&longs;e Things there have been various <lb/>Opinions.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that the <emph type="italics"/>Germans<emph.end type="italics"/> accounted <lb/>it the greate&longs;t Glory to have va&longs;t uninhabited <lb/>De&longs;arts for their Confines: Becau&longs;e they <lb/>thought the&longs;e De&longs;arts &longs;ecured them again&longs;t <lb/>&longs;udden Irruptions from their Enemies. </s> <s>The <lb/>Hi&longs;torians &longs;uppo&longs;e that the only Thing which <lb/>deterr'd <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;o&longs;tris,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> from lead­<lb/>ing his Army into <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"/> was the Want of <lb/>Provi&longs;ions, and the Difficulty of the Places <lb/>through which he mu&longs;t march. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yrians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>being defended by their De&longs;arts and Mar&longs;hes, <lb/>never fell under the Dominion of any foreign <lb/>Prince. </s> <s>They &longs;ay, that the <emph type="italics"/>Arabians<emph.end type="italics"/> too <lb/>wanting both Water and Fruits, never felt the <lb/>A&longs;&longs;aults, or Injuries of any Enemies. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays that <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> has been &longs;o often infe&longs;ted with <lb/>Armies of Barbarians only for the Sake of her <lb/>Wines and Figs: We may add that the too <lb/>great Plenty of &longs;uch Things as &longs;erve only to <lb/>Luxury, are very prejudicial, as <emph type="italics"/>Crates<emph.end type="italics"/> teaches, <lb/>both to Young and Old; becau&longs;e it is apt to <lb/>make the Latter cruel, and the Former effe­<lb/>minate.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Livy<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that among the <emph type="italics"/>Æmerici<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>is a Region wonderfully fruitful, which as it <lb/>generally happens in rich Soils, engenders a <lb/>very cowardly weak Race of Men; whereas <lb/>on the contrary the <emph type="italics"/>Ligii,<emph.end type="italics"/> who dwelt in a <lb/>&longs;tony Country, being forced to con&longs;tant La­<lb/>bour, and to live with great Frugality, were <lb/>extremely robu&longs;t and indu&longs;trious. </s> <s>The State <lb/>of Things being &longs;o, it is probable &longs;ome may <lb/>not di&longs;like the&longs;e barren difficult Places for <lb/>fixing a City in; tho' others again may be of <lb/>a contrary Opinion, de&longs;iring to enjoy all the <lb/>Benefits and Gifts of Nature, and to want no­<lb/>thing that may contribute either to Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>or Plea&longs;ure; and for the right u&longs;ing of the&longs;e <lb/>Benefits, the Fathers may provide by Laws <lb/>and Statutes. </s> <s>And they think the Conveni­<lb/>encies of Life are much more plea&longs;ing when <lb/>they may be had at home, than when they are <lb/>obliged to fetch them from abroad: for which <lb/>Rea&longs;on, they de&longs;ire &longs;uch a Soil as <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us <lb/>is to be found near <emph type="italics"/>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which enjoys &longs;o <lb/>favourable a Climate, that all the Trees even <lb/>the Vines them&longs;elves, never drop their Leaves <lb/>the whole Year round: or &longs;uch a one as is <lb/>under Mount <emph type="italics"/>Taurus<emph.end type="italics"/> in tho&longs;e Parts which look <lb/>to the North, where <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays the Bunches of <lb/>Grapes are three Foot long, and that every <lb/>&longs;ingle Vine Tree yields half a Barrel of Wine, <lb/>and one Fig Tree an hundred and forty <lb/>Pound Weight of Figs; or &longs;uch a one as is <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <emph type="italics"/>Hyperborean<emph.end type="italics"/> I&longs;land in the <lb/>Ocean, where <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us they gather <lb/>their Fruits twice every Year; or like that of <emph type="italics"/>Por­<lb/>tugal,<emph.end type="italics"/> where the Seeds that fall by chance <lb/>yields &longs;everal Harve&longs;ts, or rather like <emph type="italics"/>Talge,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;pian<emph.end type="italics"/> Mountains, where the Earth <lb/>brings forth Corn without Tillage. </s> <s>But the&longs;e <lb/>Things are uncommon, and rather to be with'd <lb/>for than had. </s> <s>And therefore the wife An­<lb/>cients who have written upon this Subject, <lb/>either from their own Ob&longs;ervations, or the <lb/>Books of others, are of Opinion, that a City <lb/>ought to be &longs;o placed as to have all &longs;ufficient <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries within its own Territory (as far as <lb/>the Condition of human Affairs will permit) <lb/>without being obliged to &longs;eek them abroad; <lb/>and that the Circuit of its Confines ought to <lb/>be fortified, that no Enemy can ea&longs;ily make <lb/>an Irruption upon them, though at the &longs;ame <lb/>time they may &longs;end out Armies into the Coun­<lb/>tries of their Neighbours, whatever the Enemy <lb/>can do to prevent it; which is a Situation that <lb/>they tell us will enable a City not only to <lb/>defend its Liberty, but al&longs;o to enlarge the <lb/>Bounds of its Dominion. </s> <s>But after all, what <lb/>&longs;hall we &longs;ay? </s> <s>No Place ever had tho&longs;e Ad­<lb/>vantages more than <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was &longs;o <lb/>&longs;trongly fortified in all its Parts, as to be in a <lb/>Manner inacce&longs;&longs;ible, having on one Side, the <lb/>Sea, and on the other a va&longs;t De&longs;art; on the <lb/>right Hand &longs;teep Mountains; and on the <lb/>Left, huge Mar&longs;hes; be&longs;ides, the Fruitfulne&longs;s <lb/>of the Soil is &longs;o great, that the Ancients u&longs;ed <lb/>to call <emph type="italics"/>Egypt<emph.end type="italics"/> the Granary of the World, and <lb/>fabled that the Gods made it their common <lb/>Retreat either for Safety or Plea&longs;ure; and yet <lb/>even this Country, though &longs;o &longs;trong, and &longs;o <lb/>abounding in all Manner of Plenty, that it <lb/>could boa&longs;t of feeding the Univer&longs;e, and of <lb/>entertaining and harbouring the Gods them­<lb/>&longs;elves, could not, as <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, al­<lb/>ways pre&longs;erve its Liberty.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THOSE therefore are entirely in the Right, <lb/>who teach us, though in Fables, that human <lb/>Affairs are never per&longs;ectly &longs;ecure though laid <lb/>in the Lap of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf. </s> <s>Upon which <lb/>Occa&longs;ion we may not improperly make u&longs;e of <lb/>the &longs;ame An&longs;wer that <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> made when he <lb/>was ask'd where that perfect Commonwealth <lb/>was to be found, which he had made &longs;o fine <lb/>a De&longs;cription of; that, &longs;ays he, was not the <pb xlink:href="003/01/085.jpg" pagenum="68"/>Thing I troubled my&longs;elf about; all I &longs;tudied <lb/>was how to frame the be&longs;t that po&longs;&longs;ibly could <lb/>be, and that which deviates lea&longs;t from a Re­<lb/>&longs;emblance of this, ought to be preferred above <lb/>all the re&longs;t. </s> <s>So our De&longs;ign is to de&longs;cribe and <lb/>illu&longs;trate by Examples &longs;uch a City as the wi&longs;e&longs;t <lb/>Men judge to be in all Re&longs;pects the mo&longs;t con­<lb/>venient; and in other Re&longs;pects accommodat­<lb/>ing our&longs;elves to Time and Nece&longs;&longs;ity, we &longs;hall <lb/>follow the Opinion of <emph type="italics"/>Socrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> that whatever <lb/>cannot be alter'd but for the wor&longs;e, is really <lb/>be&longs;t. </s> <s>I lay it down therefore for granted, that <lb/>our City ought to be contrived as to &longs;uffer <lb/>none of the Inconveniencies &longs;poken of in the <lb/>fir&longs;t Book, nor to want any of the Nece&longs;&longs;aries <lb/>of Life. </s> <s>Its Territory &longs;hall be healthy, wide, <lb/>plea&longs;ant, various, fruitful, &longs;ecure, and abound­<lb/>ing with Plenty of Fruits, and great Quantities <lb/>of Water. </s> <s>It mu&longs;t not want Rivers, Lakes, <lb/>and an open Pa&longs;&longs;age to the Sea for the con­<lb/>venient bringing in of &longs;uch Things as are <lb/>wanted, and carrying out &longs;uch as may be <lb/>&longs;pared. </s> <s>All Things, in a Word, mu&longs;t con­<lb/>tribute to the e&longs;tabli&longs;hing and improving all <lb/>Affairs both civil and military, whereby the <lb/>Commonwealth may be a Defence to its Sub­<lb/>jects, an Ornament to it&longs;elf, a Plea&longs;ure to its <lb/>Friends, and a Terror to its Enemies. </s> <s>I take <lb/>it to be a great Happine&longs;s to any City, to be <lb/>able to cultivate a good hand&longs;ome Part of its <lb/>Territory, in Spite of any Enemy what&longs;oever. <lb/></s> <s>Moreover your City ought to &longs;tand in the <lb/>Middle of its Territory, in a Place from <lb/>whence it can have a View all round its Coun­<lb/>try, and watch its Opportunities, and be ready <lb/>where-ever Nece&longs;&longs;ity calls, which may lie con­<lb/>venient for the Farmer, and Ploughman to go <lb/>out to his daily Labour, and return with Ea&longs;e <lb/>laden with Grain and Fruits. </s> <s>But the Situation <lb/>is one of the Things of greate&longs;t Importance, <lb/>whether it &longs;hould be upon an open Plain, or <lb/>upon the Shore, or on a Hill: becau&longs;e each of <lb/>the&longs;e have &longs;ome particular Qualities that are <lb/>u&longs;eful, and others on the contrary that are not <lb/>&longs;o agreeable.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WHEN <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"/> led his Army through <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the exce&longs;&longs;ive Heat bred Di&longs;tempers among <lb/>them; whereupon he carried them up to the <lb/>Hills, where the Whole&longs;omne&longs;s of the Air im­<lb/>mediately cured them. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e that fir&longs;t built <lb/>Cites upon Hills, &longs;eem to have done it upon Ac­<lb/>count of the Security of &longs;uch a Situation; but <lb/>then they generally want Water. </s> <s>The Plains af­<lb/>ford great Conveniencies of Water, and of <lb/>Rivers; but the Air is more gro&longs;s, which <lb/>makes the Summer exce&longs;&longs;ively hot, and the <lb/>Winter as cold; be&longs;ides, being le&longs;s defended <lb/>again&longs;t any Violence.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Sea-&longs;hore is mighty convenient for the <lb/>Importation of Merchandizes; but all Sea­<lb/>towns are reckoned too fond and greedy of <lb/>Novelties, and to &longs;uffer perpetual Commo­<lb/>tions from the too great Concour&longs;e, and the <lb/>Broils of Strangers, and are expo&longs;ed to very <lb/>dangerous In&longs;ults and Revolutions from foreign <lb/>Fleets. </s> <s>In which &longs;oever of the&longs;e Situations <lb/>therefore you build your City, you &longs;hould en­<lb/>deavour to contrive that it may partake of all <lb/>the Advantages, and be liable to none of <lb/>the Di&longs;advantages. </s> <s>Upon a Hill I would <lb/>make the Ground level, and upon a Plain I <lb/>would rai&longs;e it to an Eminence in that Part <lb/>where my City was to be placed. </s> <s>And if we <lb/>cannot effect this ju&longs;t according to our Wi&longs;h, <lb/>by rea&longs;on of the great Variety of Places, let <lb/>us make u&longs;e of the following Methods to ob­<lb/>tain at lea&longs;t every Thing that is nece&longs;&longs;ary: <lb/>On a maritime Coa&longs;t, if it is a Plain, do not <lb/>let the City &longs;tand too near the Sea; nor too <lb/>far from it, if it is hilly. </s> <s>We are told that <lb/>the Shores of the Sea are liable to Alteration; <lb/>and that &longs;everal Towns, and particularly <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Baiæ<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> have been &longs;wallow'd up by the <lb/>Waves.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Pharos<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> which anciently was &longs;ur­<lb/>rounded by the Sea, is now become a <emph type="italics"/>Cher&longs;o­<lb/>ne&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Neck of Land. <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tyre<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Clazomene<emph.end type="italics"/> underwent the &longs;ame <lb/>Change: Nay they tell us that the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter Hammon<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;tood once upon the Sea­<lb/>&longs;hore, though now the Sea has left it, and it <lb/>&longs;tands far within the Land. </s> <s>They advi&longs;e us <lb/>to build our City either clo&longs;e to the Shore, or <lb/>el&longs;e at a pretty good Di&longs;tance from the Sea: <lb/>for we find that the Winds from the Sea are <lb/>heavy and &longs;harp, by rea&longs;on of their Saltne&longs;s: <lb/>And therefore, when they arrive at &longs;ome Place <lb/>at a middling Di&longs;tance from the Sea, e&longs;pecially <lb/>if it is a Plain, you will find the Air there ex­<lb/>tremely moi&longs;t through the di&longs;&longs;olving of the <lb/>Salt which it took from the Sea, which makes <lb/>it thick and heavy, and perfectly ropy; &longs;o <lb/>that in &longs;uch Places you &longs;hall &longs;ometimes &longs;ee a <lb/>Sort of Strings flying about in the Air like <lb/>Cobwebs; And they tell us, that a Mixture <lb/>of Salt has the &longs;ame Effect upon the Air as it <lb/>has upon Water, which it will corrupt to <lb/>&longs;uch a Degree as to make it &longs;tink very offen­<lb/>&longs;ively. </s> <s>The Ancients, and chiefly <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> are <lb/>for having a City &longs;tand at ten Miles Di&longs;tance <pb xlink:href="003/01/086.jpg" pagenum="69"/>from the Sea; but if you cannot place it &longs;o <lb/>far off, let it be at lea&longs;t in &longs;ome Situation where <lb/>the above-mention'd Winds cannot reach it, <lb/>otherwi&longs;e than broken, tired and purified; <lb/>placing it &longs;o, that between it and the Sea there <lb/>may &longs;tand &longs;ome Hill to interrupt any noxi­<lb/>ous Vapour from thence. </s> <s>A Pro&longs;pect of the <lb/>Sea from the Shore is wonderfully plea&longs;ant, and <lb/>is generally attended with a whole&longs;ome Air; <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks tho&longs;e Countries are mo&longs;t <lb/>healthy where the Winds keep the Atmo&longs;phere <lb/>in continual Motion: but then the Sea there <lb/>mu&longs;t not be weedy, with a low Beach &longs;carce <lb/>covered with Water; but deep with a high <lb/>bold Shore of a living craggy Rock. </s> <s>The <lb/>placing a City upon the proud Shoulders of a <lb/>Mountain (if we may be allowed &longs;o florid an <lb/>Expre&longs;&longs;ion) contributes greatly not only to <lb/>Dignity and Plea&longs;ure, but yet more to Health. <lb/></s> <s>In tho&longs;e Places where the Hills over&longs;hadow the <lb/>Sea, the Water is always deep; be&longs;ides that if <lb/>any gro&longs;s Vapours do ari&longs;e from the Sea, they <lb/>&longs;pend them&longs;elves before they reach &longs;o high; <lb/>and if any &longs;udden Attack is made upon you from <lb/>an Enemy, you lie le&longs;s liable to be &longs;urprized, <lb/>and more advantageou&longs;ly for defending your­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>The Ancients commend a Situation upon <lb/>the Ea&longs;t Side of a Hill, and in hot Countries, <lb/>that Side which lies open to Northern Winds. <lb/></s> <s>Others perhaps may rather chu&longs;e the We&longs;t Side, <lb/>from this Inducement, that manured Ground <lb/>lying to that A&longs;pect is the mo&longs;t fruitful: And <lb/>indeed it is certain Hi&longs;torians tell us, that under <lb/>Mount <emph type="italics"/>Taurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Side which looks to the <lb/>North, is much more healthy than the others, <lb/>for the very &longs;ame Rea&longs;on that it is al&longs;o more <lb/>fruitful. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, if we build our City upon a <lb/>Hill, we &longs;hould take particular Care that we are <lb/>not expo&longs;ed to one great Inconvenience which <lb/>generally happens in &longs;uch a Situation, e&longs;pecially <lb/>if there are other Hills near, which rai&longs;e their <lb/>Heads above us; namely, that there is not a <lb/>&longs;ettled heavy Body of Clouds to darken and <lb/>eclip&longs;e the Day and infect the Air. </s> <s>We ought, <lb/>be&longs;ides, to have a Care that this Situation is <lb/>not expo&longs;ed to the raging Fury and Violence <lb/>of Winds, and e&longs;pecially of the North-wind; <lb/>which, as <emph type="italics"/>He&longs;iod<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, &longs;hrinks up and bends <lb/>every Body, and particularly old People. </s> <s>It <lb/>will make the Situation very bad if there is <lb/>any neighbouring Rock &longs;tanding above the <lb/>City, &longs;o as to throw upon it the Vapours <lb/>rai&longs;ed by the Sun, or any very deep Valley <lb/>reaking with unwhole&longs;ome Steams. </s> <s>Others ad­<lb/>vi&longs;e that the Circuit of the Town &longs;hould ter­<lb/>minate in Clifts and Precipices; but that the&longs;e <lb/>are not always &longs;afe again&longs;t Earthquakes, or <lb/>Storms, is &longs;ufficiently evident from very many <lb/>Towns, and particularly <emph type="italics"/>Voltera<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for the very Ground it&longs;elf falls away in &longs;uch <lb/>Places, and brings down after it what&longs;oever is <lb/>built upon it.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>YOU ought al&longs;o to take particular Care that <lb/>&longs;uch a Situation has no Hill near that ri&longs;es <lb/>above it, which falling into the Hands of an <lb/>Enemy, may enable him to give you continual <lb/>Trouble; nor any Plain laying under it big <lb/>enough to conceal an Army in Safety, and <lb/>give it Time to make Lodgments and open <lb/>Trenches, or to range its Forces in Order of <lb/>Battle to attack you. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"/>Dedalus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>built the Town of <emph type="italics"/>Agrigentum,<emph.end type="italics"/> now called <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Gergento,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon a very &longs;teep Rock, with a very <lb/>difficult Pa&longs;&longs;age to it, in&longs;omuch that only <lb/>three Men were &longs;ufficient to defend it; a Fort­<lb/>re&longs;s certainly very convenient, provided your <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age out cannot be &longs;topt by the &longs;ame Num­<lb/>ber of Men that can &longs;ecure the Pa&longs;&longs;age in. <lb/></s> <s>Men of Experience in military Affairs greatly <lb/>commend the Town of <emph type="italics"/>Cingoli,<emph.end type="italics"/> built by <emph type="italics"/>Labi­<lb/>enus<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Mark of <emph type="italics"/>Ancona;<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e, be&longs;ides <lb/>&longs;everal other Advantages that it has, it will not <lb/>allow of one Thing common in mountainous <lb/>Situations, which is that when once you have <lb/>climbed up to the Top, you then can fight <lb/>upon an equal Foot; for here you are repul&longs;ed <lb/>by a very high &longs;teep Precipice: Neither can the <lb/>Enemy here wa&longs;te and de&longs;troy the Country <lb/>round with one &longs;ingle Excur&longs;ion, nor &longs;ecure <lb/>all the Ways at one Time, nor make a &longs;ecure <lb/>Retreat to their Camp, nor &longs;end out to For­<lb/>age, or to get Wood or Water without Dan­<lb/>ger; whereas tho&longs;e in the Town enjoy all the <lb/>contrary Advantages; for by Means of the <lb/>Hills that lie beneath them all running one <lb/>into another with a great Number of little <lb/>Vallies between, they can at any Time i&longs;&longs;ue <lb/>out of a &longs;udden to attack the Enemy una­<lb/>wares, and &longs;urprize them whenever any im­<lb/>mediate Opportunity offers it&longs;elf. </s> <s>Nor are <lb/>they le&longs;s plea&longs;ed with <emph type="italics"/>Bi&longs;&longs;eium,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mar&longs;ians,<emph.end type="italics"/> prodigiou&longs;ly &longs;ecured by the three <lb/>Rivers which meet there from different Quar­<lb/>ters, and very difficult of Acce&longs;s thro' the <lb/>narrow Pa&longs;&longs;es of the Vallies guarded all round <lb/>with &longs;teep and unpa&longs;&longs;able Mountains: &longs;o that <lb/>the Enemy can find no Place to fix a Camp <lb/>for a Siege, and can never guard all the Pa&longs;&longs;es, <lb/>which are va&longs;tly convenient to tho&longs;e in the <lb/>Place for bringing in Provi&longs;ions and Succours, <pb xlink:href="003/01/087.jpg" pagenum="70"/>and making Sallies. </s> <s>But let this &longs;uffice as to <lb/>mountainous Situations. </s> <s>But if you build your <lb/>City in a Plain, and according to the general <lb/>Practice on the Banks of a River, &longs;o perhaps as <lb/>to have the Stream run through the Middle of <lb/>the Town, you mu&longs;t have a Care that this <lb/>River does not come from the South, nor run <lb/>towards that Point: Becau&longs;e on one Side the <lb/>Damps, and on the other the Cold being en­<lb/>crea&longs;ed by the Vapours of the Water, will <lb/>come to you with double Violence and Un­<lb/>whole&longs;omene&longs;s. </s> <s>But if the River flows with­<lb/>out the Compa&longs;s of the Walls, you mu&longs;t take <lb/>a View of the Country round about, and con­<lb/>&longs;ider on which Side the Winds have the free&longs;t <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age, that you may there erect a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Wall to re&longs;train the River within its Limits. <lb/></s> <s>As for other Precautions, it may not be ami&longs;s <lb/>to con&longs;ider what the Mariners tell us; to <lb/>wit, that the Winds are naturally inclined to <lb/>follow the Sun and the Ea&longs;tern Breezes, when <lb/>the Phy&longs;icians ob&longs;erve, that tho&longs;e of the Morn­<lb/>ing are the pure&longs;t, and tho&longs;e of the Evening <lb/>the mo&longs;t damp: Whereas on the Contrary when <lb/>they blow from the We&longs;t they are heavie&longs;t at <lb/>Sun-ri&longs;e, and lighte&longs;t at Sun-&longs;et. </s> <s>For the&longs;e <lb/>Rea&longs;ons the be&longs;t Po&longs;ition for a City will be to <lb/>have the River come in from the Ea&longs;t, and <lb/>go out towards the We&longs;t; becau&longs;e then that <lb/>Breeze or gentle Wind which ri&longs;es with the <lb/>Sun, will carry the Vapours out of the City, <lb/>if any noxious ones &longs;hould ari&longs;e, or at lea&longs;t it <lb/>will not encrea&longs;e them it&longs;elf: However, I <lb/>would rather have a River, Lake, or any other <lb/>Water extend to the North than to the South, <lb/>provided the Town do not &longs;tand under the Sha­<lb/>dow of a Mountain, which is the wor&longs;t Situation <lb/>in the World. </s> <s>I will not repeat what we have <lb/>&longs;aid before, and we know that the South Wind <lb/>is very heavy and &longs;low in its Nature, in&longs;omuch <lb/>that when the Sails of a Ship are filled with <lb/>it, the Ve&longs;&longs;el &longs;eems oppre&longs;&longs;ed with its Weight, <lb/>and draws more Water; whereas, the <lb/>North Wind on the contrary &longs;eems to lighten <lb/>the Ship and the Sea too: however, it is better <lb/>to keep both the&longs;e at a Di&longs;tance, than to have <lb/>them continually beating again&longs;t the Wall. <lb/></s> <s>Nothing is more condemned than a River flow­<lb/>ing under high &longs;teep Banks, with a very deep <lb/>&longs;tony Channel, and always &longs;haded; becau&longs;e its <lb/>Water is unwhol&longs;ome to drink, and the Air upon <lb/>it dangerous: And to avoid &longs;ettling near Bogs <lb/>and Mar&longs;hes, or &longs;tanding muddy Waters is the <lb/>Part of every prudent con&longs;iderate Builder. </s> <s>I <lb/>need not mention here the Di&longs;ea&longs;es occa&longs;ion'd <lb/>by &longs;uch Neighbourhoods: We need only ob­<lb/>&longs;erve of the&longs;e Places, that be&longs;ides the common <lb/>Nui&longs;ances in Summer of ill Smells, Fleas and <lb/>other na&longs;ty Vermin, they are liable to one <lb/>great Inconvenience be&longs;ides, when you imagine <lb/>the Air to be whole&longs;ome&longs;t and cleare&longs;t (which <lb/>we al&longs;o took Notice of in relation to all <lb/>Plains) that they are Subject to exce&longs;&longs;ive Colds <lb/>in Winter and exce&longs;&longs;ive Heats in Summer. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, we mu&longs;t be very &longs;ure that none of the&longs;e, <lb/>whether Hill, Rock, Lake, Bog, River or Well, <lb/>or the like, may be &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed as to be likely <lb/>to &longs;trengthen or &longs;upport an Enemy, or to bring <lb/>any Manner of Inconveniencies upon your own <lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>And this is as much as is nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>with Regard to the Region and Situation.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Compa&longs;s, Space and Bigne&longs;s of the City, of the Form and Di&longs;po&longs;ition <lb/>of the Walls and Fortifications, and of the Cu&longs;toms and Ceremonies ob­<lb/>&longs;erved by the Ancients in marking them out.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain the Form of the City and the <lb/>Di&longs;tribution of its Parts mu&longs;t be various <lb/>according to the Variety of Places; &longs;ince we <lb/>&longs;ee it is impo&longs;&longs;ible upon a Hill to lay out an <lb/>Area whether round or &longs;quare, or of any other <lb/>regular Form, with that Ea&longs;e, that you may <lb/>upon an open Plain. </s> <s>The ancient Architects <lb/>in encompa&longs;&longs;ing their Towns with Walls, con­<lb/>demn'd all Angles jutting out from the naked <lb/>of the Wall, as thinking they help the Enemy <lb/>more in their A&longs;&longs;ault than the Inhabitants in <lb/>their Defence; and that they were very weak <lb/>again&longs;t the Shocks of military Engines; and <lb/>indeed for Treacheries, and for the &longs;afer <lb/>throwing their Darts they are of &longs;ome Ad­<lb/>vantage to the Enemy, e&longs;pecially where they <lb/>can run up to the Walls, and withdraw again <lb/>immediately to their Camp; but yet they are <lb/>&longs;ometimes of very great Service in Towns <lb/>&longs;eated upon Hills, if they are &longs;et ju&longs;t an&longs;wering <pb xlink:href="003/01/088.jpg" pagenum="71"/>to the Streets. </s> <s>At the famous City <emph type="italics"/>Peru&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which has &longs;everal little Towers placed here <lb/>and there upon the Hills, like the Fingers of <lb/>a Man's Hand extending out, if the Enemy <lb/>offers to attack one of the Angles with a good <lb/>Number of Men, he can find no Place to be­<lb/>gin his A&longs;&longs;ault, and being obliged to march <lb/>under tho&longs;e Towers, is not able to with&longs;tand <lb/>the Weapons that will be ca&longs;t, and the Sallies <lb/>made upon him. </s> <s>So that the &longs;ame Method <lb/>for walling of Towns will not &longs;erve in all Pla­<lb/>ces. </s> <s>Moreover the Ancients lay it down for <lb/>a Rule, that Cities and Ships &longs;hould by no <lb/>means be either &longs;o big as to look empty, nor <lb/>&longs;o little as to be crowded. </s> <s>Others are for hav­<lb/>ing their Towns full and clo&longs;e, believing that <lb/>it adds to their Safety: Others, feeding them­<lb/>&longs;elves with great Hopes of Times to come, de­<lb/>light in having a va&longs;t deal of Room: Others, <lb/>perhaps, have an Eye to the Fame and Ho­<lb/>nour of Po&longs;terity. </s> <s>The City of the <emph type="italics"/>Sun,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Bu&longs;iris,<emph.end type="italics"/> and call'd <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/> as Hi&longs;tories in­<lb/>form us, was twenty Miles in Circuit; <emph type="italics"/>Mem­<lb/>phis,<emph.end type="italics"/> eighteen Miles, &longs;ix Furlongs; <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>three and forty Miles, &longs;ix Furlong; <emph type="italics"/>Nineveh,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>three&longs;core Miles; and &longs;ome Towns enclo&longs;ed <lb/>&longs;o much Ground, that even within the Walls <lb/>they could rai&longs;e Provi&longs;ions for the whole Year. <lb/></s> <s>But, I think, there is a great deal of Wi&longs;dom <lb/>in the old Proverb, which tells us, that we <lb/>ought in all Things to avoid exce&longs;s; though <lb/>if I were to commit an Error of either Side, <lb/>I &longs;hould rather chu&longs;e that Proportion which <lb/>would allow of an Encrea&longs;e of Citizens, than that <lb/>which is hardly &longs;ufficient to contain the pre&longs;ent <lb/>Inhabitants. </s> <s>Add to this, that a City is not <lb/>built wholly for the Sake of Shelter, but ought <lb/>to be &longs;o contrived, that be&longs;ides mere civil <lb/>Conveniencies there may be hand&longs;ome Spaces <lb/>left for Squares, Cour&longs;es for Chariots, Gardens, <lb/>Places to take the Air in, for Swimming, and <lb/>the like, both for Ornament and Recreation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE read in the Ancients <emph type="italics"/>Varro, Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and others, that their Forefathers us'd to <lb/>de&longs;ign the Walls of their Town with abundance <lb/>of religious Rites and Ceremonies. </s> <s>After the <lb/>repeated taking of Au&longs;pices they yoked a Bull <lb/>and a Cow together to draw a brazen Plough, <lb/>with which they traced out the Line that was <lb/>to be the Circuit of the Wall, the Cow being <lb/>placed on the In&longs;ide, and the Bull without. <lb/></s> <s>The Fathers and Elders that were to dwell in <lb/>the Town followed the Plough, laying all the <lb/>Clods of Earth into the Furrow again inward, <lb/>&longs;o that none might lie &longs;cattering outward, and <lb/>when they came to tho&longs;e Places where the Gates <lb/>were to be, they lifted up the Plough and car­<lb/>ried it in their Hands, that the Ground&longs;ell of <lb/>the Gates might remain untouch'd; and for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on they e&longs;teem'd the whole Circle of <lb/>the Wall to be &longs;acred, all except the Gates, <lb/>which were by no means to be called &longs;o.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the Days of <emph type="italics"/>Romulus, Diony&longs;ius<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Hali­<lb/>carna&longs;&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Fathers in Beginning <lb/>their Towns, u&longs;ed, after performing a Sacri&longs;ice, <lb/>to kindle Fires before their Tents, and to <lb/>make the People pa&longs;s through them, believing <lb/>that they were purged and purified by the <lb/>Flame; and they held it unlawful to admit <lb/>any Body to this Ceremony that was polluted <lb/>or unclean. </s> <s>This is what we find to have <lb/>been the Cu&longs;tom of tho&longs;e Nations. </s> <s>In other <lb/>Places they u&longs;ed to mark out the Foundation <lb/>of their Walls by &longs;trowing all the Way a Du&longs;t <lb/>made of white Earth, which they called <emph type="italics"/>pure;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon laying out the Town of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"/> for want of this Earth made u&longs;e of <lb/>Meal. </s> <s>From the&longs;e Ceremonies the Diviners <lb/>took Occa&longs;ion to foretell what &longs;hould happen <lb/>in Times to come; for noting the Nativity, as <lb/>we may call it, of the City, and &longs;ome Events <lb/>that &longs;eemed to have &longs;ome Connection with it, <lb/>they imagined they might thence draw Pre­<lb/>dictions of its future Succe&longs;&longs;es. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>too in the Books of their Ceremonies taught <lb/>this Art of foretelling the Fortune of Towns <lb/>from the Day of their Nativities; and this not <lb/>from the Ob&longs;ervation of the Heavens, which <lb/>we mentioned in the Second Book, but from <lb/>Principles and Conjectures founded upon <lb/>pre&longs;ent Circum&longs;tances. <emph type="italics"/>Cen&longs;orinus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>that the Method they taught was this: Such <lb/>Men as happened to be born the very &longs;ame <lb/>Day that the City was begun, and lived the <lb/>Longe&longs;t of any one born on that Day, were <lb/>reckoned by their Death to put a Period to the <lb/>fir&longs;t Age of that City; next, the longe&longs;t Liver <lb/>of tho&longs;e that dwelt in the City; at that Time, <lb/>when they died concluded the &longs;econd Age; <lb/>and &longs;o for the other Ages. </s> <s>Then they &longs;up­<lb/>po&longs;ed that the Gods generally &longs;ent Omens to <lb/>point out the Conclu&longs;ion of each particular <lb/>Age. </s> <s>The&longs;e were the Super&longs;titions which <lb/>they taught; and they add that the <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>by the&longs;e Progno&longs;ticks could certainly fix every <lb/>Age of their City, which they determined to <lb/>to be as follows; their fir&longs;t four Ages they <lb/>made an hundred Years each; the Fifth, an <lb/>hundred and Twenty-three; the Sixth, an <lb/>hundred and Twenty, and as many the <pb xlink:href="003/01/089.jpg" pagenum="72"/>Seventh; the Eighth was the Time they then <lb/>lived in under the Emperors, and the Ninth <lb/>was to come; and by the&longs;e Progno&longs;ticks they <lb/>thought it no hard Matter to di&longs;cover even the <lb/>Events of future Ages. </s> <s>They conjectured that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould come to be Mi&longs;tre&longs;s of the World, <lb/>from this Symptom, namely, becau&longs;e a Man <lb/>born on the Day of her Foundation became in <lb/>Time her Ma&longs;ter. </s> <s>And this Man, I find, was <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numa:<emph.end type="italics"/> for <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> in&longs;orms us, that on the <lb/>Nineteenth of <emph type="italics"/>April, Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> was begun, and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numa<emph.end type="italics"/> born. </s> <s>But the <emph type="italics"/>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"/> gloried in ha­<lb/>ving no Walls at all about their City; for con­<lb/>fiding in the Valour and Fortitude of their <lb/>Citizens, they thought there was no Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for any Fortification be&longs;ides good Laws. </s> <s>The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ians,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the contrary, en­<lb/>clo&longs;ed their Cities with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Walls; <lb/>for not to mention others, <emph type="italics"/>Nineveh<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Semi­<lb/>ramis<emph.end type="italics"/> made the Walls of their Towns &longs;o thick, <lb/>that two Chariots might pa&longs;s upon the Top <lb/>abrea&longs;t, and &longs;o high, that they were above an <lb/>hundred Cubits. <emph type="italics"/>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that the Walls <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Tyre<emph.end type="italics"/> were an hundred and Fifty Foot high. <lb/></s> <s>Some again have not been &longs;atisfied with one <lb/>Wall: The <emph type="italics"/>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> enclo&longs;ed their City <lb/>with Three; and <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes that <emph type="italics"/>Deioces<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>forti&longs;ied his Town of <emph type="italics"/>Ecbatana,<emph.end type="italics"/> though it <lb/>was &longs;eated upon an Hill with Seven. </s> <s>Now <lb/>as it is certain that Walls are a very <lb/>powerful Defence both of our Per&longs;ons and <lb/>Liberties, when the Enemy happens to be <lb/>&longs;uperior either in Number or Fortune, I can­<lb/>not join in with tho&longs;e who are for having their <lb/>City quite naked without any Wall, neither <lb/>with &longs;uch as &longs;eem to place all their Hopes of <lb/>Defence in their Wallalone. </s> <s>I agree with what <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erves, that every City &longs;tands con­<lb/>tinually expo&longs;ed to the Danger of being brought <lb/>under Subjection; &longs;ince, whether it be owing <lb/>to Nature or Cu&longs;tom, neither publick Bodies <lb/>nor private Per&longs;ons can ever &longs;et Bounds to their <lb/>in&longs;atiable De&longs;ire of getting and po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ing &longs;till <lb/>more and more; from which one Source <lb/>ari&longs;es all the Mi&longs;chiefs of War. </s> <s>So that what <lb/>is there to be &longs;aid again&longs;t adding Security to <lb/>Security, and Fortification to Fortification? <lb/></s> <s>From what has been already &longs;aid, we may <lb/>conclude that of all Cities, the mo&longs;t Capacious <lb/>is the round One; and the mo&longs;t Secure, that <lb/>which is encompa&longs;&longs;ed with Walls broken here <lb/>and there into Angles or Ba&longs;tions jutting out at <lb/>certain Di&longs;tances, as <emph type="italics"/>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> in&longs;orms us <emph type="italics"/>Jeru­<lb/>&longs;alem<emph.end type="italics"/> was: Becau&longs;e it is certain, the Enemy <lb/>cannot come up to the Wall between two <lb/>Angles jutting out, without expo&longs;ing them­<lb/>&longs;elves to very great Danger; nor can their <lb/>military Engines attack the Heads of tho&longs;e <lb/>Angles with any Hopes of Succe&longs;s. </s> <s>But, <lb/>however, we &longs;hould be &longs;ure to make u&longs;e of all <lb/>the natural Advantages that offer them&longs;elves <lb/>for the Security of our Town or Fortification; <lb/>as we may ob&longs;erve the Ancients did, accor­<lb/>ding to the Opportunity or Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the <lb/>Situation. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"/>Antium,<emph.end type="italics"/> an ancient City of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Latins,<emph.end type="italics"/> in order to embrace the Winding <lb/>of the Shore, appears from the old Ruins <lb/>which are left, to have been built of a very <lb/>great Length. <emph type="italics"/>Cairo,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the <emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid <lb/>al&longs;o to be a very long City. <emph type="italics"/>Palimbrota,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>City of <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Gra&longs;ii,<emph.end type="italics"/> as <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Meta&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, was &longs;ixteen Miles long, <lb/>and three broad, running along the Side of the <lb/>River. </s> <s>We read that the Walls of <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were &longs;quare; and tho&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Memphis<emph.end type="italics"/> built in <lb/>Shape of a D. </s> <s>But whatever Shape is cho&longs;en <lb/>for the Walls, <emph type="italics"/>Vegetius<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks it &longs;ufficient for <lb/>Service, if they are &longs;o broad, that two armed <lb/>Soldiers po&longs;ted there for Defence, may ea&longs;ily <lb/>pa&longs;s without being in one anothers Way; and <lb/>&longs;o high, that they cannot be &longs;caled with Lad­<lb/>ders; and built &longs;o firm and &longs;trong, as not to <lb/>yield to the battering Rams and other En­<lb/>gines. </s> <s>The military Engines are of two Sorts; <lb/>one Sort are tho&longs;e which break and demoli&longs;h <lb/>the Wall by Battery; the other are &longs;uch as <lb/>attack and undermine the Foundation, and &longs;o <lb/>bring down the Super&longs;tructure. </s> <s>Now the <lb/>greate&longs;t Security again&longs;t both the&longs;e, is not &longs;o <lb/>much a Wall as a good Ditch. </s> <s>The Wall is <lb/>of no U&longs;e in the la&longs;t Ca&longs;e, unle&longs;s its Founda­<lb/>tion lies under Water, or upon a &longs;olid Rock. <lb/></s> <s>The Ditch ought to be very broad and very deep; <lb/>for then it will hinder the moveable Tortoi&longs;e­<lb/>&longs;hell, Towers, or other &longs;uch Machines from ap­<lb/>proaching the Wall; and when the Founda­<lb/>tion is under Water, or on a Rock, it will be in <lb/>vain to think of undermining it. </s> <s>It is a Di&longs;­<lb/>pute among the military Men, whether it is <lb/>be&longs;t for the Ditch to be full of Water, or to <lb/>be kept dry; but it is allow'd, that the fir&longs;t <lb/>Thing to be con&longs;ulted is, which is mo&longs;t for <lb/>the Health of the Inhabitants; and then &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;ay tho&longs;e Ditches are certainly be&longs;t which are <lb/>&longs;o contrived, that if by the Force of Battery <lb/>any Part of the Wall is beaten into them, it <lb/>may be &longs;oon removed, and the Ditch kept <lb/>clear, that it may not be filled up, and &longs;o <lb/>make a Path for the Enemy.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/090.jpg" pagenum="73"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the IV alls, Battlements, Towers, Corni&longs;hes and Gates, and the Timber-work <lb/>belonging to them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to return to the Walls. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb/>advi&longs;e us to build them after this Man­<lb/>ner. </s> <s>Rai&longs;e two Walls one within the other, <lb/>leaving between them a Space of twenty Foot, <lb/>which Space is to be fill'd up with the Earth <lb/>dug out of the Ditch, and well ramm'd in; <lb/>and let the&longs;e Walls be built in &longs;uch a Manner, <lb/>that you may mount from the Level of the <lb/>City quite to the Top of the Battlements, by <lb/>an ea&longs;y A&longs;cent, as it were by Steps. </s> <s>Others <lb/>&longs;ay, that the Earth which is dug out of the <lb/>Ditch, ought to be thrown without the Wall, <lb/>on the other Side of the Ditch, and there ca&longs;t <lb/>up into a Rampart, and from the Bottom of <lb/>the Ditch a Wall &longs;hould be run up, thick <lb/>and &longs;trong enough to &longs;upport the Weight of the <lb/>afore&longs;aid Earth which bears upon it. </s> <s>At a <lb/>Di&longs;tance from this another Wall &longs;hould be <lb/>rai&longs;ed in the Town, higher than the other, and <lb/>as far from it, as to leave Space enough for <lb/>the Soldiers to be drawn up, and to have <lb/>Room to fight in. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, you &longs;hould <lb/>between the principal Walls, and tho&longs;e within, <lb/>erect other Walls cro&longs;&longs;ways from one to the <lb/>other, by the Help whereof, the principal <lb/>Walls may unite with tho&longs;e behind, and more <lb/>ea&longs;ily &longs;upport the Weight of the Earth ca&longs;t in <lb/>between them. </s> <s>But indeed for my Part, I am <lb/>be&longs;t plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e Walls which are &longs;o <lb/>&longs;ituated, that if they happen to be at length <lb/>demoli&longs;hed by the Force of Battery, they have <lb/>&longs;omewhat of a Plain at the Foot of them, <lb/>where they may lie and form a Kind of Ram­<lb/>part, and &longs;o be kept from filling up the Ditch <lb/>with their Ruins. </s> <s>In other Re&longs;pects I am <lb/>very well plea&longs;ed with <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;ays <lb/>the Wall ought to be built thus: Within the <lb/>Body of the Wall we &longs;hould lay a good many <lb/>Timbers of Olive-wood burnt, to the Intent <lb/>that the two Sides of the Walls being fa&longs;tened <lb/>together by the&longs;e wooden Bracers, the Work <lb/>may be the more durable. </s> <s>Such a Wall as this, <lb/>we are told by <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides,<emph.end type="italics"/> was made by the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Platæans,<emph.end type="italics"/> to defend them&longs;elves again&longs;t the <lb/>People of the <emph type="italics"/>Morea,<emph.end type="italics"/> by whom they were be­<lb/>&longs;ieged; ina&longs;much as they mixed Timbers a­<lb/>mong their Brick-work, and made a very &longs;tout <lb/>Fortification of it. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>that in <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> mo&longs;t of their Walls were built <lb/>in this Manner: They laid Beams within the <lb/>Wall, and braced them together at equal Di­<lb/>&longs;tances, filling up the Vacancies with huge <lb/>Stones, &longs;o that one Beam never touched the <lb/>other; and &longs;o proceeded with &longs;everal Cour&longs;es <lb/>of Work in the &longs;ame Method, till they rai&longs;ed <lb/>a Wall of a good con&longs;iderable Height. </s> <s>This <lb/>Kind of Work was not unhand&longs;ome to the <lb/>Sight, and was a very &longs;trong Fortification, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e the Stones &longs;ecured it again&longs;t Fire, and <lb/>the Timbers again&longs;t the Battering Rams. </s> <s>But <lb/>this mix'd Work others di&longs;approve of; becau&longs;e <lb/>they &longs;ay the Lime and the Wood will not <lb/>long agree together, for Timber is eaten and <lb/>burnt up both by the Saltne&longs;s and Heat of the <lb/>Lime. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides that, if the Wall &longs;hould hap­<lb/>pen to be demoli&longs;h'd by Battery, they &longs;ay, <lb/>that as it is thus made in a Manner all of one <lb/>Piece, the whole Wall will be apt to go all <lb/>together at once. </s> <s>In my Opinion one very <lb/>good Way of Building a &longs;trong Wall, capable <lb/>to &longs;tand the Shocks of Engines, is this: make tri­<lb/>angular Projections out from the naked of the <lb/>Wall, with one Angle facing the Enemy, at the <lb/>Di&longs;tance of every ten Cubits, and turn Arches <lb/>from one Projection to the other; then fill up the <lb/>Vacancies between them with Straw and Earth, <lb/>well rammed down together. </s> <s>By this Means <lb/>the Force and Violence of the Shocks of the <lb/>Engines, will be deadened by the Softne&longs;s of the <lb/>Earth, and the Wall will not be weakned by <lb/>the Battery, only here and there, and tho&longs;e <lb/>&longs;mall Breaches, or rather Holes, that are made <lb/>in it, will pre&longs;ently be &longs;topt up again. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Sicily,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>their Pumice-&longs;tones, which they have in great <lb/>Plenty, will do extreamly well for this Kind of <lb/>Work: But in other Places, for want of Pu­<lb/>mice-&longs;tones and Earth, any &longs;oft Stone may <lb/>be made u&longs;e of; nor is Terra&longs;s ami&longs;s for this <lb/>Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, if any Part of &longs;uch a Struc­<lb/>ture &longs;tands expo&longs;ed to the mo&longs;t &longs;outherly <lb/>Winds, or nocturnal Vapours, cloath and face <lb/>it with a Shell of Stone. </s> <s>And particularly it <lb/>will be of great Service to let the outer Bank <lb/>of the Ditch have a good Slope, and lie a <pb xlink:href="003/01/091.jpg" pagenum="74"/>pretty deal higher than the Ground beyond <lb/>it: For this will baulk the Aim of the mili­<lb/>tary Engines, and make them throw over the <lb/>Wall. </s> <s>And &longs;ome think no Wall is &longs;o &longs;afe <lb/>again&longs;t Battery, as tho&longs;e which are built in un­<lb/>even Lines, like the Teeth of a Saw.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM very well plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e Walls in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> which at about half Way up to the <lb/>Top have a Walk with little private Holes, <lb/>out of which, the Archers may privately annoy <lb/>the Enemy, as he moves about the Field in <lb/>Security; and at the Di&longs;tance of every fifty <lb/>Cubits are Towers, adjoining to the Wall like <lb/>Buttre&longs;&longs;es, projecting out in a round Figure <lb/>forwards, and &longs;omewhat higher than the Wall <lb/>it&longs;elf; &longs;o that whoever offers to approach be­<lb/>tween the&longs;e Towers, is expo&longs;ed to be taken in <lb/>Flank and &longs;lain; and thus the Wall is de­<lb/>fended by the&longs;e Towers, and the Towers <lb/>mutually by one another. </s> <s>The Back of the <lb/>Towers, which look into the Town, ought to <lb/>have no Wall, but &longs;hould be left quite open <lb/>and naked; that if the Enemy &longs;hould get <lb/>Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ion of them, they may not be &longs;afe in <lb/>them from the A&longs;&longs;aults of the Inhabitants.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Corni&longs;hes of the Towers and Walls, <lb/>be&longs;ides that they add to their Beauty, and are <lb/>a Ligature to &longs;trengthen their Work, do al&longs;o <lb/>by their Projection hinder the getting into the <lb/>Town from &longs;caling Ladders. </s> <s>Some are for <lb/>leaving Precipices of deep Holes here and there <lb/>along the Side of the Wall, and e&longs;pecially near <lb/>the Towers, &longs;ortified with wooden Bridges <lb/>which may be pre&longs;ently rai&longs;ed or let down, as <lb/>Occa&longs;ion requires.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients u&longs;ed on each Side of their <lb/>Gates to erect two Towers, larger than the <lb/>re&longs;t, and &longs;trongly fortified on all Sides, to &longs;e­<lb/>cure and protect the Entrance into the Town. <lb/></s> <s>There ought to be no Rooms with vaulted <lb/>Roofs in the Towers, but only wooden Floors, <lb/>that upon any Emergency may ea&longs;ily be re­<lb/>moved or burnt; and tho&longs;e Floors &longs;hould not <lb/>be fa&longs;tened with Nails, that if the Enemy gets <lb/>the better, they may be taken away without <lb/>Difficulty. </s> <s>All that is nece&longs;&longs;ary is to have a <lb/>Covering to &longs;helter the Centinels from the <lb/>Storms and Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>The <lb/>Battlements over the Gate &longs;hould have Holes <lb/>through the Bottom of them, through which, <lb/>Stones and Firebrands may be thrown down <lb/>upon the Enemy's Heads, or even Water, if <lb/>they have &longs;et Fire to the Gate; which for its <lb/>Security again&longs;t &longs;uch a Misfortune, they tell us <lb/>ought to be covered over with Leather and <lb/>Plates of Iron. </s> <s>But of this, enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportion, Fa&longs;hion and Con&longs;truction of great Ways, and private Ones.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In making our Gates we should ob&longs;erve, that <lb/>they ought to be ju&longs;t as many in Num­<lb/>ber as the Highways, or Streets; for &longs;ome we <lb/>&longs;hall call High Streets, and others, private ones. <lb/></s> <s>Not that I intend to trouble my &longs;elf about the <lb/>Di&longs;tinction of the Lawyers, who &longs;ay that the <lb/>Road for Bea&longs;ts, and the Way for Men, ought <lb/>to be called by different Names: But by the <lb/>Name of Way, I &longs;hall under&longs;tand them all. <lb/></s> <s>The Highways are properly tho&longs;e by which <lb/>we go into the Provinces, with our Armies <lb/>and all their Baggage; for which Rea&longs;on the <lb/>Highways ought to be much broader than <lb/>others, and I find the Ancients &longs;eldom u&longs;ed <lb/>to make them le&longs;s than eight Cubits in any <lb/>Part. </s> <s>By a Law in the twelve Tables it was <lb/>ordained, that the Ways which ran &longs;trait <lb/>&longs;hould be twelve Foot broad, and tho&longs;e which <lb/>were crooked or winding, not le&longs;s than &longs;ixteen. <lb/></s> <s>The private Ways are tho&longs;e which leaving the <lb/>publick ones, lead us to &longs;ome Town or Ca&longs;tle, <lb/>or el&longs;e into &longs;ome other Highway, as Lanes in <lb/>Cities, and cro&longs;s Roads in the Country. </s> <s>There <lb/>are another Kind of publick Ways, which may <lb/>not improperly be called High Streets, as are <lb/>&longs;uch which are de&longs;igned for &longs;ome certain Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e, e&longs;pecially any publick one; as for In­<lb/>&longs;tance, tho&longs;e which lead to &longs;ome Temple, or <lb/>to the Cour&longs;e for Races, or to a Place of <lb/>Ju&longs;tice. </s> <s>The Ways are not to be made in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner in the Country, that they are in <lb/>the City. </s> <s>In the Country they ought to be <lb/>&longs;pacious and open, &longs;o as a Man may &longs;ee all <lb/>about him; free and clear from all Manner <lb/>of Impediments, either of Water or Ruins; <lb/>without lurking Places or Retreats of any Sort <lb/>for Rogues to hide them&longs;elves in, nor too <lb/>many cro&longs;s Roads to favour their Villanies: <lb/>La&longs;tly, they ought to be as &longs;trait, and as &longs;hort as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible: I do not reckon the &longs;horte&longs;t Way to be <pb xlink:href="003/01/092.jpg" pagenum="75"/>always that which is the &longs;traite&longs;t, but that which <lb/>is the &longs;a&longs;e&longs;t: I would rather chu&longs;e to have it <lb/>&longs;omewhat the longer, than to have it inconveni­<lb/>ent. </s> <s>Some think the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Piperno<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>mo&longs;t &longs;ecure of any, becau&longs;e it is cut through <lb/>with deep Roads almo&longs;t like Pits, doubtful at <lb/>the Entrance, uncertain in their Pa&longs;&longs;age, and <lb/>un&longs;afe upon Account of the Ground which lies <lb/>above them, from whence any Enemy may be <lb/>prodigiou&longs;ly in&longs;e&longs;ted.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Men of be&longs;t Experience think that <lb/>Way the mo&longs;t &longs;ecure, which is carried over <lb/>the Backs of &longs;mall Hills, made level. </s> <s>Next <lb/>to this are &longs;uch as are made through the Fields <lb/>upon a high rai&longs;ed Bank, according to the <lb/>Manner of the Ancients, who indeed upon <lb/>that Account gave them the Name of <emph type="italics"/>Aggeres,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or <emph type="italics"/>Highways.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And it is certain &longs;uch rai&longs;ed <lb/>Cau&longs;eys have a va&longs;t many Conveniences: It <lb/>relieves the Traveller from the Fatigue and <lb/>Vexation of his Journey, to enjoy a fine Pro&longs;­<lb/>pect from the Heighth of the Cau&longs;ey all the <lb/>Way as he travels; be&longs;ides that, it is a great <lb/>Convenience to be able to perceive an Enemy <lb/>at a good Di&longs;tance, and to have &longs;uch an Ad­<lb/>vantage as either to be able to repel them <lb/>with a &longs;mall Force, or to retire without Lo&longs;s, <lb/>if you find they are the &longs;tronger. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>great Convenience, not at all foreign to our <lb/>Purpo&longs;e, which I have ob&longs;erved in the Road <lb/>that goes to the Port of <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> As there is a <lb/>va&longs;t Concour&longs;e of People, and great Quantities <lb/>of Merchandize brought thither from <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt, <lb/>Africa, Lybia, Spain, Germany,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the I&longs;l­<lb/>ands, the Road is made double, and in the <lb/>Middle of it is a Row of Stones, &longs;tanding up <lb/>a Foot high like Terms to direct the Pa&longs;&longs;en­<lb/>gers to go on one Side, and return on the other, <lb/>&longs;o to avoid the Inconvenience of meeting one <lb/>another.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>To conclude, &longs;uch &longs;hould be the Ways out <lb/>of the City; &longs;hort, &longs;trait, and &longs;ecure. </s> <s>When <lb/>they come to the Town, if the City is noble <lb/>and powerful, the Streets &longs;hould be &longs;trait and <lb/>broad, which carries an Air of Greatne&longs;s and <lb/>Maje&longs;ty; but if it is only a &longs;mall Town or a <lb/>Fortification, it will be better, and as &longs;afe, not <lb/>for the Streets to run &longs;trait to the Gates; but <lb/>to have them wind about &longs;ometimes to the <lb/>Right, &longs;ometimes to the Left, near the Wall, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially under the Towers upon the <lb/>Wall; and within the Heart of the Town, it <lb/>will be hand&longs;omer not to have them &longs;trait, <lb/>but winding about &longs;everal Ways, backwards <lb/>and &longs;orwards, like the Coar&longs;e of a River. </s> <s>For <lb/>thus, be&longs;ides that by appearing &longs;o much the lon­<lb/>ger, they will add to the Idea of the Greatne&longs;s <lb/>of the Town, they will likewi&longs;e conduce very <lb/>much to Beauty and Convenience, and be a <lb/>greater Security again&longs;t all Accidents and <lb/>Emergencies. </s> <s>Moreover, this winding of the <lb/>Streets will make the Pa&longs;&longs;enger at every Step <lb/>di&longs;cover a new Structure, and the Front and <lb/>Door of every Hou&longs;e will directly face the <lb/>Middle of the Street; and whereas in larger <lb/>Towns even too much Breadth is unhand&longs;ome <lb/>and unhealthy, in a &longs;mall one it will be both <lb/>healthy and plea&longs;ant, to have &longs;uch an open <lb/>View from every Hou&longs;e by Means of the <lb/>Turn of the Street.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cornelius Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> having <lb/>widened the Streets of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> thereby made the <lb/>City hotter, and therefore le&longs;s healthy; but in <lb/>other Places, where the Streets are narrow, the <lb/>Air is crude and raw, and there is a continual <lb/>Shade even in Summer. </s> <s>But further; in our <lb/>winding Streets there will be no Hou&longs;e but <lb/>what, in &longs;ome Part of the Day, will enjoy <lb/>&longs;ome Sun; nor will they ever be without <lb/>gentle Breezes, which whatever Corner they <lb/>come from, will never want a free and clear <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age; and yet they will not be mole&longs;ted <lb/>by &longs;tormy Bla&longs;ts, becau&longs;e &longs;uch will be broken <lb/>by the turning of the Streets. </s> <s>Add to all <lb/>the&longs;e Advantages, that if the Enemy gets into <lb/>the Town, he will be in Danger on every Side, <lb/>in Front, in Flank, and in Rear, from A&longs;&longs;aults <lb/>from the Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>So much for the publick <lb/>Streets. </s> <s>The private ones &longs;hould be like the <lb/>publick; unle&longs;s there be this Difference, that <lb/>they be built exactly in &longs;trait Lines, which will <lb/>an&longs;wer better to the Corners of the Building, <lb/>and the Divi&longs;ions and Parts of the Hou&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients in all Towns were for having <lb/>&longs;ome intricate Ways and turn-again Streets, <lb/>without any Pa&longs;&longs;age through them, that if an <lb/>Enemy comes into them, he may be at a Lo&longs;s, <lb/>and be in Confu&longs;ion and Su&longs;pence; or if he <lb/>pu&longs;hes on daringly, may be ea&longs;ily de&longs;troyed. <lb/></s> <s>It is al&longs;o proper to have &longs;maller &longs;hort Streets, <lb/>running cro&longs;s from one great Street to another; <lb/>not to be as a direct publick Way, but only <lb/>as a Pa&longs;&longs;age to &longs;ome Hou&longs;e that fronts it; <lb/>which will both give Light to the Hou&longs;es, and <lb/>make it more difficult for an Enemy to over­<lb/>run all Parts of the Town.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/><expan abbr="q.">que</expan> Curtius<emph.end type="italics"/> writes that <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> was divided <lb/>into a great Number of &longs;eparate Quarters, and <pb xlink:href="003/01/093.jpg" pagenum="76"/>that the Buildings there did not joyn one to <lb/>ano her. <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the contrary, is &longs;o far from <lb/>approving of tho&longs;e Separations, that he would <lb/>have the Hou&longs;es all clo&longs;e contiguous, and <lb/>that the joyning together of their Walls &longs;hould <lb/>make a Wall to the City.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Bridges both of Wood and Stone, their proper Situation, their Peers, <lb/>Arches, Angles, Feet, Key-&longs;tones, Cramps, Pavements, and Slopes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Bridge, no doubt, is a main Part <lb/>of the Street; nor is every Part of the <lb/>City proper for a Bridge; for be&longs;ides that it <lb/>is inconvenient to place it in a remote Corner <lb/>of the Town, where it can be of U&longs;e but to <lb/>few, and that it ought to be in the very Heart <lb/>of the City, to lie at hand for every body; it <lb/>ought certainly to be contrived in a Place <lb/>where it may ea&longs;ily be erected, and without <lb/>too great an Expence, and where it is likely <lb/>to be the mo&longs;t durable. </s> <s>We &longs;hould therefore <lb/>chu&longs;e a Ford where the Water is not too deep; <lb/>where the Shore is not too &longs;teep; which is <lb/>not uncertain and moveable, but con&longs;tant <lb/>and la&longs;ting. </s> <s>We &longs;hould avoid all Whirl­<lb/>pools, Eddies, Gulphs, and the like Inconve­<lb/>niences common in bad Rivers. </s> <s>We &longs;hould <lb/>al&longs;o mo&longs;t carefully avoid all Elbows, where the <lb/>Water takes a Turn; for very many Rea&longs;ons; <lb/>the Banks in &longs;uch Places being very liable to <lb/>be broken, as we &longs;ee by Experience, and be­<lb/>cau&longs;e Pieces of Timber, Trunks of Trees, and <lb/>the like, brought down from the Country by <lb/>Storms and Floods, cannot &longs;wim down &longs;uch <lb/>Elbows in a &longs;trait Line, but turn a&longs;lant, meet <lb/>and hinder one another, and lodging again&longs;t <lb/>the Piles grow into a great Heap, which &longs;tops <lb/>up the Arches, and with the additional <lb/>Weight of the Water at length quite breaks <lb/>them down.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF Bridges, &longs;ome are of Stone, others of <lb/>Wood. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e which <lb/>are of Wood, as the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y of Execution; <lb/>next we &longs;hall treat of tho&longs;e which are built of <lb/>Stone. </s> <s>Both ought to be as &longs;trong as po&longs;&longs;ible; <lb/>that therefore which is built of Wood, mu&longs;t <lb/>be fortified with a good Quantity of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg11"/><lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t Timbers. </s> <s>We cannot give a better <lb/>Example of this Sort of Bridges than that built <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>fulius Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> which he gives us a De&longs;crip­<lb/>tion of him&longs;elf, as follows: He fa&longs;tened to­<lb/>gether two Timbers, leaving a Di&longs;tance be­<lb/>tween them of two Foot; their Length was <lb/>proportioned to the Depth of the River, and <lb/>they were a Foot and an half thick, and cut <lb/>&longs;harp at the Ends. </s> <s>The&longs;e he let down into <lb/>the River with Cranes, and drove them well in <lb/>with a Sort of Rammers, not perpendicularly <lb/>down like Piles, but &longs;lanting upwards, and <lb/>giving Way according to the Current of the <lb/>River. </s> <s>Then, oppo&longs;ite to the&longs;e, he drove in <lb/>two others, fa&longs;tened together in the &longs;ame Man­<lb/>ner, with a Di&longs;tance between them at Bottom <lb/>of forty Foot, &longs;lanting contrary to the Force <lb/>and Current of the Stream. </s> <s>When the&longs;e were <lb/>thus fixed, he laid acro&longs;s from one to the other, <lb/>Beams of the Thickne&longs;s of two Foot, which <lb/>was the Di&longs;tance left between the Timbers <lb/>drove down; and fa&longs;tened the&longs;e Beams at the <lb/>End, each with two Braces, which being <lb/>bound round and fa&longs;tened of oppo&longs;ite Sides, <lb/>the Strength of the whole Work was &longs;o great <lb/>and of &longs;uch a Nature, that the greatcr the <lb/>Force of Water was which bore again&longs;t it, <lb/>the clo&longs;er and firmer the Beams united. </s> <s>Over <lb/>the&longs;e other Beams were laid acro&longs;s and fa&longs;tened <lb/>to them, and a Floor, as we may call it, made <lb/>over them with Poles and Hurdles. </s> <s>At the <lb/>&longs;ame Time, in the lower Part of the River, <lb/>below the Bridge, other Timbers, or &longs;loping <lb/>Piles, were driven down, which being fa&longs;tened <lb/>to the re&longs;t of the Structure, &longs;hould be a Kind <lb/>of Buttre&longs;s to re&longs;i&longs;t the Force of the Stream; <lb/>and other Piles were al&longs;o driven in at a &longs;mall <lb/>Di&longs;tance above the Bridge, and &longs;tanding &longs;ome­<lb/>what above the Water, that if the Enemy <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;end Trunks of Trees, or Ve&longs;&longs;els, down <lb/>the Stream, in order to break the Bridge, tho&longs;e <lb/>Piles might receive and intercept their Vio­<lb/>lence, and prevent their doing any Prejudice <lb/>to the Work. </s> <s>All this we learn from <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Nor is it foreign to our Purpo&longs;e to take Notice <lb/>of what is practiced at <emph type="italics"/>Verona,<emph.end type="italics"/> where they <lb/>pave their wooden Bridges with Bars of Iron, <lb/>e&longs;pecially where the Wheels of Carts and Wag­<lb/>gons are to pa&longs;s. </s> <s>It remains now that we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/094.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg11"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 9. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 76)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.094.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/094/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/095.jpg" pagenum="77"/>treat of the Stone-Bridge, the Parts whereof <lb/>are the&longs;e: The Banks of the Shore, the Piers, <lb/>the Arches, and the Pavement. </s> <s>Between the <lb/>Banks of the Shore and the Piers, is this Diffe­<lb/>rence, that the Banks ought to be by much the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t, ina&longs;much as they are not only to &longs;up­<lb/>port the Weight of the Arches like the Piers, <lb/>but are al&longs;o to bear the Foot of the Bridge, and <lb/>to bear again&longs;t the Weight of the Arches, to <lb/>keep them from opening in any Part. </s> <s>We <lb/>ought therefore to be very careful in the Choice <lb/>of our Shore, and to find out, if po&longs;&longs;ible, a <lb/>Rock of &longs;olid Stone, &longs;ince nothing can be too <lb/>&longs;trong that we are to intru&longs;t with the Feet of <lb/>the Bridge; and as to the Piers, they mu&longs;t be <lb/>more or le&longs;s numerous in Proportion to the <lb/>Breadth of the River. </s> <s>An odd Number of Ar­<lb/>ches is both mo&longs;t plea&longs;ant to the Sight, and <lb/>conduces al&longs;o to Strength; for the farther the <lb/>Current of the River lies from the Shore, the <lb/>freer it is from Impediment, and the freer <lb/>it is the &longs;wifter and ea&longs;ier it flows away; <lb/>for this therefore we ought to leave a Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>perfectly free and open, that it may not &longs;hake <lb/>and prejudice the Piers by &longs;truggling with the <lb/>Re&longs;i&longs;tance which it meets with from them. <lb/></s> <s>The Piers ought to be placed in tho&longs;e Parts of <lb/>the River, where the Water flows the mo&longs;t <lb/>&longs;lowly, and (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) the <lb/>mo&longs;t lazily: And tho&longs;e Parts you may ea&longs;ily <lb/>find out by means of the Tides: Otherwi&longs;e <lb/>you may di&longs;cover them in the following Man­<lb/>ner: Imitate tho&longs;e who threw Nuts into a <lb/>River, whereby the Inhabitants of a Town be­<lb/>&longs;ieged, gathering them up, were pre&longs;erved <lb/>from &longs;tarving; &longs;trew the whole Breadth of the <lb/>River, about fifteen hundred Paces above the <lb/>Place which you intend for your Bridge, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially when the River is fulle&longs;t, with &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;uch light Stuff that will ea&longs;ily float: And in <lb/>tho&longs;e Places where the Things you have <lb/>thrown in Clu&longs;ters thicke&longs;t together, you may <lb/>be &longs;ure the Current is &longs;tronge&longs;t. </s> <s>In the Situ­<lb/>ation of your Piers therefore avoid tho&longs;e Places, <lb/>and chu&longs;e tho&longs;e others to which the Things <lb/>you throw in come the &longs;lowe&longs;t and thinne&longs;t.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>KING <emph type="italics"/>Mina,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he intended to build the <lb/>Bridge of <emph type="italics"/>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"/> turned the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/> out of its <lb/>Channel, and carried it another Way among <lb/>&longs;ome Hills, and when he had fini&longs;hed his Build­<lb/>ing brought it back again into its old Bed. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Nicore<emph.end type="italics"/> Queen of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yrians,<emph.end type="italics"/> having pre­<lb/>pared all the Materials for building a Bridge, <lb/>dug a great Lake, and into that turned the <lb/>River; and as the Channel grew dry as the <lb/>Lake filled, &longs;he took that Time to build her <lb/>Piers. </s> <s>The&longs;e mighty Things were done by <lb/>tho&longs;e great Princes: As for us, we are to pro­<lb/>ceed in the following Manner: Make the <lb/>Foundations of your Piers in Autumn, when <lb/>the Water is lowe&longs;t, having fir&longs;t rai&longs;ed an In­<lb/>clo&longs;ure to keep off the Water, which you may <lb/>do in this Manner: Drive in a double Row of <lb/>Stakes, very clo&longs;e and thick &longs;et, with their <lb/>Heads above the Top of the Water, like a <lb/>Trench; then put Hurdles within this double <lb/>Row of Stakes, clo&longs;e to that Side of the Row <lb/>which is next the intended Pier, and fill up <lb/>the Hollow between the two Rows with Ru&longs;hes <lb/>and Mud, ramming them together &longs;o hard <lb/>that no Water can po&longs;&longs;ibly get through. </s> <s>Then <lb/>whatever you find within this Inclo&longs;ure, Water, <lb/>Mud, Sand, and whatever el&longs;e is a Hindrance <lb/>to you, throw out. </s> <s>For the re&longs;t of your Work, <lb/>you mu&longs;t ob&longs;erve the Rules we have laid down <lb/>in the preceding Book. </s> <s>Dig till you come to <lb/>a &longs;olid Foundation, or rather make one of <lb/>Piles burnt at the End, and driven in as clo&longs;e <lb/>together as ever they can &longs;tick. </s> <s>And here I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved that the be&longs;t Architects u&longs;ed to <lb/>make a continued Foundation of the whole <lb/>Length of the Bridge, and not only under each <lb/>Pier; and this they did, not by &longs;hutting out <lb/>the whole River at once by one &longs;ingle Inclo­<lb/>&longs;ure, but by fir&longs;t making one Part, then another, <lb/>and &longs;o joyning the whole together by degrees; <lb/>for it would be impo&longs;&longs;ible to with&longs;tand and <lb/>repul&longs;e the whole Force of the Water at once; <lb/>we mu&longs;t therefore, while we are at work with <lb/>one Part, leave another Part open, for a Pa&longs;­<lb/>&longs;age for the Stream.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>YOU may leave the&longs;e Pa&longs;&longs;ages either in the <lb/>Channel it&longs;elf, or if you think it more conve­<lb/>nient, you may frame wooden Dams, or hang­<lb/>ing Channels, by which the &longs;uperfluous Wa­<lb/>ter may run off. </s> <s>But if you find the Expence <lb/>of a continued Foundation for the whole Bridge <lb/>too great, you may only make a &longs;eparate Foun­<lb/>dation for every particular Pier, in the Form <lb/>of a Ship with one Angle in the Stern, and an­<lb/>other in the Head, lying directly even with the <lb/>Current of the Water, that the Force of the <lb/>Water may be broken by the Angle. </s> <s>We are <lb/>to remember that the Water is much more <lb/>dangerous to the Stern, than to the Head of <lb/>the Piers, which appears from this, that at <lb/>the Stern the Water is in a more violent Mo­<lb/>tion than at the Head, and forms Eddies, <lb/>which turn up the Ground at the Bottom; <lb/>while the Head &longs;tands firm and &longs;afe, being <lb/>guarded and defended by the Banks of Sand <lb/>thrown up before it by the Channel. </s> <s>Now <pb xlink:href="003/01/096.jpg" pagenum="78"/>this being &longs;o, this Part ought of the whole <lb/>Structure to be be&longs;t fortified again&longs;t the <lb/>Violence of the Waters; and nothing will <lb/>conduce more to this, than to make the Pile­<lb/>work deep and broad every Way, and e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally at the Stern, that if any Accidents &longs;hould <lb/>carry away any of the Piles, there may be enow <lb/>le&longs;t to &longs;u&longs;tain the Weight of the Pier. </s> <s>It will <lb/>be al&longs;o extremely proper to begin your Foun­<lb/>dation at the upper Part of the Channel, and <lb/>to make it with an ea&longs;y De&longs;cent, that the <lb/>Water which runs over it may not fall upon <lb/>it violently as into a Precipice, but glide over <lb/>gently, with an ea&longs;y Slope; becau&longs;e the Water <lb/>that ru&longs;hes down precipitately, routs up the <lb/>Bottom, and &longs;o being made &longs;till rougher carries <lb/>away every Thing that it can loo&longs;en, and is <lb/>every Moment undermining the Work.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUILD the Piers of the bigge&longs;t and longe&longs;t <lb/>Stones, and of &longs;uch as in their Nature are be&longs;t <lb/>adapted for &longs;upporting of Fro&longs;ts, and as do <lb/>not decay in Water, nor are ea&longs;ily &longs;oftened by <lb/>any Accident, and will not crack and &longs;plit <lb/>under a great Weight; and build them ex­<lb/>actly according to the Square, Level and Plum­<lb/>line, omitting no Sort of Ligature Length­<lb/>ways, and placing the Stones Breadth-ways in <lb/>alternate Order, &longs;o as to be a Binding one to <lb/>another; ab&longs;olutely rejecting any &longs;tuffing with <lb/>&longs;mall Pieces of Stone. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t al&longs;o fa&longs;ten <lb/>your Work with a good Number of Bra&longs;s <lb/>Cramps and Pins, &longs;o well fitted in, that the <lb/>Joynts of the Structure may not &longs;eparate, but <lb/>be kept tight and firm. </s> <s>Rai&longs;e both the Fronts <lb/>of the Building angular, both Head and Stern, <lb/>and let the Top of the Pier be &longs;ure to be <lb/>higher than the fulle&longs;t Tide; and let the Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Pier be one fourth of the Heighth <lb/>of the Bridge. </s> <s>There have been &longs;ome that <lb/>have not terminated the Head and Stern of <lb/>their Piers with an Angle, but with an half <lb/>Circle; induced thereto, I &longs;uppo&longs;e, by the <lb/>Beautifulne&longs;s of that Figure. </s> <s>But though I <lb/>have &longs;aid el&longs;ewhere, that the Circle has the <lb/>&longs;ame Strength as an Angle, yet here I approve <lb/>better of an Angle, provided it be not &longs;o &longs;harp <lb/>as to be broken and defaced by every little Acci­<lb/>dent: Nor am I altogether di&longs;plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e <lb/>which end in a Curve, provided it be very much <lb/>lengthened out, and not left &longs;o obtu&longs;e as to re­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;t the Force and Weight of the Water. </s> <s>The <lb/>Angle of the Pier is of a good Sharpne&longs;s, if it <lb/>is three Quarters of a Right Angle, or if you <lb/>like it better, you may make it two thirds. <lb/></s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice as to the Piers. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Nature of your Situation is &longs;uch, that the <lb/>Sides or Banks of the Shore are not as you <lb/>could wi&longs;h; make them good in the &longs;ome Man­<lb/>ner as you build your Piers, and indeed make <lb/>other Piers upon the Shore, and turn &longs;ome <lb/>Arches even upon the dry Ground; to the <lb/>Intent, that if in Proce&longs;s of Time, by the con­<lb/>tinual wa&longs;hing of the Water, and the Force of <lb/>the Tides, any Part of the Bank &longs;hould be <lb/>carried away, your Pa&longs;&longs;age may &longs;till be pre­<lb/>&longs;erved &longs;afe, by the Production of the Bridge <lb/>into the Land. </s> <s>The Arches ought upon all <lb/>Accounts, and particularly becau&longs;e of the con­<lb/>tinual violent &longs;haking and Concu&longs;&longs;ion of Carts <lb/>and other Carriages, to be extreamly &longs;tout and <lb/>&longs;trong. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, as &longs;ometimes you may be <lb/>obliged to draw immen&longs;e Weights over them, <lb/>&longs;uch as a Colo&longs;&longs;us, an Obelisk or the like; you <lb/>&longs;hould provide again&longs;t the Inconvenience which <lb/>happened to <emph type="italics"/>Scaurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> who when he was re­<lb/>moving that great Boundary Stone, alarmed all <lb/>the publick Officers, upon Account of the <lb/>Mi&longs;chief that might en&longs;ue. </s> <s>For the&longs;e Rea&longs;ons, <lb/>a Bridge both in its De&longs;ign, and in its whole <lb/>Execution, &longs;hould be well fitted to bear the <lb/>continual and violent Jars which it is to re­<lb/>ceive from Carriages. </s> <s>That Bridges ought to <lb/>be built of very large and &longs;tout Stones, is very <lb/>manife&longs;t by the Example of an Anvil, which, <lb/>if is large and heavy, &longs;tands the Blows of the <lb/>Hammer unmoved; but if it is light, rebounds <lb/>and trembles at every Stroke. </s> <s>We have al­<lb/>ready &longs;aid, that all vaulted Work con&longs;i&longs;ts of <lb/>Arches and Stuffing, and that the &longs;tronge&longs;t of <lb/>all Arches is the Semi-circle. </s> <s>But if by the <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Piers, the Semi-circle &longs;hould <lb/>ri&longs;e &longs;o high as to be inconvenient, we may <lb/>make u&longs;e of the Scheme Arch, only taking <lb/>Care to make the la&longs;t Piers on the Shore the <lb/>&longs;tronger and thicker. </s> <s>But whatever Sort of <lb/>Arch you vault your Bridge with, it mu&longs;t be <lb/>built of the harde&longs;t and large&longs;t Stones, &longs;uch as <lb/>you u&longs;e in your Piers; and there &longs;hould not <lb/>be a &longs;ingle Stone in the Arch but what is in <lb/>Thickne&longs;s at lea&longs;t one tenth Part of the Chord <lb/>of that Arch; nor &longs;hould the Chord it&longs;elf be <lb/>longer than &longs;ix Times the Thickne&longs;s of the <lb/>Pier, nor &longs;horter than four Times. </s> <s>The Stones <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;hould be &longs;trongly fa&longs;tened together with <lb/>Pins and Cramps of Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>And the la&longs;t Wedge, <lb/>which is called the Key-&longs;tone, &longs;hould be cut <lb/>according to the Lines of the other Wedges, <lb/>but left a &longs;mall Matter bigger at the Top, &longs;o <lb/>that it may not be got into its Place without <lb/>&longs;ome Strokes of a light Beetle; which will <pb xlink:href="003/01/097.jpg" pagenum="79"/>drive the lower Wedges clo&longs;er together, and <lb/>&longs;o keep them tight to their Duty. </s> <s>The filling <lb/>up, or &longs;tuffing between the Arches &longs;hould be <lb/>wrought with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Stone, and with the <lb/>clo&longs;e&longs;t Joynts that can po&longs;&longs;ibly be made, But <lb/>if you have not a &longs;ufficient Plenty of &longs;trong <lb/>Stone to make your Stuffing of it, you may in <lb/>Ca&longs;e of Nece&longs;&longs;ity make u&longs;e of a weaker Sort; <lb/>&longs;till provided that the whole Turn of the Arch, <lb/>and the Cour&longs;e of Work behind both the Sides <lb/>of it, be built entirely of &longs;trong Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE next Work it to pave the Bridge; and <lb/>here we &longs;hould ob&longs;erve, that we ought to <lb/>make the Ground upon a Bridge as firm and <lb/>&longs;olid as the mo&longs;t durable Roads; we &longs;hould <lb/>rai&longs;e it with Gravel or coar&longs;e Sand, to the <lb/>Heighth of a Cubit, and then pave it with <lb/>Stone, filling up the Joints either with River <lb/>or Sea-&longs;and. </s> <s>But the Sub&longs;trature or Layer <lb/>under the Pavement of a Bridge ought fir&longs;t to <lb/>be levelled and rai&longs;ed quite to the Top of the <lb/>Arches; with regular Ma&longs;onry, and then the <lb/>Pavement it&longs;elf &longs;hould be cemented with Mor­<lb/>tar. </s> <s>In all other Re&longs;pects we &longs;hould ob&longs;erve <lb/>the &longs;ame Rules in paving a Bridge, as in pav­<lb/>ing a Road. </s> <s>The Sides &longs;hould be made firm <lb/>with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Work, and the re&longs;t paved <lb/>with Stones, neither &longs;o &longs;mall as to be ea&longs;ily <lb/>rai&longs;ed and thrown out upon the lea&longs;t Strain; <lb/>nor &longs;o large, that the Bea&longs;ts of Burden &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;lide upon them as upon Ice, and fall before <lb/>they meet with any Catch for their Foot. </s> <s>And <lb/>certainly we mu&longs;t own it to be of very great <lb/>Importance what Kind of Stone we u&longs;e in our <lb/>Pavements, if we con&longs;ider how much they <lb/>mu&longs;t be worn by the continual grinding of <lb/>the Wheels, and the Hoofs of all Manner of <lb/>Cattle, when we &longs;ee that even &longs;uch &longs;mall Ani­<lb/>mals as Ants, with con&longs;tant pa&longs;&longs;ing up and <lb/>down, will wear Traces even in Flints.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I HAVE ob&longs;erved that the Ancients in many <lb/>Places, and particularly in the Way to <emph type="italics"/>Tivoli,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>paved the Middle of the Road with Flints, and <lb/>only covered the Sides with &longs;mall Gravel. </s> <s>This <lb/>they did, that the Wheels might make the le&longs;s <lb/>Impre&longs;&longs;ion, and that the Hor&longs;es Hoofs might <lb/>not want &longs;ufficient Hold. </s> <s>In other Places, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially over Bridges, there was a rai&longs;ed Way <lb/>on each Side, with Stone Steps, for Foot Pa&longs;­<lb/>&longs;engers; and the Middle of the Way was le&longs;t <lb/>for Bea&longs;ts and Carriages. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Ancients, <lb/>for this Sort of Work greatly commend Flints, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e which are fulle&longs;t of Holes; <lb/>not becau&longs;e &longs;uch are the &longs;tronge&longs;t, but becau&longs;e <lb/>they are the lea&longs;t &longs;lippery. </s> <s>But we may make <lb/>u&longs;e of any Sort of Stone, according to what <lb/>we have in greate&longs;t Plenty, provided we only <lb/>u&longs;e the &longs;tronge&longs;t we can get, and with tho&longs;e <lb/>pave at lea&longs;t that Part of the Way which is <lb/>mo&longs;t beaten by Cattle; and the Part mo&longs;t <lb/>beaten by them is always mo&longs;t level, becau&longs;e <lb/>they always avoid all &longs;loping Ground as much <lb/>as they can. </s> <s>Let the Middle and highe&longs;t Part <lb/>of the Way be laid with Flints, or whatever <lb/>other Stone you u&longs;e, of the Thickne&longs;s of a <lb/>Foot and an half, and the Breadth of at lea&longs;t <lb/>a Foot, with the upper Face even, and &longs;o clo&longs;e <lb/>compacted together that there are no Grevices <lb/>left in order to throw off the Rain. </s> <s>There <lb/>are three different Slopes for all Streets; either <lb/>towards the Middle, which is proper for a <lb/>broad Street, or to the Sides, which is lea&longs;t <lb/>Hindrance to a narrow one; or el&longs;e Length­<lb/>ways. </s> <s>But in this we are to govern our&longs;elves <lb/>according to the Conveniences and Advanta­<lb/>ges of our Drains and Currents, whether into <lb/>the Sea, Lake or River. </s> <s>A very good Ri&longs;e <lb/>for a Slope is half an Inch in every three Foot. <lb/></s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved that the Ri&longs;e with which the <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed to build their Bridges, was one <lb/>Foot in every thirty; and in &longs;ome Parts, as <lb/>particularly at the Summit of the Bridge, four <lb/>Inches in every Cubit or Foot and an half; <lb/>but this was only for &longs;o little a Way, that a <lb/>Bea&longs;t heavy loaden could get over it at one <lb/>Strain.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Drains or Sewers, their different Sorts and U&longs;es; and of Rivers and <lb/>Canals for Ships.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Drains or Sewers are look'd upon as <lb/>a Part of the Street, ina&longs;much as they <lb/>are to be made under the Street, thro' the <lb/>Middle of it; and are of great Service, as well <lb/>in the paving and levelling, as in cleaning the <lb/>Streets; for which Rea&longs;on they are by no <lb/>means to be neglected here. </s> <s>And indeed, may <lb/>we not very properly &longs;ay that a Drain is a <pb xlink:href="003/01/098.jpg" pagenum="80"/>Bridge, or rather a very long Arch; &longs;o that <lb/>in the Con&longs;truction of it we ought to ob&longs;erve <lb/>all the &longs;ame Rules that we have ju&longs;t now been <lb/>laying down concerning Bridges. </s> <s>The Anci­<lb/>ents had &longs;o high a Notion of the Serviceable­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Drains and Sewers, that they be&longs;towed <lb/>no greater Care and Expence upon any Struc­<lb/>ture what&longs;oever, than they did upon them; and <lb/>among all the wonderful Buildings in the City <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Drains are accounted the noble&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>I &longs;hall not &longs;pend Time to &longs;hew how many Con­<lb/>veniences ari&longs;e from good Drains; how clean <lb/>they keep the City, and how neat all Buildings <lb/>both publick and private, or how much they <lb/>conduce to the Clearne&longs;s and Healthine&longs;s of <lb/>the Air.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE City of <emph type="italics"/>Smyrna,<emph.end type="italics"/> where <emph type="italics"/>Trebonius<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>be&longs;ieged and relieved by <emph type="italics"/>Dolabella,<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid to have <lb/>been extremely beautiful, both for the Straitne&longs;s <lb/>of the Streets, and its many noble Structures; <lb/>but not having Drains to receive and carry away <lb/>its own Filth, it offended the Inhabitants abo­<lb/>minable with ill Smells. <emph type="italics"/>Siena,<emph.end type="italics"/> a City in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;­<lb/>cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> not having Drains wants a very great <lb/>Help to Cleanline&longs;s; by which Means the <lb/>Town not only &longs;tinks every Night and Morn­<lb/>ing, when People throw their Na&longs;tine&longs;s out of <lb/>the Windows, but even in the Day Time it is <lb/>&longs;een lying about the Streets. </s> <s>Drains are of <lb/>two Sorts; one carries away the Filth into <lb/>&longs;ome River, Lake or Sea; the other is a deep <lb/>Hole dug in the Ground, where the Na&longs;tine&longs;s <lb/>lies till it is con&longs;umed in the Bowels of the <lb/>Earth. </s> <s>That which carries it away, ought <lb/>to have a &longs;mooth &longs;loping Pavement, &longs;trong <lb/>compacted, that the Ordure may run off freely, <lb/>and that the Structure it&longs;elf may not be rotted <lb/>by the Moi&longs;ture lying continually &longs;oaking <lb/>upon it. </s> <s>It &longs;hould al&longs;o lie &longs;o high above the <lb/>River, that no Floods or Tides may fill it with <lb/>Mud and choak it up. </s> <s>A Drain that is to <lb/>lie open and uncover'd to the Air, need have <lb/>no other Pavement but the Ground it&longs;elf; for <lb/>the Poets call the Earth <emph type="italics"/>Cerberus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the Phi­<lb/>lo&longs;ophers, the <emph type="italics"/>Woolf of the Gods,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e it de­<lb/>vours and con&longs;umes every Thing. </s> <s>So that <lb/>whatever Filth and Na&longs;tine&longs;s is brought into <lb/>it, the Earth rots and de&longs;troys it, and prevents <lb/>its emitting ill Steams. </s> <s>Sinks for the Recep­<lb/>tion of Urine, &longs;hould be as far from the Hou&longs;e <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible; becau&longs;e the Heat of the Sun makes <lb/>it rot and &longs;mell intolerably. </s> <s>Moreover, I can­<lb/>not help thinking that Rivers and Canals, e&longs;­<lb/>pecially &longs;uch as are for the Pa&longs;&longs;age of Ships, <lb/>ought to be included under the Denomination <lb/>of Roads; &longs;ince many are of Opinion, that <lb/>Ships are nothing but a Sort of Carriages, and <lb/>the Sea it&longs;elf no more than a huge Road. </s> <s>But <lb/>there is no Nece&longs;&longs;ity to &longs;ay any thing more of <lb/>the&longs;e in this Place. </s> <s>And if it happens that <lb/>the Conveniences we have here treated of, are <lb/>not found &longs;ufficient, our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to &longs;tudy <lb/>how to mend the Faults, and make whatever <lb/>other Additions are needful: The Method of <lb/>doing which, we &longs;hall &longs;peak of in due Time.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Structure for a Haven, and of making convenient Squares in <lb/>the City.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now if there is any other Part of the <lb/>City that falls in properly with the Sub­<lb/>ject of this Book, it is certainly the Haven, <lb/>which may be defined a Goal or proper Place <lb/>from whence you may begin a Voyage, or <lb/>where having performed it you may put an <lb/>End to the Fatigue of it, and take Repo&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>Others perhaps would &longs;ay that a Haven is a Sta­<lb/>ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei­<lb/>ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer­<lb/>tain that if the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of a Haven is to give a <lb/>Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms, <lb/>it ought to be made in &longs;uch a Manner as to be <lb/>a &longs;ufficient Shelter for that Purpo&longs;e: Let its <lb/>Sides be &longs;trong and high, and let there be <lb/>Room enough for large Ve&longs;&longs;els heavy laden to <lb/>come in and lie quiet in it. </s> <s>Which Conveni­<lb/>ences, if they are offered to you by the natu­<lb/>ral Situation of the Place, you have nothing <lb/>more to wi&longs;h for; unle&longs;s, as at <emph type="italics"/>Athens<emph.end type="italics"/> where <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucidides<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays there were three Havens made <lb/>by Nature, it &longs;hould happen that you are <lb/>doubtful among &longs;uch a Number, which to <lb/>chu&longs;e. </s> <s>But it is evident from what we have <lb/>already &longs;aid in the fir&longs;t Book, that there are <lb/>&longs;ome Places where all the Winds cannot be, <lb/>and others where &longs;ome actually are continually <lb/>trouble&longs;ome and dangerous. </s> <s>Let us therefore <pb xlink:href="003/01/099.jpg" pagenum="81"/>make Choice of that Haven into who&longs;e Mouth <lb/>none blow but the mo&longs;t gentle and temperate <lb/>Winds, and where you may enter or go out, <lb/>with the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y Breezes, without being <lb/>forced to wait too long for them.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THEY &longs;ay, that of all Winds the North is <lb/>the gentle&longs;t; and that when the Sea is di­<lb/>&longs;turbed by this Wind, as &longs;oon as ever the <lb/>Wind cea&longs;es, it is calm again: But if a South­<lb/>wind rai&longs;es a Storm, the Sea continues turbu­<lb/>lent a long while. </s> <s>But as Places are various, <lb/>our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to chu&longs;e &longs;uch a one as is be&longs;t <lb/>provided with all Conveniencies for Shipping: <lb/>we mu&longs;t be &longs;ure to have &longs;uch a Depth, in the <lb/>Mouth, Bo&longs;em and Sides of the Haven, as <lb/>will nor refu&longs;e Ships of Burthen, though <lb/>ever &longs;o deep laden; the Bottom too ought to <lb/>be clear, and not &longs;ull of any Sort of Weeds: <lb/>Though, &longs;ometimes, thick entangled Weeds <lb/>are of a good deal of U&longs;e in fa&longs;tening the An­<lb/>chor. </s> <s>Yet I &longs;hould rather chu&longs;e an Haven <lb/>that does not produce any thing which can <lb/>contaminate the Purity of the Air, or preju­<lb/>dice the Ships, as Ru&longs;hes and Weeds which <lb/>grow in the Water really do; for they en­<lb/>gender a great many Kinds of Worms which <lb/>get into the Timbers of the Ve&longs;&longs;el, and the <lb/>rotting of the Weeds rai&longs;es unwhole&longs;ome Va­<lb/>pours. </s> <s>There is another Thing which makes <lb/>an Haven noi&longs;ome and unhealthy, and that is <lb/>a Mixture of fre&longs;h Water; e&longs;pecially Rain­<lb/>water that runs down from Hills: Though I <lb/>would be &longs;ure to have Streams and Springs in <lb/>the Neighbourhood, from whence, fre&longs;h Water <lb/>that will keep may be brought for the U&longs;e of <lb/>the Ve&longs;&longs;els. </s> <s>A Port al&longs;o ought to have a clear, <lb/>&longs;trait and &longs;afe Pa&longs;&longs;age outwards, with a Bot­<lb/>tom not often &longs;hifting, free from all Impedi­<lb/>ments, and &longs;ecure from the Ambu&longs;hes of Ene­<lb/>mies and Pirates. </s> <s>Moreover, I would have <lb/>it covered with &longs;ome high &longs;teep Hill, that may <lb/>be &longs;een a great Way off, and &longs;erve as a Land­<lb/>mark for the Sailors to &longs;teer their Cour&longs;e by. <lb/></s> <s>Within the Port we &longs;hould make a Key and <lb/>a Bridge for the more ea&longs;y unlading of the <lb/>Shipping. </s> <s>The&longs;e Works the Ancients rai&longs;ed <lb/>in different Ways, which it is not yet our <lb/>Time to &longs;peak of; and we &longs;hall come to it <lb/>more properly when we &longs;peak of the Method <lb/>of improving a Haven and running up a Pier. <lb/></s> <s>Be&longs;ides all this, a good Haven &longs;hould have <lb/>Places to walk in, and a Portico and Temple, <lb/>for the Reception of Per&longs;ons that are ju&longs;t <lb/>landed; nor &longs;hould it want Pillars, Bars and <lb/>Rings to fa&longs;ten Ships to; and there &longs;hould al&longs;o <lb/>be a good Number of Warehou&longs;es or Vaults <lb/>for the laying up of Goods. </s> <s>We &longs;hould al&longs;o <lb/>at the Mouth erect high and &longs;trong Towers, <lb/>from the Lanterns of which we may &longs;py what <lb/>Sails approach, and by Fires give Directions to <lb/>the Mariners, and which by their Fortificati­<lb/>ons may defend the Ve&longs;&longs;els of our Friends, and <lb/>lay Chains acro&longs;s the Port to keep out an <lb/>Enemy. </s> <s>And from the Port &longs;trait thro' the <lb/>Heart of the City ought to run a large Street, <lb/>in which &longs;everal other Quarters of the Town <lb/>&longs;hould center, that the Inhabitants may pre­<lb/>&longs;ently run thither from all Parts to repul&longs;e any <lb/>In&longs;ult from an Enemy. </s> <s>Within the Bo&longs;om of <lb/>the Haven likewi&longs;e, &longs;hould be &longs;everal &longs;maller <lb/>Docks, where battered Ve&longs;&longs;els may refit. </s> <s>But <lb/>there is one Thing which we ought not to <lb/>omit, &longs;ince it relates entirely to the Haven; <lb/>which is, that there have been, and now are, <lb/>many famous Cities, who&longs;e greate&longs;t Security <lb/>has lain in the un&longs;afe and uncertain Entrance <lb/>of their Harbours, and from the Variety of its <lb/>Channels made almo&longs;t hourly for the con­<lb/>tinual Alteration of the Bottom. </s> <s>Thus much <lb/>we thought proper to &longs;ay of publick Works in <lb/>the univer&longs;al Acceptation; and I cannot tell <lb/>whether there is any Occa&longs;ion to add what <lb/>&longs;ome in&longs;i&longs;t upon, that there ought to be &longs;e­<lb/>veral Squares laid out in different Parts of the <lb/>City, &longs;ome for the expo&longs;ing of Merchandizes <lb/>to &longs;ale in Time of Peace; others for the Exer­<lb/>ci&longs;es proper for Youth; and others for laying <lb/>up Stores in Time of War, of Timber, For­<lb/>age, and the like Provi&longs;ions nece&longs;&longs;ary for the <lb/>&longs;u&longs;taining of a Siege. </s> <s>As for Temples, Cha­<lb/>pels, Halls for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice, <lb/>and Places for Shows, they are Buildings that, <lb/>tho' for publick U&longs;e, are yet the Property of <lb/>only a few Per&longs;ons; which are the Prie&longs;ts <lb/>and Magi&longs;trates; and therefore we &longs;hall treat <lb/>of them in their proper Places.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> IV.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/100.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.100.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/100/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/>ARCHITECTURE <lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK V. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Buildings for particular Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>Of the Ca&longs;tles or Habitations of a <lb/>King or a Tyrant; their different Properties and Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hewed in the la&longs;t Book, that <lb/>Buildings ought to be variou&longs;ly ac­<lb/>commodated, both in City and <lb/>Country, according to the Nece&longs;&longs;i­<lb/>ties of the Citizens and Inhabitants; and that <lb/>&longs;ome belong'd to the Citizens in common, <lb/>others to tho&longs;e of greater Quality, and others <lb/>to the meaner Sort; and fini&longs;h'd our Account <lb/>of tho&longs;e of the fir&longs;t Kind. </s> <s>The De&longs;ign of this <lb/>fifth Book is to con&longs;ider of the &longs;upplying the <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries and Conveniencies for particular <lb/>Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>And in this copious and difficult <lb/>Subject we &longs;hall make it our Study, to the ut­<lb/>mo&longs;t of our Ability and Indu&longs;try, to omit <lb/>nothing really material or in&longs;tructive, and not <lb/>to &longs;ay any thing more for the Embelli&longs;hment <lb/>of our Di&longs;cour&longs;e than for the nece&longs;&longs;ary Expla­<lb/>nation of our Subject. </s> <s>Let us begin therefore <lb/>with the noble&longs;t. </s> <s>The noble&longs;t are certainly <lb/>tho&longs;e who are entru&longs;ted with the &longs;upreme Au­<lb/>thority and Moderation in publick Affairs. <lb/></s> <s>This is &longs;ometimes a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on, and &longs;ome­<lb/>times Many. </s> <s>If it is a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on, that Per­<lb/>&longs;on ought certainly to be him that has the <lb/>greate&longs;t Merit. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore fir&longs;t con­<lb/>&longs;ider what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to be done for one that <lb/>has the &longs;ole Power in him&longs;elf. </s> <s>But we mu&longs;t <lb/>previou&longs;ly enquire into one very material Dif­<lb/>&longs;erence; what Kind of a Governour this is; <lb/>whether one that with Ju&longs;tice and Integrity <lb/>rules over willing Subjects; one not guided &longs;o <lb/>much by his own Intere&longs;t, as the Good and <lb/>Welfare of his People: or &longs;uch a one as would <lb/>have Things &longs;o contrived with Relation to his <lb/>Subjects, that he may be able to continue his <lb/>Dominion over them, let them be ever &longs;o unea&longs;y <lb/>under it. </s> <s>For the Generality of particular <lb/>Buildings, and the City it&longs;elf ought to be laid <lb/>out differently for a Tyrant, from what they <lb/>are for tho&longs;e who enjoy and protect a Govern­<lb/>ment as if it were a Magi&longs;tracy voluntarily put <lb/>into their Hands. </s> <s>A good King takes Care to <lb/>have his City &longs;trongly fortified in tho&longs;e Parts, <lb/>which are mo&longs;t liable to be a&longs;&longs;aulted by a foreign <lb/>Enemy: a Tyrant, having no le&longs;s Danger to <lb/>fear from his Subjects than from Strangers, mu&longs;t <lb/>fortify his City no le&longs;s again&longs;t his own People, <lb/>than again&longs;t Foreigners: and his Fortifications <lb/>mu&longs;t be &longs;o contrived, that upon Occa&longs;ion he <lb/>may employ the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of Strangers again&longs;t <lb/>his own People, and of one Part of his People <lb/>again&longs;t the other. </s> <s>In the preceding Book, we <lb/>&longs;hewed how a City ought to be fortified again&longs;t <lb/>foreign Enemies: Let us here con&longs;ider how it is <lb/>to be provided again&longs;t the Inhabitants them­<lb/>&longs;elves.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Euripides<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks the Multitude is naturally a <lb/>very powerful Enemy, and that if they added <pb xlink:href="003/01/101.jpg" pagenum="83"/>Cunning and Fraud to their Strength, they <lb/>would be irre&longs;i&longs;tible. </s> <s>The politick Kings of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cairo<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> a City &longs;o populous that they <lb/>thought it was extremely healthy and flouri&longs;h­<lb/>ing, when no more than a thou&longs;and People died <lb/>in a Day, divided it by &longs;o many Cuts and Chan­<lb/>nels, that it &longs;eemed not to be one &longs;ingle City, <lb/>but a great Number of &longs;mall Towns lying toge­<lb/>ther. </s> <s>This I &longs;uppo&longs;e they did, not &longs;o much <lb/>that the Conveniencies of the River might be <lb/>equally di&longs;tributed, as to &longs;ecure them&longs;elves <lb/>again&longs;t the popular Commotions of a great <lb/>Multitude, and that if any &longs;uch &longs;hould happen, <lb/>they might the more ca&longs;ily &longs;uppre&longs;s them: ju&longs;t <lb/>as if a Man out of one huge Colo&longs;&longs;us, &longs;hould <lb/>make two or more Statues, that he might be better <lb/>able to manage or remove them. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>never u&longs;ed to &longs;end a Senator into <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> with <lb/>Procon&longs;ular Authority, to govern the whole <lb/>Province; but only &longs;ome Knights, with Com­<lb/>mi&longs;&longs;ion to govern &longs;eparate Parts of it. </s> <s>And <lb/>this they did, as we are informed by <emph type="italics"/>Arrian,<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/>Intent that a Province &longs;o inclined to Tumults <lb/>and Innovations, might not be under the Care <lb/>of a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on: and they ob&longs;erved that no <lb/>City was more exempt from Di&longs;cord, than tho&longs;e <lb/>which were divided by Nature, either by a Ri­<lb/>ver flowing thro' the Middle of it, or by a Num­<lb/>ber of little &longs;eparate Hills; or by being built <lb/>one Part upon a Hill, and the other upon a <lb/>Plain, with a Wall between them. </s> <s>And this <lb/>Wall or Divi&longs;ion, I think, ought not to bedrawn <lb/>like a Diameter clear thro'the Area, but ought <lb/>rather to be made to enclo&longs;e one Circle within <lb/>another: for the richer Sort, de&longs;iring a more <lb/>open Space and more Room, will ea&longs;ily con&longs;ent <lb/>to be &longs;hut out of the inner Circle, and will be <lb/>very willing to leave the Middle of the Town, <lb/>to Cooks, Victuallers and other &longs;uch Trades; <lb/>and all the &longs;coundrel Rabble belonging to <emph type="italics"/>Te­<lb/>rence's<emph.end type="italics"/> Para&longs;ite, Cooks, Bakers, Butchers and <lb/>the like, will be le&longs;s dangerous there than if <lb/>they were not to live &longs;eparate from the nobler <lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>Nor is it &longs;oreign to our Purpo&longs;e <lb/>what we read in <emph type="italics"/>Fe&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Servius Tullius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>commanded the <emph type="italics"/>Patricians<emph.end type="italics"/> to dwell in a cer­<lb/>tain Part of the Town, where if they offered <lb/>at any Di&longs;turbance, he was immediately ready <lb/>to quell them from a &longs;uperior Situation. </s> <s>This <lb/>Wall within the City ought to run thro' every <lb/>Di&longs;trict of the Town; and it &longs;hould be built &longs;o <lb/>&longs;trong and thick in all Re&longs;pects, and be rai&longs;ed <lb/>&longs;o high (as indeed &longs;o ought all the other City <lb/>Walls) that it may overlook all the private <lb/>Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>It &longs;hould al&longs;o be fortified with Bat­<lb/>tlements and Towers; and a good Ditch on <lb/>both Sides would not be ami&longs;s; that your Men <lb/>may the more ea&longs;ily defend it on any Side. <lb/></s> <s>The Towers upon this Wall ought not to be <lb/>open on the In&longs;ide, but walled up quite round; <lb/>and they &longs;hould be &longs;o &longs;eated as not only to re­<lb/>pul&longs;e the A&longs;&longs;aults of a foreign Enemy, but of <lb/>Dome&longs;tick one too upon Occa&longs;ion; and particu­<lb/>larly they ought to command the great Streets, <lb/>and the Tops of all high Temples. </s> <s>I would <lb/>have no Pa&longs;&longs;age into the&longs;e Towers but from off <lb/>the Wall it&longs;elf; nor any Way up to the <lb/>Wall but what is entirely in the Power of the <lb/>Prince. </s> <s>There &longs;hould be no Arches nor Tow­<lb/>ers in the Streets that lead from the Fortre&longs;s <lb/>into the City; nor Leads or Terra&longs;&longs;es from <lb/>whence the Soldiers may be mole&longs;ted with <lb/>Stones or Darts as they pa&longs;s to their Duty. </s> <s>In <lb/>a Word, the whole &longs;hould be &longs;o contrived that <lb/>every Place, which any Way commands the <lb/>Town, &longs;hould be in the Hands of the Prince; <lb/>and that it &longs;hould not be in the Power of any <lb/>Per&longs;on what&longs;oever, to prevent his Men from <lb/>over-running the whole City as he plea&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>And herein the City of a Tyrant differs from <lb/>that of a King; and perhaps they differ too in <lb/>this, that a Town in a Plain is mo&longs;t conveni­<lb/>ent for a free People; but one upon a Hill the <lb/>&longs;afe&longs;t &longs;or a Tyrant. </s> <s>The other Edifices for <lb/>the Habitation both for King and Tyrant, are <lb/>not only the &longs;ame in mo&longs;t re&longs;pects, but al&longs;o <lb/>differ very little from the Hou&longs;es of private <lb/>Per&longs;ons: And in &longs;ome Particulars they differ <lb/>both from one another, and from the&longs;e latter <lb/>too. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e Things <lb/>wherein they agree; and of their Peculiarities <lb/>afterwards. </s> <s>This Sort of Buildings is &longs;aid to <lb/>have been invented only for Nece&longs;&longs;ity: Yet <lb/>there are &longs;ome Parts of them which &longs;erve be­<lb/>&longs;ides to Conveniency, that by U&longs;e and Habit <lb/>&longs;eem to be grown as nece&longs;&longs;ary as any: Such as <lb/>Porticoes, Places for taking the Air in, and the <lb/>like: Which, though Method may &longs;eem to re­<lb/>quire it, I &longs;hall not di&longs;tingui&longs;h &longs;o nicely, as to <lb/>divide what is convenient from what is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary: But &longs;hall only &longs;ay, that as in the City it­<lb/>&longs;elf, &longs;o in the&longs;e Particular Structures, &longs;ome <lb/>Parts belong to the whole Hou&longs;hold, &longs;ome to <lb/>the U&longs;es of a few, and others to that of a &longs;ingle <lb/>Per&longs;on.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/102.jpg" pagenum="84"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Portico, Ve&longs;tibule, Court-yard, Hall, Stairs, Lobbies, Apertures, Back­<lb/>doors, concealed Pa&longs;&longs;ages and private Apartments; and wherein the Hou&longs;es <lb/>of Princes differ from tho&longs;e of private Men; as al&longs;o of the &longs;eparate and <lb/>common Apartments for the Prince and his Spou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I do not think the Portico and Ve&longs;tibule <lb/>were made only for the Conveniency of <lb/>Servants, as <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays; but rather for the <lb/>common U&longs;e of the Citizens: But Places for <lb/>walking in within the Hou&longs;e, the inner Court­<lb/>yard, the Hall (which I believe took its Name <lb/>from Dancing, becau&longs;e Nuptials and Fea&longs;ts <lb/>are celebrated in it) do not belong at all to the <lb/>Publick, but entirely to the Inhabitants. </s> <s>Par­<lb/>lours for eating in are of two Sorts, &longs;ome for <lb/>the Ma&longs;ter, and others for the Servants: Bed­<lb/>chambers are for the Matrons, Virgins, Gue&longs;ts, <lb/>and are to be &longs;eparate for each. </s> <s>Of the uni­<lb/>ver&longs;al Divi&longs;ion of the&longs;e, we have already treat­<lb/>ed in our fir&longs;t Book of De&longs;igns, as far as was <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary under a general Title: We &longs;hall now <lb/>proceed to &longs;hew the Number of all the&longs;e, their <lb/>Proportions, and proper Situations for the great­<lb/>e&longs;t Convenience of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>The Por­<lb/>tico and Ve&longs;tibule are adorned by the Noble­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Entrance; the Entrance is adorned by <lb/>the View which it has before it, and by the <lb/>Magnificence of its Workman&longs;hip. </s> <s>Then the <lb/>inner Rooms for eating, laying up all Manner <lb/>of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, and the like, ought to be &longs;o <lb/>contrived and &longs;ituated, that the Things pre­<lb/>&longs;erved in them may be well kept, that there be <lb/>no want of Sun or Air, and that they have all <lb/>Manner of proper Conveniencies, and be kept <lb/>di&longs;tinct, &longs;o that too great Familarity may not <lb/>le&longs;&longs;en the Dignity, Conveniency or Plea&longs;ure of <lb/>Gue&longs;ts, nor encourage the Impertinence of <lb/>Per&longs;ons that pay their Attendance to you. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed Ve&longs;tibules, Halls, and the like <lb/>Places of publick Reception in Hou&longs;es, ought <lb/>to be like Squares and other open Places in <lb/>Cities; not in a remote private Corner, but in <lb/>the Center and the mo&longs;t publick Place, where all <lb/>the other Members may readily meet: For here <lb/>all Lobbies and Stair-ca&longs;es are to terminate; <lb/>here you meet and receive your Gue&longs;ts. </s> <s>More­<lb/>over, the Hou&longs;e &longs;hould not have above one <lb/>Entrance, to the Intent that nobody may come <lb/>in, nor any thing be carried out, without the <lb/>Knowledge of the Porter. </s> <s>Take Care too, <lb/>that the Windows and Doors do not lie handy <lb/>for Thieves, nor be &longs;o open to the Neighbours <lb/>that they can interrupt, or &longs;ee or hear what is <lb/>&longs;aid or done in the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>built their private Hou&longs;es without any Win­<lb/>dows outwards. </s> <s>Some perhaps may be for <lb/>having a Back-gate to which the Fruits of the <lb/>Harve&longs;t may be brought home, either in Carts <lb/>or on Hor&longs;es, and not make a Na&longs;tine&longs;s before <lb/>the principal Entrance; as al&longs;o a &longs;maller pri­<lb/>vate Door, at which the Ma&longs;ter of the Hou&longs;e, <lb/>without the Knowledge of any of his Family, <lb/>may receive any private Me&longs;&longs;ages or Advices, <lb/>and go out him&longs;elf, as his Occa&longs;ions call him. <lb/></s> <s>I have nothing to &longs;ay again&longs;t the&longs;e: And I am <lb/>entirely for having concealed Pa&longs;&longs;ages and pri­<lb/>vate and hidden Apartments, barely known to <lb/>the Ma&longs;ter him&longs;elf; where, upon any Misfor­<lb/>tune, he may hide his Plate and other Wealth, <lb/>or by which, if need be, he may e&longs;cape him­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>David's<emph.end type="italics"/> Sepulchre there were &longs;everal <lb/>private Places made for concealing the King's <lb/>Hereditary Trea&longs;ures; and they were contriv­<lb/>ed &longs;o cunningly, that it was hardly po&longs;&longs;ible to <lb/>find them out. </s> <s>Out of one of the&longs;e Places, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that <emph type="italics"/>Hircanus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the High <lb/>Prie&longs;t, thirteen hundred Years afterwards. </s> <s>took <lb/>three thou&longs;and Talents of Gold (which makes <lb/>eighteen hundred thou&longs;and <emph type="italics"/>Italian<emph.end type="italics"/> Crowns) to <lb/>free the City from <emph type="italics"/>Antiochus's<emph.end type="italics"/> Siege: And out <lb/>of another of them, <emph type="italics"/>Herod,<emph.end type="italics"/> a long Time after <lb/>that, got a va&longs;t Quantity of Gold. </s> <s>In the&longs;e <lb/>Things therefore the Hou&longs;es of Princes agree <lb/>with tho&longs;e of private Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>The chief Dif­<lb/>ference between private Hou&longs;es and Palaces is, <lb/>that there is a particular Air &longs;uitable to each: <lb/>In the Latter the Rooms de&longs;igned for the Re­<lb/>ception of Company &longs;hould be more numerous <lb/>and &longs;pacious; tho&longs;e which are intended only <lb/>for the U&longs;e of a Few, or only of one Per&longs;on, <lb/>&longs;hould be rather neat than large: But here <lb/>again a Palace &longs;hould differ from the Hou&longs;e <lb/>of a private Per&longs;on, and even the&longs;e private A­<lb/>partments &longs;hould be made more &longs;pacious and <lb/>large, becau&longs;e all Parts of a Prince's Palace are <pb xlink:href="003/01/103.jpg" pagenum="85"/>generally crowded. </s> <s>In private Hou&longs;es, tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts which are for the Reception of many, <lb/>&longs;hould not be made at all different from tho&longs;e <lb/>of a Prince; and the Apartments &longs;hould be <lb/>kept di&longs;tinct for the Wife, for the Hu&longs;band, <lb/>and for the Servants; and every thing is not <lb/>to be contrived merely for Conveniency, but <lb/>for Grandeur too, and &longs;o, that the Number of <lb/>Servants may not breed any Confu&longs;ion. </s> <s>All <lb/>this indeed is very difficult, and hardly po&longs;&longs;i­<lb/>ble to be done under a &longs;ingle Roof: therefore <lb/>every Member of the Hou&longs;e mu&longs;t have its par­<lb/>ticular Area and Platform, and have a di&longs;tinct <lb/>Covering and Wall of its own: but then all <lb/>the Members &longs;hould be &longs;o joined together by <lb/>the Roof and by Lobbies, that the Servants, <lb/>when they are wanted about their Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, <lb/>may not be called, as it were, out of another <lb/>Hou&longs;e, but be always ready at Hand. </s> <s>Children <lb/>and Maids, among whom there is an eternal <lb/>Chattering, &longs;hould be entirely &longs;eparated from <lb/>the Ma&longs;ter's Apartment, and &longs;o &longs;hould the <lb/>Dirtine&longs;s of the Servants. </s> <s>The Apartments <lb/>where Princes are to eat &longs;hould be in the no­<lb/>ble&longs;t Part of the Palace; it &longs;hould &longs;tand high, <lb/>and command a fine Pro&longs;pect of Sea, Hills, <lb/>and wide Views, which gives it an Air of <lb/>Greatne&longs;s. </s> <s>The Hou&longs;e for his Spou&longs;e &longs;hould <lb/>be entirely &longs;eparated from that of the Prince <lb/>her Husband, except only in the la&longs;t Apart­<lb/>ment or Bed-chamber, which &longs;hould be in <lb/>common between both; but then a &longs;ingle Gate, <lb/>under the Care of the &longs;ame Porter, &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;erve both their Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>The other Particu­<lb/>lars wherein the Hou&longs;es of Princes differ from <lb/>tho&longs;e of private Per&longs;ons, are &longs;uch as are in a <lb/>Manner peculiar to the&longs;e latter; and therefore <lb/>we &longs;hall &longs;peak of them in their Place. </s> <s>The <lb/>Hou&longs;es of Princes agree with one another in an­<lb/>other Re&longs;pect; which is, that be&longs;ides tho&longs;e <lb/>Conveniencies which they ought to have for <lb/>their private U&longs;e, they &longs;hould have an Entrance <lb/>from the Ma&longs;ter Way, and e&longs;pecially from the <lb/>Sea or River; and in&longs;tead of a Ve&longs;tibule, they <lb/>&longs;hould have a large open Area, big enough to <lb/>receive the Train of an Amba&longs;&longs;ador, or any <lb/>other Great Man, whether they come in <lb/>Coaches, in Barks, or on Hor&longs;eback.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Properties of the Portico, Lobby, Halls, both for Summer and Winter, <lb/>Watch-Towers, and the Difference between the Ca&longs;tle for a Tyrant, and the <lb/>Palace for a King.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I would have the Portico be not only a con­<lb/>venient Covering for Men, but for Bea&longs;ts <lb/>al&longs;o, to &longs;helter them from Sun or Rain. </s> <s>Ju&longs;t <lb/>before the Ve&longs;tibule nothing can be nobler <lb/>than a hand&longs;ome Portico, where the Youth, <lb/>waiting till their old Gentlemen return from <lb/>tran&longs;acting Bu&longs;ine&longs;s with the Prince, may em­<lb/>ploy them&longs;elves in all Manner of Exerci&longs;e, <lb/>Leaping, Tennis, Throwing of Stones, or <lb/>Wre&longs;tling. </s> <s>Next within &longs;hould be a hand&longs;ome <lb/>Lobby, or a large Hall; where the Clients <lb/>waiting for their Patrons, may conver&longs;e toge­<lb/>ther; and where the Prince's Seat may be pre­<lb/>pared for his giving his Decrees. </s> <s>Wherein this <lb/>there mu&longs;t be another Hall, where the principal <lb/>Men in the State may a&longs;&longs;emble them&longs;elves to­<lb/>gether in order to &longs;alute their Prince, and to give <lb/>their Thoughts concerning what&longs;oever he que&longs;ti­<lb/>ons them about: Perhaps it may not be ami&longs;s to <lb/>have two of tho&longs;e, one for Summer and ano­<lb/>ther for Winter; and in the Contrivance of them, <lb/>particular Regard mu&longs;t be had to the great Age <lb/>of the Fathers that are to meet in them, that <lb/>there be no Inconveniencies in them which may <lb/>any way endanger their Health, and that they <lb/>may &longs;tay in them as long as their Bu&longs;ine&longs;s re­<lb/>quires, with Safety and Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>We are told <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Seneca,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Gracchus<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t, and afterwards <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Dru&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> contrived not to give Audience to <lb/>every body in the &longs;ame Place, but to make <lb/>proper Di&longs;tinctions among the Crowd, and to <lb/>receive &longs;ome in private, others in &longs;elect Num­<lb/>bers, and the Re&longs;t in publick, to &longs;hew which <lb/>had the fir&longs;t, and which only the &longs;econd Share <lb/>in their Friend&longs;hip. </s> <s>If you are in the &longs;ame <lb/>high Rank of Fortune, and this Manner of <lb/>Proceeding either becomes or plea&longs;es you, the <lb/>be&longs;t Way will be to have &longs;everal Doors to re­<lb/>ceive your Friends at, by which you may di&longs;­<lb/>mi&longs;s tho&longs;e that have had Audience, and keep <lb/>out &longs;uch as you don't care to grant it to, with­<lb/>out giving them too much Offence. </s> <s>At the <lb/>Top of the Hou&longs;e there &longs;hould be a high <lb/>Watch-Tower, from whence you may at any <pb xlink:href="003/01/104.jpg" pagenum="86"/>Time &longs;ee any Commotion in the City. </s> <s>In the&longs;e <lb/>Particulars the Palace of a King and of a Ty­<lb/>rant agree; but then they differ in the&longs;e <lb/>other. </s> <s>The Palace of a King &longs;hould &longs;tand in <lb/>the Heart of a City, it &longs;hould be ea&longs;y of Acce&longs;s, <lb/>beauti&longs;ully adorned, and rather delicate and <lb/>polite than proud or &longs;tately: But a Tyrant <lb/>&longs;hould have rather a Ca&longs;tle than a Palace, and <lb/>it &longs;hould &longs;tand in a Manner out of the City and <lb/>in it at the &longs;ame Time. </s> <s>It looks noble to have <lb/>the Palace of a King be near adjoyning to the <lb/>Theatre, the Temple, and &longs;ome Noblemens <lb/>hand&longs;ome Hou&longs;es: The Tyrant mu&longs;t have his <lb/>Ca&longs;tle entirely &longs;eparated from all other Build­<lb/>ings. </s> <s>Both &longs;hould be built in a hand&longs;ome and <lb/>noble Manner, but yet &longs;o that the Palace may <lb/>not be &longs;o large and rambling as to be not ea&longs;ily <lb/>defended again&longs;t any In&longs;ult; nor the Ca&longs;tle &longs;o <lb/>clo&longs;e and &longs;o crampt up, as to look more like a <lb/>Jail than the Re&longs;idence of a great Prince. <lb/></s> <s>We &longs;hould not omit one Contrivance very con­<lb/>venient for a Tyrant, which is to have &longs;ome <lb/>private Pipes concealed within the Body of the <lb/>Wall, by which he may &longs;ecretly hear every <lb/>Thing that is &longs;aid either by Strangers or Ser­<lb/>vants. </s> <s>But as a Royal Hou&longs;e is different from <lb/>a Fortre&longs;s in almo&longs;t all Re&longs;pects, and e&longs;pecial­<lb/>ly in the main Ones, the be&longs;t Way is to let the <lb/>Palace join to the Fortre&longs;s. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb/>u&longs;ed to build their Fortre&longs;s in the City, that to <lb/>they or their King might have a Place to fly <lb/>to in any Time of Adver&longs;ity, and where the Vir­<lb/>tue of their Virgins and Matrons might be <lb/>protected by the Holine&longs;s of a Sanctuary: For <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fe&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Ancients u&longs;ed to con­<lb/>&longs;ecrate their Fortre&longs;&longs;es to Religion, upon which <lb/>Account they were called <emph type="italics"/>Auguriales,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that <lb/>in them a certain Sacrifice u&longs;ed to be perform­<lb/>ed by Virgins, which was extremely &longs;ecret and <lb/>entirely remote from the Knowledge of the <lb/>Vulgar. </s> <s>Accordingly you &longs;eldom meet with <lb/>an ancient Fortre&longs;s without its Temple. </s> <s>But <lb/>Tyrants afterwards u&longs;urped the Fortre&longs;s to <lb/>them&longs;elves, and overthrew the Piety and Reli­<lb/>gion of the Place, converting it to their cruel <lb/>and wicked Purpo&longs;es, and &longs;o made what was <lb/>de&longs;igned as a Refuge to the Mi&longs;erable, a Source <lb/>of Mi&longs;eries. </s> <s>But, to return. </s> <s>The Fortre&longs;s be­<lb/>longing to the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter Hammon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was encompa&longs;&longs;ed with three Walls; the fir&longs;t <lb/>Fortification was for the Prince, the &longs;econd for <lb/>his Spou&longs;e and her Children, and the la&longs;t was <lb/>the Po&longs;t of the Soldiers. </s> <s>A Stucture very well <lb/>contrived, only that it was much better adapt­<lb/>ed for Defence than Offence. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t confe&longs;s <lb/>that as I cannot &longs;ay much for the Valour of a <lb/>Soldier that only knows how to repul&longs;e an E­<lb/>nemy that a&longs;&longs;aults him, &longs;o I cannot much <lb/>commend a Fort that, be&longs;ides being able to <lb/>defend it&longs;elf, is not al&longs;o well di&longs;po&longs;ed for of­<lb/>fending its Enemies. </s> <s>But yet you &longs;hould con­<lb/>trive the Matter &longs;o, that though you have both <lb/>tho&longs;e Advantages, you &longs;hould &longs;eem to have had <lb/>an Eye only to one of them, namely, your own <lb/>Defence; that it may be thought the other <lb/>happened only from the Situation and Nature <lb/>of the Building.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Situation, Structure and Fortification of a Fortre&longs;s, whether in <lb/>a Plain, or upon a Hill, its Inclo&longs;ure, Area, Walls, Ditches, Bridges, and <lb/>Towers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I find that even Men of good Experience in <lb/>military Affairs, are in Doubt which is the <lb/>be&longs;t and &longs;tronge&longs;t Manner of building a For­<lb/>tre&longs;s, either upon a Hill or Plain. </s> <s>There is <lb/>&longs;carce any Hill but what may be either at­<lb/>tacked or undermined; nor any Plain but <lb/>what may be &longs;o well fortified that it &longs;hall be <lb/>impo&longs;&longs;ible to a&longs;&longs;ault it without great Danger. <lb/></s> <s>But I &longs;hall not di&longs;pute about this Que&longs;tion. <lb/></s> <s>Our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to contrive every Thing &longs;uita­<lb/>bly to the Nature of the Place; and indeed all <lb/>the Rules which we have laid down for the <lb/>building a City, &longs;hould be ob&longs;erved in the <lb/>building a Fortre&longs;s. </s> <s>The Fortre&longs;s particular­<lb/>ly &longs;hould be &longs;ure to have even and direct <lb/>Streets, by which the Garri&longs;on may march to <lb/>attack an Enemy, or in Ca&longs;e of Sedition or <lb/>Treachery, their own Citizens and Inhabitants, <lb/>and bring in Succours, either out of their own <lb/>Country or from Abroad, without Impedi­<lb/>ment, by Land, River, Lake, or Sea. </s> <s>One <lb/>very good Form for the Area of a Fortre&longs;s, is <lb/>that of a C joining to all the City Walls as to <lb/>a round O with bending Horns, but not en­<pb xlink:href="003/01/105.jpg" pagenum="87"/>compa&longs;&longs;ing them quite round; as is al&longs;o that <lb/>which is &longs;haped like a Star with Rays running <lb/>out to the Circumference; and thus the For­<lb/>tre&longs;s will be, as we before ob&longs;erved it ought, <lb/>neither within nor without the City. </s> <s>If we <lb/>were to give a brief De&longs;cription of the Fortre&longs;s, <lb/>or Citadel, it might perhaps be not ami&longs;s to <lb/>&longs;ay that it is the Back-door to the City &longs;trong­<lb/>ly &longs;ortified on all Sides. </s> <s>But let it be what it <lb/>will, whether the Crown of the Wall, or the <lb/>Key to the City, it ought to look fierce, ter­<lb/>rible, rugged, dangerous, and unconquerable; <lb/>and the le&longs;s it is, the &longs;tronger it will be. </s> <s>A <lb/>&longs;mall one will require the Fidelity only of a <lb/>few, but a large one that of a great many: <lb/>And, as <emph type="italics"/>Euripides<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, there never was a Mul­<lb/>titude without a great many dangerous Spirits <lb/>in it; &longs;o that in the Ca&longs;e before us, the Fewer <lb/>we have occa&longs;ion to tru&longs;t, the Safer we &longs;hall be. <lb/></s> <s>The outward Wall, or Inclo&longs;ure of the For­<lb/>tre&longs;s &longs;hould be built very &longs;trong, of large <lb/>Stone, with a good Slope on the Out&longs;ide, that <lb/>the Ladders &longs;et again&longs;t it may be weakened by <lb/>their &longs;tanding too oblique; and that the Ene­<lb/>my who A&longs;&longs;aults it and endeavours to &longs;cale it, <lb/>may lie entirely open to the Stones thrown <lb/>down upon him; and that Things ca&longs;t at the <lb/>Wall by the military Engines may not &longs;trike <lb/>it full, but be thrown off a&longs;lant. </s> <s>The Ground <lb/>or Area on the In&longs;ide &longs;hould be all paved with <lb/>two or even three Layers of very large Stones, <lb/>that the Be&longs;iegers may not get in upon you by <lb/>Mines run under the Wall. </s> <s>All the Re&longs;t of <lb/>the Walls &longs;hould be made very high, and very <lb/>&longs;trong and thick quite to the uppermo&longs;t Cor­<lb/>ni&longs;h, that they may &longs;toutly re&longs;i&longs;t all Manner of <lb/>Battery, and not ea&longs;ily be mounted by Ladders, <lb/>nor commanded by Intrenchments ca&longs;t up on <lb/>the Out&longs;ide. </s> <s>In other Re&longs;pects the &longs;ame <lb/>Rules are to be ob&longs;erved that we have given <lb/>for the Walls of the City. </s> <s>The greate&longs;t De­<lb/>fence to the Walls either of a City or Fortre&longs;s <lb/>is to be &longs;o provided, that the Enemy cannot <lb/>approach you on any Side without being ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to imminent Danger. </s> <s>This is done both <lb/>by making very broad and deep Ditches, as <lb/>we &longs;aid before; and al&longs;o by leaving private <lb/>Loop-Holes almo&longs;t at the very Bottom of the <lb/>Wall, by which, while the Enemy is covering <lb/>him&longs;elf with his Shield from the Be&longs;ieged above, <lb/>he may be taken in his Flank which lies un­<lb/>guarded. </s> <s>And indeed, there is no Kind of <lb/>Defence &longs;o &longs;erviceable as this. </s> <s>You gaul the <lb/>Enemy from the&longs;e Loop-Holes with the greate&longs;t <lb/>Safety to your&longs;elf, you have a nearer Aim at <lb/>him, and you are &longs;ure to do mo&longs;t Execution, <lb/>&longs;ince it is impo&longs;&longs;ible he &longs;hould defend all Parts <lb/>of his Body at the &longs;ame Time: And if your <lb/>Weapon pa&longs;&longs;es by the fir&longs;t Man without hurt­<lb/>ing him, it meets another, and &longs;ometimes <lb/>wounds two or three at a Time. </s> <s>On the <lb/>Contrary, when the be&longs;ieged throws Things <lb/>down from the Top of the Wall, they mu&longs;t <lb/>&longs;tand expo&longs;ed to a good Deal of Danger, and <lb/>it is a great Chance whether they hit &longs;o much <lb/>as one Man, who may ea&longs;ily &longs;ee what is com­<lb/>ing upon him, and avoid it, or turn it a&longs;ide <lb/>with his Buckler. </s> <s>If the Fortre&longs;s &longs;tands upon <lb/>the Sea-&longs;ide, you &longs;hould fix Piles and Heaps of <lb/>Stone &longs;cattered up and down about the Coa&longs;t <lb/>to make it un&longs;afe, and prevent any Batteries in <lb/>Shipping from coming too near. </s> <s>If it is upon <lb/>a Plain it &longs;hould be &longs;urrounded with a Ditch <lb/>filled with Water; but then to prevent its <lb/>&longs;tinking and infecting the Air, you &longs;hould dig <lb/>for it till you come to a living Spring. </s> <s>If it is upon <lb/>a Hill, it &longs;hould be encompa&longs;&longs;ed with broken <lb/>Precipices; and where we have an Opportuni­<lb/>ty we &longs;hould make u&longs;e of all the&longs;e Advantages <lb/>together. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Parts which are expo&longs;ed to <lb/>battery, &longs;hould be made Semi-circular, or ra­<lb/>ther with a &longs;harp Angle like the Head of a <lb/>Ship. </s> <s>I am not to learn that &longs;ome People of <lb/>good Experience in military Matters, are of <lb/>Opinion that very high Walls are dangerous in <lb/>Ca&longs;e of Battery; becau&longs;e their Ruins fill up the <lb/>Ditch, and make a Way in it for the Enemy to <lb/>approach and a&longs;&longs;ault the Place. </s> <s>But we &longs;hall <lb/>avoid this Inconvenience, if we ob&longs;erve all the <lb/>Rules before laid down. </s> <s>But to return. </s> <s>With­<lb/>in the Fortre&longs;s ought to be one principal Tower, <lb/>built in the &longs;toute&longs;t Manner, and &longs;ortified as <lb/>&longs;trongly as po&longs;&longs;ible, higher than any other Part <lb/>of the Ca&longs;tle, and not acce&longs;&longs;ible by more than <lb/>one Way, to which there &longs;hould be no other <lb/>Entrance but by a Draw-bridge. </s> <s>Draw­<lb/>bridges are of two Sorts; one which is lifted up <lb/>and &longs;tops up the Entrance; the other, which <lb/>&longs;lides out and in, as you have occa&longs;ion for it. <lb/></s> <s>In a Place expo&longs;ed to boi&longs;terous Winds, this <lb/>la&longs;t is the mo&longs;t Convenient. </s> <s>Any Tower that <lb/>may po&longs;&longs;ibly infe&longs;t this principal One, ought <lb/>to be left quite open and naked on that Side <lb/>which &longs;tands towards it, or faced only with a <lb/>very thin weak Wall.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/106.jpg" pagenum="88"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of tho&longs;e Parts of the Fortre&longs;s where the Soldiers are to &longs;tand either to keep <lb/>centinel, or to fight. </s> <s>Of the Covering or Roof of the Fortre&longs;s, and in what <lb/>Manner it is to be made &longs;trong, and of the other Conveniencies nece&longs;&longs;ary in the <lb/>Ca&longs;tle, either of a King or a Tyrant.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Place where the Soldiers are to &longs;tand <lb/>to keep centinel, and to defend the <lb/>Wall, &longs;hould be &longs;o laid out, that &longs;ome may <lb/>guard the lower Parts of the Fortre&longs;s, others <lb/>the upper, thus being all di&longs;tributed into vari­<lb/>ous Po&longs;ts and Employments. </s> <s>In a Word, the <lb/>Entrance in, and Pa&longs;&longs;age out, and every &longs;epa­<lb/>rate Part &longs;hould be &longs;o contrived and &longs;ecured, <lb/>that it may be expo&longs;ed neither to the Treach­<lb/>ery of Friends, nor the Force or Fraud of Ene­<lb/>mies. </s> <s>The Roofs in a Fortre&longs;s &longs;hould be built <lb/>with an acute Angle, and very &longs;trong, that <lb/>they may not ea&longs;ily be demoli&longs;hed by the <lb/>Weight of what is thrown from the military <lb/>Engines; the Rafters in them mu&longs;t &longs;tand very <lb/>clo&longs;e together, and a Covering over them, and <lb/>then lay the Gutters for carrying off the Rain, <lb/>but entirely without Lime or Mortar. </s> <s>Then <lb/>make a Covering over the Whole of Pieces of <lb/>Tile, or rather of Pumice-&longs;tones, to the Heighth <lb/>of three Foot: Thus it will neither be in <lb/>Danger from any Weight falling upon it, nor <lb/>from Fire. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, a Fortre&longs;s is to be built <lb/>like a little Town: It &longs;hould be fortified with <lb/>the &longs;ame Care and Art, and if po&longs;&longs;ible, pro­<lb/>vided with all the Conveniencies that a Town <lb/>&longs;hould be. </s> <s>It mu&longs;t not want Water, nor &longs;uf­<lb/>ficient room for lodging the Soldiers, and laying <lb/>up Stores of Arms, Corn, Salted-meat, Vine­<lb/>gar, and particularly Wood. </s> <s>And within this <lb/>Fortre&longs;s too, that which we called the princi­<lb/>pal Tower, ought to be a little Fortre&longs;s within <lb/>it&longs;elf, and &longs;hould want none of the Conveni­<lb/>encies required in a great one. </s> <s>It &longs;hould have <lb/>its own Ci&longs;terns, and Store-rooms for all Pro­<lb/>vi&longs;ions nece&longs;&longs;ary, either for its Maintenance or <lb/>Defence. </s> <s>It &longs;hould have Pa&longs;&longs;ages, by which <lb/>it may upon Occa&longs;ion attack even its own <lb/>Friends, and for the Admi&longs;&longs;ion of Succours. </s> <s>I <lb/>will not omit one Circum&longs;tance, which is, that <lb/>Ca&longs;tles have &longs;ometimes been defended by <lb/>Means of their private Pa&longs;&longs;ages for Water, and <lb/>Towns taken by Means of their Drains. </s> <s>Both <lb/>the&longs;e may be of U&longs;e for &longs;ending out private <lb/>Me&longs;&longs;engers. </s> <s>But you &longs;hould be &longs;ure to con­<lb/>trive them &longs;o, that they may do you more Ser­<lb/>vice than Prejudice. </s> <s>Let them therefore be <lb/>made but ju&longs;t big enough; let them run wind­<lb/>ing &longs;everal Ways, and let them end in &longs;ome <lb/>very deep Place, that there may not be room <lb/>enough for a Man with his Arms, and that <lb/>even one unarmed may not get into the Ca&longs;tle <lb/>without being permitted or called. </s> <s>The <lb/>Mouths of them may end very conveniently <lb/>in &longs;ome common Drain, or rather in &longs;ome un­<lb/>known de&longs;art Place, or in a private Chapel, or <lb/>a Tomb in &longs;ome Church. </s> <s>We &longs;hould like­<lb/>wi&longs;e never be unprovided again&longs;t human Acci­<lb/>dents and Calamities; and therefore it will be <lb/>very proper to have &longs;ome Pa&longs;&longs;age into the very <lb/>Heart of the Fortre&longs;s, known to nobody but <lb/>your&longs;elf; by which if you &longs;hould ever happen <lb/>to be &longs;hut out, you may immediately get in <lb/>with an armed Force: And perhaps one good <lb/>Way to do this may be to have &longs;ome very pri­<lb/>vate Part of the Wall built only of Earth or <lb/>Chalk, and not of Stone and Mortar. </s> <s>Thus <lb/>much may &longs;uffice for what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to be <lb/>done for a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on that is po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ed of the <lb/>Government, whether King or Tyrant.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Parts of which the Republick con&longs;i&longs;ts. </s> <s>The proper Situation and <lb/>Building for the Hou&longs;es of tho&longs;e that govern the Republick, and of the Prie&longs;ts. <lb/></s> <s>Of Temples, as well large as &longs;mall, Chapels and Oratories.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to treat of tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which are proper to &longs;uch as are at the <lb/>Head not of a Monarchy but of a Common­<lb/>wealth; and here the Power is lodged either <lb/>in the Hands of &longs;ome one &longs;ingle Magi&longs;trate, <lb/>or el&longs;e is divided among a certain Number. <pb xlink:href="003/01/107.jpg" pagenum="89"/>The Republick con&longs;i&longs;ts of Things &longs;acred, <lb/>which appertain to the publick Wor&longs;hip: The <lb/>Care of which is in the Prie&longs;ts; and of Things <lb/>profane, which regard the Welfare and good of <lb/>the Society; the Care of which is in the Sena­<lb/>tors and Judges at Home, and in the Generals <lb/>of Armies and Fleets Abroad. </s> <s>To each of <lb/>the&longs;e belong two Kinds of Building, one upon <lb/>account of the Per&longs;on's Office, the other for <lb/>the U&longs;e of his own private Family. </s> <s>Every <lb/>Man's Hou&longs;e &longs;hould certainly be &longs;uited to the <lb/>Condition of Life which he is in, whether he <lb/>is a King, a Tyrant, or a private Per&longs;on. </s> <s>There <lb/>are &longs;ome Circum&longs;tances which in a particular <lb/>Manner become Men in high Stations. <emph type="italics"/>Virgil<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>very judiciou&longs;ly makes <emph type="italics"/>Anchi&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/> have his Hou&longs;e <lb/>in a private Part of the City, and &longs;haded with <lb/>Trees; knowing very well that the Habitati­<lb/>ons of great Men, for the Dignity and Quiet <lb/>both of them&longs;elves and Families, &longs;hould be re­<lb/>mote from the Concour&longs;e of the Vulgar, and <lb/>from the Noi&longs;e of Trades; and this not only <lb/>for the Plea&longs;ure and Conveniency of having <lb/>Room for Gardens, Groves, or the like, but <lb/>al&longs;o that &longs;o large a Family, con&longs;i&longs;ting of diffe­<lb/>rent Sorts of People, may not lie in the Way <lb/>to be corrupted and debauched by an ill <lb/>Neighbourhood, &longs;ince (as is rightly ob&longs;erved) <lb/>more Mi&longs;chief is done by Wine Abroad than at <lb/>Home: And moreover, in order to avoid the <lb/>eternal Torment of numerous Vi&longs;itors and At­<lb/>tendants. </s> <s>I have indeed ob&longs;erved that wi&longs;e <lb/>Princes have not only placed them&longs;elves out of <lb/>the Way of the Crowd, but even out of the <lb/>City it&longs;elf, that the common People might not <lb/>be trouble&longs;ome to them, but when they were <lb/>in &longs;ome particular Want of their Protection: <lb/>And, in Reality, what &longs;ignifies all their Wealth <lb/>and Greatne&longs;s, if they can never enjoy a few <lb/>Hours of Repo&longs;e and Lei&longs;ure? </s> <s>However, their <lb/>Hou&longs;es, let them &longs;tand where they will, ought <lb/>to have large &longs;pacious Apartments to receive <lb/>tho&longs;e that come to attend them, and the Street <lb/>which leads from them to the Places where the <lb/>publick Affairs are tran&longs;acted, &longs;hould be of a <lb/>good Breadth, that their Servants, Clients, <lb/>Suitors and Followers crowding to attend their <lb/>Patron, may not &longs;top up the Way, and breed <lb/>Confu&longs;ion. </s> <s>The different Places where the <lb/>Magi&longs;trates are to exerci&longs;e their Offices, are <lb/>known to every Body: The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the <lb/>Senator, is in the Senate-hou&longs;e; of the Judge, <lb/>in the Tribunal, or Court of Ju&longs;tice; of the <lb/>General in the Army; of the Admiral on board <lb/>the Fleet. </s> <s>But what &longs;hall we &longs;ay of the Prie&longs;ts? <lb/></s> <s>to whom belongs not only the Temple, but <lb/>al&longs;o the Cloy&longs;ter, which might be called a <lb/>Lodgement, or Camp for Soldiers, &longs;ince the <lb/>chief Prie&longs;ts, and all his inferior Mini&longs;ters, are <lb/>employed in a &longs;tubborn and laborious Warfare, <lb/>(as we have &longs;hewed in the Book called <emph type="italics"/>The <lb/>Prie&longs;t<emph.end type="italics"/>) namely, that of Virtue again&longs;t Vice. <lb/></s> <s>Of Temples, &longs;ome are principal, as is that <lb/>wherein the chief Prie&longs;t upon &longs;tated Sea&longs;ons ce­<lb/>lebrates &longs;ome &longs;olemn Rites and Sacrifices: <lb/>Others are under the Guardian&longs;hip of inferior <lb/>Prie&longs;ts, as all Chapels in Town, and Oratories <lb/>in the Country. </s> <s>Perhaps the mo&longs;t convenient <lb/>Situation for the principal Temple may be in <lb/>the Middle of the City; but it is more Decent <lb/>to have it &longs;omewhat remote from the Crowd: <lb/>A Hill gives it an Air of Dignity, but it is more <lb/>&longs;ecure from Earthquakes in a Plain. </s> <s>In a <lb/>Word, the Temple is to be placed where it <lb/>may appear with mo&longs;t Maje&longs;ty and Reverence: <lb/>For which Rea&longs;on it &longs;hould lie entirely out of <lb/>the Way of all Filth and Indecency, to the In­<lb/>tent that Fathers, Matrons and Virgins, who <lb/>come to offer up their Prayers, may not be <lb/>&longs;hocked and offended, or perverted from their <lb/>intended Devotions. <emph type="italics"/>Nigrigeneus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Archi­<lb/>tect, who wrote about the <emph type="italics"/>Termini,<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>that the ancient Architects were for having the <lb/>Fronts of their Temples facing the We&longs;t: But <lb/>this Cu&longs;tom was afterwards quite altered, and <lb/>it was thought better to have the Temples and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Termini<emph.end type="italics"/> look to the Ea&longs;t, that they might <lb/>have a View of the ri&longs;ing Sun. </s> <s>But I have ob­<lb/>&longs;erved my&longs;elf that the Ancients in the &longs;ituating <lb/>of their &longs;maller Temples or Chapels, generally <lb/>turned their Fronts &longs;o as they might be &longs;een <lb/>from the Sea, or &longs;ome River or great Road. <lb/></s> <s>To conclude, a Structure of this Kind ought <lb/>to be &longs;o built as to entice tho&longs;e who are ab&longs;ent <lb/>to come and &longs;ee it, and to charm and detain <lb/>tho&longs;e that are pre&longs;ent by the Beauty and Curi­<lb/>o&longs;ity of its Workman&longs;hip. </s> <s>An arched Roof <lb/>will &longs;ecure it mo&longs;t again&longs;t Fire, and a flat one <lb/>again&longs;t Earthquakes; but the former will be <lb/>the lea&longs;t liable to Decay by the Injury of Time. <lb/></s> <s>And this may &longs;uffice as to the Temples, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e many Things which &longs;eem nece&longs;&longs;ary to be <lb/>&longs;aid here, belong more properly to their Orna­<lb/>ment than to their real U&longs;e: And therefore of <lb/>tho&longs;e we &longs;hall treat el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>Smaller Tem­<lb/>ples and Chaples mu&longs;t imitate the Greater, ac­<lb/>cording to the Dignity of their Situation and <lb/>U&longs;es.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/108.jpg" pagenum="90"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Prie&longs;t's Camp is the Cloy&longs;ter; the Duty of the Prie&longs;t; the various <lb/>Sorts of Cloy&longs;ters and their proper Situations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Prie&longs;t's Camp is the Cloy&longs;ter, in <lb/>which a certain Number of Per&longs;ons &longs;hut <lb/>them&longs;elves up together in order to devote them­<lb/>&longs;elves either to Religion or Virtue; &longs;uch are tho&longs;e <lb/>who have dedicated them&longs;elves to the &longs;acred <lb/>Functions, or who have taken upon them&longs;elves <lb/>a Vow of Cha&longs;tity. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this Cloy&longs;ter is a <lb/>Place where Per&longs;ons of &longs;tudious Di&longs;po&longs;itions <lb/>employ them&longs;elves about the Knowledge of <lb/>Things as well Divine as Human; for as the <lb/>Prie&longs;t's Duty is as far as in him lies to lead <lb/>Mankind into a Cour&longs;e of Life as near to Per­<lb/>fection as po&longs;&longs;ible, this can never be done more <lb/>effectually than by Philo&longs;ophy. </s> <s>For as there <lb/>are two Things in the Nature of Man to which <lb/>this mu&longs;t be owing, Virtue and Truth; when <lb/>the former has taught us to calm and govern <lb/>our Pa&longs;&longs;ions, and the latter to know the Prin­<lb/>ciples and Secrets of Nature, which will purge <lb/>the Mind from Ignorance and the Contagion of <lb/>the Body; we may then be qualified to enter <lb/>into a happy Cour&longs;e of Life, and to have &longs;ome <lb/>Re&longs;emblance with the divine Nature it&longs;elf. </s> <s>Add <lb/>to this, that it is the Duty of all good Men, as <lb/>the Prie&longs;ts ought and would be thought to be, <lb/>to exerci&longs;e them&longs;elves in all tho&longs;e Offices of <lb/>Humanity which are due from every Man to <lb/>his Neighbour, namely, to a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t and relieve the <lb/>Poor, the Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;ed and the Infirm, to the ut­<lb/>mo&longs;t of their Power. </s> <s>The&longs;e are the Things <lb/>in which the Prie&longs;t is to employ him&longs;elf and <lb/>all tho&longs;e under his Direction. </s> <s>Of the Struc­<lb/>tures proper for the&longs;e Purpo&longs;es, whether be­<lb/>longing to the &longs;uperior or inferior Rank of <lb/>Prie&longs;ts, we are now to treat; and fir&longs;t we &longs;hall <lb/>begin with the Cloy&longs;ter. </s> <s>Cloy&longs;ters are of &longs;e­<lb/>veral Sorts, either for &longs;uch Per&longs;ons as are to be <lb/>&longs;o &longs;trictly confined that they mu&longs;t never ap­<lb/>pear in publick at all, unle&longs;s at Church or in <lb/>Proce&longs;&longs;ions; or for tho&longs;e who are to be allow­<lb/>ed a little more Liberty. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e again &longs;ome <lb/>are for Men, others for Women. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e for <lb/>Women &longs;hould, in my Opinion, be neither too <lb/>much in the City, nor too much out of it: For <lb/>though in a Solitude they may not be &longs;o much <lb/>&longs;requented, yet any one that has a De&longs;ign may <lb/>have more Opportunity to execute any villan­<lb/>ous Enterprize where there are &longs;o few Wit­<lb/>ne&longs;&longs;es, than where there are a great many both <lb/>to &longs;hame and di&longs;&longs;wade him from &longs;uch an At­<lb/>tempt. </s> <s>It is our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s in both to take Care <lb/>not that they have no Inclinations to be un­<lb/>cha&longs;te, but no means. </s> <s>For this Purpo&longs;e every <lb/>Entrance mu&longs;t be &longs;o &longs;ecured, that nobody can <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ibly get in; and &longs;o well watched, that no­<lb/>body may loyter about in order to attempt it <lb/>without in&longs;tant Su&longs;picion and Shame. </s> <s>No <lb/>Camp for an Army &longs;hould be &longs;o well guarded <lb/>by Intrenchments and Pali&longs;adoes, as a Mona&longs;­<lb/>tery ought to be by high Walls, without either <lb/>Doors or Windows in them, or the lea&longs;t Hole <lb/>by which not only no Violator of Cha&longs;tity, but <lb/>not &longs;o much as the lea&longs;t Temptation either by <lb/>the Eye or Ear, may po&longs;&longs;ibly get in to di&longs;order, <lb/>or pollute the Minds of the Reclu&longs;e. </s> <s>Let them <lb/>receive their Light from an open Court on the <lb/>In&longs;ide. </s> <s>Round this Court the Portico, Cells, <lb/>Refectory, Chapter-hou&longs;e and the like Conve­<lb/>niencies &longs;hould be di&longs;po&longs;ed according to their <lb/>various U&longs;es, in the &longs;ame Manner as in private <lb/>Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould Space be wanting for <lb/>Gardens and Meadows, for the moderate Re­<lb/>creation of the Mind, but not for admini&longs;tring <lb/>to Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>If all the&longs;e Precautions are ta­<lb/>ken, it will be be&longs;t to have them out of the <lb/>Way of a Concour&longs;e of People. </s> <s>The Cloy&longs;ters <lb/>for both Sexes therefore cannot be better placed <lb/>than without the City; that the Attention of <lb/>their Thoughts which are entirely dedicated to <lb/>Holine&longs;s, and the calm and &longs;ettled Religion of <lb/>their Minds may not be di&longs;turbed by too many <lb/>Vi&longs;itors. </s> <s>But then I would have their Hou&longs;es, <lb/>whether they are for Men or Women, &longs;ituated <lb/>in the mo&longs;t healthy Air that can be found out; <lb/>that the Reclu&longs;e, while they are wholly intent <lb/>upon the Care of their Souls, may not have <lb/>their Bodies, already impared, by con&longs;tant fa&longs;t­<lb/>ing and watching, oppre&longs;&longs;ed likewi&longs;e with <lb/>Weakne&longs;s and Di&longs;ea&longs;es. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who are with­<lb/>out the City &longs;hould be placed in a Situation <lb/>naturally &longs;trong, that neither Robbers nor any <lb/>plundering Enemy with a &longs;mall Force, may <lb/>be able at every turn to &longs;ack it; and I would <lb/>have it moreover fortified with a Trench and a <pb xlink:href="003/01/109.jpg" pagenum="91"/>Wall, nor would it be ami&longs;s to add a Tower, <lb/>which is not at all incon&longs;i&longs;tent with a religious <lb/>Edifice. </s> <s>The Mona&longs;tery for tho&longs;e Reclu&longs;e <lb/>who to Religion join the Study of the liberal <lb/>Arts, that they may be the more ready to pro­<lb/>mote the Good of Mankind, according to the <lb/>Obligation of their Character, ought to be nei­<lb/>ther within the Noi&longs;e and Hurry of Trade&longs;­<lb/>men, nor too far remote from the Acce&longs;s of the <lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>And as they are a great many in <lb/>Family, and there is generally a great Con­<lb/>cour&longs;e of People to hear them Preach and Di&longs;­<lb/>pute concerning &longs;acred Things; they require a <lb/>very large Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>They can be placed no where <lb/>better than among &longs;ome publick Buildings, <lb/>&longs;uch as Theatres, Circu&longs;&longs;es, or Squares, where <lb/>the Multitude going for their Plea&longs;ure may <lb/>more ea&longs;ily by the Exhortations, Example and <lb/>Admonition of the Religious, be drawn from <lb/>Vice to Virtue, and from Ignorance to Know­<lb/>ledge.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Places for Exerci&longs;e, publick Schools, and Ho&longs;pitals both for Men and <lb/>Women.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients, and e&longs;pecially the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>u&longs;ed in the very Middle of their Cities <lb/>to erect tho&longs;e Edifices which they called <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Palæ&longs;træ,<emph.end type="italics"/> where tho&longs;e who applied them&longs;elves <lb/>to Philo&longs;ophy, attended publick Di&longs;putations. <lb/></s> <s>They were large &longs;pacious Places full of Win­<lb/>dows, with a free Pro&longs;pect on all Sides, and <lb/>rai&longs;ed Seats, and Porticoes running round &longs;ome <lb/>green flowery Meadow. </s> <s>Such a Structure is <lb/>extremely proper for the&longs;e Per&longs;ons, who may <lb/>be reckoned a Kind of Religious; and I would <lb/>have tho&longs;e who delight in the Study of Learn­<lb/>ing, be provided with every Thing that may <lb/>induce them to &longs;tay with their Tutors with <lb/>Plea&longs;ure, and without Unea&longs;ine&longs;s or Satiety. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, I would have the Meadow, <lb/>the Portico, and every Thing el&longs;e &longs;o laid out, <lb/>that nothing what&longs;oever could be better con­<lb/>trived for Recreation. </s> <s>In Winter let them re­<lb/>ceive the kindly Beams of the Sun, and in Sum­<lb/>mer be &longs;hady and open to gentle refre&longs;hing <lb/>Breezes. </s> <s>But of the Delicacies of this Kind of <lb/>Structures we &longs;hall &longs;peak more particularly in <lb/>another Place. </s> <s>Only if you do re&longs;olve to erect <lb/>publick Schools, where the Learned may meet <lb/>and conver&longs;e, place them in that Situation <lb/>which may be mo&longs;t convenient and plea&longs;ant for <lb/>them. </s> <s>Let there be no Noi&longs;es of working Trades, <lb/>no noi&longs;ome ill Smells; and do not let it be a <lb/>Place for idle People to loyter in; but let it <lb/>have more the Air of a Solitude, &longs;uch as be­<lb/>comes Men of Gravity employed about the no­<lb/>ble&longs;t and mo&longs;t curious Enquiries: In a Word, <lb/>it &longs;hould have more of Maje&longs;ty than Nicety. <lb/></s> <s>As for Ho&longs;pitals where the Prie&longs;t is to exerci&longs;e <lb/>his Charity towards the Poor and Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;ed, <lb/>they are to be built with much Thought, and <lb/>a good Deal of Variety; for one Place is pro­<lb/>per for harbouring the Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;ed, and another <lb/>for curing and fo&longs;tering the Sick and Infirm: <lb/>Among the&longs;e la&longs;t too we &longs;hould take Care to <lb/>make a good Deal of Di&longs;tinction, that while <lb/>we are providing for a few u&longs;ele&longs;s People, we <lb/>do not neglect more that might really be of <lb/>Service. </s> <s>There have been &longs;ome Princes in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that would never &longs;uffer any tattered Cripples <lb/>to go about their Cities begging Charity from <lb/>Door to Door; but as &longs;oon as ever they came, <lb/>an Order was brought to them not to be &longs;een <lb/>in that City without working at &longs;ome Trade <lb/>above three Days: For there is hardly any &longs;o <lb/>maimed but what may do &longs;ome Work or other; <lb/>and even a blind Man may turn a Rope­<lb/>maker's Wheel, if he can do nothing el&longs;e. </s> <s>As <lb/>for tho&longs;e who are entirely oppre&longs;&longs;ed and dif­<lb/>abled by &longs;ome heavier Infirmity, they were <lb/>taken care of by Magi&longs;trates appointed on pur­<lb/>po&longs;e to provide for &longs;ick Strangers, and di&longs;tri­<lb/>buted regularly to inferior Ho&longs;pitlers, to be <lb/>looked after. </s> <s>And by this Means the&longs;e poor <lb/>Wretches did not wander about begging Re­<lb/>lief, perhaps in vain; and the City was not of­<lb/>fended by mi&longs;erable and filthy Objects. </s> <s>In <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> always famous for Religion and Pie­<lb/>ty, there are noble Ho&longs;pitals, built at a va&longs;t <lb/>Expence; where as well Strangers as Natives, <lb/>are furni&longs;hed plentifully with all Manner of <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries for their Cure. </s> <s>But as the Sick are <lb/>of various Sorts, &longs;ome afflicted with Lepro&longs;y or <lb/>Plague, with which they might infect tho&longs;e who <lb/>are in Health, and others, if &longs;uch an Expre&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ion may be allowed, with more whol&longs;ome <pb xlink:href="003/01/110.jpg" pagenum="92"/>Di&longs;tempers: They ought to have Places en­<lb/>tirely &longs;eperate. </s> <s>The Ancients dedicated their <lb/>Buildings of this Nature to <emph type="italics"/>Æculapius, Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Health,<emph.end type="italics"/> Gods among them to whom they <lb/>a&longs;cribed the Cure of Sickne&longs;s and Pre&longs;ervation <lb/>Health, and &longs;ituated them in the be&longs;t Air they <lb/>could find out, and near Plenty of the cleare&longs;t <lb/>Water, where the Sick might recover their <lb/>Health, not &longs;o much by the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tanc of tho&longs;e <lb/>Gods, as the natural Healthine&longs;s of the Place: <lb/>And certainly nothing can be more rea&longs;onable <lb/>than to carry the Sick, whether under a private <lb/>or a publick Cure, into the mo&longs;t healthy Places; <lb/>and perhaps none are more &longs;o, than tho&longs;e which <lb/>are very dry and &longs;tony, fanned with continual <lb/>Breezes, not burnt up by the Sun, but cool and <lb/>temperate: Since we find that all Moi&longs;ture is <lb/>the Mother of Corruption. </s> <s>We &longs;ee that Na­<lb/>ture in every Thing loves a Medium; and even <lb/>Health it&longs;elf is nothing but a due Moderation <lb/>of the Qualities of the Body; and indeed no­<lb/>thing that is in Extreams can plea&longs;e. </s> <s>For the <lb/>Re&longs;t, tho&longs;e who are &longs;eized with Di&longs;ea&longs;es which <lb/>are contagious, &longs;hould be taken Care of not on­<lb/>ly without the City, but remote even from any <lb/>high Road; the others may be kept in the <lb/>City. </s> <s>The Apartments for all the&longs;e &longs;hould be <lb/>&longs;o laid out and di&longs;tributed, that there may be <lb/>di&longs;tinct Places for tho&longs;e who are curable, and <lb/>tho&longs;e whom you take in rather to maintain <lb/>them for the Remainder of their unhappy <lb/>Days, than to cure them: Of this Sort are the <lb/>Superannuated, and tho&longs;e who want their <lb/>Sen&longs;es. </s> <s>Add further, that the Men and Wo­<lb/>men, as well the Patients, as the Per&longs;ons that <lb/>attend them, &longs;hould have Apartments &longs;eparate <lb/>from one another; and as &longs;ome Parts of the <lb/>Building &longs;hould be for Particulars, others &longs;hould <lb/>be in common, according as it &longs;hall be found <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Management of the Patients, <lb/>and the more ea&longs;y cohabiting together: Of <lb/>which there is no Occa&longs;ion to &longs;ay more in this <lb/>Place. </s> <s>We &longs;hall only ob&longs;erve that all the&longs;e <lb/>Conveniencies are to be contrived according to <lb/>the Rules hereafter to be laid down for the <lb/>Hou&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>We &longs;hall there­<lb/>fore now proceed according to the Method <lb/>which we have pre&longs;cribed to our&longs;elves.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Senate-hou&longs;e, the Temple, and the Tribunals for the Admini&longs;tration of <lb/>Ju&longs;tice.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having already ob&longs;erved that the Re­<lb/>publick con&longs;i&longs;ts of two Parts, the Sacred <lb/>and the Profane, and having treated of the <lb/>Sacred as much as was requi&longs;ite, and in a good <lb/>Mea&longs;ure too of the Profane, where we took <lb/>Notice of the Place in the Palace of the Prince <lb/>where the Senate was to meet, and where <lb/>Cau&longs;es were to be heard; we &longs;hall now very <lb/>briefly &longs;peak of tho&longs;e Things which &longs;eem nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary to be further added, then proceed to In­<lb/>campments and Fleets, and la&longs;tly treat of <lb/>Things relating to the U&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to call their Senates together <lb/>in Temples, and afterwards it grew a Cu&longs;tom <lb/>for them to meet &longs;omewhere out of the City. <lb/></s> <s>But at length, both for greater Dignity and <lb/>Conveniency in tran&longs;acting the publick Affairs, <lb/>it was found nece&longs;&longs;ary to rai&longs;e Structures for <lb/>this Purpo&longs;e only; where neither the Length <lb/>of the Way, nor any Inconveniency in the <lb/>Place it&longs;elf, might deter the aged Fathers from <lb/>meeting often, and continuing a good while <lb/>together; and for this Rea&longs;on they placed the <lb/>Senate-hou&longs;e in the Middle of the City, with <lb/>the Place for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice and <lb/>the Temple near adjoining, that not only tho&longs;e <lb/>who made Intere&longs;t for Offices, or were obliged <lb/>to attend Law-&longs;uits, might with greater Con­<lb/>venience, and without lo&longs;ing their Time or <lb/>Opportunity, look after their Affairs of both <lb/>Natures; but al&longs;o that the Fathers (as Men are <lb/>generally mo&longs;t devoted to Religion in their old <lb/>Age) might fir&longs;t pay their Devotions in the <lb/>Temple, and afterwards repair immediately to <lb/>the Tran&longs;action of the publick Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>Add <lb/>to all this, that when any Amba&longs;&longs;ador or fo­<lb/>reign Prince de&longs;ires Audience of the Senate, it <lb/>becomes the Republick to have a Place &longs;uitable <lb/>to the Dignity both of the Stranger and of the <lb/>City, to receive them in, while they wait for <lb/>Introduction. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in publick Buildings of <lb/>this Sort, you mu&longs;t neglect none of tho&longs;e Rules <lb/>which belong to the convenient and honoura­<lb/>ble Reception of a Multitude of Citizens, and <lb/>their ea&longs;y Di&longs;mi&longs;&longs;ion: And above all you mu&longs;t <lb/>take particular Care, that there is not the lea&longs;t <pb xlink:href="003/01/111.jpg" pagenum="93"/>Want of &longs;uf&longs;icient Pa&longs;&longs;ages, Lights, open Areas, <lb/>and the like. </s> <s>But in the Hall for the Admi­<lb/>ni&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice, where Numbers of Peo­<lb/>ple re&longs;ort about various Contentions, the A­<lb/>pertures mu&longs;t be more and larger, and more <lb/>direct than either in the Temple or Senate­<lb/>hou&longs;e. </s> <s>The Entrance into the Senate-hou&longs;e <lb/>ought to be made no le&longs;s &longs;trong than hand­<lb/>&longs;ome, for very many Rea&longs;ons, and particularly <lb/>to the Intent that no fooli&longs;h head&longs;trong Rab­<lb/>ble, at the In&longs;tigation of any &longs;editious Ring­<lb/>leader, may be able at any Time to attack and <lb/>in&longs;ult the Senators: For which Rea&longs;on, more <lb/>than for any other, there ought to be Porti­<lb/>coes, Ve&longs;tibules, and the like, where Servants, <lb/>Clients and Attendants, waiting for their Pa­<lb/>trons, may be ready at Hand to defend them <lb/>in Ca&longs;e of any &longs;udden Commotion. </s> <s>I will not <lb/>omit one Ob&longs;ervation, namely, that no Place <lb/>where we are to hear the Voices of Per&longs;ons <lb/>either &longs;peaking, &longs;inging, or di&longs;puting, &longs;hould <lb/>ever be vaulted becau&longs;e &longs;uch Roofs confound <lb/>the Voice with Ecchoes: Whereas a flat Ceil­<lb/>ing made of Timbers renders the Sound more <lb/>clear and di&longs;tinct.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Incampments, or Lodgments for Soldiers by Land are of three Sorts; in <lb/>what Manner they are to be fortified; and the various Methods u&longs;ed by <lb/>different Nations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In laying down a Camp we ought to review <lb/>and re-con&longs;ider all tho&longs;e Rules which we <lb/>gave in the la&longs;t Book for the Situation of a Ci­<lb/>ty; for, indeed, Camps are as it were the Seeds <lb/>of Cities, and you will find that not a few Ci­<lb/>ties have been built in tho&longs;e very Places, where <lb/>excellent Generals had before incamped with <lb/>their Armies. </s> <s>In making a Camp, the chief <lb/>Matter is to know to what Intent it is de&longs;ign­<lb/>ed. </s> <s>There would not be the lea&longs;t Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for a Camp if it were not for unfore&longs;een Acci­<lb/>dents in War, and for the Apprehen&longs;ion of A&longs;­<lb/>&longs;aults from a &longs;uperior Force: And therefore <lb/>we are to con&longs;ider the Nature of the Enemy. <lb/></s> <s>Of Enemies &longs;ome are inferior as to Valour and <lb/>Number; &longs;ome equal, &longs;ome &longs;uperior. </s> <s>For this <lb/>Rea&longs;on we &longs;hall determine the different Sorts <lb/>of Incampments to be three; the Fir&longs;t is that <lb/>which is made only for a Time, and is move­<lb/>able every Moment, which is proper for with­<lb/>&longs;tanding and managing an Enemy equal to <lb/>your&longs;elf, and is de&longs;igned partly for keeping the <lb/>Soldier &longs;afe from &longs;udden Attacks, and partly <lb/>for watching and obtaining Opportunities of <lb/>effecting your De&longs;igns. </s> <s>The &longs;econd Sort of <lb/>Incampment is &longs;tationary, in which you wait <lb/>to oppre&longs;s and &longs;ubdue an Enemy, who, di&longs;­<lb/>tru&longs;ting his own Forces, &longs;huts him&longs;elf up in <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;trong Hold. </s> <s>The third Sort is that in <lb/>which you &longs;hut up your&longs;elf, to receive and re­<lb/>pul&longs;e the Attacks of a &longs;uperior Force, &longs;o as to <lb/>be able to &longs;end the Enemy away weary of the <lb/>Fatigues and Lo&longs;s in be&longs;ieging you. </s> <s>In all <lb/>the&longs;e you mu&longs;t take great Care that every <lb/>Thing be &longs;o ordered, that not the lea&longs;t Parti­<lb/>cular be wanting which can be of Service to <lb/>your own Security and Welfare, and to the <lb/>&longs;u&longs;taining, repul&longs;ing and breaking the Enemy; <lb/>and on the Contrary, that the Enemy, as far as <lb/>lies in your Power, may have no Conveniency <lb/>what&longs;oever, by means of which he may either <lb/>hurt you, or &longs;ecure him&longs;elf. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, <lb/>the fir&longs;t Thing to be con&longs;ulted, is the Nature <lb/>of the Situation, that it be in a Country well <lb/>furni&longs;hed with all Manner of Provi&longs;ions, and <lb/>lie convenient for the ea&longs;y bringing in either of <lb/>Convoys or Supplies upon all Occa&longs;ions. </s> <s>Let <lb/>Water by no means be wanting, and let Wood <lb/>and Pa&longs;ture be not far off. </s> <s>Take care to have <lb/>a free Communication with your own Terri­<lb/>tory, and an open Pa&longs;&longs;age at plea&longs;ure into the <lb/>Enemy's. </s> <s>Let the Enemy on the Contrary, have <lb/>nothing but Difficulties and Ob&longs;tacles. </s> <s>I am <lb/>for having a Camp placed on a Situation &longs;o <lb/>high, as to have an open View of the Enemy's <lb/>Country all round; &longs;o that they may not be­<lb/>gin or attempt any Thing what&longs;oever, without <lb/>your being immediately aware of it. </s> <s>Let it be <lb/>&longs;ecured all round with &longs;teep Slopes, difficult <lb/>A&longs;cents, and broken Precipices; that the Ene­<lb/>my may not be able to &longs;urround you with <lb/>Multitudes, nor to attack you on any Side, <lb/>without expo&longs;ing him&longs;elf to imminent Danger; <lb/>or that if he &longs;hould come clo&longs;e up to you, he <lb/>may not conveniently u&longs;e his Engines, or make <lb/>any &longs;ecure Lodgments for him&longs;elf near you. <pb xlink:href="003/01/112.jpg" pagenum="94"/>If the Situation offers all the&longs;e Advantages, be <lb/>&longs;ure to be the Fir&longs;t to lay hold of them; if <lb/>not, we mu&longs;t then con&longs;ider what Sort of Camp, <lb/>and what Kind of Situation will be&longs;t an&longs;wer <lb/>your Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>A &longs;tationary Camp ought to <lb/>be much better fortified than a Flying one: <lb/>And a Plain requires more Art and Diligence <lb/>to &longs;trengthen it, than a Hill. </s> <s>We &longs;hall begin <lb/>with the moveable, or flying Camp, becau&longs;e it <lb/>is much more frequently u&longs;ed than a &longs;tationary <lb/>one: And indeed, the frequent moving the <lb/>Camp, has very often conduced extremely to <lb/>the Health of the Army. </s> <s>In placing a Camp, <lb/>it is a Que&longs;tion that naturally ari&longs;es in the <lb/>Mind, whether it is be&longs;t to fix it upon our <lb/>own Territory, or upon that of the Enemy. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that by frequent changing our <lb/>Camp, our Enemy is oppre&longs;&longs;ed, but our Friends <lb/>ea&longs;ed. </s> <s>Without doubt, it is honourable and <lb/>brave to lie upon the Enemy's Country; but <lb/>it is convenient and &longs;afe to be upon our own. <lb/></s> <s>But indeed a Camp is, with regard to all the <lb/>Territory which is &longs;ubject to it, what a Citadel <lb/>is to a City; which ought to have a &longs;hort and <lb/>ea&longs;y Retreat towards its Friends, and an open <lb/>and ready Pa&longs;&longs;age upon its Enemies. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>in the fortifying of Camps various Methods <lb/>have been u&longs;ed. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Britains<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a <lb/>Fence round their Camps with Stakes ten foot <lb/>long, &longs;harpened and burnt at the Ends, with <lb/>one End fixed in the Ground, and the other <lb/>&longs;tanding up to keep off the Enemy. <emph type="italics"/><!--neuer Satz-->Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a Ram­<lb/>part of their Waggons, as he &longs;ays the <emph type="italics"/>Thraci­<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o did again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Nervii<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(or People of <emph type="italics"/>Tournay<emph.end type="italics"/>) u&longs;ed to cut down young <lb/>Trees, and binding and interlacing the Boughs <lb/>together made them into a &longs;trong Hedge, <lb/>which &longs;erved chiefly for keeping off the Hor&longs;e. <lb/><emph type="italics"/><!--neuer Satz-->Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that when <emph type="italics"/>Nearchus, Alexan­<lb/>der<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Admiral, &longs;ailed along the <emph type="italics"/>Indian<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, ha­<lb/>ving Occa&longs;ion to land, he &longs;urrounded his Camp <lb/>with a Wall to &longs;ecure him&longs;elf again&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Bar­<lb/>barians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> were always &longs;o well <lb/>provided, and had &longs;o much Fore&longs;ight, that <lb/>whatever happened they took care it &longs;hould <lb/>never be by their own Fault; and they u&longs;ed to <lb/>exerci&longs;e their Soldiers no le&longs;s in making In­<lb/>campments, than in the other Parts of the Mi­<lb/>litary Duty. </s> <s>Nor did they think there was &longs;o <lb/>much Merit in offending their Enemies, as in <lb/>&longs;ecuring their own Men; and they accounted <lb/>it no &longs;mall Part of the Victory, to be able to <lb/>with&longs;tand the Enemy, and to repul&longs;e him &longs;o <lb/>&longs;toutly as to make him De&longs;pair of Succe&longs;s. </s> <s>For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on they never neglected any Means <lb/>of De&longs;ence that they could learn or invent for <lb/>their own Safety: And if high Hills or Preci­<lb/>pices were not to be had, they imitated them <lb/>as well as they could with very deep Ditches <lb/>and high Ramparts, emcompa&longs;&longs;ed with &longs;trong <lb/>Fences of Stakes and Hurdles.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The mo&longs;t convenient Situation for a Camp, and its Size, Form and various <lb/>Parts; together with the different Methods of attacking and defending a <lb/>Camp or other Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hall here proceed further upon this <lb/>Subject of Camps according to the <lb/>Methods of the aforementioned Ancients. </s> <s>We <lb/>mu&longs;t take Care to pitch upon a Place not only <lb/>convenient, but &longs;o well adapted for whatever <lb/>Purpo&longs;e we have in Hand, that none could be <lb/>found more &longs;uitable. </s> <s>And be&longs;ides the other <lb/>Advantages before recited, let the Soil be dry, <lb/>not muddy nor liable at any Time to be over­<lb/>flowed; but let the Situation be &longs;uch that it <lb/>may be always clear and free for your own <lb/>Men, and unfafe for the Enemy. </s> <s>Let there <lb/>be no foul Puddle in the Neighbourhood, and <lb/>let there be good Water at an ea&longs;y Di&longs;tance. <lb/></s> <s>Contrive, if po&longs;&longs;ible, to have &longs;ome clear Springs <lb/>within the Camp it&longs;elf, or to have the Fo&longs;s <lb/>filled with &longs;ome River or running Stream. </s> <s>The <lb/>Camp ought not to be &longs;o large, out of Propor­<lb/>tion to the Number of your Soldiers, that they <lb/>cannot be able to keep &longs;ufficient Centry about <lb/>it, &longs;o as to give the Watch-word round one to <lb/>another; or to relieve one another &longs;o often as <lb/>may be requi&longs;ite in defending the Ramparts: <lb/>Nor, on the Contrary, ought it to be &longs;o crampt <lb/>up and confined, as not to afford &longs;ufficient <lb/>room for all proper Conveniencies. <emph type="italics"/>Lycurgus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was of Opinion that Angles were u&longs;ele&longs;s in a <lb/>Camp, and therefore he always laid out his in <lb/>a Circle, unle&longs;s he had &longs;ome Hill, River or For­<lb/>tification at his Back. </s> <s>Others commend a <pb xlink:href="003/01/113.jpg" pagenum="95"/>&longs;quare Area for Incampments: But indeed in <lb/>&longs;ituating a Camp we mu&longs;t accommodate our­<lb/>&longs;elves to the Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the Time, and the <lb/>Nature of the Place, according to the Purpo&longs;e <lb/>which we have in Hand, whether it be to op­<lb/>pre&longs;s the Enemy or to re&longs;i&longs;t him. </s> <s>Let us <lb/>make our Fo&longs;s &longs;o big, that it may not be filled <lb/>up without great Labour, and a long Space of <lb/>Time; or rather let us have two Fo&longs;&longs;es, with <lb/>&longs;ome intermediate Space between them. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients, in Works of this Nature al&longs;o, held it <lb/>a Point of Religion to make u&longs;e of odd Num­<lb/>bers; for which Rea&longs;on it was their Cu&longs;tom to <lb/>make their Ditches fifteent Foot wide, and nine <lb/>deep. </s> <s>Let the Sides of the Ditch be Perpen­<lb/>dicular, &longs;o that it may be as broad at the Bot­<lb/>tom as the Top; but where the Soil is loo&longs;e, <lb/>you may allow a &longs;mall Slope, running &longs;ome­<lb/>what narrower towards the Bottom. </s> <s>In a <lb/>Plain, or a low Situation, fill your Ditch with <lb/>Water brought from &longs;ome River, Lake, or Sea: <lb/>But if this cannot be effected &longs;trew all the Bot­<lb/>tom with &longs;harp Points of Steel and Caltrops, <lb/>and fix up and down a good Number of Stakes <lb/>with their Ends &longs;moothed and &longs;harpened, to <lb/>keep off the Enemy. </s> <s>Having compleated your <lb/>Ditch, make your Rampart &longs;o thick, that it <lb/>may not be to be &longs;haken by every little mili­<lb/>tary Engine, and &longs;o high as to be above the <lb/>Reach of the grappling Hooks, and even of <lb/>Darts thrown by the Hand. </s> <s>The Earth dug <lb/>out of the Fo&longs;s lies very convenient and ready <lb/>at Hand for making up the Rampart. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients for that Work very much commend­<lb/>ed Turfs dug out of the Meadows with the <lb/>Gra&longs;s upon them, the Roots whereof fa&longs;ten <lb/>them very &longs;trongly together. </s> <s>Others intermix <lb/>them with Twigs of green Oziers, which &longs;trike <lb/>their Roots into the Rampart, and by the Con­<lb/>texture of their Fibres &longs;trengthen the whole <lb/>Work. </s> <s>Along the inward Edge of the Fo&longs;s <lb/>and the Out&longs;ide of the Rampart &longs;et Thorns, <lb/>Spikes, Tenter-hooks and the like, to retard <lb/>the Enemy in his A&longs;cent. </s> <s>Let the Top of the <lb/>Rampart be girt with a &longs;trong Frame of Tim­<lb/>bers joyned to one another cro&longs;&longs;ways like a <lb/>Corni&longs;h, with Hurdles and Earth well rammed <lb/>in together between them; and upon the&longs;e <lb/>rai&longs;e your Battlements, and &longs;tick in forked Pa­<lb/>li&longs;adoes like Stag's Horns. </s> <s>In a Word, let <lb/>every Thing be &longs;o contrived in this Kind of <lb/>Structure, as to make it difficult to be either <lb/>undermined, thrown down, or mounted; and <lb/>to protect the Soldier who is to defend it. <lb/></s> <s>Upon the Edge of this Rampart erect Towers <lb/>at the Di&longs;tance of every hundred Feet, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially in &longs;uch Parts as are mo&longs;t likely to be <lb/>attacked, where they ought to &longs;tand clo&longs;er and <lb/>be built higher that they may the more effec­<lb/>tually annoy the Enemy, when he attempts to <lb/>make his Way into the Camp. </s> <s>Let the <emph type="italics"/>Præ­<lb/>torium,<emph.end type="italics"/> or General's Tent, and the Gate look­<lb/>ing towards the Enemy, as al&longs;o that in the <lb/>Back of the Camp, which two Gates u&longs;ed <lb/>formerly to be called the <emph type="italics"/>porta Quintana,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>porta Decumana,<emph.end type="italics"/> be placed in the &longs;trong­<lb/>e&longs;t Parts of the Camp, and lie convenient for <lb/>making any &longs;udden Sally with the Army, or <lb/>bringing in of Provi&longs;ions, or giving a ready <lb/>Retreat to your own Men. </s> <s>All the&longs;e Con­<lb/>veniencies belong more particularly to a &longs;tati­<lb/>onary Camp, than to a flying one: But as we <lb/>ought to be provided again&longs;t all Accidents that <lb/>either Fortune or the Calamity of the Times <lb/>can produce, we &longs;hould not, even in a flying <lb/>Camp, neglect any of tho&longs;e Particulars which <lb/>we have &longs;poken of, as far as may be nece&longs;&longs;ary. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e Things which belong to a &longs;tationary <lb/>Camp, e&longs;pecially one that is to expect a Siege, <lb/>are very nearly the &longs;ame with tho&longs;e which we <lb/>&longs;poke of with Relation to the Citadel of a Ty­<lb/>rant. </s> <s>A Citadel is a Structure purpo&longs;ely de­<lb/>&longs;igned for the Su&longs;taining a Siege, &longs;ince the Ci­<lb/>tizens always look upon it with an irreconcile­<lb/>able Hatred: And it is indeed the mo&longs;t cruel <lb/>Kind of Siege that can be imagined, to be con­<lb/>tinually watching it, and to be always upon the <lb/>Catch for an Opportunity that may offer, by <lb/>Means of which you may &longs;atisfy the &longs;trong De­<lb/>&longs;ire you have to de&longs;troy it: And for this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on, as we ob&longs;erved before, we &longs;hould take the <lb/>greate&longs;t Care to make it &longs;trong, &longs;tout, durable, <lb/>well provided for its own Defence, and for <lb/>weakening and repul&longs;ing the Enemy, and able <lb/>to defy the mo&longs;t ob&longs;tinate and violent Attacks. <lb/></s> <s>On the other Hand in tho&longs;e Camps, where you <lb/>are to be &longs;hut up and mole&longs;t an Enemy, all the <lb/>&longs;ame Things are to be ob&longs;erved with the &longs;ame <lb/>Care: For it is indeed a ju&longs;t Ob&longs;ervation, that <lb/>the Nature of War is &longs;uch, that he who be­<lb/>&longs;ieges is in a great Mea&longs;ure be&longs;ieged him&longs;elf. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on you are to con&longs;ider not only <lb/>how you may take the Place, but al&longs;o how <lb/>you may keep your&longs;elf from being oppre&longs;&longs;ed, <lb/>either by the Boldne&longs;s or Diligence of the E­<lb/>nemy, or by the Carele&longs;&longs;ne&longs;s of your own Men. <lb/></s> <s>In order to take the Place, you mu&longs;t proceed <lb/>either by Siege or by A&longs;&longs;ault: And to keep <lb/>your&longs;elf from being oppre&longs;&longs;ed, there are al&longs;o <lb/>two Methods, which are, being &longs;toutly fortified, <pb xlink:href="003/01/114.jpg" pagenum="96"/>and making a brave Defence. </s> <s>The whole Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e of an A&longs;&longs;ault is to break in either upon a <lb/>Town or a Fortification. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not &longs;peak here <lb/>either of Scaling-ladders, by Means whereof <lb/>you mount the Wall in &longs;pite of the Enemy; <lb/>nor of Mines, moveable Towers, Engines for <lb/>Battery, nor of any other Methods of Offence <lb/>either by Fire, Water, or any other Force: In­<lb/>a&longs;much as we intend to treat of the&longs;e military <lb/>Engines more clearly in another Place. </s> <s>Thus <lb/>much it may be proper here to mention, that <lb/>again&longs;t the Violence of Battery we &longs;hould op­<lb/>po&longs;e Beams, Planks, Parapets of &longs;trong Tim­<lb/>ber, Hurdles, Ropes, Fa&longs;cines, Sacks &longs;tuffed <lb/>with Wool, Ru&longs;hes, or Earth; and they &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;o contrived as to hang loo&longs;e and pliable. <lb/></s> <s>Again&longs;t Fire the&longs;e Things ought to be wetted, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially with Vinegar, or Mud, and co­<lb/>vered with Brick unbaked; again&longs;t Water, to <lb/>prevent the Bricks from being wa&longs;hed away, <lb/>they &longs;hould be covered over with the Hides of <lb/>Bea&longs;ts; and la&longs;tly, again&longs;t Battery, that the <lb/>Hides may not be broken through or torn <lb/>away, add any coar&longs;e Cloths or Tarpawlins <lb/>thoroughly wetted and &longs;oaked. </s> <s>Circumvalla­<lb/>tions or Trenches round the Place be&longs;ieged, <lb/>ought for &longs;everal Rea&longs;ons to be drawn pretty <lb/>near it; for by that Means their Circuit will <lb/>be le&longs;s, they will require fewer Hands, Ex­<lb/>pence and Materials, to fini&longs;h them, and when <lb/>fini&longs;hed, the fewer Men will be nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>defend them: But they mu&longs;t not run &longs;o clo&longs;e <lb/>under the Wall, that the Be&longs;ieged may an­<lb/>noy your Men within their Trenches by En­<lb/>gines upon the Wall. </s> <s>If the Circumvallation <lb/>be only intended to cut off from the Be&longs;ieged <lb/>all Manner of Supplies, either of Men or Pro­<lb/>vi&longs;ions from without; you may do this by <lb/>&longs;topping up all the Ways and Pa&longs;&longs;ages, either <lb/>by barracading the Bridges, and Fords, and <lb/>blocking up the Roads with &longs;trong Fences of <lb/>Wood or Stones; or by running up a continu­<lb/>ed Rampart to joyn together the Lakes, Bogs, <lb/>Mar&longs;hes, Rivers and Hills; or if you can any <lb/>Ways lay the Country under Water. </s> <s>To the&longs;e <lb/>Precautions we &longs;hould add tho&longs;e which relate <lb/>to the Defence of our own Camp: For the <lb/>Trenches, Ramparts, Towers and the like <lb/>ought to be &longs;o well fortified both towards the <lb/>Place be&longs;ieged, and on the Side of any Coun­<lb/>try that might throw in Succours, that the <lb/>former may not be able to annoy you by Sallies, <lb/>nor the Latter by Incur&longs;ions. </s> <s>Moreover, in <lb/>convenient Places erect Watch-towers and <lb/>Forts, that your Men may go out to forage for <lb/>Wood, Water and Provi&longs;ions with Safety and <lb/>Freedom. </s> <s>But do not let your Troops be di&longs;­<lb/>per&longs;ed up and down in Places &longs;o remote from <lb/>one another, that they cannot obey the Orders <lb/>of a &longs;ingle General, nor fight with united <lb/>Forces, nor be ready at Hand to a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t one an­<lb/>other upon any &longs;udden Emergency. </s> <s>It will <lb/>not be foreign to our Purpo&longs;e to &longs;et down here <lb/>an Account of a Fortification out of <emph type="italics"/>Appian,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>well worthy to be remembered. </s> <s>He tells us, <lb/>that when <emph type="italics"/>Octavianus Augu&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> be&longs;ieged <emph type="italics"/>Lu­<lb/>cius Antonius<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Peru&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> he made a Trench <lb/>quite to the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;even Miles long, thirty <lb/>Foot broad, and as many deep: Which he for­<lb/>tified with a high Wall, and with a thou&longs;and <lb/>and fifty wooden Towers &longs;tanding up, each <lb/>three&longs;core Foot above the Wall, and made the <lb/>Whole &longs;o &longs;trong, that the Be&longs;ieged were not <lb/>more &longs;traitened in by it, than they were ex­<lb/>cluded from annoying the Enemy in any Part. <lb/></s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice for Incampments <lb/>or Stations by Land, unle&longs;s it may be thought <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary to add, that we ought to chu&longs;e out a <lb/>Place of the greate&longs;t Dignity and Honour, <lb/>wherein to plant the Standard of the Com­<lb/>monwealth with befitting Maje&longs;ty, where the <lb/>Rites of Religion may be performed with all <lb/>due Reverence, and where the Generals and <lb/>other chief Officers may meet either in Coun­<lb/>cil or for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which are Fleets; of Ships and their <lb/>Parts; as al&longs;o of Havens and their proper Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some perhaps will not allow that Fleets <lb/>are Sea Incampments; but will be rather <lb/>for &longs;aying, that we u&longs;e Ships like a Kind of <lb/>Water Elephant, which we direct as we plea&longs;e <lb/>by its Bridle; and that the Haven is much <lb/>more like a Sea Incampment, than the Fleet. <lb/></s> <s>Others on the Contrary, will &longs;ay, that a Ship <lb/>is no other than a travelling Fortre&longs;s. </s> <s>We &longs;hall <pb xlink:href="003/01/115.jpg" pagenum="97"/>pa&longs;s by the&longs;e Di&longs;putes, and proceed to &longs;hew <lb/>that there are two Things by Means of which <lb/>the Art of Building may contribute to the <lb/>Sa&longs;ety and Victory of Generals of Fleets and <lb/>their Forces: The Fir&longs;t con&longs;i&longs;ts in the right <lb/>Con&longs;truction and Rigging of the Ve&longs;&longs;els, and <lb/>the Second in the proper fortifying the Haven; <lb/>whether you are to go to attack the Enemy, <lb/>or to &longs;tay to defend your&longs;elf. </s> <s>The primary <lb/>U&longs;e of Shipping is to convey you and yours: <lb/>The Second, is to fight without Danger. </s> <s>The <lb/>Danger mu&longs;t ari&longs;e either from the Ships them­<lb/>&longs;elves, in which Ca&longs;e it &longs;eems to be innate and <lb/>incorporate with them; or el&longs;e mu&longs;t happen to <lb/>them from without. </s> <s>That from without, is <lb/>from the Force and Violence of Winds and <lb/>Waves, from Rocks and Shelves; all which are <lb/>to be avoided by Experience in Sea-affairs, and <lb/>a thorough Knowledge of Places and Winds: <lb/>But the Danger incorporate and innate with <lb/>the Ve&longs;&longs;el it&longs;elf, ari&longs;es either from the De&longs;ign, <lb/>or the Timbers; again&longs;t which Defects it falls <lb/>under our Province to provide. </s> <s>We &longs;hould <lb/>reject all Timber that is brittle, or apt to &longs;plit, <lb/>too heavy or liable to rot &longs;oon. </s> <s>Nails and Pins <lb/>of Bra&longs;s or Copper, are reckoned better than <lb/>tho&longs;e of Iron. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved by Means of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Trajan<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Ship, which while I was writing this <lb/>Treati&longs;e was dug up out of the <emph type="italics"/>lago di Nemi,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>where it had lain under Water above thirteen <lb/>hundred Years, that the Pine and Cypre&longs;s <lb/>Wood which was in it had remained &longs;urpriz­<lb/>ingly &longs;ound. </s> <s>It was covered on the Out&longs;ide <lb/>with double Planks, done over with <emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Pitch, to which &longs;tuck a Coat of Linen Cloth, <lb/>and that again was plated over with Sheets of <lb/>Lead fa&longs;tened on with bra&longs;s Nails. </s> <s>The anci­<lb/>ent Architects took the Model of their Ships <lb/>from the Shape of a Fi&longs;h; that Part which <lb/>was the Back of the Fi&longs;h, in the Ship was the <lb/>Keel; that which in the Fi&longs;h was the Head, <lb/>in the Ship was the Prow; the Tail was the <lb/>Helm, and in&longs;tead of Fins and Gills, they made <lb/>Oars. </s> <s>Ships are of two Sorts, and are built <lb/>either for Burthen or for Speed: A long Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;el cuts its Way quicke&longs;t through the Water, <lb/>e&longs;pecially when it Sails before the Wind; but <lb/>a &longs;hort one is mo&longs;t obedient to the Helm. </s> <s>I <lb/>would not have the Length of a Ve&longs;&longs;el of Bur­<lb/>then le&longs;s than three Times its Breadth; nor <lb/>that of a Ve&longs;&longs;el for Speed, more than nine <lb/>Times. </s> <s>We have treated more particularly of <lb/>every Thing relating to a Ve&longs;&longs;el in a Book in­<lb/>tended wholly for that Purpo&longs;e, called the <lb/>Ship; and therefore &longs;hall have Occa&longs;ion to &longs;ay <lb/>no more of it here, than what is ju&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;ary. <lb/></s> <s>The Parts of a Ship are the&longs;e, the Keel, the <lb/>Poop, the Prow, the two Sides, to which you <lb/>may, if you plea&longs;e, add the Sail, the Helm, <lb/>and the Re&longs;t of the Parts that belong to the <lb/>Cour&longs;e of the Ship. </s> <s>The Hollow of the Ve&longs;&longs;el <lb/>will bear any Weight that is equal to the <lb/>Weight of Water that would fill it quite up to <lb/>the Top. </s> <s>The Keel mu&longs;t be &longs;traight, but all <lb/>the other Parts made with curve Lines. </s> <s>The <lb/>broader the Keel is, the greater Weight the <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;el will carry, but then it will be the &longs;low­<lb/>er; the narrower the Keel is, the Swi&longs;ter will <lb/>be the Ship, but then it will be un&longs;teady, un­<lb/>le&longs;s you fill it with Balla&longs;t. </s> <s>The broad Keel is <lb/>mo&longs;t convenient in &longs;hallow Water; but in deep <lb/>Seas the narrow one will be more &longs;ecure. </s> <s>The <lb/>Sides and Prow built high will make the &longs;tout­<lb/>e&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance again&longs;t the Waves, but then <lb/>they are more expo&longs;ed to Danger from the <lb/>Winds; the Sharper the Head is, the Swifter <lb/>the Ship will make its Way; and the Thinner <lb/>the Stern, the more Steady will be the Ve&longs;&longs;el <lb/>in its Cour&longs;e. </s> <s>The Sides of the Ship towards <lb/>the Head ought to be very &longs;tout, and a little <lb/>Swelling outwards to throw off the Waves <lb/>when it ploughs through the Water both with <lb/>Sails and Oars; but towards the Stern they <lb/>&longs;hould grow narrower, in order to &longs;lip through <lb/>the Waves with the more Ea&longs;e. </s> <s>A Number <lb/>of Helms adds Firmne&longs;s to the Ve&longs;&longs;el, but takes <lb/>off from its Swiftne&longs;s. </s> <s>The Ma&longs;t &longs;hould be as <lb/>long as the whole Ship. </s> <s>We &longs;hall not here <lb/>de&longs;cend to other minute Particulars nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>both to the Way and Defence of the Ve&longs;&longs;el, <lb/>&longs;uch as Oars, Ropes, &longs;harp Beaks, Towers, <lb/>Bridges and the like; but &longs;hall only ob&longs;erve, <lb/>that the Planks and Timbers which hang <lb/>down by the Sides and &longs;tick out by the Beak <lb/>of the Ve&longs;&longs;el, will &longs;erve in&longs;tead of a Fortifica­<lb/>tion again&longs;t the Attacks of the Enemy as will <lb/>Poles &longs;tuck upright, in&longs;tead of Towers, and <lb/>the Boom, or the Skiff laid over the Boom, in­<lb/>&longs;tead of Bridges. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed in the <lb/>Prow of their Ships to place a military En­<lb/>gine, which they called a <emph type="italics"/>Corvus:<emph.end type="italics"/> But our <lb/>Mariners now in the Head and Stem of their <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els near the Ma&longs;ts have learnt to &longs;et up <lb/>Towers, which they fence round with old <lb/>coar&longs;e Cloths, Ropes, Sacks, and the like, to <lb/>deaden the Force of any Violence that might <lb/>attack them; and to keep off any Enemy that <lb/>&longs;hould attempt to board them, they &longs;et up a <lb/>Fence of Net-work. </s> <s>I have in another Place <lb/>contrived and &longs;hewn how the Floor of the Ship <pb xlink:href="003/01/116.jpg" pagenum="98"/>may in a Moment, in the mid&longs;t of an Engage­<lb/>ment, be filled with &longs;harp Points &longs;ticking up <lb/>clo&longs;e to one another, &longs;o that an Enemy can <lb/>never &longs;et his Foot any where without a Wound; <lb/>and on the other Hand when there is Occa&longs;ion, <lb/>how all the&longs;e may in le&longs;s Space of Time be all <lb/>removed and cleared away; but this is not a <lb/>proper Place for repeating it again, and it is <lb/>&longs;ufficient to have given the Hint to an ingeni­<lb/>ous Mind. </s> <s>Moreover I have found a Way how, <lb/>with a &longs;light Stroke of a Hammer, to throw <lb/>down the whole Floor, with all the Men that <lb/>have boarded the Ve&longs;&longs;el and &longs;tand upon it, and <lb/>then again with very little Labour to replace <lb/>it as it was before, whenever it is thought ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary &longs;o to do. </s> <s>Neither is this a proper Place <lb/>to relate the Methods which I have invented <lb/>to &longs;ink and burn the Enemy's Ships and de­<lb/>&longs;troy their Crews by mi&longs;erable Deaths. </s> <s>We <lb/>may perhaps &longs;peak of them el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>One <lb/>Thing mu&longs;t not be omitted, namely, that Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;els of different Heights and Sizes are requi­<lb/>&longs;ite in different Places. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Mare Mag­<lb/>giore,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Narrows among the I&longs;lands, a <lb/>large Ship, that cannot be managed with­<lb/>out a great Number of Hands, is very un­<lb/>&longs;afe when the Winds are any thing boi&longs;terous: <lb/>On the Contrary out of the Strait's Mouth, in <lb/>the wide Ocean, a little Ve&longs;&longs;el will not be able <lb/>to live. </s> <s>To this Head of maritime Affairs al&longs;o <lb/>belong the Defending and Blocking up a Ha­<lb/>ven. </s> <s>This may be done by &longs;inking any great <lb/>Body, or by Moles, Piers, Chains and the like, <lb/>whereof we have treated in the preceding <lb/>Book. </s> <s>Drive in Piles, block the Port up with <lb/>huge Stones, and &longs;ink large hollow Frames <lb/>made either of Planks or Oziers and filled <lb/>with any heavy Stuff. </s> <s>But if the Nature of <lb/>the Place, or the Greatne&longs;s of the Expence will <lb/>not allow of this, as for In&longs;tance, if the Bot­<lb/>tom be a Sand or Mud continually moving, or <lb/>the Water be of too great a Depth, you may <lb/>then block up the Haven in the following <lb/>Manner. </s> <s>Make a Float of great Barrels fa&longs;ten­<lb/>ed together, with Planks and Timbers joyned <lb/>cro&longs;s-ways to one another, and with large <lb/>Spikes and &longs;harp Beaks &longs;ticking out from the <lb/>Float, and Piles with Points of Iron, &longs;uch as <lb/>are called &longs;hod Piles, to the Intent that none <lb/>of the Enemy's light Ships may dare to drive <lb/>again&longs;t the Float with full Sails, in order to <lb/>endeavour to break or pa&longs;s it. </s> <s>Dawb the Float <lb/>over with Mud to &longs;ecure it again&longs;t Fire, and <lb/>fortify it with a Pali&longs;ado of Hurdles or &longs;trong <lb/>Boards, and in convenient Places with wooden <lb/>Towers, fa&longs;tening the whole Work again&longs;t the <lb/>Fury of the Waves with a good Number of <lb/>Anchors concealed from the Enemy. </s> <s>It would <lb/>not be ami&longs;s to make &longs;uch a Work &longs;inuous or <lb/>wavy, with the Backs of the Arches turned <lb/>again&longs;t the Stre&longs;s of the Weather, that the <lb/>Float may bear the lefs upon its Anchors. <lb/></s> <s>But upon this Subject, thus much may &longs;uffice.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Commi&longs;&longs;aries, Chamberlains, publick Receivers and the like Magi&longs;trates, <lb/>who&longs;e Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to &longs;upply and pre&longs;ide over the publick Granaries, Chambers <lb/>of Accompts, Ar&longs;enals, Marts, Docks and Stables; as al&longs;o of the three Sorts <lb/>of Pri&longs;ons, their Structures, Situations and Compartitions.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now as the Execution of all the&longs;e <lb/>Things requires good Store of Provi&longs;i­<lb/>ons, and of Trea&longs;ures to &longs;upply the Expence; <lb/>it will be nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;ay &longs;omething of the Ma­<lb/>gi&longs;trates who have the Care of this Part of the <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s; as for In&longs;tance, Commi&longs;&longs;aries, Cham­<lb/>berlains, publick Receivers, and the like, for <lb/>whom the following Structures mu&longs;t Be erect­<lb/>ed: The Granary, the Chamber for keeping <lb/>the Trea&longs;ures, the Ar&longs;enal, the Mart or Place <lb/>for the tran&longs;acting Commerce, the Dock and <lb/>the publick Stables for Hor&longs;es. </s> <s>We &longs;hall have <lb/>but little to &longs;ay here upon the&longs;e Heads, but <lb/>that little mu&longs;t not be neglected. </s> <s>It is evident <lb/>to every Man's Rea&longs;on, that the Granary, the <lb/>Chamber of Accompts, and the Ar&longs;enal or <lb/>Magazine for Arms ought to be placed in the <lb/>Heart of the City, and in the Place of great­<lb/>e&longs;t Honour, for the greater Security and Con­<lb/>veniency. </s> <s>The Docks or Ar&longs;enals for Ship­<lb/>ping &longs;hould be placed at a Di&longs;tance from the <lb/>Hou&longs;es of the Citizens, for fear of Fire. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hould al&longs;o be &longs;ure, in this la&longs;t Sort of Struc­<lb/>ture, to raife a good many entire Party-walls <pb xlink:href="003/01/117.jpg" pagenum="99"/>in different Places, running from the Ground <lb/>quite up above the Roof, to confine the Flame, <lb/>if any &longs;hould happen, and prevent it catching <lb/>from one Roof to another. </s> <s>Marts ought to be <lb/>fixed by the Sea-&longs;idé, upon the Mouths of Ri­<lb/>vers, and the Meeting of &longs;everal great Roads. <lb/></s> <s>The Docks or Ar&longs;enals for Shipping &longs;hould <lb/>have large Ba&longs;ons or Canals of Water, wherein <lb/>to receive &longs;uch Ve&longs;&longs;els as want refitting, and <lb/>from which they may be conveniently launched <lb/>out again to Sea; but we &longs;hould take Care <lb/>that this Water be not a &longs;tanding one, but be <lb/>kept in con&longs;tant Motion. </s> <s>Shipping is very <lb/>much rotted by &longs;outherly Winds, and cracked <lb/>by the mid-day Heat; but the A&longs;pect of the <lb/>ri&longs;ing Sun pre&longs;erves it. </s> <s>All Granaries, or other <lb/>Structures built for the laying up of Stores, ab­<lb/>&longs;olutely require a Drine&longs;s both of Air and Si­<lb/>tuation. </s> <s>But we &longs;hall &longs;peak more fully of <lb/>the Particulars, when we come to the Conve­<lb/>niencies belonging to private Per&longs;ons, to who&longs;e <lb/>u&longs;e they are indeed referred; only we &longs;hall &longs;ay <lb/>&longs;omething here of the Places for laying up Salt. <lb/></s> <s>A Storehou&longs;e for Salt ought to be made in the <lb/>following Manner. </s> <s>Make up the Ground <lb/>with a Layer of Coal to the Height of one <lb/>Cubit or Foot and an half, and &longs;tamp it down <lb/>very tight; then &longs;trew it with Sand pounded <lb/>together with clean Chalk, to the Height of <lb/>three Hands breadths, and lay it exactly level; <lb/>and then pave it with &longs;quare Bricks baked till <lb/>they are quite black. </s> <s>The Face of the Walls <lb/>on the In&longs;ide ought to be made of the &longs;ame <lb/>Sort of Bricks; but if you have not a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Quantity of them, you may build it with &longs;quare <lb/>Stone, not either with &longs;oft Stone or Flint, but <lb/>with &longs;ome Stone of a middle Nature between <lb/>tho&longs;e two, only very hard; and let this Sort of <lb/>Work go the Thickne&longs;s of a Cubit into the <lb/>Wall; and then let the whole In&longs;ide be lined <lb/>with Planks of Wood, fa&longs;tened with bra&longs;s Nails, <lb/>or rather joynted together without any Nails <lb/>at all, and fill up the intermediate Space be­<lb/>tween the Lining and the Wall, with Reeds. <lb/></s> <s>It would al&longs;o have a mighty good Effect to <lb/>dawb over the Planks with Chalk &longs;teeped in <lb/>Lees of Oil, and mixed with Spart and Ru&longs;hes <lb/>&longs;hred &longs;mall. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, all publick Buildings of <lb/>this Nature ought to be well fortified with <lb/>&longs;tout Walls, Towers, and Ammunition, again&longs;t <lb/>all Manner of Force, Malice, or Fraud either <lb/>of Robbers, Enemies or &longs;editious Citizens. </s> <s>I <lb/>think I have now &longs;aid enough of publick <lb/>Structures, unle&longs;s it may be thought nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>to con&longs;ider of one Particular more which con­<lb/>cerns the Magi&longs;trate, and that not a little; <lb/>namely, that it is nece&longs;&longs;ary he &longs;hould have <lb/>Places for the Confinement of &longs;uch as he has <lb/>condemned either for Contumacy, Treachery <lb/>or Villany. </s> <s>I ob&longs;erve that the Ancients had <lb/>three Sorts of Pri&longs;ons. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t was that <lb/>wherein they kept the Di&longs;orderly and the Igno­<lb/>rant, to the Intent that every Night they might <lb/>be doctored and in&longs;tructed by learned and able <lb/>Profe&longs;&longs;ors of the be&longs;t Arts, in tho&longs;e Points <lb/>which related to good Manners and an hone&longs;t <lb/>Life. </s> <s>The Second was for the Confinement <lb/>of Debtors, and for the Reformation of &longs;uch <lb/>as were got into a licentious Way of Living. <lb/></s> <s>The la&longs;t was for the mo&longs;t wicked Wretches and <lb/>horrid Profligates, unworthy of the Light of the <lb/>Sun or the Society of Mankind, and &longs;oon to be <lb/>delivered over to capital Puni&longs;hment or perpe­<lb/>tual Impri&longs;onment and Mi&longs;ery. </s> <s>If any Man is <lb/>of Opinion that this la&longs;t Sort of Pri&longs;on ought <lb/>to be made like &longs;ome &longs;ubterraneous Cavern, or <lb/>frightful Sepulchre, he has certainly a greater <lb/>Regard to the Puni&longs;hment of the Criminal than <lb/>is agreeable either to the De&longs;ign of the Law or <lb/>to Humanity; and though wicked Men do by <lb/>their Crimes de&longs;erve the highe&longs;t Puni&longs;hment, <lb/>yet the Prince or Commonwealth ought never <lb/>to forget Mercy in the Mid&longs;t of Ju&longs;tice. </s> <s>There­<lb/>fore let it be &longs;ufficient to make this Sort of <lb/>Buildings very &longs;trong and &longs;ecure, with &longs;tout <lb/>Walls, Roofs and Apertures, that the Per&longs;on <lb/>confined may have no Means of making his <lb/>E&longs;cape; which may in a great Mea&longs;ure be ob­<lb/>tained, by the Thickne&longs;s, Depth and Height of <lb/>the Walls, and their being built with very hard <lb/>and large Stones, joyned together with Pins of <lb/>Iron or Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>To this you may, if you plea&longs;e, <lb/>add Windows grated with &longs;trong Bars of Iron <lb/>or Wood; though in reality nothing of this Sort <lb/>what&longs;oever can fully &longs;ecure a Pri&longs;oner always <lb/>thoughtful of his Liberty and Safety, nor pre­<lb/>vent his making his E&longs;cape, if you let him u&longs;e <lb/>the Strength which Nature and Cunning have <lb/>be&longs;towed upon him, and on which Account <lb/>there is an excellent Admonition contained in <lb/>this Saying, that the vigilant Eye of a Goaler is <lb/>a Pri&longs;on of Adamant. </s> <s>But in other Re&longs;pects, <lb/>let us follow the Method and Cu&longs;toms of the <lb/>Ancients. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t remember that in a Pri­<lb/>&longs;on there mu&longs;t be Privies and Hearths for Fire, <lb/>which ought to be contrived to be without <lb/>either Smoake or ill Smells. </s> <s>the following <lb/>Plan of an entire Pri&longs;on may an&longs;wer all the a­<lb/>forementioned Purpo&longs;es. </s> <s>Enclo&longs;e with very <lb/>high and &longs;trong Walls, without any Apertures, <pb xlink:href="003/01/118.jpg" pagenum="100"/>a Space of Ground in &longs;ome &longs;ecure and not un­<lb/>frequented Part of the City, and fortify it with <lb/>Towers and Galleries. </s> <s>From this Wall in­<lb/>wards the Apartments where the Pri&longs;oners are <lb/>to be confined, let there be an open Walk <lb/>about four Foot and an half wide, where the <lb/>Keepers may take their Rounds every Night <lb/>to prevent any E&longs;capes by Con&longs;piracy among the <lb/>Pri&longs;oners. </s> <s>The Space remaining in the Mid­<lb/>dle of this Circuit divide in the following Man­<lb/>ner. </s> <s>In&longs;tead of a Ve&longs;tibule make a good plea­<lb/>&longs;ant Hall, where tho&longs;e may be in&longs;tructed who <lb/>are &longs;ent thither in order to be forced to learn <lb/>how to demean them&longs;elves. </s> <s>Next to this Hall, <lb/>make Habitations for the Goalers and Places <lb/>for them to keep guard in, within an Enclo&longs;ure <lb/>of Lattices and Cro&longs;s-bars. </s> <s>Next let there be <lb/>an open Court, with Porticoes on each Side of <lb/>it, with Windows in them, through which you <lb/>may &longs;ee into all the Cells within; in which <lb/>Cells Bankrupts and Debtors are to be confin­<lb/>ed, not all together, but in different Apart­<lb/>ments. </s> <s>In the Front of this Court there mu&longs;t <lb/>be a clo&longs;er Pri&longs;on, for &longs;uch as are guilty of <lb/>&longs;mall Offences, and beyond that a Place where <lb/>Pri&longs;oners for capital Crimes may be confined <lb/>with yet greater Strictne&longs;s and Privacy.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of private Hou&longs;es and their Differences; as al&longs;o of the Country Hou&longs;e, and <lb/>the Rules to be ob&longs;erved in its Situation and Structure.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to treat of private Edifices. </s> <s>I <lb/>have already ob&longs;erved el&longs;ewhere, that a <lb/>Hou&longs;e is a little City. </s> <s>We are therefore in the <lb/>building of it, to have an Eye almo&longs;t to every <lb/>Thing that relates to the Building of a City; <lb/>that it be healthy, furni&longs;hed with all Manner <lb/>of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, not defficient in any of the Con­<lb/>veniencies that conduce to the Repo&longs;e, Tran­<lb/>quility or Delicacy of Life. </s> <s>What tho&longs;e are <lb/>and how they are to be obtained, I think I have <lb/>already, in a great Mea&longs;ure, &longs;hewn in the pre­<lb/>ceding Books. </s> <s>However, as the Occa&longs;ion here <lb/>is different, we &longs;hall con&longs;ider them over again <lb/>in the following Manner. </s> <s>A private Hou&longs;e is <lb/>manife&longs;tly de&longs;igned for the U&longs;e of a Family, <lb/>to which it ought to be a u&longs;eful and conveni­<lb/>ent Abode. </s> <s>It will not be &longs;o convenient as it <lb/>ought, if it has not every Thing within it&longs;elf <lb/>that the Family has Occa&longs;ion for. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>great Number of Per&longs;ons and Things in a Fa­<lb/>mily, which you cannot di&longs;tribute as you would <lb/>in a City &longs;o well as you can in the Country. <lb/></s> <s>In building a Hou&longs;e in Town, your Neigh­<lb/>bour's Wall, a common Gutter, a publick <lb/>Square or Street, and the like, &longs;hall all hinder <lb/>you from contriving it ju&longs;t to your own Mind; <lb/>which is not &longs;o in the Country, where you have <lb/>as much Freedom as you have Ob&longs;truction in <lb/>Town. </s> <s>For this, and other Rea&longs;ons, there­<lb/>fore, I &longs;hall di&longs;tingui&longs;h the Matter thus: That <lb/>the Habitation for a private Per&longs;on mu&longs;t be <lb/>different in Town from what it is in the Coun­<lb/>try. </s> <s>In both the&longs;e there mu&longs;t again be a Dif­<lb/>ference between tho&longs;e which are for the meaner <lb/>Sort of Citizens, and tho&longs;e which are for the <lb/>Rich. </s> <s>The meaner Sort build only for Ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ity; but the Rich for Plea&longs;ure and Delight. <lb/></s> <s>I &longs;hall &longs;et down &longs;uch Rules as the Mode&longs;ty of <lb/>the wi&longs;e&longs;t Men may approve of in all Sorts of <lb/>Buildings, and for that Purpo&longs;e &longs;hall begin <lb/>with tho&longs;e which are mo&longs;t ea&longs;y. </s> <s>Habitations <lb/>in the Country are the free&longs;t from all Ob&longs;truc­<lb/>tions, and therefore People are more inclined to <lb/>be&longs;tow their Expence in the Country than in <lb/>Town. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore fir&longs;t take a Review <lb/>of &longs;ome Ob&longs;ervations which we have already <lb/>made, and which are very material with Re­<lb/>lation to the chief U&longs;es of a Country Hou&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>They are as follows: We &longs;hould carefully avoid <lb/>a bad Air and an ill Soil. </s> <s>We &longs;hould build <lb/>in the Middle of an open Champian, under the <lb/>Shelter of &longs;ome Hill, where there is Plenty of <lb/>Water, and plea&longs;ant Pro&longs;pects, and in the <lb/>healthie&longs;t Part of a healthy Country. </s> <s>A heavy <lb/>unhealthy Air is &longs;aid to be occa&longs;ioned not on­<lb/>ly by tho&longs;e Inconveniencies which we mention­<lb/>ed in the fir&longs;t Book, but al&longs;o by thick Woods, <lb/>e&longs;pecially if they are full of Trees with bitter <lb/>Leaves; becau&longs;e the Air in &longs;uch Places being <lb/>not kept in Motion either by Sun or Winds, <lb/>wants its due Concoction; it is al&longs;o occa&longs;ioned <lb/>by a barren and unwhol&longs;ome Soil, which will <lb/>never produce any Thing but Woods. </s> <s>A <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e ought to &longs;tand in &longs;uch a Place <lb/>as may lie mo&longs;t convenient for the Owner's <lb/>Hou&longs;e in Town. <emph type="italics"/>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"/> would have a Man <pb xlink:href="003/01/119.jpg" pagenum="101"/>go to his Country Hou&longs;e on Foot, for the Sake <lb/>of Exerci&longs;e, and return on Hor&longs;eback. </s> <s>It ought <lb/>not therefore to lie far from the City, and the <lb/>Way to it &longs;hould be both good and clear, &longs;o as <lb/>he may go it either in Summer or Winter, either <lb/>in a Coach, or on Foot, and if po&longs;&longs;ible by <lb/>Water. </s> <s>It will be al&longs;o very convenient to have <lb/>your Way to it lie through a Gate of the City <lb/>that is not far from your Town Hou&longs;e, but as <lb/>near it as may be, that you may go backwards <lb/>and forwards from Town to Country, and from <lb/>Country to Town, with your Wife and Fami­<lb/>ly, as often as you plea&longs;e, without being too <lb/>much ob&longs;erved by the People, or being obliged <lb/>in the lea&longs;t to con&longs;ult your Dre&longs;s. </s> <s>It is not <lb/>ami&longs;s to have a Villa &longs;o placed, that when you <lb/>go to it in a Morning the Rays of the ri&longs;ing <lb/>Sun may not be trouble&longs;ome to your Eyes, nor <lb/>tho&longs;e of the &longs;etting Sun in the Evening when <lb/>you return to the City. </s> <s>Neither &longs;hould a Coun­<lb/>try Hou&longs;e &longs;tand in a remote, de&longs;art, mean Cor­<lb/>ner, di&longs;tant from a rea&longs;onable Neighbourhood: <lb/>but in a Situation where you may have Peo­<lb/>ple to conver&longs;e with, drawn to the &longs;ame Place <lb/>by the Fruitfulne&longs;s of the Soil, the Plea&longs;antne&longs;s <lb/>of the Air, the Plentifulne&longs;s of the Country, <lb/>the Sweetne&longs;s of the Fields, and the Security of <lb/>the Neighbourhood. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould a Villa be <lb/>&longs;eated in a Place of too much Re&longs;ort, near ad­<lb/>joyning either to the City, or any great Road, <lb/>or to a Port where great Numbers of Ve&longs;&longs;els <lb/>and Boats are continually putting in; but in <lb/>&longs;uch a Situation, as though none of tho&longs;e Plea­<lb/>&longs;ures may be wanting, yet your Family may <lb/>not be eternally mole&longs;ted with the Vi&longs;its of <lb/>Strangers and Pa&longs;&longs;engers. </s> <s>The Ancients &longs;ay <lb/>that in windy Places Things are never &longs;poilt <lb/>by Ru&longs;t or Mildew; but in moi&longs;t Places, and <lb/>low Vallies, where the Winds have not a free <lb/>Cour&longs;e, they are very much expo&longs;ed to them. <lb/></s> <s>I cannot approve of one general Rule which is <lb/>laid down for all Places, namely, that a Coun­<lb/>try Hou&longs;e ought to be built &longs;o as to look to­<lb/>wards the ri&longs;ing of the Sun when it is in the <lb/>Equinox: For nothing can be &longs;aid relating to <lb/>the Sun and Winds but what mu&longs;t alter accord­<lb/>ing to the Difference of the Climate, &longs;ince the <lb/>North Wind is not light and the South un­<lb/>healthy in all Places. <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Phy&longs;ician, <lb/>very well ob&longs;erved that all Winds which blow <lb/>from the Sea, are gro&longs;&longs;er than tho&longs;e which <lb/>blow over Land, which are always lighter. <lb/></s> <s>Upon this Account of the Winds we ought to <lb/>avoid the Mouths of all Vallies, becau&longs;e in &longs;uch <lb/>Places the Winds are too cold if they come in <lb/>the Night, or too hot, if in the Day, being <lb/>over-heated by the too great Reflection of the <lb/>Sun's Rays.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Country Hou&longs;es are of two Sorts; the proper Di&longs;po&longs;ition of all their <lb/>Members whether for the Lodging of Men, Animals, or Tools of Agricul­<lb/>ture and other nece&longs;&longs;ary In&longs;truments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as of Habitations in the Country &longs;ome <lb/>are de&longs;igned for Gentlemen, others for <lb/>Hu&longs;bandmen, &longs;ome invented for U&longs;e, others <lb/>perhaps for Plea&longs;ure; we &longs;hall begin with tho&longs;e <lb/>which belong to Husbandmen. </s> <s>The Habita­<lb/>tions of the&longs;e ought not to be far from their <lb/>Ma&longs;ter's Hou&longs;e, that he may be at Hand to <lb/>over-look them every now and then, to &longs;ee <lb/>what they are doing, and what Orders it is <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for him to give. </s> <s>The peculiar Bu&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the&longs;e Structures is for the getting in, <lb/>ordering and pre&longs;erving the Fruits of the Earth: <lb/>Unle&longs;s you will &longs;ay that this la&longs;t Office, name­<lb/>ly, of pre&longs;erving the Grain, belongs rather to <lb/>the Hou&longs;e of the Ma&longs;ter, and even rather to his <lb/>Hou&longs;e in the City than to that in the Country. <lb/></s> <s>This Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to be done by a Number of <lb/>Hands and a good Quantity of Tools, but mo&longs;t <lb/>of all by the Diligence and Indu&longs;try of the <lb/>Farmer or Over&longs;eer. </s> <s>The Ancients comput­<lb/>ed the nece&longs;&longs;ary Family of a Farmer to be <lb/>about fifteen Per&longs;ons; for the&longs;e therefore you <lb/>mu&longs;t have convenient Places where they may <lb/>warm them&longs;elves when they are cold, or retire <lb/>for Shelter when they are driven from their <lb/>Labour by foul Weather, where they may eat <lb/>their Meals, re&longs;t them&longs;elves and prepare the <lb/>Things they will want in their Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>Make <lb/>therefore a large Kitchen, not ob&longs;cure, nor li­<lb/>able to Danger from Fire, with an Oven, Stove, <lb/>Pump and Sink. </s> <s>Beyond the Kitchen let there <lb/>be a Room where the better Sort among your <lb/>People may lie, and a Larder for pre&longs;erving all <lb/>Sorts of Provi&longs;ions for daily U&longs;e. </s> <s>Let all the <pb xlink:href="003/01/120.jpg" pagenum="102"/>other People be &longs;o di&longs;tributed, that every one <lb/>may be near tho&longs;e Things which are under his <lb/>particular Care. </s> <s>Let the Over&longs;eer lie near the <lb/>principal Gate, that nobody may pa&longs;s and re­<lb/>pa&longs;s or carry any Thing out in the Night with­<lb/>out his Knowledge. </s> <s>Let tho&longs;e who have the <lb/>Care of the Cattle, lie near the Stable, that <lb/>they may be always at Hand to keep every <lb/>Thing in good Order. </s> <s>And this may be &longs;uf­<lb/>ficient with Relation to your People. </s> <s>Of <lb/>Tools or In&longs;truments, &longs;ome are animate, as <lb/>Cattle; and &longs;ome inanimate, as Carts, all Sorts <lb/>of iron Tools, and the like; for the&longs;e erect on <lb/>one Side of the Kitchen a large Shed under <lb/>which you may &longs;et your Cart, Plough, Har­<lb/>row, Yoke, Hay-baskets, and the like Uten&longs;ils; <lb/>and let this Shed have a South A&longs;pect, that in <lb/>Winter Time the Family may divert them&longs;elves <lb/>under it on Holydays. </s> <s>Make a very large <lb/>and neat Place for your Pre&longs;&longs;es both of Wine <lb/>and Oil. </s> <s>Let there be al&longs;o a Store-hou&longs;e for <lb/>the laying up and pre&longs;erving your Mea&longs;ures, <lb/>Hampers, Baskets, Cordage, Houghs, Pitch­<lb/>forks and &longs;o forth. </s> <s>Over the Rafters that run <lb/>acro&longs;s within the Shed, you may &longs;pread Hur­<lb/>dles, and upon them you may lay up Poles, <lb/>Rods, Staves, Boughs, Leaves and Fodder for <lb/>your Oxen, Hemp and Flax unwrought, and <lb/>&longs;uch like Stores. </s> <s>Cattle is of two Sorts; one, <lb/>for Labour; as Oxen and Hor&longs;es; the other, <lb/>for Profit, as Hogs, Sheep, Goats, and all Sorts <lb/>of Herds. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of the labour­<lb/>ing Sort, becau&longs;e they &longs;eem to come under the <lb/>Head of In&longs;truments; and afterwards we &longs;hall <lb/>&longs;ay &longs;omething of tho&longs;e which are for Profit, <lb/>which belong properly to the Indu&longs;try of your <lb/>Over&longs;eer or Farmer. </s> <s>Let the Stables for Hor&longs;es, <lb/>and for Oxen, and all other black Cattle, be <lb/>warm in Winter, and let their Racks be &longs;trong <lb/>and well fenced, that they may not &longs;catter their <lb/>Meat. </s> <s>Let the Hay for the Hor&longs;es be above <lb/>them, that they may not reach it without &longs;ome <lb/>Pains, and that they may be forced to rai&longs;e <lb/>their Heads high for it, which makes their <lb/>Heads drier and their Shoulders lighter. </s> <s>On <lb/>the Contrary, let their Oats and other Grain <lb/>lie &longs;o as they may be forced to &longs;toop low for <lb/>it; which will prevent their taking too large <lb/>Mouthfuls, and &longs;wallowing too much whole; <lb/>be&longs;ides that it will &longs;trengthen their Brea&longs;t and <lb/>Mu&longs;cles. </s> <s>But above all you mu&longs;t take parti­<lb/>cular Care that the Wall behind the Manger, <lb/>again&longs;t which the Hor&longs;e's Head is to &longs;tand, be <lb/>not damp. </s> <s>The Bone which covers the Hor&longs;e's <lb/>Brain is &longs;o thin, that it will bear neither Damp <lb/>nor Cold; and therefore take Care al&longs;o that the <lb/>Moon's Beams do not come in at the Win­<lb/>dows; which are very apt to make him Wall­<lb/>eyed and to give him grievous Coughs; and <lb/>indeed the Moon's Beams are as bad as a Pe&longs;­<lb/>tilence to any Cattle that are infirm. </s> <s>Let the <lb/>Oxe's Manger be &longs;et lower, that he may eat as <lb/>he lyes. </s> <s>If Hor&longs;es &longs;ee the Fire, they are pro­<lb/>digiou&longs;ly frightened and will grow rugged. <lb/></s> <s>Oxen are plea&longs;ed with the Sight of Men. </s> <s>If a <lb/>Mule is &longs;et up in a hot or dark Place, &longs;he runs <lb/>Mad. </s> <s>Some think the Mule does not want &longs;o <lb/>much as the lea&longs;t Shelter for any other Part <lb/>but her Head, and that it is not at all the <lb/>Wor&longs;e if her other Parts are expo&longs;ed to Dews <lb/>and Colds. </s> <s>Let the Ground under the Oxen <lb/>be paved with Stone, that the Filth and Dung <lb/>may not rot their Hoofs. </s> <s>Under Hor&longs;es, make <lb/>a Trench in the Pavement, and cover it with <lb/>Planks of Holm or Oak, that their Urine may <lb/>not &longs;ettle under them, and that by their pawing <lb/>they may not &longs;poil both their Hoofs and the <lb/>Pavement.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Indu&longs;try of the Farmer or Over&longs;eer ought to be employed as well about <lb/>all Sorts of Animals, as about the Fruits of the Earth; as al&longs;o of the Con­<lb/>&longs;truction of the Thre&longs;hing-floor.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hall ju&longs;t briefly mention that the <lb/>Indu&longs;try of the Over&longs;eer, is not only <lb/>to be employed about gathering in the Fruits <lb/>of the Earth, but al&longs;o about the Management <lb/>and Improvement of Cattle, Fowls, Fi&longs;h and <lb/>other Animals. </s> <s>Set the Stalls for Cattle in a <lb/>dry Place, and never in a Damp one; clear <lb/>away every little Stone from under them, and <lb/>make them with a Slope, that you may ea&longs;ily <lb/>&longs;weep and clean them; let one Part of them <lb/>be covered, and the other open, and take Care <lb/>that no &longs;outherly or other moi&longs;t Wind can af­<lb/>fect the Cattle in the Night, and that they be <lb/>&longs;heltered from all other trouble&longs;ome Bla&longs;ts. <pb xlink:href="003/01/121.jpg" pagenum="103"/>For a Place to keep Rabbits in, build a Wall <lb/>of &longs;quare Stone, with its Foundations dug &longs;o <lb/>low as to be in Water; within the Space en­<lb/>clo&longs;ed make a Floor of male Sand, with little <lb/>Hillocks here and there of Fuller's Earth. </s> <s>Let <lb/>your Poultry have a Shed in the Yard facing <lb/>the South, and thick &longs;trewed with A&longs;hes, and <lb/>over this Places for them to lay their Eggs, <lb/>and Perches to roo&longs;t upon in the Night. </s> <s>Some <lb/>are for keeping their Poultry in large Coops in <lb/>&longs;ome hand&longs;ome inclofed Area facing the Ea&longs;t; <lb/>but tho&longs;e that are defigned for laying and <lb/>hatching of Eggs, as they are more cheerful, <lb/>having their Liberty, &longs;o too they are more <lb/>fruitful; whereas, tho&longs;e which are kept in a <lb/>dark confined Place, &longs;eldom bring their Eggs <lb/>to any Thing. </s> <s>Place your Dove-hou&longs;e &longs;o as <lb/>to be in View of Water, and do not make it <lb/>too lofty, but of &longs;uch an ea&longs;y Heigth, that the <lb/>Pidgeons wearied with flying, or after &longs;porting <lb/>about in the Air with one another, may gent­<lb/>ly glide down upon it with Ea&longs;e and Plea&longs;ure. <lb/></s> <s>Some there are who &longs;ay that when the Pidgeon <lb/>has found her Meat in the Field, the farther &longs;he <lb/>has it to carry to her Young, the Fatter &longs;he <lb/>makes them with it; and the Rea&longs;on they give <lb/>is, becau&longs;e the Meat which they carry Home <lb/>to feed their Young in their Crop, by &longs;taying <lb/>there a good While is half concocted; and up­<lb/>on this Account, they are for placing the Dove­<lb/>hou&longs;e on &longs;ome very high &longs;teep Situation. </s> <s>They <lb/>think too, that it is be&longs;t for the Dove-hou&longs;e to <lb/>be at a pretty good Di&longs;tance from its Water, <lb/>that the Pidgeons may not chill their Eggs by <lb/>coming to them with their Feet wet. </s> <s>If in <lb/>one Corner of the Tower you enclo&longs;e a Ka&longs;trel, <lb/>it will &longs;ecure your Dove-hou&longs;e from Birds of <lb/>Prey. </s> <s>If under the Door you bury the Head <lb/>of a Wolf &longs;trewed over with Cummin-&longs;eed, in <lb/>an earthen Ve&longs;&longs;el full of Holes for the Smell to <lb/>get out, it will bring you an infinite Number <lb/>of Pidgeons. </s> <s>If you make your Dove-hou&longs;e <lb/>Floor of Chalk, and wet it thoroughly with <lb/>Man's Urine, you will bring Multitudes of <lb/>Pidgeons from the Seats of their Ance&longs;tors, to <lb/>take up their Abode with you. </s> <s>Before the <lb/>Windows let there be Cornices of Stone, or of <lb/>Olive-wood, projecting out a Cubit, for the <lb/>Pidgeons to light upon at their coming Home, <lb/>and to take their Flight from at their going <lb/>Abroad. </s> <s>If the Young ones which are con­<lb/>fined have a View of Trees and the Sky before <lb/>they can fly, it will make them Droop and <lb/>Pine away. </s> <s>Other &longs;maller Birds which you <lb/>have a De&longs;ire to breed, ought to have their <lb/>Ne&longs;ts and Apartments made for them in &longs;ome <lb/>warm Place. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e which walk more than <lb/>they fly, &longs;hould have them low, and upon the <lb/>Ground it&longs;elf; for others they &longs;hould be made <lb/>higher. </s> <s>Each &longs;hould have a &longs;eparate Apart­<lb/>ment, divided by Partitions on each Side to <lb/>keep their Eggs or Young from falling out of <lb/>the Ne&longs;t. </s> <s>Clay is better to make the Ne&longs;ts of <lb/>than Lime, and Lime than Terra&longs;s. </s> <s>All Sort <lb/>of old Stone new cut is bad; Bricks are better <lb/>than Turf, if not too much baked. </s> <s>The Wood <lb/>either of Poplar or Fir is very u&longs;eful. </s> <s>All the <lb/>Apartments for Birds ought to be &longs;mooth, clean <lb/>and &longs;weet, and e&longs;pecially &longs;or Pidgeons. </s> <s>Even <lb/>four footed Bea&longs;ts, if kept na&longs;ty, will grow <lb/>Scabby. </s> <s>Let every Part, therefore, be well <lb/>done over with Rough-ca&longs;t, and plai&longs;tered and <lb/>white wa&longs;hed, not leaving the lea&longs;t Cranny un­<lb/>&longs;topped, that Pole-cats, Weezels, Newts, or the <lb/>like Vermin may not de&longs;troy the Eggs, or the <lb/>Young, or prejudice the Wall; and be &longs;ure to <lb/>make convenient Places to keep their Meat and <lb/>Water in. </s> <s>It will be very Convenient for this <lb/>Purpo&longs;e to have a Moat quite round your Hou&longs;e, <lb/>wherein your Gee&longs;e, Ducks, Hogs and Cows <lb/>may water and wa&longs;h them&longs;elves, and near <lb/>which, in all Weathers, they may have as much <lb/>Meat lying ready for them as they will eat. <lb/></s> <s>Let the Water and Meat for your &longs;maller <lb/>Fowls be kept in Tunnels along the Wall, &longs;o <lb/>that they may not &longs;eatter or dirty it with their <lb/>Feet; and you may have Pipes into the&longs;e Tun­<lb/>nels from without, through which you may <lb/>convey their Food into them. </s> <s>In the Middle, <lb/>let there be a Place for them to wa&longs;h in, with <lb/>a con&longs;tant &longs;upply of clean Water. </s> <s>Make your <lb/>Pi&longs;h-pond in a chalky Soil, and dig it &longs;o deep <lb/>that the Water may neither be over heated by <lb/>the Rays of the Sun, nor too ea&longs;ily frozen up <lb/>by the Cold. </s> <s>Moreover, make &longs;ome Caverns <lb/>in the Sides, for the Fi&longs;h to run into upon any <lb/>&longs;udden Di&longs;turbance of the Water, that they <lb/>may not be wa&longs;ted and worn away by conti­<lb/>nual Alarms. </s> <s>Fi&longs;h are nouri&longs;hed by the Juices <lb/>of the Earth; great Heat torments them, and <lb/>extreme Fro&longs;t kills them; but they are very <lb/>much plea&longs;ed and delighted by the Mid-day <lb/>Sun. </s> <s>It is thought not ami&longs;s to have the tur­<lb/>bid Floods after Rains flow into the Pond &longs;ome­<lb/>times; but never upon the fir&longs;t Rain after the <lb/>Dog-days; becau&longs;e they then have a &longs;trong <lb/>Tincture of Lime, and will kill the Fi&longs;h; and <lb/>afterwards too they &longs;hould be admitted but <lb/>rarely, becau&longs;e their &longs;tinking Slime is apt to <lb/>prejudice both the Fi&longs;h and Water too; but <pb xlink:href="003/01/122.jpg" pagenum="104"/>&longs;till there ought to be a continual Flux and <lb/>Reflux of Water, either from &longs;ome Spring, <lb/>River, Lake or Sea. </s> <s>But concerning Fi&longs;h­<lb/>ponds which are to be &longs;upplied by the Sea-wa­<lb/>ter, the Ancients have given us fuller In&longs;truc­<lb/>tions, in the following Manner. </s> <s>A muddy Soil <lb/>affords the be&longs;t Nourithment for flat Fi&longs;h, &longs;uch <lb/>as Soals and the like, and a &longs;andy is be&longs;t for <lb/>&longs;hell Fi&longs;h. </s> <s>The Sea it&longs;elf is be&longs;t for others, as <lb/>the Dory and Shark; and the Sea-thru&longs;t and <lb/>Whiting feed be&longs;t among the Rocks where <lb/>they are naturally bred La&longs;tly, they &longs;ay that <lb/>there can be no better Pond for keeping Fi&longs;h <lb/>in, than one &longs;o &longs;ituated that the Waves of the <lb/>Sea which flow into it are continually remov­<lb/>ing tho&longs;e which were in it before, not &longs;uffering <lb/>the Water ever to &longs;tagnate, and that the &longs;lower <lb/>the Water is in renewing, the le&longs;s whole&longs;ome <lb/>it is. </s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice as to the <lb/>Care and Indu&longs;try of the Farmer or Over&longs;eer, <lb/>in the Affairs abovementioned. </s> <s>But we mu&longs;t <lb/>not here omit the chief Thing needful with Re­<lb/>lation to the gathering together and &longs;toring up <lb/>the Fruits of the Harve&longs;t, and that is the <lb/>Thre&longs;hing-floor which ought to lie open to the <lb/>Sun and Air, and not far from the Shed men­<lb/>tioned before, that upon any &longs;udden Rain you <lb/>may immediately remove both your Grain and <lb/>Workmen into Shelter. </s> <s>In order to make your <lb/>Floor, you need not give your&longs;elf the Trouble <lb/>to lay the Ground exactly level; but only <lb/>plain it pretty even, and then dig it up and <lb/>throw a good Quantity of Lees of Oil upon it, <lb/>and let it &longs;oak in thoroughly; then break the <lb/>Clods very &longs;mall and lay them down even, <lb/>either with a Roller or a Harrow, and beat it <lb/>down clo&longs;e with a Rammer; then pour &longs;ome <lb/>more Lees of Oil upon it, and when this is <lb/>dried into it, neither Mice, nor Ants will come <lb/>a-near it, neither will it ever grow poachy or <lb/>produce Gra&longs;s or Weeds. </s> <s>Chalk likewi&longs;e adds <lb/>a good Deal of Firmne&longs;s to a Work of this <lb/>Nature. </s> <s>And thus much for the Habitation <lb/>of the Labourers.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Country Hou&longs;e for a Gentleman; its various Parts, and the proper <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;ition of each of tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some are of Opinion that a Gentleman's <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e &longs;hould have quite diffe­<lb/>rent Conveniencies for Summer and for Win­<lb/>ter; and the Rules they give for this Purpo&longs;e <lb/>are the&longs;e: The Bed-chambers for the Winter <lb/>&longs;hould look towards the Point at which the <lb/>Sun ri&longs;es in Winter, and the Parlour, towards <lb/>the Equinoctial Sun-&longs;etting; whereas the Bed­<lb/>chambers for Summer &longs;hould look to the South, <lb/>the Parlours, to the Winter Sun-ri&longs;ing, and the <lb/>Portico or Place for walking in, to the South. <lb/></s> <s>But, in my Opinion, all the&longs;e Conveniencies <lb/>ought to be varied according to the Difference <lb/>of the Country and Climate, &longs;o as to temper <lb/>Heat by Cold and Dry by Moi&longs;t. </s> <s>I do not <lb/>think it nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Gentleman's Hou&longs;e <lb/>to &longs;tand in the mo&longs;t fruitful Part of his whole <lb/>E&longs;tate, but rather in the mo&longs;t Honourable, <lb/>where he can uncontrolled enjoy all the Plea&longs;ures <lb/>and Conveniencies of Air, Sun, and fine Pro­<lb/>&longs;pects, go down ea&longs;ily at any Time into his <lb/>E&longs;tate, receive Strangers hand&longs;omely and &longs;paci­<lb/>ou&longs;ly, be &longs;een by Pa&longs;&longs;engers for a good Way <lb/>round, and have a View of &longs;ome City, Towns, <lb/>the Sea, an open Plain, and the Tops of &longs;ome <lb/>known Hills and Mountains. </s> <s>Let him have <lb/>the Delights of Gardens, and the Diver&longs;ions of <lb/>Fi&longs;hing and Hunting clo&longs;e under his Eye. </s> <s>We <lb/>have in another Place ob&longs;erved, that of the dif­<lb/>ferent Members of a Hou&longs;e, &longs;ome belong to the <lb/>whole Family in general, other to a certain <lb/>Number of Per&longs;ons in it, and others again on­<lb/>ly to one or more Per&longs;ons &longs;eparately. </s> <s>In our <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e, with Regard to tho&longs;e Members <lb/>which belong to the whole Family in general, <lb/>let us imitate the Prince's Palace. </s> <s>Before the <lb/>Door let there be a large open Space, for the <lb/>Exerci&longs;es either of Chariot or Hor&longs;e Racing, <lb/>much longer than a Youth can either draw a <lb/>Bow or throw a Dart. </s> <s>Within the Hou&longs;e, <lb/>with Regard to tho&longs;e Conveniencies nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>for a Number of Per&longs;ons in the Family, let <lb/>there not be wanting open Places for Walking, <lb/>Swimming, and other Diver&longs;ions, Court-yards, <lb/>Gra&longs;s-plots and Porticoes, where the old Men <lb/>may chat together in the kindly Warmth of <lb/>the Sun in Winter, and where the Family may <lb/>divert them&longs;elves and enjoy the Shade in Sum­<lb/>mer. </s> <s>It is manife&longs;t &longs;ome Parts of the Hou&longs;e <lb/>are for the Family them&longs;elves, and others for <pb xlink:href="003/01/123.jpg" pagenum="105"/>the Things nece&longs;&longs;ary and u&longs;eful to the Family. <lb/></s> <s>The Family con&longs;i&longs;ts of the following Per&longs;ons: <lb/>The Husband, the Wife, their Children and <lb/>Relations, and all the different Sorts of Ser­<lb/>vants attendant upon the&longs;e; be&longs;ides which, <lb/>Gue&longs;ts too are to be reckoned as Part of the <lb/>Family. </s> <s>The Things u&longs;e&longs;ul to the Family are <lb/>Provi&longs;ions and all Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, &longs;uch <lb/>as Cloths, Arms, Books, and Hor&longs;es al&longs;o. </s> <s>The <lb/>principal Member of the whole Building, is <lb/>that which (whatever Names others may give <lb/>it) I &longs;hall call the Court-yard with its Portico; <lb/>next to this is the Parlour, within this the Bed­<lb/>chambers, and la&longs;tly, the private Rooms for <lb/>the particular U&longs;es of each Per&longs;on in the Fa­<lb/>mily. </s> <s>The other Members of the Hou&longs;e are <lb/>&longs;ufficiently known by their U&longs;es. </s> <s>The Court­<lb/>yard therefore is the principal Member, to <lb/>which all the other &longs;maller Members mu&longs;t cor­<lb/>re&longs;pond, as being in a Manner a publick Mar­<lb/>ket-place to the whole Hou&longs;e, which from this <lb/>Court-yard derives all the Advantages of Com­<lb/>munication and Light. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on every <lb/>one de&longs;ires to have his Court-yard as &longs;pacious, <lb/>large, open, hand&longs;ome and convenient as po&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ible. </s> <s>Some content them&longs;elves with one Court­<lb/>yard, others are for having more, and for en­<lb/>clo&longs;ing them all with very high Walls, or &longs;ome <lb/>with higher and &longs;ome with lower; and they <lb/>are for having them &longs;ome covered and others <lb/>open, and others again half covered and half <lb/>uncovered; in &longs;ome they would have a Portico <lb/>only on one Side, in others on two or more, <lb/>and in others all round; and the&longs;e Porticoes, <lb/>la&longs;tly, &longs;ome would build with flat, others with <lb/>arched Roo&longs;s. </s> <s>Upon the&longs;e Heads I have no­<lb/>thing more to &longs;ay, but that Regard mu&longs;t be had <lb/>to the Climate and Sea&longs;on, and to Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>and Convenience; &longs;o as in cold Countries to <lb/>ward again&longs;t the bleak North-wind, and the <lb/>Severity of the Air and Soil; and in hot Cli­<lb/>mates, to avoid the trouble&longs;ome and &longs;corching <lb/>Rays of the Sun. </s> <s>Admit the plea&longs;ante&longs;t <lb/>Breezes on all Sides, and &longs;uch a grate&longs;ul Quan­<lb/>tity of Light as is nece&longs;&longs;ary; but do not let <lb/>your Court-yard be expo&longs;ed to any noxious <lb/>Vapours exhaled from any damp Place, nor to <lb/>frequent ha&longs;ty Showers from &longs;ome overlooking <lb/>Hill in the Neighbourhood. </s> <s>Exactly an&longs;wer­<lb/>ing the Middle of your Court-yard place your <lb/>Entrance, with a hand&longs;ome Ve&longs;tibule, neither <lb/>narrow, difficult or ob&longs;cure. </s> <s>Let the fir&longs;t Room <lb/>that offers it&longs;elf be a Chapel dedicated to God, <lb/>with its Altar, where Strangers and Gue&longs;ts may <lb/>offer their Devotions, beginning their Friend­<lb/>&longs;hip by Religion; and where the Father of the <lb/>Family may put up his Prayers for the Peace <lb/>of his Hou&longs;e and the Welfare of his Relations. <lb/></s> <s>Here let him embrace tho&longs;e who come to vi&longs;it <lb/>him, and if any Cau&longs;e be referred to him by his <lb/>Friends, or he has any other &longs;erious Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>of that Nature to tran&longs;act, let him do it in this <lb/>Place. </s> <s>Nothing is hand&longs;omer in the Middle <lb/>of the Portico, than Windows of Gla&longs;s, through <lb/>which you may receive the Plea&longs;ure either of <lb/>Sun or Air, according to the Sea&longs;on. <emph type="italics"/>Martial<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that Windows looking to the South, re­<lb/>ceive a pure Sun and a clear Light; and the <lb/>Ancients thought it be&longs;t to place their Porti­<lb/>coes fronting the South, becau&longs;e the Sun in <lb/>Summer running his Cour&longs;e higher, did not <lb/>throw in his Rays, where they would enter in <lb/>Winter. </s> <s>The Pro&longs;pect of Hills to the South, <lb/>when tho&longs;e Hills, on the Side which you have <lb/>a View of, are continually covered with Clouds <lb/>and Vapours, is not very plea&longs;ant, if they are <lb/>at a great Di&longs;tance; and if they are near, and <lb/>in a Manner ju&longs;t over your Head, they will <lb/>incommode you with chill Shadows and cold <lb/>Rimes; but if they are at a convenient Dif­<lb/>tance, they are both plea&longs;ant and convenient, <lb/>becau&longs;e they defend you from the &longs;outhern <lb/>Winds. </s> <s>Hills towards the North reverberating <lb/>the Rays of the Sun, encrea&longs;e the Heat; but at <lb/>a pretty good Di&longs;tance, they are very delight­<lb/>ful, becau&longs;e the Clearne&longs;s of the Air, which is <lb/>always &longs;erene in &longs;uch a Situation, and the <lb/>Brightne&longs;s of the Sun, which it always enjoys, <lb/>is extremely chearful to the Sight. </s> <s>Hills to the <lb/>Ea&longs;t and &longs;o likewi&longs;e to the We&longs;t, will make <lb/>your Mornings cold and the Dews plenti&longs;ul, <lb/>if they are near you; but both, if at &longs;ome toler­<lb/>able Di&longs;tance, are wonderfully Plea&longs;ant. </s> <s>So <lb/>too, Rivers and Lakes are inconvenient if too <lb/>near, and afford no Delight, if too far off: <lb/>Whereas, on the Contrary, the Sea, if it is at <lb/>a large Di&longs;tance, makes both your Air and Sun <lb/>unhealthy; but when it is clo&longs;e to you, it does <lb/>you le&longs;s Harm, becau&longs;e then you have always <lb/>an Equality in your Air. </s> <s>Indeed there is this <lb/>to be &longs;aid, that when it is at a great Di&longs;tance, <lb/>it encrea&longs;es the De&longs;ire we have to &longs;ee it. </s> <s>There <lb/>is a good Deal too in the Point to which we <lb/>lie open to it: For if you are expo&longs;ed to the <lb/>Sea towards the South, it &longs;corches you; if to­<lb/>wards the Ea&longs;t, it infe&longs;ts you with Damps; if <lb/>to the We&longs;t, it makes your Air cloudy and full <lb/>of Vapours; and if to the North, it chills you <lb/>with exce&longs;&longs;ive Cold. </s> <s>From the Court-yard <lb/>we proceed to the Parlours, which mu&longs;t be <pb xlink:href="003/01/124.jpg" pagenum="106"/>contrived for different Sea&longs;ons, &longs;ome to be u&longs;ed <lb/>n Summer, others in Winter; and others as we <lb/>may &longs;ay in the middle Sea&longs;ons. </s> <s>Parlours for <lb/>Summer require Water and the Verdure of <lb/>Gardens; tho&longs;e for Winter, mu&longs;t be warm and <lb/>have good Fire-places. </s> <s>Both &longs;hould be large, <lb/>plea&longs;ant and delicate. </s> <s>There are many Ar­<lb/>guments to convince us that Chimnies were in <lb/>U&longs;e among the Ancients; but not &longs;uch as ours <lb/>are now. </s> <s>One of the Ancients &longs;ays, the Tops <lb/>of the Hou&longs;es &longs;moke, <emph type="italics"/>Et fumant culmina tecti:<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>And we find it continues the &longs;ame all over <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> to this Day, except in <emph type="italics"/>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that the Mouths of none of the <lb/>Chimnies ri&longs;e higher than the Tops of the <lb/>Hou&longs;es. <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that in Winter Par­<lb/>lours it is ridiculous to adorn the Ceiling with <lb/>hand&longs;ome Painting, becau&longs;e it will be pre&longs;ent­<lb/>ly &longs;poilt by the con&longs;tant Smoke and continual <lb/>Fires; for which Rea&longs;on the Ancients u&longs;ed to <lb/>paint tho&longs;e Ceilings with Black, that it might <lb/>&longs;eem to be done by the Smoke it&longs;elf. </s> <s>I find <lb/>too, that they made U&longs;e of a purified Sort of <lb/>Wood, that was quite clear of Smoke, like our <lb/>Charcoal, upon which Account it was a Di&longs;­<lb/>pute among the Lawyers, whether or no Coal <lb/>was to come under the Denomination of Wood; <lb/>and therefore it is probable they generally u&longs;ed <lb/>moveable Hearths or Chafing-pans either of <lb/>Bra&longs;s or Iron, which they carried from Place to <lb/>Place where-everthey had Occa&longs;ion to make a <lb/>Fire. </s> <s>And perhaps that warlike Race of Men, <lb/>hardened by continual Incampments, did not <lb/>make &longs;o much U&longs;e of Fire as we do now; and <lb/>Phy&longs;icians will not allow it whole&longs;ome, to be <lb/>too much by the Fire-&longs;ide. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the Fle&longs;h of Animals gains its Firmne&longs;s <lb/>and Solidity from Cold; and tho&longs;e who&longs;e Bu&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s it is to take Notice of Things of this Na­<lb/>ture have ob&longs;erved, that tho&longs;e working Men <lb/>who are continually employed about the Fur­<lb/>nace have generally dry wrinkled Skins; the <lb/>Rea&longs;on of which they &longs;ay is, becau&longs;e the Jui­<lb/>ces, of which the Fle&longs;h is formed, are exhau&longs;t­<lb/>ed by the Fire, and evaporate in Steam. </s> <s>In <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Germany, Colchos,<emph.end type="italics"/> and other Places, where Fire <lb/>is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary again&longs;t the extreme <lb/>Cold, they make U&longs;e of Stoves; of which we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;peak el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>Let us return to the <lb/>Chimney, which may be be&longs;t made &longs;erviceable <lb/>in the following Manner. </s> <s>It mu&longs;t be as direct <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible, capacious, not too far from the <lb/>Light, it mu&longs;t not draw the Wind too much, <lb/>but enough however to carry up the Smoke, <lb/>which el&longs;e would not go up the Tunnel. </s> <s>For <lb/>the&longs;e Rea&longs;ons do not make it ju&longs;t in a Corner, <lb/>nor too far within the Wall, nor let it take up <lb/>the be&longs;t Part of the Room where your chief <lb/>Gue&longs;ts ought to &longs;it. </s> <s>Do not let it be in­<lb/>commoded by the Air either of Doors or Win­<lb/>dows, nor &longs;hould it project too &longs;ar out into the <lb/>Room. </s> <s>Let its Tunnel be very wide and car­<lb/>ried up perpendicular, and let the Top of it <lb/>ri&longs;e above the highe&longs;t Part of the whole Build­<lb/>ing; and this not only upon Account of the <lb/>Danger of Fire, but al&longs;o to prevent the Smoke <lb/>from being driven down the Chimney again by <lb/>any Eddy of Wind on the Top of the Hou&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>Smoke being hot naturally mounts, and the <lb/>Heat of the Flame quickens its A&longs;cent: When <lb/>it comes therefore into the Tunnel of the <lb/>Chimney, it is compre&longs;&longs;ed and &longs;traitened as in <lb/>a Channel, and being pu&longs;hed on by the Heat <lb/>of the Fire, is thru&longs;t out in the &longs;ame Manner <lb/>as the Sound is out of a Trumpet. </s> <s>And as a <lb/>Trumpet, if it is too big, does not give a clear <lb/>Sound, becau&longs;e the Air has Room to rowl about <lb/>in it; the &longs;ame will hold good with Relation <lb/>to the Smoke in a Chimney. </s> <s>Let the Top of <lb/>the Chimney be covered to keep out Rain, and <lb/>all round the Sides let there be wide Holes for <lb/>the Pa&longs;&longs;age of the Smoke, with Breaks projec­<lb/>ting out between each Hole to keep off the <lb/>Violence of the Wind. </s> <s>Where this is not &longs;o <lb/>convenient, erect an upright Pin, and on it hang <lb/>a bra&longs;s Cover broad enough to take in the <lb/>whole Mouth of the Chimney, and let this Co­<lb/>ver have a Vane at the Top like a Sort of <lb/>Cre&longs;t, which like a Helm may turn it round <lb/>according to the Wind. </s> <s>Another very good <lb/>Method al&longs;o is to &longs;et on the Chimney Top &longs;ome <lb/>Spire like a Hunter's Horn, either of Bra&longs;s or <lb/>baked Earth, broader at one End than the <lb/>other, with the broad End turned downwards <lb/>to the Mouth of the Chimney; by which <lb/>means the Smoke being received in at the <lb/>broad End, will force its Way out at the Nar­<lb/>row, in Spite of the Wind. </s> <s>To the Parlours <lb/>we mu&longs;t accommodate the Kitchen, and the <lb/>Pantry for &longs;etting by what is left after Meals, <lb/>together with all Manner of Ve&longs;&longs;els and Linen. <lb/></s> <s>The Kitchen ought to be neither ju&longs;t under the <lb/>No&longs;es of the Gue&longs;ts, nor at too great a Di&longs;­<lb/>tance; but &longs;o that the Victuals may be brought <lb/>in neither too hot nor too cold, and that the <lb/>Noi&longs;e of the Scullions, with the Clatter of <lb/>their Pans, Di&longs;hes and other Uten&longs;ils, may not <lb/>be trouble&longs;ome. </s> <s>The Pa&longs;&longs;age through which <lb/>the Victuals are to be carried, &longs;hould be hand­<lb/>&longs;ome and convenient, not open to the Weather, <pb xlink:href="003/01/125.jpg" pagenum="107"/>nor di&longs;honoured by any Filth that may offend <lb/>the Stomachs of the Gue&longs;ts. </s> <s>From the Par­<lb/>lour the next Step is to the Bed-chamber; and <lb/>for a Man of Figure and Elegance, there &longs;hould <lb/>be different ones of the&longs;e latter, as well as of <lb/>the former, for Summer and for Winter. </s> <s>This <lb/>puts me in Mind of <emph type="italics"/>Lucullus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Saying, that it <lb/>is not fit a great Man &longs;hould be wor&longs;e lodged <lb/>than a Swallow or a Crane. </s> <s>However I &longs;hall <lb/>only &longs;et down &longs;uch Rules, with Relation to <lb/>the&longs;e Apartments, as are compatible with the <lb/>greate&longs;t Mode&longs;ty and Moderation. </s> <s>I remem­<lb/>ber to have read in <emph type="italics"/>Æmilius Probus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;to­<lb/>rian, that among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> it was never u&longs;ual <lb/>for the Wife to appear at Table, if any body <lb/>was there be&longs;ides Relations; and that the A­<lb/>partments for the Women, were Parts of the <lb/>Hou&longs;e where no Men ever &longs;et his Foot except <lb/>the neare&longs;t Kindred. </s> <s>And indeed I mu&longs;t own <lb/>I think the Apartments for the Ladies, ought <lb/>to be &longs;acred like Places dedicated to Religion <lb/>and Cha&longs;tity. </s> <s>I am be&longs;ides for having the <lb/>Rooms particularly de&longs;igned for Virgins and <lb/>young Ladies, fitted up in the neate&longs;t and mo&longs;t <lb/>delicate Manner, that their tender Minds may <lb/>pa&longs;s their Time in them with le&longs;s Regret and <lb/>be as little weary of them&longs;elves as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>The <lb/>Mi&longs;tre&longs;s of the Family &longs;hould have an Apart­<lb/>ment, in which &longs;he may ea&longs;ily hear every <lb/>Thing that is done in the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>However, <lb/>in the&longs;e Particulars, the Cu&longs;toms of every <lb/>Country are always to be principally ob&longs;erved. <lb/></s> <s>The Husband and the Wife &longs;hould each have <lb/>a &longs;eparate Chamber, not only that the Wife, <lb/>either when &longs;he lies in, or in Ca&longs;e of any other <lb/>Indi&longs;po&longs;ition, may not be trouble&longs;ome to her <lb/>Husband; but al&longs;o that in Summer Time, <lb/>either of them may lie alone whenever they <lb/>think fit. </s> <s>Each of the&longs;e Chambers &longs;hould have <lb/>its &longs;eparate Door, be&longs;ides which there &longs;hould <lb/>be a common Pa&longs;&longs;age between them both, that <lb/>one may go to the other without being ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed by any body. </s> <s>The Wife's Chamber &longs;hould <lb/>go into the Wardrobe; the Husband's into the <lb/>Library. </s> <s>Their ancient Mother, who requires <lb/>Tranquility and Repo&longs;e, &longs;hould have a warm <lb/>Chamber, well &longs;ecured again&longs;t the Cold, and <lb/>out of the Way of all Noi&longs;es either from with­<lb/>in or without. </s> <s>Be &longs;ure particularly to let it <lb/>have a good Fire-place, and all other Conve­<lb/>niencies nece&longs;&longs;ary for an infirm Per&longs;on, to com­<lb/>fort and cheer both the Body and Mind. </s> <s>Out <lb/>of this Chamber let there be a Pa&longs;&longs;age to the <lb/>Place where you keep your Trea&longs;ure. </s> <s>Here <lb/>place the Boys; and by the Wardrobe the <lb/>Girls, and near them the Lodgings for the <lb/>Nur&longs;es. </s> <s>Strangers and Gue&longs;ts &longs;hould be lodged <lb/>in Chambers near the Ve&longs;tibule or Fore-gate; <lb/>that they may have full Freedom both in their <lb/>own Actions, and in receiving Vi&longs;its from their <lb/>Friends, without di&longs;turbing the Re&longs;t of the Fa­<lb/>mily. </s> <s>The Sons of fixteen or &longs;eventeen Years <lb/>old, &longs;hould have Apartments oppo&longs;ite to the <lb/>Gue&longs;ts, or at lea&longs;t not far from them, that <lb/>they may have an Opportunity to conver&longs;e and <lb/>grow familiar with them. </s> <s>The Strangers too <lb/>&longs;hould have &longs;ome Place to them&longs;elves, where <lb/>they may lock up any Thing private or valu­<lb/>able, and take it out again whenever they <lb/>think fit. </s> <s>Next to the Lodgings of the young <lb/>Gentlemen, &longs;hould be the Place where the <lb/>Arms are kept. </s> <s>Stewards, Officers and Ser­<lb/>vants &longs;hould be &longs;o lodged a&longs;under from the <lb/>Gentlemen, that each may have a convenient <lb/>Place, &longs;uitable to his re&longs;pective Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>The <lb/>Maid-&longs;ervants and Valets &longs;hould always be <lb/>within ea&longs;y Call, to be ready upon any Occa­<lb/>&longs;ion that they are wanted for. </s> <s>The Butler's <lb/>Lodging &longs;hould be near both to the Vault and <lb/>Pantry. </s> <s>The Grooms &longs;hould lie near the Stable. <lb/></s> <s>The Saddle-hor&longs;es ought not to be kept in the <lb/>&longs;ame Place with tho&longs;e of Draught or Burthen; <lb/>and they &longs;hould be placed where they cannot <lb/>offend the Hou&longs;e with any Smells, nor pre­<lb/>judice it by their Kicking, and out of all Danger <lb/>of Fire. </s> <s>Corn and all Manner of Grain is &longs;poilt <lb/>by Moi&longs;ture, tarni&longs;hed and turned pale by <lb/>Heat, &longs;hrunk by Wind, and rotted by the <lb/>Touch of Lime. </s> <s>Where-ever therefore you in­<lb/>tend to lay it, whether in a Cave, Pit, Vault, <lb/>or on an open Area, be &longs;ure that the Place be <lb/>thoroughly dry and perfectly clean and new <lb/>made. <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, that there was Corn <lb/>dug up near <emph type="italics"/>Siboli<emph.end type="italics"/> perfectly good and &longs;ound, <lb/>though it had lain hid above an hundred <lb/>Years. </s> <s>Some &longs;ay, that Barley laid in a warm <lb/>Place, will not &longs;poil; but it will keep very <lb/>little above a Year. </s> <s>The Philo&longs;ophers tell us, <lb/>that Bodies are prepared &longs;or Corruption by <lb/>Moi&longs;ture, but are a&longs;terwards actually corrupt­<lb/>ed by Heat. </s> <s>If you make a Floor in your <lb/>Granary of Lees of Oil mixed with Potter's <lb/>Clay and Spart or Straw chopt &longs;mall, and beat <lb/>well together, your Grain will keep &longs;ound up­<lb/>on it a great While, and be neither &longs;poilt by <lb/>Weevil nor &longs;tolen by the Ant. </s> <s>Granaries de­<lb/>&longs;igned only for Seeds are be&longs;t built of unbaked <lb/>Bricks. </s> <s>The North-wind is le&longs;s prejudicial <lb/>than the South to all Stores of Seeds and Fruits; <lb/>but any Wind what&longs;oever blowing from damp <pb xlink:href="003/01/126.jpg" pagenum="108"/>Places will fill them with Maggots and Worms; <lb/>andany con&longs;tant impetuous Wind willmake them <lb/>&longs;hrivelled and withered. </s> <s>For Pul&longs;e and e&longs;pe­<lb/>cially Beans make a Floor of A&longs;hes mixed with <lb/>Lees and Oil. </s> <s>Keep Apples in &longs;ome very clo&longs;e, <lb/>but cool boarded Room. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> is of Opi­<lb/>nion, that they will keep the whole Year round <lb/>in Bladders blown up and tied clo&longs;e. </s> <s>The In­<lb/>con&longs;tancy of the Air is what &longs;poils every <lb/>Thing; and therefore keep every Breath of it <lb/>from your Apples, if po&longs;&longs;ible; and particularly <lb/>the North-wind, which is thought to &longs;hrivel <lb/>them up. </s> <s>We are told that Vaults for Wine <lb/>&longs;hould lie deep under Ground, and be very clo&longs;e <lb/>&longs;topt up; and yet there are &longs;ome Wines which <lb/>decay in the Shade. </s> <s>Wine is &longs;poilt by the <lb/>Ea&longs;tern, Southern and We&longs;tern Winds, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially in the Winter or the Spring. </s> <s>If it is <lb/>touched even by the North-wind in the Dog­<lb/>days, it will receive Injury. </s> <s>The Rays of the <lb/>Sun make it heady; tho&longs;e of the Moon, thick. <lb/></s> <s>If it is in the lea&longs;t &longs;tirred, it lo&longs;es its Spirit and <lb/>grows weak. </s> <s>Wine will take any Smell that <lb/>is near it, and will grow dead near a Stink. <lb/></s> <s>When it is kept in a dry cool Place, always <lb/>equally tempered, it will remain good for many <lb/>Years. </s> <s>Wine, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Columella,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;o long as it is <lb/>kept cool, &longs;o long it will keep good. </s> <s>Make <lb/>your Vault for Wine therefore in a &longs;teady <lb/>Place, never &longs;haken by any Sort of Carriages; <lb/>and its Sides and Lights &longs;hould be towards the <lb/>North. </s> <s>All Manner of Filth and ill Smells, <lb/>Damps, Vapours, Smoke, the Stinks of all <lb/>Sorts of rotten Garden-&longs;tuff, Onions, Cabbage, <lb/>wild or dome&longs;tick Figs, &longs;hould by all Means <lb/>be quite &longs;hut out. </s> <s>Let the Floor of your Vault <lb/>be pargetted, and in the Middle make a little <lb/>Trench, to &longs;ave any Wine that may be &longs;pilt by <lb/>the Fault of the Ve&longs;&longs;els. </s> <s>Some make their <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els them&longs;elves of Stue or Stone. </s> <s>The big­<lb/>ger the Ve&longs;&longs;el is, the more Spirit and Strength <lb/>will be in the Wine. </s> <s>Oil delights in a warm <lb/>Shade, and cannot endure any cold Wind; and <lb/>is &longs;poilt by Smoke or any other Steam. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hall not dwell upon coar&longs;er Matters; namely, <lb/>how there ought to be two Places for keeping <lb/>Dung in, one for the Old, and another for the <lb/>New; that it loves the Sun and Moi&longs;ture, and <lb/>is dried up and exhau&longs;ted by the Wind; but <lb/>&longs;hall only give this general Rule, that tho&longs;e <lb/>Places which are mo&longs;t liable to Danger by Fire, <lb/>as Hay-lofts and the like, and tho&longs;e which are <lb/>unplea&longs;ant either to the Sight or Smell, ought <lb/>to be &longs;et out of the Way and &longs;eparated by <lb/>them&longs;elves. </s> <s>It may not be ami&longs;s ju&longs;t to men­<lb/>tion here, that the Dung of Oxen will not <lb/>breed Scrpents. </s> <s>But there is one filthy Prac­<lb/>ti&longs;e which I cannot help taking Notice of. </s> <s>We <lb/>take Care in the Country to &longs;et the Dunghill <lb/>out of the Way in &longs;ome remote Corner, that <lb/>the Smell may not offend our Ploughmen; <lb/>and yet in our own Hou&longs;es, in our be&longs;t Cham­<lb/>bers (where we our&longs;elves are to re&longs;t) and as it <lb/>were at our very Bol&longs;ters, we are &longs;o unpolite as <lb/>to make &longs;ecret Privies, or rather Store-rooms of <lb/>Stink. </s> <s>If a Man is Sick, let him make u&longs;e of <lb/>a Clo&longs;e-&longs;tool; but when he is in Health, &longs;ure­<lb/>ly &longs;uch Na&longs;tine&longs;s cannot be too far off. </s> <s>It is <lb/>worth ob&longs;erving how careful Birds are, and par­<lb/>ticularly Swallows, to keep their Ne&longs;ts clean <lb/>and neat for their young ones. </s> <s>The Example <lb/>Nature herein &longs;ets us is wonderful. </s> <s>Even the <lb/>young Swallows, as &longs;oon as ever Time has <lb/>&longs;trengthened their Limbs will never Mute, but <lb/>out of the Ne&longs;t; and the old ones, to keep the <lb/>Filth at a &longs;till greater Di&longs;tance, will catch it <lb/>in their Bills as it is falling, to carry it further <lb/>off from their own Ne&longs;t. </s> <s>Since Nature has <lb/>given us this excellent In&longs;truction, I think we <lb/>ought by no means to neglect it.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The Difference between the Country Hou&longs;e and Town Hou&longs;e for the Rich. <lb/></s> <s>The Habitations of the middling Sort ought to re&longs;emble tho&longs;e of the Rich; <lb/>at lea&longs;t in Proportion to their Circum&longs;tances. </s> <s>Buildings &longs;hould be contrived <lb/>more for Summer, than for Winter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Country Hou&longs;e and Town Hou&longs;e <lb/>for the Rich differ in this Circum­<lb/>&longs;tance; that they u&longs;e their Country Hou&longs;e <lb/>chiefly for a Habitation in the Summer, and <lb/>their Town Hou&longs;e as a convenient Place of <lb/>Shelter in the Winter. </s> <s>In their Country Hou&longs;e <lb/>therefore they enjoy the Plea&longs;ures of Light, <lb/>Air, &longs;pacious Walks and fine Pro&longs;pects; in <pb xlink:href="003/01/127.jpg" pagenum="109"/>Town, there are but few Plea&longs;ures, but tho&longs;e <lb/>of Luxury and the Night. </s> <s>It is &longs;ufficient there­<lb/>fore if in Town they can have an Abode that <lb/>does not want any Conveniencies for living <lb/>with Health, Dignity and Politene&longs;s: But yet, <lb/>as far as the Want of Room and Pro&longs;pect will <lb/>admit, our Habitation in Town &longs;hould not be <lb/>without any of the Delicacies of that in the <lb/>Country. </s> <s>We &longs;hould be &longs;ure to have a good <lb/>Court-yard, Portico, Places for Exerci&longs;e, and <lb/>&longs;ome Garden. </s> <s>If you are crampt for Room, <lb/>and cannot make all your Conveniencies upon <lb/>one Floor, make &longs;everal Stories, by which <lb/>means you may make the Members of your <lb/>Hou&longs;e as large as is nece&longs;&longs;ary; and if the Na­<lb/>ture of your Foundation will allow it, dig <lb/>Places under Ground for your Wines, Oil, Wood, <lb/>and even &longs;ome Part of your Family, and &longs;uch <lb/>a Ba&longs;ement will add Maje&longs;ty to your whole <lb/>Structure. </s> <s>Thus you may build as many Stories <lb/>as you plea&longs;e, till you have fully provided for <lb/>all the Occa&longs;ions of your Family. </s> <s>The prin­<lb/>cipal Parts may be allotted to the principal Oc­<lb/>ca&longs;ions; and the mo&longs;t Honourable, to the mo&longs;t <lb/>Honourable. </s> <s>No Store-rooms &longs;hould be want­<lb/>ing for laying up Corn, Fruits, and all Manner <lb/>of Tools, Implements and Hou&longs;hold-&longs;tuff; <lb/>nor Places for divine Wor&longs;hip; nor Wardrobes <lb/>for the Women. </s> <s>Nor mu&longs;t you be without <lb/>convenient Store-rooms for laying up Cloaths <lb/>de&longs;igned for your Family to wear only on Ho­<lb/>lidays, and Arms both de&longs;en&longs;ive and offen&longs;ive, <lb/>Implements for all Sorts of Works in Wool, <lb/>Preparations for the Entertainment of Gue&longs;ts, <lb/>and all Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;aries for any extraor­<lb/>dinary Occa&longs;ions. </s> <s>There &longs;hould be different <lb/>Places for tho&longs;e Things that are not wanted <lb/>above once a Month, or perhaps once a Year, <lb/>and for tho&longs;e that are in U&longs;e every Day. </s> <s>Every <lb/>one of which, though they cannot be always <lb/>kept lockt up in Store-rooms, ought however <lb/>to be kept in &longs;ome Place where they may be <lb/>con&longs;tantly in Sight; and e&longs;pecially &longs;uch Things <lb/>as are &longs;eldome&longs;t in U&longs;e; becau&longs;e tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which are mo&longs;t in Sight, are lea&longs;t in Danger <lb/>of Thieves. </s> <s>The Habitations of middling Peo­<lb/>ple ought to re&longs;emble the Delicacy of tho&longs;e of <lb/>the richer Sort, in Proportion to their Circum­<lb/>&longs;tances; &longs;till imitating them with &longs;uch Mode­<lb/>ration, as not to run into a greater Expence <lb/>than they can well &longs;upport. </s> <s>The Country <lb/>Hou&longs;es for the&longs;e, therefore, &longs;hould be contrived <lb/>with little le&longs;s Regard to their Flocks and <lb/>Herds, than to their Wives. </s> <s>Their Dove­<lb/>hou&longs;e, Fi&longs;h-ponds, and the like &longs;hould be le&longs;s <lb/>for Plea&longs;ure, than for Pro&longs;it: But yet their <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e &longs;hould be built in &longs;uch a Man­<lb/>ner, that the Wife may like the Abode, and <lb/>look after her Bu&longs;ine&longs;s in it with Plea&longs;ure; nor <lb/>&longs;hould we have our Eye &longs;o entirely upon Pro­<lb/>fit, as to neglect the Health of the Inhabitants. <lb/></s> <s>Whenever we have Occa&longs;ion for Change of <lb/>Air, <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> advi&longs;es us to take it in Winter; for <lb/>our Bodies will grow accu&longs;tomed to Winter <lb/>Colds, with le&longs;s Danger of our Health than to <lb/>Summer Heats. </s> <s>But we, on the Contrary, are <lb/>fond of going to our Country Hou&longs;es chiefly <lb/>in Summer; we ought therefore to take Care <lb/>to have that the mo&longs;t Healthy. </s> <s>As for the <lb/>Town Hou&longs;e for a Trade&longs;man, more Regard <lb/>mu&longs;t be had to the Conveniency of his Shop, <lb/>from whence his Gain and Livelihood is to <lb/>ari&longs;e than to the Beauty of his Parlour; the <lb/>be&longs;t Situation for this is, in Cro&longs;s-ways, at a <lb/>Corner; in a Market-place or Square, in the <lb/>Middle of the Place; in a High-&longs;treet, &longs;ome <lb/>remarkable jutting out; ina&longs;much as his chief <lb/>De&longs;ign is to draw the Eyes of Cu&longs;tomers. </s> <s>In <lb/>the middle Parts of his Hou&longs;e he need have no <lb/>Partitions but of unbaked Bricks and common <lb/>Plai&longs;ter; but in the Front and Sides, as he can­<lb/>not always be &longs;ure of having hone&longs;t Neighbours, <lb/>he mu&longs;t make his Walls &longs;tronger again&longs;t the <lb/>A&longs;&longs;aults both of Men and Weather. </s> <s>He &longs;hould <lb/>al&longs;o build his Hou&longs;e either at &longs;uch a proper <lb/>Di&longs;tance from his next Neighbour's, that there <lb/>may be room for the Air to dry the Walls af­<lb/>ter any Rain; or &longs;o clo&longs;e, that the Water may <lb/>run off from both in the &longs;ame Gutter; and let <lb/>the Top of the Hou&longs;e, and the Gutters parti­<lb/>cularly, have a very good Slope, that the Rain <lb/>may neither lie &longs;oaking too long, nor da&longs;h back <lb/>into the Hou&longs;e; but be carried away as quick <lb/>and as clear as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>There remains no­<lb/>thing now but to recollect &longs;ome few Rules laid <lb/>down in the fir&longs;t Book, and which &longs;eem to be­<lb/>long to this Head. </s> <s>Let tho&longs;e Parts of the <lb/>Building which are to be particularly &longs;ecure <lb/>again&longs;t Fire, and the Injuries of the Weather, <lb/>or which are to be clo&longs;er or freer from Noi&longs;e, <lb/>be all vaulted; &longs;o likewi&longs;e &longs;hould all Places un­<lb/>der Ground: But for Rooms above Ground, <lb/>flat Ceilings are whole&longs;omer. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e which <lb/>require the cleare&longs;t Light, &longs;uch as the common <lb/>Parlour, the Portico, and e&longs;pecially the Library, <lb/>&longs;hould be &longs;ituated full Ea&longs;t? </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which are injured by Moths, Ru&longs;t or Milldew, <lb/>&longs;uch as Cloaths, Books, Arms, and all Manner <pb xlink:href="003/01/128.jpg" pagenum="110"/>of Provi&longs;ions, &longs;hould be kept towards the <lb/>South or We&longs;t. </s> <s>If there be Occa&longs;ion for an <lb/>equal con&longs;tant Light, &longs;uch as is nece&longs;&longs;ary for <lb/>Painters, Writers, Sculptors and the like, let <lb/>them have it from the North. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, let all <lb/>Summer Apartments &longs;tand open to the Northern <lb/>Winds, all Winter ones to the South, and all <lb/>tho&longs;e for Spring and Autumn to the Ea&longs;t. </s> <s>Baths <lb/>and &longs;upper Parlours for the Spring Sea&longs;on &longs;hould <lb/>be towards the We&longs;t. </s> <s>And if you cannot po&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ibly have all the&longs;e exactly according to your <lb/>Wi&longs;h, at lea&longs;t chu&longs;e out the mo&longs;t convenient <lb/>Places for your Summer Apartments: For in­<lb/>deed, in my Opinion, a wi&longs;e Man &longs;hould build <lb/>rather for Summer than for Winter. </s> <s>We may <lb/>ea&longs;ily arm our&longs;elves again&longs;t the Cold by ma­<lb/>king all clo&longs;e, and keeping good Fires; but <lb/>many more Things are requi&longs;ite again&longs;t Heat, <lb/>and even all will &longs;ometimes be no great Re­<lb/>lief. </s> <s>Let Winter Rooms therefore be &longs;mall, <lb/>low and little Windows, and Summer ones, on <lb/>the Contrary, large, &longs;pacious, and open to cool <lb/>Breezes, but not to the Sun or the hot Air <lb/>that comes from it. </s> <s>A great Quantity of Air <lb/>inclo&longs;ed in a large Room, is like a great Quan­<lb/>tity of Water, not ea&longs;ily heated.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> V.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.128.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/128/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/129.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.129.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/129/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VI. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Rea&longs;on and Difficulty of the Author's Undertaking, whereby it appears <lb/>how much Pains, Study and Application he has employed in writing upon <lb/>the&longs;e Matters.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the five preceding Books we have <lb/>treated of the De&longs;igns, of the Ma­<lb/>terials for the Work, of the Work­<lb/>men, and of every Thing el&longs;e that <lb/>appeared nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Con­<lb/>&longs;truction of an Edi&longs;ice, whether publick or <lb/>private, &longs;acred or profane, &longs;o far as related to <lb/>its being made &longs;trong again&longs;t all Injuries of <lb/>Weather, and convenient for its re&longs;pective U&longs;e, <lb/>as to Times Places, Men and Things: With <lb/>how much Care we have treated of all the&longs;e <lb/>Matters, you may &longs;ee by the Books them&longs;elves, <lb/>from whence you may judge whether it was <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible to do it with much greater. </s> <s>The La­<lb/>bour indeed was much more than I could have <lb/>fore&longs;een at the Beginning of this Undertaking. <lb/></s> <s>Continual Difficulties every Moment aro&longs;e <lb/>either in explaining the Matter, or inventing <lb/>Names, or methodizing the Subject, which per­<lb/>&longs;ectly con&longs;ounded me, and di&longs;heartened me <lb/>from my Undertaking. </s> <s>On the other Hand, <lb/>the &longs;ame Rea&longs;ons which induced me to be be­<lb/>gin this Work, pre&longs;&longs;ed and encouraged me to <lb/>proceed. </s> <s>It grieved me that &longs;o many great <lb/>and noble In&longs;tructions of ancient Authors <lb/>&longs;hould be lo&longs;t by the Injury of Time, &longs;o that <lb/>&longs;carce any but <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> has e&longs;caped this ge­<lb/>neral Wreek: A Writer indeed of univer&longs;al <lb/>Knowledge, but &longs;o maimed by Age, that in <lb/>many Places there are great Cha&longs;ms, and many <lb/>Things imperfect in others. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, his <lb/>Style is ab&longs;olutely void of all Ornaments, and <lb/>he wrote in &longs;uch a Manner, that to the <emph type="italics"/>Latins<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>he &longs;eems to write <emph type="italics"/>Greek,<emph.end type="italics"/> and to the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks, <lb/>Latin:<emph.end type="italics"/> But indeed it is plain from the Book <lb/>it&longs;elf, that he wrote neither <emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/> nor <emph type="italics"/>Latin,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and he might almo&longs;t as well have never <lb/>wrote at all, at lea&longs;t with Regard to us, &longs;ince <lb/>we cannot under&longs;tand him. </s> <s>There remained <lb/>many Examples of the ancient Works, Temples <lb/>and Theatres, from whence, as from the mo&longs;t <lb/>skilful Ma&longs;ters, a great deal was to be learn­<lb/>ed; but the&longs;e I &longs;aw, and with Tears I &longs;aw it, <lb/>mouldering away daily. </s> <s>I ob&longs;erved too that <lb/>tho&longs;e who in the&longs;e Days happen to undertake <lb/>any new Structure, generally ran after the <lb/>Whims of the Moderns, in&longs;tead of being de­<lb/>lighted and directed by the Ju&longs;tne&longs;s of more <lb/>noble Works. </s> <s>By this Means it was plain, that <lb/>this Part of Knowledge, and in a Manner of <lb/>Life it&longs;elf, was likely in a &longs;hort Time to be <lb/>wholly lo&longs;t. </s> <s>In this unhappy State of Things, <lb/>I could not help having it long, and often, in <lb/>my Thoughts to write upon this Subject my­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>At the &longs;ame Time I con&longs;idered that in <lb/>the Examination of &longs;o many noble and u&longs;eful <pb xlink:href="003/01/130.jpg" pagenum="112"/>Matters, and &longs;o nece&longs;&longs;ary to Mankind; it would <lb/>be a Shame to neglect any of tho&longs;e Ob&longs;ervati­<lb/>ons which voluntarily offered them&longs;elves to me; <lb/>and I thought it the Duty of an hone&longs;t and <lb/>&longs;tudious Mind, to endeavour to free this Sci­<lb/>ence, for which the mo&longs;t Learned among the <lb/>Ancients had always a very great E&longs;teem, from <lb/>its pre&longs;ent Ruin and Oppre&longs;&longs;ion. </s> <s>Thus I &longs;tood <lb/>doubtful, and knew not how to re&longs;olve, whe­<lb/>ther I &longs;hould drop my De&longs;ign, or go on. </s> <s>At <lb/>length my Love and Inclination for the&longs;e Stu­<lb/>dies prevailed; and what I wanted in Capacity, <lb/>I made up in Diligence and Application. </s> <s>There <lb/>was not the lea&longs;t Remain of any ancient Struc­<lb/>ture, that had any Merit in it, but what I went <lb/>and examined, to &longs;ee if any Thing was to be <lb/>learned from it. </s> <s>Thus I was continually &longs;earch­<lb/>ing, con&longs;idering, mea&longs;uring and making <lb/>Draughts of every Thing I could hear of, till <lb/>&longs;uch Time as I had made my&longs;elf perfect Ma­<lb/>&longs;ter of every Contrivance or Invention that had <lb/>been u&longs;ed in tho&longs;e ancient Remains; and thus <lb/>I alleviated the Fatigue of writing, by the <lb/>Thir&longs;t and Plea&longs;ure of gaining Information. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed the Collecting together, rehear&longs;ing <lb/>without Meanne&longs;s, reducing into a ju&longs;t Method, <lb/>writing in an accurate Style, and explaining <lb/>per&longs;picuou&longs;ly &longs;o many various Matters, &longs;o un­<lb/>equal, &longs;o di&longs;per&longs;ed, and &longs;o remote from the <lb/>common U&longs;e and Knowledge of Mankind, <lb/>certainly required a greater Genius, and more <lb/>Learning than I can pretend to. </s> <s>But &longs;till I <lb/>&longs;hall not repent of my Labour, if I have only <lb/>effected what I chiefly propo&longs;ed to my&longs;elf, <lb/>namely, to be clear and intelligible to the <lb/>Reader, rather than Eloquent. </s> <s>How difficult <lb/>a Thing this is, in handling Subjects of this <lb/>Nature, is better known to tho&longs;e who have <lb/>attempted it, then believed by tho&longs;e who never <lb/>tried it. </s> <s>And I flatter my&longs;elf, it will at lea&longs;t <lb/>be allowed me, that I have wrote according to <lb/>the Rules of this Language, and in no ob&longs;cure <lb/>Style. </s> <s>We &longs;hall endeavour to do the &longs;ame in <lb/>the remaining Parts of this Work. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>three Properties required in all Manner of <lb/>Buildings, namely, that they be accommoda­<lb/>ted to their re&longs;pective Purpo&longs;es, &longs;tout and <lb/>&longs;trong for Duration, and plea&longs;ant and delight­<lb/>ful to the Sight, we have di&longs;patched the two <lb/>fir&longs;t, and are now to treat of the third, which <lb/>is by much the mo&longs;t Noble of all, and very <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary be&longs;ides.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Beauty and Ornament, their Effects and Difference, that they are owing <lb/>to Art and Exactne&longs;s of Proportion; as al&longs;o of the Birth and Progre&longs;s <lb/>of Arts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is generally allowed, that the Plea&longs;ure and <lb/>Delight which we feel on the View of any <lb/>Building, ari&longs;e from nothing el&longs;e but Beauty <lb/>and Ornament, &longs;ince there is hardly any Man <lb/>&longs;o melancholy or &longs;tupid, &longs;o rough or unpoli&longs;h­<lb/>ed, but what is very much plea&longs;ed with what <lb/>is beautiful, and pur&longs;ues tho&longs;e Things which <lb/>are mo&longs;t adorned, and rejects the unadorned <lb/>and neglected; and if in any Thing that he <lb/>Views he perceives any Ornament is wanting, <lb/>he declares that there is &longs;omething deficient <lb/>which would make the Work more delightful <lb/>and noble. </s> <s>We &longs;hould therefore con&longs;ult Beauty <lb/>as one of the main and principal Requi&longs;ites in <lb/>any Thing which we have a Mind &longs;hould plea&longs;e <lb/>others. </s> <s>How nece&longs;&longs;ary our Forefathers, Men <lb/>remarkable for their Wi&longs;dom, looked upon this <lb/>to be, appears, as indeed from almo&longs;t every <lb/>thing they did, &longs;o particularly from their Laws, <lb/>their Militia, their &longs;acred and all other pub­<lb/>lick Ceremonies; which it is almo&longs;t incredible <lb/>what Pains they took to adorn; in&longs;omuch that <lb/>one would almo&longs;t imagine they had a Mind to <lb/>have it thought, that all the&longs;e Things (&longs;o ab­<lb/>&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Life of Mankind) if <lb/>&longs;tript of their Pomp and Ornament, would be <lb/>&longs;omewhat &longs;tupid and in&longs;ipid. </s> <s>When we lift <lb/>up our Eyes to Heaven, and view the wonder­<lb/>ful Works of God, we admire him more for <lb/>the Beauties which we &longs;ee, than for the Con­<lb/>veniencies which we feel and derive from <lb/>them. </s> <s>But what Occa&longs;ion is there to in&longs;i&longs;t upon <lb/>this? </s> <s>When we&longs;ee that Nature con&longs;ults Beauty <lb/>in a Manner to exce&longs;s, in every Thing &longs;he does, <lb/>even in painting the Flowers of the Field. </s> <s>If <lb/>Beauty therefore is nece&longs;&longs;ary in any Thing, it <lb/>is &longs;o particularly in Building, which can never <lb/>be without it, without giving Offence both to <lb/>the Skilful and the Ignorant. </s> <s>How are we <lb/>moved by a huge &longs;hapele&longs;s ill-contrived Pile <pb xlink:href="003/01/131.jpg" pagenum="113"/>of Stones? </s> <s>the greater it is, the more we blame <lb/>the Folly of the Expence, and condemn the <lb/>Builder's incon&longs;iderate Lu&longs;t of heaping up Stone <lb/>upon Stone without Contrivance. </s> <s>The having <lb/>&longs;atisfied Nece&longs;&longs;ity is a very &longs;mall Matter, and <lb/>the having provided for Conveniency affords <lb/>no Manner of Plea&longs;ure, where you are &longs;hocked <lb/>by the Deformity of the Work. </s> <s>Add to this, <lb/>that the very Thing we &longs;peak of is it&longs;elf no <lb/>&longs;mall help to Conveniency and Duration: For <lb/>who will deny that it is much more convenient <lb/>to be lodged in a neat hand&longs;ome Structure, <lb/>than in a na&longs;ty ill-contrived Hole? </s> <s>or can any <lb/>Building be made &longs;o &longs;trong by all the Contri­<lb/>vance of Art, as to be &longs;afe from Violence and <lb/>Force? </s> <s>But Beauty will have &longs;uch an Effect <lb/>even upon an enraged Enemy, that it will di&longs;­<lb/>arm his Anger, and prevent him from offering <lb/>it any Injury: In&longs;omuch that I will be bold to <lb/>&longs;ay, there can be no greater Security to any <lb/>Work again&longs;t Violence and Injury, than Beau­<lb/>ty and Dignity. </s> <s>Your whole Care, Diligence <lb/>and Expence, therefore &longs;hould all tend to this, <lb/>that whatever you build may be not only u&longs;e­<lb/>ful and convenient, but al&longs;o hand&longs;omely <lb/>adorned, and by that means delightful to the <lb/>Sight, that whoever views it may own the Ex­<lb/>pence could never have been better be&longs;towed. <lb/></s> <s>But what Beauty and Ornament are in them­<lb/>&longs;elves, and what Difference there is between <lb/>them, may perhaps be ea&longs;ier for the Reader to <lb/>conceive in his Mind, than for me to explain <lb/>by Words. </s> <s>In order therefore to be as brief <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible, I &longs;hall define Beauty to be a Har­<lb/>mony of all the Parts, in what&longs;oever Subject it <lb/>appears, fitted together with &longs;uch Proportion <lb/>and Connection, that nothing could be added, <lb/>dimini&longs;hed or altered, but for the Wor&longs;e. </s> <s>A <lb/>Quality &longs;o Noble and Divine, that the whole <lb/>Force of Wit and Art has been &longs;pent to pro­<lb/>cure it; and it is but very rarely granted to any <lb/>one, or even to Nature her&longs;elf, to produce any <lb/>Thing every Way perfect and compleat. </s> <s>How <lb/>extraordinary a Thing (&longs;ays the Per&longs;on intro­<lb/>duced in <emph type="italics"/>Tully<emph.end type="italics"/>) is a hand&longs;ome Youth in <emph type="italics"/>Athens!<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><!--neuer Satz-->This Critick in Beauty found that there was <lb/>&longs;omething deficient or &longs;uperfluous, in the Per­<lb/>&longs;ons he di&longs;liked, which was not compatible <lb/>with the Perfection of Beauty, which I imagine <lb/>might have been obtained by Means of Orna­<lb/>ment, by painting and concealing any Thing <lb/>that was deformed, and trimming and poli&longs;hing <lb/>what was hand&longs;ome; &longs;o that the un&longs;ightly <lb/>Parts might have given le&longs;s Offence, and the <lb/>more lovely more Delight. </s> <s>If this be grant­<lb/>ed we may define Ornament to be a Kind of <lb/>an auxiliary Brightne&longs;s and Improvement to <lb/>Beauty. </s> <s>So that then Beauty is &longs;omewhat <lb/>lovely which is proper and innate, and diffu&longs;ed <lb/>over the whole Body, and Ornament &longs;ome­<lb/>what added or fa&longs;tened on, rather than proper <lb/>and innate. </s> <s>To return therefore where we <lb/>le&longs;t off. </s> <s>Whoever would build &longs;o as to have <lb/>their Building commended, which every rea­<lb/>&longs;onable Man would de&longs;ire, mu&longs;t build accord­<lb/>ing to a Ju&longs;tne&longs;s of Proportion, and this Ju&longs;t­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Proportion mu&longs;t be owing to Art. </s> <s>Who <lb/>therefore will affirm, that a hand&longs;ome and ju&longs;t <lb/>Structure can be rai&longs;ed any otherwi&longs;e than by <lb/>the Means of Art? </s> <s>and con&longs;equently this Part <lb/>of Building, which relates to Beauty and Orna­<lb/>ment, being the Chief of all the Re&longs;t, mu&longs;t <lb/>without doubt be directed by &longs;ome &longs;ure Rules <lb/>of Art and Proportion, which whoever ne­<lb/>glects will make him&longs;elf ridiculous. </s> <s>But there <lb/>are &longs;ome who will by no means allow of this, <lb/>and &longs;ay that Men are guided by a Variety of <lb/>Opinions in their Judgment of Beauty and of <lb/>Buildings; and that the Forms of Structures <lb/>mu&longs;t vary according to every Man's particular <lb/>Ta&longs;te and Fancy, and not be tied down to any <lb/>Rules of Art. </s> <s>A common Thing with the <lb/>Ignorant, to de&longs;pi&longs;e what they do not under­<lb/>&longs;tand! It may not therefore be ami&longs;s to confute <lb/>this Error; not that I think it nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>enter into a long Di&longs;cu&longs;&longs;ion about the Origin <lb/>of Arts, from what Principles they were de­<lb/>duced, and by what Methods improved. </s> <s>I <lb/>&longs;hall only take Notice that all Arts were begot <lb/>by Chance and Ob&longs;ervation, and nur&longs;ed by <lb/>U&longs;e and Experience, and improved and per­<lb/>fected by Rea&longs;on and Study. </s> <s>Thus we are <lb/>told that Phy&longs;ick was invented in a thou&longs;and <lb/>Years by a thou&longs;and thou&longs;and Men; and &longs;o too <lb/>the Art of Navigation; as, indeed, all other <lb/>Arts have grown up by Degrees from the &longs;mall­<lb/>e&longs;t Beginnings.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/132.jpg" pagenum="114"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Architecture began in<emph.end type="italics"/> A&longs;ia, <emph type="italics"/>flouri&longs;hed in<emph.end type="italics"/> Greece, <emph type="italics"/>and was brought to <lb/>Perfection in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Art of Building, as far as I can <lb/>gather from the Works of the Ancients, <lb/>&longs;pent the fir&longs;t Vigour of its Youth (if I may <lb/>be allowed that Expre&longs;&longs;ion) in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia:<emph.end type="italics"/> It after­<lb/>wards flouri&longs;hed among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks;<emph.end type="italics"/> and at <lb/>la&longs;t came to its full Maturity in <emph type="italics"/>Italy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And <lb/>this Account &longs;eems very probable; for the <lb/>Kings of <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/> abounding in Wealth and Lei­<lb/>&longs;ure, when they came to con&longs;ider them&longs;elves, <lb/>their own Riches, and the Greatne&longs;s and Ma­<lb/>je&longs;ty of their Empire, and found that they had <lb/>Occa&longs;ion for larger and nobler Habitations, <lb/>they began to &longs;earch out and collect every <lb/>Thing that might &longs;erve to this Purpo&longs;e; and <lb/>in order to make their Buildings larger and <lb/>hand&longs;omer, began perhaps with building their <lb/>Roofs of larger Timbers, and their Walls of a <lb/>better Sort of Stone. </s> <s>This &longs;hewed noble and <lb/>great, and not unhand&longs;ome. </s> <s>Then finding <lb/>that &longs;uch Works were admired for being very <lb/>large, and imagining that a King was obliged <lb/>to do &longs;omething which private Men could not <lb/>effect, the&longs;e great Monarchs began to be de­<lb/>lighted with huge Works, which they fell to <lb/>rai&longs;ing with a Kind of Emulation of one an­<lb/>other, till they came to erecting tho&longs;e wild im­<lb/>men&longs;e Moles, the Pyramids. </s> <s>Hereupon I ima­<lb/>gine that by frequent Building they began to <lb/>find out the Difference that there was between <lb/>a Structure built in one Manner, and one built <lb/>in another, and &longs;o getting &longs;ome Notion of <lb/>Beauty and Proportion, began to neglect tho&longs;e <lb/>Things which wanted tho&longs;e Qualities. <emph type="italics"/>Greece<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>came next; which flouri&longs;hing in excellent <lb/>Geniu&longs;&longs;es and Men of Learning, pa&longs;&longs;ionately <lb/>de&longs;irous of adorning their Country, began to <lb/>erect Temples and other publick Structures. <lb/></s> <s>They then thought fit to look abroad and take <lb/>a more careful View of the Works of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;­<lb/>&longs;yrians<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"/> till at la&longs;t they came <lb/>to under&longs;tand that in all Things of this Nature <lb/>the Skill of the Workman was more admired <lb/>than the Wealth of the Prince: For any one <lb/>that is rich may rai&longs;e a great Pile of Building; <lb/>but to rai&longs;e &longs;uch a one as may be commended <lb/>by the Skilful, is the Part only of a &longs;uperior <lb/>Genius. </s> <s>Hereupon <emph type="italics"/>Greece<emph.end type="italics"/> finding that in the&longs;e <lb/>Works &longs;he could not equal tho&longs;e Nations in <lb/>Expence, re&longs;olved to try if &longs;he could not out-do <lb/>them in Ingenuity. </s> <s>She began therefore to <lb/>trace and deduce this Art of Building, as in­<lb/>deed &longs;he did all others, from the very Lap of <lb/>Nature it&longs;elf, examining, weighing and con­<lb/>&longs;idering it in all its Parts with the greate&longs;t Di­<lb/>ligence and Exactne&longs;s: enquiring with the <lb/>greate&longs;t Strictne&longs;s into the Difference between <lb/>tho&longs;e Buildings which were highly prai&longs;ed, and <lb/>tho&longs;e which were di&longs;liked, without neglecting <lb/>the lea&longs;t Particular. </s> <s>She tried all Manner of <lb/>Experiments, &longs;till tracing and keeping clo&longs;e to <lb/>the Foot&longs;teps of Nature, mingling uneven <lb/>Numbers with even, &longs;trait Lines with Curves, <lb/>Light with Shade, hoping that as it happens <lb/>from the Conjunction of Male and Female, &longs;he <lb/>&longs;hould by the Mixture of the&longs;e Oppo&longs;ites hit <lb/>upon &longs;ome third Thing that would an&longs;wer her <lb/>Purpo&longs;e: Nor even in the mo&longs;t minute Parti­<lb/>culars did &longs;he neglect to weigh and con&longs;ider all <lb/>the Parts over and over again, how tho&longs;e on <lb/>the right Hand agreed with tho&longs;e on the left, <lb/>the Upright with the Platform, the nearer with <lb/>the more remote, adding, dimini&longs;hing, propor­<lb/>tioning the great Parts to the Small, the Simi­<lb/>lar to the Di&longs;&longs;imilar, the La&longs;t to the Fir&longs;t, till <lb/>&longs;he had clearly demon&longs;trated that different <lb/>Rules were to be ob&longs;erved in tho&longs;e Edifices <lb/>which were intended for Duration, to &longs;tand as <lb/>it were Monuments to Eternity, and tho&longs;e <lb/>which were de&longs;igned chiefly for Beauty. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>were the Methods pur&longs;ued by the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks. <lb/></s> <s>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> in her fir&longs;t Beginnings, having Regard <lb/>wholly to Par&longs;imony, concluded that the Mem­<lb/>bers in Buildings ought to be contrived in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner as in Animals; as, for In&longs;tance, <lb/>in a Hor&longs;e, who&longs;e Limbs are generally mo&longs;t <lb/>beautiful when they are mo&longs;t u&longs;eful for Service: <lb/>from whence they inferred that Beauty was <lb/>never &longs;eparate and di&longs;tinct from Conveniency. <lb/></s> <s>But afterwards when they had obtained the <lb/>Empire of the World, being then no le&longs;s in­<lb/>flamed than the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> with the De&longs;ire of a­<lb/>dorning their City and them&longs;elves, in le&longs;s than <lb/>thirty Years that which before was the fine&longs;t <lb/>Hou&longs;e in the whole City of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> could not <pb xlink:href="003/01/133.jpg" pagenum="115"/>then be reckoned &longs;o by a hundred; and they <lb/>abounded in &longs;uch an incredible Number of in­<lb/>genious Men who exerci&longs;e their Talent this <lb/>Way, that we are told there was at one Time <lb/>no le&longs;s than &longs;even hundred Architects at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who&longs;e Works were &longs;o noble that the extraor­<lb/>dinary Prai&longs;e which is be&longs;towed upon them, <lb/>is hardly equal to their Merit. </s> <s>And as the <lb/>Wealth of the Empire was &longs;ufficient to bear the <lb/>Expence of the mo&longs;t &longs;tately Structures, &longs;o we <lb/>are told that a private Man, by Name <emph type="italics"/>Tatius,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at his own proper Charges built Baths for the <lb/>People of <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia<emph.end type="italics"/> with an hundred Columns of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numidian<emph.end type="italics"/> Marble. </s> <s>But &longs;till though the Con­<lb/>dition of their State was thus flouri&longs;hing, they <lb/>thought it mo&longs;t laudable to join the Magnifi­<lb/>cence of the mo&longs;t profu&longs;e Monarchs, to the an­<lb/>cient Par&longs;imony and frugal Contrivance of their <lb/>own Country: But &longs;till in &longs;uch a Manner, that <lb/>their Frugality &longs;hould not prejudice Conveni­<lb/>ency, nor Conveniency be too cautious and <lb/>fearful of Expence; but that both &longs;hould be <lb/>embelli&longs;hed by every thing that was delicate or <lb/>beautiful. </s> <s>In a Word, being to the greate&longs;t <lb/>Degree careful and exact in all their Buildings, <lb/>they became at la&longs;t &longs;o excellent in this Art, <lb/>that there was nothing in it &longs;o hiden or &longs;ecret <lb/>but what they traced out, di&longs;covered and <lb/>brought to light, by the Favour of Heaven, <lb/>and the Art it&longs;elf not frowning upon their En­<lb/>deavours: For the Art of Building having had <lb/>her ancient Seat in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> and e&longs;pecially among <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who be&longs;ides tho&longs;e miraculous <lb/>Structures which we read to have been erected <lb/>by their Kings, of Labyrinths and Sepulchres, <lb/>had among them &longs;ome excellent ancient Writ­<lb/>ings, which taught the Manner of building <lb/>Temples, according to the Practice of the An­<lb/>cient <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cans:<emph.end type="italics"/> I &longs;ay, this Art having had her <lb/>ancient Seat in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> and knowing with how <lb/>much Fervour &longs;he was courted there, &longs;he &longs;eems <lb/>to have re&longs;olved, that this Empire of the World, <lb/>which was already adorned with all other Vir­<lb/>tues, &longs;hould be made &longs;till more admirable by <lb/>her Embelli&longs;hments. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on &longs;he gave <lb/>her&longs;elf to them to be throughly known and un­<lb/>der&longs;tood; thinking it a Shame that the Head <lb/>of the Univer&longs;e and the Glory of all Nations <lb/>&longs;hould be equalled in Magnificence by tho&longs;e <lb/>whom &longs;he had excelled in all Virtues and Sci­<lb/>ences. </s> <s>Why &longs;hould I in&longs;i&longs;t here upon their <lb/>Porticoes, Temples, Gates, Theatres, Baths, <lb/>and other gigantick Structures; Works &longs;o a­<lb/>mazing, that though they were actually exe­<lb/>cuted, &longs;ome very great foreign Architects <lb/>thought them impracticable. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, I need <lb/>&longs;ay no more than that they could not bear to <lb/>have even their common Drains void of Beau­<lb/>ty, and were &longs;o delighted with Magnificence <lb/>and Ornament, that they thought it no Profu­<lb/>&longs;ion to &longs;pend the Wealth of the State in Build­<lb/>ings that were hardly de&longs;igned for any thing <lb/>el&longs;e. </s> <s>By the Examples therefore of the Anci­<lb/>ents, and the Precepts of great Ma&longs;ters, and <lb/>con&longs;tant Practice, a thorough Knowledge is to <lb/>be gained of the Method of rai&longs;ing &longs;uch mag­<lb/>nificent Structures; from this Knowledge <lb/>&longs;ound Rules are to be drawn, which are by no <lb/>means to be neglected by tho&longs;e who have not <lb/>a Mind to make them&longs;elves ridiculous by build­<lb/>ing, as I &longs;uppo&longs;e nobody has. </s> <s>The&longs;e Rules it <lb/>is our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s here to collect and explain, ac­<lb/>cording to the be&longs;t of our Capacity. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e <lb/>&longs;ome regard the univer&longs;al Beauty and Orna­<lb/>ment of the whole Edifice; other the particu­<lb/>lar Parts and Members taken &longs;eparately. </s> <s>The <lb/>former are taken immediately from Philo&longs;ophy <lb/>and are intended to direct and regulate the <lb/>Operations of this Art; the others from Ex­<lb/>perience, as we have &longs;hewn above, only filed <lb/>and perfected by the Principles of Philo­<lb/>&longs;ophy. </s> <s>I &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e wherein this <lb/>particular Art is mo&longs;t concerned; and as for <lb/>the others, which relate to the Univer&longs;ality, <lb/>they &longs;hall &longs;erve by Way of Epilogue.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Beauty and Ornament in every Thing ari&longs;e from Contrivance, or the <lb/>Hand of the Artificer, or from Nature; and that though the Region indeed <lb/>can hardly be improved by the Wit or Labour of Man, yet many other <lb/>Things may be done highly worthy of Admiration, and &longs;carcely credible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>That which delights us in Things that <lb/>are either beautiful or finely adorned, <lb/>mu&longs;t proceed either from the Contrivance and <lb/>Invention of the Mind, or the Hand of the <lb/>Artificer, or from &longs;omewhat derived immedi­<lb/>ately from Nature her&longs;elf. </s> <s>To the Mind be­<pb xlink:href="003/01/134.jpg" pagenum="116"/>long the Flection, Di&longs;tribution, Di&longs;po&longs;ition, <lb/>and other Things of the like Nature which <lb/>give Dignity to the Work: To the Hand, the <lb/>ama&longs;&longs;ing, adding, dimini&longs;hing, chipping, po­<lb/>li&longs;hing, and the like, which make the Work <lb/>delicate: The Qualities derived from Nature <lb/>are Heavine&longs;s, Lightne&longs;s, Thickne&longs;s, Clearne&longs;s, <lb/>Durability, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which make the Work wond­<lb/>erful. </s> <s>The&longs;e three Operations are to be adapt­<lb/>cd to the &longs;everal Parts according to their various <lb/>U&longs;es and Offices. </s> <s>There are &longs;everal Ways of <lb/>dividing and con&longs;idering the different Parts: <lb/>But at pre&longs;ent we &longs;hall divide all Buildings <lb/>either according to the Parts in which they <lb/>generally agree, or to tho&longs;e in which they ge­<lb/>nerally differ. </s> <s>In the fir&longs;t Book we &longs;aw that <lb/>all Edifices mu&longs;t have Region, Situation, Com­<lb/>partition, Walling, Covering, and Apertures; <lb/>in the&longs;e Particulars therefore they agree. </s> <s>But <lb/>then in the&longs;e others they differ, namely, that <lb/>&longs;ome are Sacred, others Profane, &longs;ome Pub­<lb/>lick, others Private, &longs;ome de&longs;igned for Nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ity, others for Plea&longs;ure, and &longs;o on. </s> <s>Let us be­<lb/>gin with tho&longs;e Particulars wherein they agree. <lb/></s> <s>What the Hand or Wit of Man can add to <lb/>the Region, either of Beauty or Dignity, is <lb/>hardly di&longs;coverable; unle&longs;s we would give in­<lb/>to tho&longs;e miraculous and &longs;uper&longs;titious Accounts <lb/>which we read of &longs;ome Works. </s> <s>Nor are the <lb/>Undertakers of &longs;uch Works blamed by pru­<lb/>dent Men, if their De&longs;igns an&longs;wer any great <lb/>Conveniency; but if they take Pains to do <lb/>what there was no Nece&longs;&longs;ity for, they are ju&longs;t­<lb/>ly denied the Prai&longs;e they hunt after. </s> <s>For who <lb/>would be &longs;o daring as to undertake, like <emph type="italics"/>Sta&longs;i­<lb/>crates,<emph.end type="italics"/> (according to <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/>) or <emph type="italics"/>Dinocrates<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(according to <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>) to make Mount <emph type="italics"/>Athos<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>into a Statue of <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in one of the <lb/>Hands to build a City big enough to contain <lb/>ten thou&longs;and Men? </s> <s>Indeed I &longs;hould not di&longs;­<lb/>commend Queen <emph type="italics"/>Nitocris<emph.end type="italics"/> for having forced <lb/>the River <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> by making va&longs;t Cuts, to <lb/>flow three Times round the City of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;y­<lb/>rians,<emph.end type="italics"/> if &longs;he made the Region &longs;trong and &longs;ecure <lb/>by tho&longs;e Trenches, and fruitful by the over­<lb/>flowing of the Water. </s> <s>But let us leave it to <lb/>mighty Kings to be delighted with &longs;uch Un­<lb/>dertakings: Let them join Sea to Sea by cut­<lb/>ting the Land between them: Let them level <lb/>Hills: Let them make new I&longs;lands, or join old <lb/>ones to the Continent: Let them put it out <lb/>of the Power of any others to imitate them, <lb/>and &longs;o make their Names memorable to Po&longs;te­<lb/>rity: Still all their wa&longs;t Works will be com­<lb/>mended not &longs;o much in Proportion to their <lb/>Greatne&longs;s as their U&longs;e. </s> <s>The Ancients &longs;ome­<lb/>times added Dignity not only to particular <lb/>Groves, but even to the whole Region, by <lb/>Means of Religion. </s> <s>We read that all <emph type="italics"/>Sicily<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was con&longs;ecrated to <emph type="italics"/>Ceres;<emph.end type="italics"/> but the&longs;e are Things <lb/>not now to be in&longs;i&longs;ted upon. </s> <s>It will be of great <lb/>and real Advantages, if the Region be po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ed <lb/>of &longs;ome rare Quality, no le&longs;s u&longs;eful than extra­<lb/>ordinary: As for In&longs;tance, if the Air be more <lb/>temperate than in any other Place, and always <lb/>equal and uniform, as we are told it is at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Moroe,<emph.end type="italics"/> where Men live in a Manner as long as <lb/>they plea&longs;e; or if the Region produces &longs;ome­<lb/>thing not to be found el&longs;ewhere and very de­<lb/>&longs;irable and whole&longs;ome to Man, as that which <lb/>produces Amber, Cinnamon, and Bal&longs;am; or <lb/>if it has &longs;ome divine Influence in it, as there is <lb/>in the Soil of the I&longs;land <emph type="italics"/>Eubœa,<emph.end type="italics"/> where we are <lb/>told nothing noxious is produced. </s> <s>The Situ­<lb/>ation, being a certain determinate Part of the <lb/>Region, is adorned by all the &longs;ame Particulars <lb/>as beautify the Region it&longs;elf. </s> <s>But Nature ge­<lb/>nerally offers more Conveniencies, and tho&longs;e <lb/>more ready at Hand, for adorning the Situati­<lb/>on than the Region; for we very frequently <lb/>meet with Circum&longs;tances extreamly noble and <lb/>&longs;urpri&longs;ing, &longs;uch as Promontories, Rocks, brok­<lb/>en Hills va&longs;tly high and &longs;harp, Grottoes, Ca­<lb/>verns, Springs and the like; near which, if we <lb/>would have our Situation &longs;trike the Beholders <lb/>with Surprize, we may build to our Hearts <lb/>de&longs;ire. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould their be wanting in the <lb/>Pro&longs;pect Remains of Antiquity, on which we <lb/>cannot turn our Eyes without con&longs;idering the <lb/>various Revolutions of Men and Things, and <lb/>being filled with Wonder and Admiration. </s> <s>I <lb/>need not mention the Place where <emph type="italics"/>Troy<emph.end type="italics"/> once <lb/>&longs;tood, or the Plains of <emph type="italics"/>Leuctra<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;tained with <lb/>Blood, nor the Fields near <emph type="italics"/>Tra&longs;umenus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <lb/>thou&longs;and other Places memorable for &longs;ome <lb/>great Event. </s> <s>How the Hand and Wit of Man <lb/>may add to the Beauty of the Situation, is not <lb/>&longs;o ea&longs;ily &longs;hewn. </s> <s>I pa&longs;s over Things com­<lb/>monly done; &longs;uch as Plane-trees brought by <lb/>Sea to the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Tremeti<emph.end type="italics"/> to adorn the Situ­<lb/>ation, or Columns, Obelisks and Trees left by <lb/>great Men in order to &longs;trike Po&longs;terity with Ve­<lb/>neration; as for In&longs;tance, the Olive-tree planted <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Neptune<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Minerva,<emph.end type="italics"/> which flouri&longs;hed for <lb/>&longs;o many Ages in the Citadel of <emph type="italics"/>Athens:<emph.end type="italics"/> I like­<lb/>wife pa&longs;s over ancient Traditions handed down <lb/>from Age to Age, as that of the Turpentine­<lb/>tree near <emph type="italics"/>Hebron,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was reported to have <lb/>&longs;tood from the Creation of the World to the <lb/>Days of <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian. </s> <s>Nothing can <pb xlink:href="003/01/135.jpg" pagenum="117"/>give a greater Air of Dignity and Aw&longs;ulne&longs;s to <lb/>a Place than &longs;ome artful Laws made by the <lb/>Ancients; &longs;uch as the&longs;e: That nothing Male <lb/>&longs;hould pre&longs;ume to &longs;et Foot in the Temple of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Bona Dea,<emph.end type="italics"/> nor in that of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Pa­<lb/>trician Portico; and at <emph type="italics"/>Tanagra,<emph.end type="italics"/> that no Wo­<lb/>man &longs;hould enter the &longs;acred Grove, nor the in­<lb/>ner Parts of the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>that no Per&longs;on what&longs;oever, be&longs;ides the Prie&longs;t, <lb/>and he only in order to purify him&longs;elf for Sa­<lb/>cri&longs;ice, &longs;hould wa&longs;h in the Fountain near <emph type="italics"/>Pan­<lb/>thos;<emph.end type="italics"/> and that nobody &longs;hould pre&longs;ume to &longs;pit <lb/>in the Place called <emph type="italics"/>Doliola<emph.end type="italics"/> near the great Drain <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> where the Bones of <emph type="italics"/>Numa Pompilius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were depo&longs;ited; and upon &longs;ome Chapels there <lb/>have been In&longs;criptions, &longs;trictly forbidding any <lb/>common Pro&longs;titute to enter; in the Temple of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Crete,<emph.end type="italics"/> none were admitted, except <lb/>they were bare-footed; it was unlawful to bring <lb/>a Bond-woman into the Temple of the God­<lb/>de&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Matuta;<emph.end type="italics"/> and all common Cryers were ex­<lb/>cluded from the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Orodio<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and all Fiddlers from that of <emph type="italics"/>Temnius<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Te­<lb/>nedos.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> So again, it was unlawful to go out of <lb/>the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter Alfi&longs;tius<emph.end type="italics"/> without &longs;acri­<lb/>ficing, and to carry any Ivy into the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/> or into that of <emph type="italics"/>Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thebes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Fauna,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was not <lb/>lawful &longs;o much as to mention the Name of <lb/>Wine. </s> <s>In the &longs;ame Manner it was decreed, <lb/>that the Gate <emph type="italics"/>Janualis<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould never <lb/>be &longs;hut, but in Time of War, nor the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Janus<emph.end type="italics"/> ever opened in Time of Peace; and <lb/>that the Temple of the Godde&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Hora<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;tand always open. </s> <s>If we were to imitate any <lb/>of the&longs;e Cu&longs;toms, perhaps it might not be a­<lb/>mi&longs;s to make it criminal for Women to enter <lb/>the Temples of Martyrs; or Men, tho&longs;e dedi­<lb/>cated to Virgin Saints. </s> <s>Moreover there are &longs;ome <lb/>Advantages very de&longs;irable, &longs;aid to be procured <lb/>by Art, which when we read of, we could <lb/>&longs;carcely believe, unle&longs;s we &longs;aw &longs;omething like <lb/>it in &longs;ome particular Places even at this Day. <lb/></s> <s>We are told that it was brought about by hu­<lb/>man Art, that in <emph type="italics"/>Con&longs;tantinople<emph.end type="italics"/> Serpents will <lb/>never hurt any body, and that no Daws will fly <lb/>within the Walls; and that no Gra&longs;shoppers <lb/>are ever heard in <emph type="italics"/>Naples,<emph.end type="italics"/> nor any Owls in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Candy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Achilles,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Bori&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> no Bird what&longs;oever will <lb/>enter, nor any Dog or Fly of any Sort in the <lb/>Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/> near the <emph type="italics"/>Forum Boarium<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Rome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But what &longs;hall we &longs;ay of this &longs;ur­<lb/>prizing Particularity, that at <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> even at <lb/>this Day, no Kind of Fly ever enters the pub­<lb/>lick Palace of the <emph type="italics"/>Cen&longs;ors?<emph.end type="italics"/> And even in the <lb/>Fle&longs;h-market at <emph type="italics"/>Toledo,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is never more than <lb/>one Fly &longs;een throughout the Year, and that a <lb/>remarkable one for its Whitene&longs;s. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>&longs;trange Accounts which we find in Authors, <lb/>are too numerous to be all in&longs;erted here, and <lb/>whether they are owing to Nature or Art, I <lb/>&longs;hall not now pretend to decide. </s> <s>But then, <lb/>again, how can we, either by Nature or Art, <lb/>account for what they tell us of a Laurel-tree <lb/>growing in the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"/>Bibrias<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pontus,<emph.end type="italics"/> from which if the lea&longs;t Twig is brok­<lb/>en, and put aboard a Ship, that Ship &longs;hall ne­<lb/>ver be free from Mutinies and Tumults till the <lb/>Twig is thrown out of it: Or for its never <lb/>raining upon the <emph type="italics"/>Altar<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Venus's<emph.end type="italics"/> Temple at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Paphos:<emph.end type="italics"/> Or for this, that whatever Part of the <lb/>Sacrifice is left at <emph type="italics"/>Minerva's<emph.end type="italics"/> Shrine in <emph type="italics"/>Phrygia <lb/>minor,<emph.end type="italics"/> will never corrupt: Or this, if you <lb/>break off any Part of <emph type="italics"/>Anteus's<emph.end type="italics"/> Sepulchre, it <lb/>immediately begins to rain, and never leaves off <lb/>till it is made whole again? </s> <s>Some indeed af­<lb/>firm, that all the&longs;e Things may be done by an <lb/>Art, now lo&longs;t, by means of little con&longs;tellated <lb/>Images, which A&longs;tronomers pretend are not <lb/>unknown to them. </s> <s>I remember to have read <lb/>in the Author of the Life of <emph type="italics"/>Apollonius Tyaneus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that in the chief Apartments of the Royal Palace <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ome Magicians fa&longs;tened to the <lb/>Cieling four golden Birds, which they called <lb/>the Tongues of the Gods, and that the&longs;e were <lb/>endued with the Virtue of conciliating the Af­<lb/>fection of the Multitude towards their King: <lb/>And <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a very grave Author, &longs;ays that <lb/>he him&longs;elf &longs;aw a certain Man named <emph type="italics"/>Eleazer,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who in the Prefence of the Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;pa&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and his Sons, immediately cured a Man that <lb/>was po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ed, by fa&longs;tening a Ring to his No&longs;e; <lb/>and the &longs;ame Author writes that <emph type="italics"/>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"/> com­<lb/>po&longs;ed certain Ver&longs;es, which would give Ea&longs;e <lb/>in Di&longs;tempers; and <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius Pamphilus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> God <emph type="italics"/>Serapis,<emph.end type="italics"/> whom we call <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pluto,<emph.end type="italics"/> invented certain Charms which would <lb/>drive away evil Spirits, and taught the Methods <lb/>by which <emph type="italics"/>Dæmons<emph.end type="italics"/> a&longs;&longs;umed the Shapes of brute <lb/>Bea&longs;ts to do mi&longs;chief. <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> too &longs;ays, that <lb/>there were Men who u&longs;ed to carry Charms <lb/>about them, by which they were &longs;ecured a­<lb/>gain&longs;t all unhappy Turns of Fortune; and that <lb/>tho&longs;e Charms were &longs;o powerful, that the Per­<lb/>&longs;ons who wore them could never die till they <lb/>were taken from them. </s> <s>If the&longs;e Things could <lb/>be true, I &longs;hould ea&longs;ily believe what we read <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"/> that among the <emph type="italics"/>Pelenei<emph.end type="italics"/> there was <lb/>an Image, which if it were brought out of the <pb xlink:href="003/01/136.jpg" pagenum="118"/>Temple by the Prie&longs;t, filled every Creature <lb/>with Terror and Dread on whatever Side it was <lb/>turned; and that no Eye dur&longs;t look towards <lb/>it, for Fear. </s> <s>The&longs;e miraculous Accounts we <lb/>have in&longs;erted only by way of Amu&longs;ement. </s> <s>As <lb/>to other Particulars which may help to make <lb/>the Situation beautiful, con&longs;idered in a general <lb/>View, &longs;uch as the Circumference, the Space <lb/>round about it, its Elevation, Levelling, <lb/>Strengthening, and the like, I have nothing <lb/>more to &longs;ay here, but to refer you for In&longs;truc­<lb/>tions to the fir&longs;t and third Books. </s> <s>The chief <lb/>Qualities requi&longs;ite in a Situation or Platform <lb/>(as we have there ob&longs;erved) are to be perfectly <lb/>dry, even, and &longs;olid, as al&longs;o convenient and <lb/>&longs;uitable to the Purpo&longs;e of the Building; and <lb/>it will be a very great Help to it, to &longs;trengthen <lb/>it with a good Bottom made of baked Earth, <lb/>in the Manner which we &longs;hall teach when we <lb/>come to treat of the Wall. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t not here <lb/>omit an Ob&longs;ervation made by <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> that it <lb/>will be a great Addition to the Dignity of the <lb/>Place, if you give it &longs;ome great Name; and <lb/>this we find the Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"/> was very <lb/>fond of doing, when he gave the Names of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Lycus, Canopeis, Academia, Tempe<emph.end type="italics"/> and other <lb/>great Titles to the &longs;everal Parts of his <emph type="italics"/>Villa<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tivoli.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>A &longs;hort Recapitulation of the Compartition, and of the ju&longs;t Compo&longs;ition and <lb/>adorning the Wall and Covering.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Though we have already &longs;aid almo&longs;t <lb/>as much as was nece&longs;&longs;ary of the Com­<lb/>partition in the fir&longs;t Book, yet we &longs;hall take a <lb/>brief Review of it again here. </s> <s>The chief and <lb/>fir&longs;t Ornament of any Thing is to be free from <lb/>all Improprieties. </s> <s>It will therefore be a ju&longs;t <lb/>and proper Compartition, if it is neither con­<lb/>fu&longs;ed nor interrupted, neither too rambling nor <lb/>compo&longs;ed of un&longs;uitable Parts, and if the Mem­<lb/>bers be neither too many nor too few, neither <lb/>too &longs;mall nor too large, nor mi&longs;-matcht nor un­<lb/>&longs;ightly, nor as it were &longs;eparate and divided <lb/>from the Re&longs;t of the Body: But every Thing <lb/>&longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed according to Nature and Conveni­<lb/>ence, and the U&longs;es for which the Structure is <lb/>intended, with &longs;uch Order, Number, Size, Si­<lb/>tuation and Form, that we may be &longs;atisfied <lb/>there is nothing throughout the whole Fabrick, <lb/>but what was contrived for &longs;ome U&longs;e or Con­<lb/>venience, and with the hand&longs;ome&longs;t Compact­<lb/>ne&longs;s of all the Parts. </s> <s>If the Compartition <lb/>an&longs;wers in all the&longs;e Re&longs;pects, the Beauty and <lb/>Richne&longs;s of any Ornaments will &longs;it well upon <lb/>it; if not, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible it &longs;hould have any <lb/>Air of Dignity at all. </s> <s>The whole Compo&longs;iti­<lb/>on of the Members therefore &longs;hould &longs;eem to be <lb/>made and directed entirely by Nece&longs;&longs;ity and <lb/>Conveniency; &longs;o that you may not be &longs;o much <lb/>plea&longs;ed that there are &longs;uch or &longs;uch Parts in <lb/>the Building, as that they are di&longs;po&longs;ed and laid <lb/>out in &longs;uch a Situation, Order and Connection. <lb/></s> <s>In adorning the Wall and Covering, you will <lb/>have &longs;ufficient Room to di&longs;play the fine&longs;t Ma­<lb/>terials produced by Nature, and the mo&longs;t curi­<lb/>ous Contrivance and Skill of the Artificer. </s> <s>If <lb/>it were in your Power to imitate the ancient <lb/><emph type="italics"/>O&longs;iris,<emph.end type="italics"/> who, we are told, built two Temples of <lb/>Gold, one to the Heavenly, the other to the <lb/>Royal <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter;<emph.end type="italics"/> or if you could rai&longs;e &longs;ome va&longs;t <lb/>Stone, almo&longs;t beyond humane Belief, like that <lb/>which <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"/> brought from the Mountains <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was twenty Cubits broad <lb/>every Way, and an hundred and fifty long; <lb/>or if you had &longs;uch large Stone, that you could <lb/>make &longs;ome Part of the Work all of one Piece, <lb/>like a Chapel in <emph type="italics"/>Latona's<emph.end type="italics"/> Temple in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>forty Cubits wide in Front, and hollowed in <lb/>one &longs;ingle Stone, and &longs;o al&longs;o covered with an­<lb/>other: This no doubt would create a va&longs;t deal <lb/>of Admiration in the Beholders, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>if the Stone was a foreign one, and brought <lb/>through difficult Ways, like that which <emph type="italics"/>Hero­<lb/>dotus<emph.end type="italics"/> relates to have been brought from the City <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Elephantis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was about twenty Cubits <lb/>broad, and fifteen high, and was carried as far <lb/>as <emph type="italics"/>Su&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/> in twenty Days. </s> <s>It will al&longs;o add great­<lb/>ly to the Ornament and Wonder of the Work, <lb/>if &longs;uch an extraordinary Stone be &longs;et in a re­<lb/>markable and honourable Place. </s> <s>Thus the <lb/>little Temple at <emph type="italics"/>Chemmis,<emph.end type="italics"/> an I&longs;land in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>is not &longs;o &longs;urprizing upon Account of being co­<lb/>vered with one &longs;ingle Stone, as upon Account <lb/>of &longs;uch a huge Stone's being rai&longs;ed to &longs;o great a <lb/>Height. </s> <s>The Rarity and Beauty of the Stone <lb/>it&longs;elf will al&longs;o add greatly to the Ornament; as <lb/>for In&longs;tance, if it is that &longs;ort of Marble, with <pb xlink:href="003/01/137.jpg" pagenum="119"/>which we are told <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> built a Temple to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fortune<emph.end type="italics"/> in his golden Palace, which was &longs;o <lb/>white, &longs;o clear and tran&longs;parent, that even when <lb/>all the Doors were &longs;hut the Light &longs;eemed to be <lb/>enclo&longs;e within the Temple. </s> <s>All the&longs;e Things <lb/>are very Noble in them&longs;elves; but they will <lb/>make no Figure if there is not Care and Art <lb/>u&longs;ed in their Compo&longs;ition or putting together: <lb/>For every Thing mu&longs;t be reduced to exact Mea­<lb/>&longs;ure, &longs;o that all the Parts may corre&longs;pond with <lb/>one another, the Right with the Left, the <lb/>lower Parts with the Upper, with nothing in­<lb/>terfering that may blemi&longs;h either the Order or <lb/>the Materials, but every Thing &longs;quared to ex­<lb/>act Angles and &longs;imilar Lines. </s> <s>We may often <lb/>ob&longs;erve that ba&longs;e Materials managed with Art, <lb/>make a hand&longs;omer Shew than the Noble&longs;t <lb/>heaped together in Confu&longs;ion. </s> <s>Who can ima­<lb/>gine that the Wall of <emph type="italics"/>Atheus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>informs us was built &longs;o tumultuou&longs;ly that they <lb/>even threw into it &longs;ome of the Statues of their <lb/>Sepulchres, could have any Beauty in it, or be <lb/>any ways adorned by being full of broken Sta­<lb/>tues? </s> <s>On the Contrary, we are very much <lb/>plea&longs;ed with the Walls of &longs;ome old Country­<lb/>Hou&longs;es, though they are built of any Stone <lb/>that the People could pick up; becau&longs;e they <lb/>are di&longs;po&longs;ed in even Rows, with an alternate <lb/>Checquer of Black and White: &longs;o that con­<lb/>&longs;idering the Meanne&longs;s of the Structure, no­<lb/>thing can be de&longs;ired hand&longs;omer. </s> <s>But perhaps <lb/>this Con&longs;ideration belongs rather to that Part <lb/>of the Wall which is called the outward Coat, <lb/>than to the Body of the Wall it&longs;elf. </s> <s>To con­<lb/>clude, all your Materials &longs;hould be &longs;o di&longs;tribu­<lb/>ted that nothing &longs;hould be begun, but accord­<lb/>ing to &longs;ome judicious Plan; nothing carried on <lb/>but in pur&longs;uance of the &longs;ame; and no Part of <lb/>it left imperfect, but fini&longs;hed and compleated <lb/>with the utmo&longs;t Care and Diligence. </s> <s>But the <lb/>principal Ornament both of the Wall and Co­<lb/>vering, and e&longs;pecially of all vaulted Roofs (al­<lb/>ways excepted Columns) is the outward Coat: <lb/>And this may be of &longs;everal Sorts; either all <lb/>white, or adorned with Figures and Stuc-work, <lb/>or with Painting, or Pictures &longs;et in Pannels, or <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aie<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, or el&longs;e a Mixture of all <lb/>the&longs;e together.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>In what Manner great Weights and large Stones are moved from one Place to <lb/>another or rai&longs;ed to any great Height.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of tho&longs;e Ornaments la&longs;t mentioned we are <lb/>to treat; and to &longs;hew what they are and <lb/>how they are to be made; but having in the <lb/>la&longs;t Chapter mentioned the moving of va&longs;t <lb/>Stones, it &longs;eems nece&longs;&longs;ary here to give &longs;ome <lb/>Account in what Manner &longs;uch huge Bodies are <lb/>moved, and how they are rai&longs;ed to &longs;uch high <lb/>and difficult Places. <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Archimedes,<emph.end type="italics"/> the great Mathematician of <emph type="italics"/>Syra­<lb/>cu&longs;e,<emph.end type="italics"/> drew a Ship of Burthen with all its lad­<lb/>ing through the Middle of the Market Place, <lb/>with his Hand, as if he had been only leading <lb/>along a Hor&longs;e by the Bridle: But we &longs;hall here <lb/>con&longs;ider only tho&longs;e Things that are nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>in Practice; and then take Notice of &longs;ome <lb/>Points, by which Men of Learning and good <lb/>Apprehen&longs;ions may fully and clearly under­<lb/>&longs;tand the whole Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of them&longs;elves. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that the Obelisk brought from <emph type="italics"/>Phœnicia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>to <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/> was brought down a Canal cut from <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> in Ships full of Bricks, &longs;o that by ta­<lb/>king out &longs;ome of the Bricks they could at any <lb/>Time lighten the Ve&longs;&longs;el of its Lading. </s> <s>We <lb/>find in <emph type="italics"/>Ammianus Marcellinus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian, <lb/>that an Obelisk was brought from the <emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>a Ve&longs;&longs;el of three hundred Oars, and laid upon <lb/>Rollers at three Miles di&longs;tance from <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>&longs;o drawn into the great <emph type="italics"/>Circus<emph.end type="italics"/> through the <lb/>Gate that leads to <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia:<emph.end type="italics"/> And that &longs;everal <lb/>thou&longs;and Men laboured hard at the crecting it, <lb/>though the whole <emph type="italics"/>Circus<emph.end type="italics"/> was full of nothing <lb/>but va&longs;t Engines and Ropes of a prodigious <lb/>Thickne&longs;s. </s> <s>We read in <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Cte&longs;iphon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and his Son <emph type="italics"/>Metagenes<emph.end type="italics"/> brought his Columns <lb/>and Architraves to <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> by a Method which <lb/>they borrowed from tho&longs;e Cylinders with <lb/>which the Ancients u&longs;ed to level the Ground: <lb/>For in each End of the Stone they fixed a Pin <lb/>of Iron which they fa&longs;tened in with Lead, <lb/>which Pin &longs;tood out and &longs;erved as an Axis, <lb/>and at each End was let into a Wheel &longs;o large <lb/>as for the Stone to hang upon its Pins above <lb/>the Ground; and &longs;o by the Motion of the <lb/>Wheels the Stones were carried along with a <lb/>great deal of Ea&longs;e. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"/>Chem­<lb/>minus<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he built that va&longs;t <pb xlink:href="003/01/138.jpg" pagenum="120"/>Pyramid of above &longs;ix Furlongs high, rai&longs;ed a <lb/>Mound of Earth all the Way up along with <lb/>the Building, by which he carried up tho&longs;e <lb/>huge Stones into their Places. <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Cheops,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of <emph type="italics"/>Rhamp&longs;inites,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>building of that Pyramid which employed an <lb/>hundred thou&longs;and Men for many Years, left <lb/>Steps on the Out&longs;ide of it, by means of which <lb/>the large&longs;t Stones might by proper Engines, be <lb/>rai&longs;ed up into their Places without having Oc­<lb/>ca&longs;ion for very long Timbers. </s> <s>We read too <lb/>of Architraves of va&longs;t Stones being laid upon <lb/>huge Columns in the following Manner: Un­<lb/>der the Middle of the Architrave they &longs;et two <lb/>Bearers acro&longs;s, pretty near each other. </s> <s>Then <lb/>they loaded one End of the Architraves with a <lb/>great Number of Baskets full of Sand, the <lb/>Weight of which rai&longs;ed up the other End, on <lb/>which there were no Baskets, and one of the <lb/>Bearers was left without any Weight upon it: <lb/>Then removing the Baskets to the other End <lb/>&longs;o rai&longs;ed up, and putting under &longs;ome higher <lb/>Bearers in the Room of that which was left <lb/>without Weight, the Stone by little and little <lb/>ro&longs;e up as it were of its own accord. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Things which we have here briefly collect­<lb/>ed together, we leave to be more clearly <lb/>learnt from the Authors them&longs;elves. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Method of this Treati&longs;e requires, that we <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;peak &longs;uccinctly of &longs;ome few Things <lb/>that make to our Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not wa&longs;te <lb/>Time in explaining any &longs;uch curious Principles, <lb/>as that it is the Nature of all heavy Bodies to <lb/>pre&longs;s continually downwards, and ob&longs;tinately <lb/>to &longs;eek the lowe&longs;t Place; that they make the <lb/>greate&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance they are able again&longs;t being <lb/>rai&longs;ed aloft, and never change their Place, but <lb/>after the &longs;toute&longs;t Conflict, being either over­<lb/>come by &longs;ome greater Weight or &longs;ome more <lb/>powerful contrary Force. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hall I &longs;tand to <lb/>ob&longs;erve that Motions are various, from high to <lb/>low or from low to high, directly, or about a <lb/>Curve; and that &longs;ome Things are carried, &longs;ome <lb/>drawn, &longs;ome pu&longs;hed on, and the like; of <lb/>which Enquiries we &longs;hall treat more copiou&longs;ly <lb/>in another Place. </s> <s>This we may lay down for <lb/>certain, that a Weight is never moved with &longs;o <lb/>much Ea&longs;e as it is downwards; becau&longs;e it then <lb/>moves it&longs;elf, nor ever with more Difficulty, <lb/>than upwards; becau&longs;e it naturally re&longs;i&longs;ts that <lb/>Direction; and that there is a Kind of middle <lb/>Motion between the&longs;e two, which perhaps par­<lb/>takes &longs;omewhat of the Nature of both the <lb/>others, ina&longs;much as it neither moves of it&longs;elf, <lb/>nor of it&longs;elf re&longs;i&longs;ts, as when a Weight is drawn <lb/>upon an even Plain, free from all Rubs. </s> <s>All <lb/>other Motions are ea&longs;y or difficult in Proporti­<lb/>on as they approach to either of the preceding. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed Nature her&longs;elf &longs;eems in a good <lb/>Mea&longs;ure to have &longs;hewn us in what Manner <lb/>great Weights are to be moved: for we may <lb/>ob&longs;erve, that if any con&longs;iderable Weight is laid <lb/>upon a Column &longs;tanding upright, the lea&longs;t <lb/>Shove will pu&longs;h it off, and when once it be­<lb/>gins to fall, hardly any Force is &longs;ufficient to <lb/>&longs;top it. </s> <s>We may al&longs;o ob&longs;erve, that any round <lb/>Column, or Wheel, or any other Body that <lb/>turns about, is very ea&longs;ily moved, and very <lb/>hard to &longs;top when once it is &longs;et on going; and <lb/>if it is draged along without rowling, it does <lb/>not move with half the Ea&longs;e. </s> <s>We further &longs;ee, <lb/>that the va&longs;t Weight of a Ship may be moved <lb/>upon a &longs;tanding Water with a very &longs;mall Force, <lb/>if you keep pulling continually; but if you <lb/>&longs;trike it with ever &longs;o great a Blow &longs;uddenly, it <lb/>will not &longs;tir an Inch: On the Contrary, &longs;ome <lb/>Things will move with a &longs;udden Blow or a fu­<lb/>rious Pu&longs;h, which could not otherwi&longs;e be &longs;tirred <lb/>without a mighty Force or huge Engines. <lb/></s> <s>Upon Ice too the greate&longs;t Weights make but a <lb/>&longs;mall Re&longs;i&longs;tance, again&longs;t one that tries to draw <lb/>them. </s> <s>We likewi&longs;e &longs;ee that any Weight which <lb/>hangs upon a long Rope, is very ea&longs;ily moved <lb/>as far as a certain Point; but not &longs;o ea&longs;ily, fur­<lb/>ther. </s> <s>The Con&longs;ideration of the Rea&longs;ons of <lb/>the&longs;e Things, and the Imitation of them, may <lb/>be very u&longs;eful to our Purpo&longs;e; and therefore <lb/>we &longs;hall briefly treat of them here. </s> <s>The Keel <lb/>or Bottom of any Weight, that is to be drawn <lb/>along, &longs;hould be even and &longs;olid; and the <lb/>Broader it is, the le&longs;s it will plough up the <lb/>Ground all the Way under it, but then the <lb/>Thinner it is, it will &longs;lip along the Quicker, <lb/>only it will make the deeper Furrows, and be <lb/>apter to &longs;tick: If there are any Angles or Ine­<lb/>qualities in the Bottom of the Weight, it will <lb/>u&longs;e them as Claws to fa&longs;ten it&longs;elf in the Plain, <lb/>and to re&longs;i&longs;t its own Motion. </s> <s>If the Plain be <lb/>&longs;mooth, &longs;ound, even, hard, not ri&longs;ing or &longs;ink­<lb/>ing on any Side, the Weight will have nothing <lb/>to hinder its Motion, or to make it re&longs;u&longs;e to <lb/>obey, but its own natural Love of Re&longs;t, which <lb/>makes it lazy and unwilling to be moved. <lb/></s> <s>Perhaps it was from a Con&longs;ideration of the&longs;e <lb/>Things, and from a deeper Examination of the <lb/>Particulars we have here mentioned, and <emph type="italics"/>Ar­<lb/>chimedes<emph.end type="italics"/> was induced to &longs;ay, that if he had on­<lb/>ly a Ba&longs;is for &longs;o immen&longs;e a Weight, he would <lb/>not doubt to turn the World it&longs;elf about. </s> <s>The <lb/>Preparation of the Bottom of the Weight and <pb xlink:href="003/01/139.jpg" pagenum="121"/>the Plain upon which it is to be drawn, which <lb/>is what we are here to con&longs;ider, may be effect­<lb/>ed in the following Manner. </s> <s>Let &longs;uch a Num­<lb/>ber of Poles be laid along, and of &longs;uch a <lb/>Strength and Thickne&longs;s as may be &longs;ufficient <lb/>for the Weight; let them be &longs;ound, even, <lb/>&longs;mooth, and clo&longs;e joined to one another: Be­<lb/>tween the Bottom of the Weight and this Plain <lb/>which it is to &longs;lide upon, there &longs;hould be &longs;ome­<lb/>thing to make the Way more &longs;lippery; and <lb/>this may be either Soap, or Tallow, or Lees of <lb/>Oil, or perhaps Slime. </s> <s>There is another Way <lb/>of making the Weight &longs;lip along, which is by <lb/>underlaying it cro&longs;s-ways with Rollers: But <lb/>the&longs;e, though you have a &longs;ufficient Number of <lb/>them, are very hard to be kept even to their <lb/>proper Lines and exact Direction; which it is <lb/>ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary they &longs;hould be, and that <lb/>they &longs;hould all do Duty equally and at once, <lb/>or el&longs;e they will run together in Confu&longs;ion, <lb/>and carry the Weight to one Side And if you <lb/>have but few of them, being continually load­<lb/>ed, they will either be &longs;plit or flatted, and &longs;o <lb/>be rendered u&longs;ele&longs;s; or el&longs;e that &longs;ingle Line <lb/>with which they touch the Plain underneath, <lb/>or that other with which they touch the <lb/>Weight that is laid upon them, will &longs;tick fa&longs;t <lb/>with their &longs;harp Points and be immoveable <lb/>A Cylinder or Roller is a Body con&longs;i&longs;ting of a <lb/>Number of Circles joined together; and the <lb/>Mathematicians &longs;ay that a Circle can never <lb/>touch a right Line in more than one Point; <lb/>for which Rea&longs;on I call the &longs;ingle Line which <lb/>is pre&longs;&longs;ed by the Weight, the Point of the Rol­<lb/>ler. </s> <s>The only Way to provide again&longs;t this In­<lb/>convenience, is to have the Roller made of the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t and &longs;ounde&longs;t Stuff, and exactly ac­<lb/>cording to Rule and Proportion.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Wheels, Pins, Leavers, Pullies, their Parts, Sizes and Figures.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as there are &longs;everal other Things, be­<lb/>&longs;ides tho&longs;e already mentioned, which are <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for our Purpo&longs;e, &longs;uch as Wheels, Pul­<lb/>lies, Skrews and Leavers, we &longs;hall here treat of <lb/>them more di&longs;tinctly. </s> <s>Wheels in a great Mea­<lb/>&longs;ure are the &longs;ame as Rollers, as they always <lb/>pre&longs;s down perpendicularly upon one Point: <lb/>But there is this Difference between them, <lb/>namely, that Rollers are more expeditious, <lb/>Wheels being hindered by the Friction of their <lb/>Pins or Axis. </s> <s>The Parts of a Wheel are three: <lb/>The large outer Circle, the Pin or Axis in the <lb/>Middle, and the Hole or Circle into which the <lb/>Pin is let. </s> <s>This Circle &longs;ome perhaps would <lb/>rather call the Pole; but becau&longs;e in &longs;ome Ma­<lb/>chines it &longs;tands &longs;till, and in others moves about, <lb/>we rather de&longs;ire Leave to call it the Axicle. <lb/></s> <s>If the Wheel turns upon a very thick Axis, it <lb/>will go very hard; if upon too thin a one, it <lb/>will not &longs;upport its Load; if the outer Circle <lb/>of the Wheel be too &longs;mall, the &longs;ame Inconve­<lb/>nience will happen that we ob&longs;erved of the <lb/>Roller, that is, it will &longs;tick in the Plain; if it <lb/>be too large, it will go along tottering from <lb/>Side to Side, and it will never be ready or <lb/>handy at turning one way or the other. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Axicle or Circle in which the Axis turns, be <lb/>too large, it will grind its Way out; if it be <lb/>too narrow, it will hardly be able to turn. </s> <s>Be­<lb/>tween the Axis and the Circle in which it turns, <lb/>there &longs;hould be &longs;omewhat to lubricate: Be­<lb/>cau&longs;e one of the&longs;e is to be con&longs;idered as the <lb/>Plain, and the other as the Bottom or Keel of <lb/>the Weights. </s> <s>Rollers and Wheels &longs;hould be <lb/>made of Elm or Holm-Oak: The Axis of <lb/>Holly or the Cornel-tree, or indeed rather of <lb/>Iron: The Circle for the Wheel to turn in, is <lb/>made be&longs;t of Bra&longs;s with one third of Tin. </s> <s>Pul­<lb/>lies are little Wheels. </s> <s>Leavers are of the Na­<lb/>ture of the Radii or Spokes of a Wheel. </s> <s>But <lb/>every Thing of this Sort, whether large Wheels <lb/>which Men turn about by walking within <lb/>them, or Cranes or Skrews, or any other En­<lb/>gine, working either by Leavers or Pullies; the <lb/>Principles, I &longs;ay, of all the&longs;e are deduced from <lb/>the Balance. </s> <s>They tell us, that <emph type="italics"/>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>believed to be a God chiefly upon this Ac­<lb/>count, that without the lea&longs;t Ge&longs;ture with his <lb/>Hand, he could make his Meaning perfectly <lb/>clear and plain by his Words. </s> <s>This, though <lb/>I am a little fearful of &longs;ucceeding in it, I &longs;hall <lb/>here endeavour to do to the utmo&longs;t of my <lb/>Power: For my De&longs;ign is to &longs;peak of the&longs;e <lb/>Things not like a Mathematician, but like a <lb/>Workman; and to &longs;ay no more than is ab&longs;o­<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg12"/><lb/>lutely nece&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>For the clearer under&longs;tand­<lb/>ing therefore of this Matter, I will &longs;uppo&longs;e that <lb/>you have in your Hand, a Dart. </s> <s>In this Dart I <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/140.jpg" pagenum="122"/>would have you con&longs;ider three Places, which <lb/>I call Points; the two Ends, that is the Steel <lb/>and the Peathers, and the third is the Loop in <lb/>the Middle for throwing the Dart by; and the <lb/>two Spaces between the two Ends and the <lb/>Loop, I &longs;hall call the Radii. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not di&longs;­<lb/>pute about the Rea&longs;ons of the&longs;e Names, which <lb/>will appear better from the Con&longs;ideration of <lb/>the Thing it&longs;elf. </s> <s>If the Loop be placed ex­<lb/>actly in the Middle of the Dart, and the Fea­<lb/>ther End be ju&longs;t equal in Weight to the Steel, <lb/>both Ends of the Dart will certainly hang even <lb/>and be equally poi&longs;ed; if the &longs;teel End be the <lb/>Heavie&longs;t, the Feather will be thrown up, but <lb/>yet there will be a certain Point in the Dart <lb/>further towards the heavy End, to which if <lb/>you &longs;lip the Loop, the Weight will be imme­<lb/>diately brought to an equal Poi&longs;e again; and <lb/>this will be the Point by which the larger Ra­<lb/>dius exceeds the &longs;maller ju&longs;t as much as the <lb/>&longs;maller Weight is exceeded by the larger. </s> <s>For <lb/>tho&longs;e who apply them&longs;elves to the Study of <lb/>the&longs;e Matters, tell us, that unequal Radii may <lb/>be made equal to unequal Weights, provided <lb/>the Number of the Parts of the Radius and <lb/>Weight of the right Side, multiplied together, <lb/>be equal to the Number of tho&longs;e Parts on the <lb/>oppo&longs;ite left Side: Thus if the Steel be three <lb/>Parts, and the Feather two, the Radius be­<lb/>tween the Loop and the Steel mu&longs;t be two, and <lb/>the other Radius between the Loop and the <lb/>Feather mu&longs;t be three. </s> <s>By which Means, as <lb/>this Number five will an&longs;wer to the five on the <lb/>oppo&longs;ite Side, the Radii and the Weights an­<lb/>&longs;wering equally to one another, they will hang <lb/>even and be equally poi&longs;ed. </s> <s>If the Number <lb/>on each Side do not an&longs;wer to one another, <lb/>that Side will overcome on which that Inequa­<lb/>lity of Numbers lies. </s> <s>I will not omit one Ob­<lb/>&longs;ervation, namely, that if equal Radii run out <lb/>from both Sides of the Loop, and you give the <lb/>Ends a twirl round in the Air they will de­<lb/>&longs;eribe equal Circles; but if the Radii be un­<lb/>equal, the Circles which they de&longs;cribe, will be <lb/>unequal al&longs;o. </s> <s>We have already &longs;aid that a <lb/>Wheel is made up of a Number of Circles: <lb/>Whence it is evident, that if two Wheels let <lb/>into the &longs;ame Axis be turned by one and the <lb/>&longs;ame Motion, &longs;o as when one moves the <lb/>other cannot &longs;tand &longs;till, or when one &longs;tands <lb/>&longs;till the other cannot move; from the Length <lb/>of the Radii or Spokes in each Wheel we may <lb/>come at the Knowledge of the Force which is <lb/>in that Wheel, remembring always to take the <lb/>Length of the Radius &longs;rom the very Center of <lb/>the Axis. </s> <s>If the&longs;e Principles are &longs;ufficiently <lb/>under&longs;tood, the whole Secret of all the&longs;e En­<lb/>gines of which we are here treating, will be <lb/>mani&longs;e&longs;t; e&longs;pecially with Relation to Wheels <lb/>and Leavers. </s> <s>In Pullies indeed we may con­<lb/>&longs;ider &longs;ome &longs;urther Particulars: For both the <lb/>Rope which runs in the Pully and the little <lb/>Wheel in the Pully are as the Plain, whereon <lb/>the Weight is to be carried with the middle <lb/>Motion, which we ob&longs;erved in the la&longs;t Chapter <lb/>was between the mo&longs;t Ea&longs;y and the mo&longs;t Dif­<lb/>ficult, ina&longs;much as it is neither to be rai&longs;ed up <lb/>nor let down, but to be drawn along upon the <lb/>Plain keeping always to one Center. </s> <s>But that <lb/>you may under&longs;tand the Rea&longs;on of the Thing <lb/>more clearly, take a Statue of a thou&longs;and <lb/>Weight; if you hang this to the Trunk of a <lb/>Tree by one &longs;ingle Rope, it is evident this Rope <lb/>mu&longs;t bear the whole thou&longs;and Weight. </s> <s>Fa&longs;ten <lb/>a Pully to the Statue, and into this Pully let <lb/>the Rope by which the Statute hangs, and bring <lb/>this Rope up again to the Trunk of the Tree, <lb/>&longs;o as the Statue may hang upon the double <lb/>Rope, it is plain the Weight of the Statue is <lb/>then divided between two Ropes, and that the <lb/>Pully in the Middle divides the Weight equal­<lb/>ly between them. </s> <s>Let us go on yet further, <lb/>and to the Trunk of the Tree fa&longs;ten another <lb/>Pully and bring the Rope up through this <lb/>likewi&longs;e. </s> <s>I ask you what Weight this Part of <lb/>the Rope thus brought up and put through <lb/>the Pully will take upon it&longs;elf: You will &longs;ay <lb/>five hundred; do you not perceive from hence <lb/>that no greater Weight can be thrown upon <lb/>this &longs;econd Pully by the Rope, than what the <lb/>Rope has it&longs;elf; and that is five hundred. </s> <s>I <lb/>&longs;hall therefore go no farther, having, I think, <lb/>demon&longs;trated that a Weight is divided by Pul­<lb/>lies, by which means a greater Weight may be <lb/>moved by a &longs;maller; and the more Pullies <lb/>there are, the more &longs;till the Weight is divided; <lb/>from whence it follows that the more Wheels <lb/>there are in them, &longs;o many more Parts the <lb/>Weight is &longs;plit into and may &longs;o much the more <lb/>ea&longs;ily be managed.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/141.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg12"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 10. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 121-22)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.141.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/141/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/142.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 11. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 122)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.142.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/142/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/143.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 12. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 122)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.143.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/143/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/144.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 13. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 122<emph.end type="italics"/>)</s></p><figure id="id.003.01.144.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/144/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/145.jpg" pagenum="123"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Skrew and its Circles or Worm, and in what Manner great Weights <lb/>are either drawn, carried or pu&longs;hed along.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have already treated of Wheels, Pul­<lb/>lies and Leavers; we are now to pro­<lb/>ceed to the Skrew. </s> <s>A Skrew con&longs;i&longs;ts of a <lb/>Number of Circles like Rings, which take up­<lb/>on them&longs;elves the Burthen of the Weight. </s> <s>If <lb/>the&longs;e Rings were entire, and not broken in <lb/>&longs;uch a Manner, that the End of one of them is <lb/>the Beginning of the other; it is certain the <lb/>Weight which they &longs;upport, though it might <lb/>be moved about, would neither go upwards nor <lb/>downwards, but evenly round upon an equal <lb/>Plain according to the Direction of the Rings: <lb/>The Weight therefore is forced to &longs;lide either <lb/>upwards or downwards along the Slope of the <lb/>Rings, which act herein after the Manner of <lb/>the Leaver. </s> <s>Again, if the&longs;e Rings or this Worm <lb/>be of a &longs;mall Circumference, or be cut in too <lb/>near to the Center of the Skrew, the Weight <lb/>will then be moved by &longs;horter Leavers and <lb/>with a &longs;maller Force. </s> <s>I will not here omit one <lb/>Thing which I did not think to have menti­<lb/>oned in this Place: Namely, that if you could <lb/>&longs;o order it that the Bottom or Keel of any <lb/>Weight which you would move might (as far <lb/>as could be done by the Art and Skill of the <lb/>Workman) be made no broader than a Point, <lb/>and be moved in &longs;uch a Manner upon a firm <lb/>and &longs;olid Plain as not in the lea&longs;t to cut into <lb/>it, I would engage you &longs;hould move <emph type="italics"/>Archi­<lb/>medes's<emph.end type="italics"/> Ship, or effect any thing el&longs;e of this <lb/>Nature what&longs;oever. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e Matters we <lb/>&longs;hall treat in another Place. </s> <s>Each of the&longs;e <lb/>Forces in particular, of which we have already <lb/>&longs;poken, are of great Power for the moving of <lb/>any Weight; but when they are all joined to­<lb/>gether, they are va&longs;tly &longs;tronger. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Germany<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>you every where &longs;ee the Youth &longs;porting upon <lb/>the Ice with a &longs;ort of wooden Pattens with a <lb/>very fine thin Bottom of Steel, in which with <lb/>a very &longs;mall Strain they &longs;lip over the Ice with <lb/>&longs;o much Swiftne&longs;s, that the quicke&longs;t flying <lb/>Bird can hardly out-go them. </s> <s>But as all Weights <lb/>are either drawn, or pu&longs;hed along, or carried, <lb/>we may di&longs;tingui&longs;h them thus: That they are <lb/>drawn by Ropes; pu&longs;hed along by Leavers; <lb/>and carried by Wheels, Rollers and the like: <lb/>And how all the&longs;e Powers may be made u&longs;e of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg13"/><lb/>at the &longs;ame Time, is manife&longs;t. </s> <s>But in all the&longs;e <lb/>Methods, there mu&longs;t of Nece&longs;&longs;ity be &longs;ome one <lb/>Thing, which &longs;tanding firm and immoveable <lb/>it&longs;elf, may &longs;erve to move the Weight in Que&longs;­<lb/>tion. </s> <s>If this Weight is to be drawn, there mu&longs;t <lb/>be &longs;ome greater Weight, to which you may <lb/>fa&longs;ten the In&longs;truments you are to employ; and <lb/>if no &longs;uch Weight can be had, fix a &longs;trong iron <lb/>Stake of the Length of three Cubits, deep in­<lb/>to the Ground which mu&longs;t be rammed down <lb/>tight all about it, or well &longs;trengthened with <lb/>Piles laid cro&longs;s-ways: And then fa&longs;ten the <lb/>Ropes of your Pullies or Cranes to the Head <lb/>of the Stake which &longs;tands up out of the Ground. <lb/></s> <s>If the Ground be &longs;andy, lay long Poles all the <lb/>Way for the Weight to &longs;lide upon, and at the <lb/>Head of the&longs;e Poles fa&longs;ten your In&longs;truments to <lb/>a good &longs;trong Stake. </s> <s>I will take Notice of <lb/>one Thing which the Unexperienced will never <lb/>allow, till they under&longs;tand the Matter thorough­<lb/>ly; which is, that along a Plain it is more con­<lb/>venient to draw two Weights than one; and <lb/>this is done in the following Manner: Having <lb/>moved the fir&longs;t Weight to the End of the <lb/>Timbers laid for it to &longs;lide upon, fix it there <lb/>with Wedges in &longs;uch a Manner that nothing <lb/>can &longs;tir it, and then fa&longs;ten or tie to it the En­<lb/>gines, or In&longs;truments with which you are to <lb/>draw your other Weight; and thus the move­<lb/>able Weight will be overcome and drawn along <lb/>the &longs;ame Plain by the other Weight, which is <lb/>no more than equal to it, but only that it is <lb/>fixed. </s> <s>If the Weight is to be drawn up on high, <lb/>we may very conveniently make u&longs;e of one <lb/>&longs;ingle Pole, or rather of the Ma&longs;t of a Ship; <lb/>but it mu&longs;t be very &longs;tout and &longs;trong. </s> <s>This <lb/>Ma&longs;t we mu&longs;t &longs;et upright, fa&longs;tening the Foot <lb/>of it to a Stake, or fixing it &longs;trong in any other <lb/>Manner that you plea&longs;e. </s> <s>To the upper End of <lb/>it we mu&longs;t fa&longs;ten no le&longs;s than three Ropes, one <lb/>on the right Side, another on the le&longs;t, and the <lb/>other running down directly even with the <lb/>Ma&longs;t. </s> <s>Then at &longs;ome Di&longs;tance from the Foot <lb/>of the Ma&longs;t fix your Cap&longs;tern and Pullies in <lb/>the Ground, and putting this la&longs;t Rope through <lb/>the Pullies, let it run through them &longs;o as to <lb/>draw the Head of the Ma&longs;t a little downwards, <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/146.jpg" pagenum="124"/>and we may guide it which way we think <lb/>proper by means of the two &longs;ide Ropes, as with <lb/>two Reins, making it either &longs;tand upright <lb/>whenever we find it nece&longs;&longs;ary, or &longs;toop which­<lb/>&longs;oever way we Plea&longs;e to &longs;et down the Weight <lb/>in the proper place. </s> <s>As to the&longs;e two &longs;ide <lb/>Ropes, if you have no greater Weight to fa&longs;ten <lb/>them to, you may fix them in the following <lb/>Manner: Dig a &longs;quare Pit in the Ground, and <lb/>in it lay the Trunk of a Tree, to which fa&longs;ten <lb/>one or more Loops that may &longs;tand up out of <lb/>the Ground; then lay &longs;ome cro&longs;s Timbers over <lb/>the Trunk, and fill up the Pit with Earth, ram­<lb/>ming it down very clo&longs;e, and if you wet it, it <lb/>will be the heavier. </s> <s>In all the other Particu­<lb/>lars, you may ob&longs;erve the Rules we have laid <lb/>down as to the Plain on which the Weight is <lb/>to &longs;lide: For you mu&longs;t fa&longs;ten Pullies both to <lb/>the Head of the Ma&longs;t and to the Weight which <lb/>is to be rai&longs;ed, and near the Foot of the Ma&longs;t <lb/>you mu&longs;t fix your Cap&longs;tern, or whatever other <lb/>In&longs;trument you u&longs;e that acts with the Power of <lb/>the Leaver. </s> <s>In all Engines of this Nature de­<lb/>&longs;igned for the moving of great Weights, we <lb/>&longs;hould take Care that none of the Parts of the <lb/>Machine which are to have any Stre&longs;s upon <lb/>them, be too &longs;mall, and that none of our <lb/>Ropes, Spokes, or any other Medium which <lb/>we u&longs;e in the Movement be weak by means of <lb/>their Length; for indeed long and thin are in <lb/>a Manner &longs;ynonimous Terms, and &longs;o, on the <lb/>Contrary, are &longs;hort and thick. </s> <s>If the Ropes <lb/>are &longs;mall let them run double in the Pullies; <lb/>if they are very thick, you mu&longs;t get larger <lb/>Pullies, that the Rope may not be cut by the <lb/>Edges of the Pully-wheel. </s> <s>The Axis of the <lb/>Pully &longs;hould be Iron, and not le&longs;s in Thickne&longs;s <lb/>than the &longs;ixth Part of the Semidiameter of the <lb/>Pully it&longs;elf, nor more than the eighth Part of <lb/>the whole Diameter. </s> <s>If the Rope be wetted, <lb/>it will be the more &longs;ecure from taking Fire, <lb/>which &longs;ometimes happens by means of its Mo­<lb/>tion and Friction in the Pully; it will al&longs;o turn <lb/>the Pully round the better, and keep better <lb/>within the Wheel. </s> <s>It is better to wet the <lb/>Rope with Vinegar than with Water; but if <lb/>you do it with Water, Sea-water is be&longs;t. </s> <s>If <lb/>you wet with fre&longs;h Water, and it is expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Heat of the Sun, it will rot pre&longs;ently. <lb/></s> <s>Twi&longs;ting the Ropes together is much &longs;afer than <lb/>tying them; and e&longs;pecially you mu&longs;t take Care <lb/>that one Rope does not cut the other. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed a Bar or Rule of Iron, to which <lb/>they fa&longs;tened the fir&longs;t Knots of their Ropes, <lb/>and their Pullies, and for taking up any Weight, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially of Stone, they had a Kind of <lb/>Pincers or Forceps of Iron. </s> <s>The Shape of <lb/>the&longs;e Pincers or Forceps was taken from the <lb/>Letter X, the lower Limbs of it being turned <lb/>inwards like a Crab's Claw, by which means it <lb/>fa&longs;tened it&longs;elf to the Weight. </s> <s>The two upper <lb/>Limbs had Holes at the Top, through which <lb/>they put a Rope, which being tied, and &longs;train­<lb/>ed tight by the moving Force, made the Teeth <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg14"/><lb/>of the Pincers keep clo&longs;er to the Weight -A-. <lb/>In very large Stones, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Middle of Columns, though perfectly &longs;mooth <lb/>in all other Parts, I have &longs;een little Knobs left <lb/>jutting out, like Handles, again&longs;t which the <lb/>Ropes were hitched, to prevent their &longs;lipping. <lb/></s> <s>It is al&longs;o common, e&longs;pecially in Cornices, to <lb/>make a Hole in the Stone like a Morti&longs;e, after <lb/>this Manner; you make a Hole in the Stone <lb/>like an empty Pur&longs;e, of a Bigne&longs;s an&longs;werable <lb/>to the Size of the Stone, narrower at the Mouth <lb/>than at the Bottom. </s> <s>I have &longs;een &longs;ome of the&longs;e <lb/>Holes a Foot deep. </s> <s>You then fill it with iron <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg15"/><lb/>Wedges, -B-the two &longs;ide Wedges being &longs;hap­<lb/>ed like the letter D, which are put in fir&longs;t to <lb/>fill up the Sides of the Hole, and the middle <lb/>Wedge is put in la&longs;t between the&longs;e two. </s> <s>All <lb/>the&longs;e three Wedges have their Ears which pro­<lb/>ject out beyond the Morti&longs;e, and the&longs;e Ears <lb/>have a Hole drilled in them, through which <lb/>you put an iron Pin, which fa&longs;tens on a &longs;trong <lb/>Handle or Ring; and to this Ring you fa&longs;ten <lb/>the Rope which runs through the Pully that <lb/>is to draw up the Weight. </s> <s>My way of fa&longs;ten­<lb/>ing my Ropes about Columns, Jambs of Doors, <lb/>and other &longs;uch Stones which are to be &longs;et up­<lb/>right, is as follows. </s> <s>I make a Cincture or <lb/>Hoop of Wood or Iron of a due Strength for <lb/>bearing the Weight which I am to move, and <lb/>with this Hoop I &longs;urround the Column or <lb/>other Stone in &longs;ome convenient Part, making <lb/>it tight to the Stone with long thin Wedges <lb/>drove in gently with a Hammer, then I fa&longs;ten <lb/>my Ligatures to this Hoop, and by this Means <lb/>I neither &longs;poil the Beauty of the Stone by ma­<lb/>king Morti&longs;es in it, nor break the Edges of the <lb/>Jambs by the Rubbing of the Ropes again&longs;t <lb/>them: Be&longs;ides that it is the mo&longs;t expeditious, <lb/>convenient and &longs;afe&longs;t Way of fa&longs;tening the <lb/>Ropes that has been thought of. </s> <s>In another <lb/>Place I &longs;hall enlarge more particularly upon <lb/>many Things relating to this Subject. </s> <s>All I <lb/>&longs;hall ob&longs;ervc further here is, that all Engines <lb/>may be looked upon to be a Sort of Animals, <lb/>with prodigious &longs;trong Hands; and that they <lb/>move Weights ju&longs;t in the &longs;ame Manner as we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/147.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg13"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg14"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg15"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 14. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 123)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.147.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/147/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/148.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 15. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 124)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.148.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/148/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/149.jpg" pagenum="125"/>Men do with our Arms. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, the <lb/>&longs;ame Di&longs;tention and Contraction of the Mem­<lb/>bers and Nerves which we u&longs;e in pulling, <lb/>thru&longs;ting or lifting, we are to imitate in our <lb/>Engines. </s> <s>I &longs;hall only add one Piece of Ad­<lb/>vice more, which is, that whenever you are to <lb/>move any great Weight, in any Manner what­<lb/>&longs;oever, you would go about it carefully, cauti­<lb/>ou&longs;ly and deliberately, remembering the many <lb/>uncertain and irrecoverable Accidents and <lb/>Dangers which &longs;ometimes happen in Attempts <lb/>of this Nature, even to the mo&longs;t experienced: <lb/>For you will never get &longs;o much Honour and <lb/>Reputation if what you undertake, &longs;ucceeds, as <lb/>you will incur Blame and the Imputation of <lb/>Ra&longs;hne&longs;s, if it fails. </s> <s>We &longs;hall now leave this <lb/>Subject, to proceed to the outward Coat of <lb/>the Wall.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Incru&longs;tations which are made upon the Wall with Mortar, mu&longs;t be <lb/>three in Number: How they are to be made, and to what Purpo&longs;es they are <lb/>to &longs;erve. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Mortar, and in what Manner the <lb/>Lime is to be prepared for making them: Of Ba&longs;s-relieves in Stuc-work <lb/>and Paintings, with which the Wall may be adorned.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In all Incru&longs;tations there mu&longs;t be at lea&longs;t <lb/>three Coats of Mortar; the fir&longs;t is called <lb/>Rough-ca&longs;ting, and its Office is to &longs;tick as clo&longs;e <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible to the Wall and to bind on the two <lb/>outer Coats; the Office of the outer Coat, is <lb/>to make the Work &longs;hew neat, &longs;mooth, and po­<lb/>li&longs;hed; that of the middle Coat, which we call <lb/>Plai&longs;tering, is to prevent any Faults or Defects <lb/>in either of the other two. </s> <s>The Defects are <lb/>the&longs;e: If the two la&longs;t, that is to &longs;ay, the Plai&longs;t­<lb/>ering and the outer Coat are &longs;harp, and to u&longs;e <lb/>&longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion, tenacious of the Wall, as <lb/>the Rough-ca&longs;t ought to be, their Acrimony <lb/>will occa&longs;ion an infinite Number of Cracks in <lb/>them in drying. </s> <s>And if the Rough-ca&longs;t be <lb/>&longs;oft, as the outer Coat &longs;hould be, it will not <lb/>take hold of the Wall as it ought, but will fall <lb/>off in Pieces. </s> <s>The oftener we plai&longs;ter the Wall <lb/>over, the better we may poli&longs;h it, and the <lb/>longer it will endure the Injuries of Time. <lb/></s> <s>Among the ancient Buildings I have &longs;een &longs;ome <lb/>which have been done over no le&longs;s than nine <lb/>Times. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t of the&longs;e &longs;hould be very &longs;harp, <lb/>and made of Pit-Sand and Brick beaten not <lb/>too fine, but about the Size of &longs;mall Gravel, <lb/>and laid on about the Thickne&longs;s of three <lb/>Inches. </s> <s>For the Plai&longs;tering, or middle Coat, <lb/>River-Sand is better, and is le&longs;s apt to crack. <lb/></s> <s>This Coat too &longs;hould be &longs;omewhat rough, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e to a &longs;mooth Surface nothing will &longs;tick <lb/>that you lay on. </s> <s>The la&longs;t of all &longs;hould be as <lb/>white as Marble; for which Rea&longs;on, in&longs;tead of <lb/>Sand you &longs;hould u&longs;e the white&longs;t Stone that can <lb/>be got pounded &longs;mall; and it will be &longs;ufficient <lb/>if this Coat be laid on about half an Inch thick, <lb/>&longs;or when it is much more, it will not ea&longs;ily <lb/>dry. </s> <s>I know &longs;ome that, out of good Hu&longs;­<lb/>bandry, make it no thicker than a Piece of <lb/>Shoe-leather. </s> <s>The &longs;econd Coat, or Plai&longs;ter­<lb/>ing, ought to be ordered according to its Proxi­<lb/>mity to either of the other two. </s> <s>In Moun­<lb/>tains where there are Stone-pits, you meet <lb/>with certain Veins extremely like a tran&longs;parent <lb/>Alaba&longs;ter, which are neither Marble nor Tarres, <lb/>but of a Kind of middle Nature between both, <lb/>and very friable. </s> <s>If this be beat &longs;mall and <lb/>mixed up in&longs;tead of Sand, it will &longs;hew full of <lb/>little Sparks that will &longs;hine like a fine Sort of <lb/>Marble. </s> <s>In many Places we &longs;ee Nails &longs;tuck <lb/>into the Wall to keep on the Plai&longs;tering, and <lb/>Time has proved to us that it is better to have <lb/>them of Bra&longs;s than of Iron. </s> <s>I am very much <lb/>plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who, in&longs;tead of Nails, &longs;tick <lb/>little Pieces of Flint in between the Joints of <lb/>the Stone; which they drive in gently with a <lb/>wooden Hammer. </s> <s>The fre&longs;her and rougher <lb/>the Wall it&longs;elf is, the fa&longs;ter all your plai&longs;tering <lb/>Work will cleave to it: For which Rea&longs;on, if, <lb/>as you build the Wall, and while the Work is <lb/>Green, you rough-ca&longs;t it, though but &longs;lightly, <lb/>the Plai&longs;tering and outer Coat will &longs;tick to it <lb/>&longs;o fa&longs;t, as hardly ever to peel off. </s> <s>After &longs;outher­<lb/>ly Winds, it is very proper to do any of this <lb/>Sort of Work; but if when a north Wind <lb/>blows, or in any great Cold or Heat, you offer <lb/>at any Sort of Plai&longs;tering, e&longs;pecially at laying <lb/>on the outer Coat, it will &longs;cale off pre&longs;ently. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, all Incru&longs;tations are of two Sorts; either <pb xlink:href="003/01/150.jpg" pagenum="126"/>&longs;pread on, or fa&longs;tened to the Work. </s> <s>Stuc and <lb/>Plai&longs;ter are &longs;pread on; but Stuc is never good <lb/>but in very dry Places. </s> <s>The Moi&longs;ture trick­<lb/>ling down from old Walls is extremely preju­<lb/>dicial to all Sorts of Incru&longs;tations. </s> <s>The&longs;e In­<lb/>cru&longs;tations which are fa&longs;tened to the Work are <lb/>Stone, Gla&longs;s and the like. </s> <s>The different Sorts <lb/>of Incru&longs;tations which are &longs;pread on are either <lb/>flat White, Ba&longs;s-relieve, or painted in Fre&longs;co. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e which are fa&longs;tened on, are either plain, <lb/>pannelled or te&longs;&longs;elated. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of <lb/>tho&longs;e which are &longs;pread on, for which the Lime <lb/>mu&longs;t be prepared in the following Manner: <lb/>Quench it in a covered Pit with clear Water, <lb/>and let there be much more Water than Lime; <lb/>then with an Axe chop and cut it as if you <lb/>were chopping of Wood, and you will know <lb/>when it is &longs;ufficiently &longs;oaked and di&longs;&longs;olved by <lb/>the Axes not being offended by the lea&longs;t Stone <lb/>or Grit. </s> <s>It is thought not to be &longs;ufficiently <lb/>&longs;oaked under three Months. </s> <s>It is never good <lb/>unle&longs;s it be very glutinous and clammy; for if <lb/>the Axe comes out of it dry, it is a Sign it has <lb/>not had a &longs;ufficient Quantity of Water to quench <lb/>its Thir&longs;t. </s> <s>When you mix it up with the Sand, <lb/>or any other pounded Materials, beat it over <lb/>and over again very heartily, till it perfectly <lb/>foams again. </s> <s>That which was de&longs;igned for <lb/>the outer Coat the Ancients u&longs;ed to pound in <lb/>a Mortar, and they tempered their Mixture &longs;o <lb/>well, that it never &longs;tuck to the Trowel when <lb/>they came to lay it on. </s> <s>Upon this fir&longs;t Coat, <lb/>while it is &longs;till wet and fre&longs;h, lay on the &longs;econd, <lb/>and be &longs;ure to let all the three be laid on &longs;o <lb/>fa&longs;t as to dry together, beating them even and <lb/>&longs;mooth while they are wet. </s> <s>The outer Coat <lb/>of flat White, if you rub and &longs;mooth it well, <lb/>will &longs;hine like a Looking-gla&longs;s; and if when <lb/>it is almo&longs;t dry, you anoint it with Wax and <lb/>Gum Ma&longs;tix di&longs;&longs;olved in a little Oil, and heat <lb/>the Wall thus anointed with a Pan of Charcoal, <lb/>&longs;o that it may imbibe that Ointment, it will <lb/>out-do any Marble in Whitene&longs;s. </s> <s>I have found <lb/>by Experience that this Coat will never &longs;cale <lb/>off, if while you are working it, upon the fir&longs;t <lb/>Appearance of any Crack, you make it good <lb/>with a few Twigs of white Mallows or wild <lb/>Spart. </s> <s>But if you are obliged to plai&longs;ter in <lb/>the Dog-days, or in any very hot Place, cut <lb/>and beat &longs;ome old Ropes very &longs;mall, and mix <lb/>them with the Plai&longs;ter. </s> <s>You may al&longs;o give it <lb/>a very fine Poli&longs;h, by throwing in a little <lb/>white Soap di&longs;&longs;olved in warm Water; but if <lb/>you u&longs;e too much of this, it will make your <lb/>Work look pale. </s> <s>Figures in Stuc-work are <lb/>ea&longs;ily made from a Mold; and the Mold it&longs;elf <lb/>is taken off from any Relieve, by pouring &longs;ome <lb/>liquid Plai&longs;ter over it; and as it is drying, if it <lb/>is anointed with the Compo&longs;ition above men­<lb/>tioned, it will get a Surface like Marble. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Figures are of two Sorts, one alto Relieve and <lb/>the other ba&longs;&longs;o Relieve. </s> <s>In an upright Wall, <lb/>the alto Relieve do extremely well: But on an <lb/>arched Cieling the ba&longs;&longs;o Relieve are better; <lb/>becau&longs;e tho&longs;e of the high Relieve being to hang <lb/>down from the Cieling, are very apt to break <lb/>off by their own Weight, which may endanger <lb/>the Per&longs;ons in the Room. </s> <s>It is a very good <lb/>Admonition, that where there is likely to be <lb/>much Du&longs;t, we &longs;hould never make Ornaments <lb/>of high Relieve; but flat and low, that they <lb/>may be ea&longs;ily cleaned. </s> <s>Of painted Surfaces <lb/>&longs;ome are done while the Work is fre&longs;h, and <lb/>others when it is dry. </s> <s>All natural Colours <lb/>which proceed from the Earth, from Mines or <lb/>the like, are proper for Paintings in Fre&longs;co: <lb/>But all artificial Colours, and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e <lb/>which are altered by Means of Fire, require a <lb/>very dry Surface, and abhor Lime, the Rays of <lb/>the Moon, and &longs;outhern Winds. </s> <s>It has been <lb/>newly found out that Colours mixed up with <lb/>Lin&longs;eed Oil, will &longs;tand a va&longs;t While again&longs;t all <lb/>the Injuries of the Air and Sea&longs;ons, provided <lb/>the Wall on which they are laid be perfectly <lb/>dry, and quite clear of all Moi&longs;ture; though I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved that the antient Painters, in <lb/>painting the Poops of their Ships, make u&longs;e of <lb/>liquid Wax, in&longs;tead of Size. </s> <s>I have al&longs;o &longs;een <lb/>in the Works of the Ancients, &longs;ome Colours of <lb/>Gems laid on the Wall, if I judge rightly, with <lb/>Wax, or perhaps with a white Sort of Terra&longs;s, <lb/>which was &longs;o hardened by Time, that it could <lb/>not be got off either by Fire or Water, and you <lb/>would have taken it for a hard Sort of Gla&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>I have known &longs;ome too, that with the white <lb/>milky Flower of Lime, have laid Colours up­<lb/>on the Wall, while it was &longs;till fre&longs;h, that have <lb/>looked as much like Gla&longs;s as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>But of <lb/>this Subject, we need &longs;ay no more.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/151.jpg" pagenum="127"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of cutting Marble into thin Scantlings, and what Sand is be&longs;t <lb/>for that Purpo&longs;e; as al&longs;o of the Difference and Agreement between<emph.end type="italics"/> Mo&longs;aic <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Work in Relieve, and Flat, and of the Cement to be u&longs;ed in that Sort of Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>As to tho&longs;e Incru&longs;tations which are fa&longs;ten­<lb/>ed on to the Work, whether flat Facings, <lb/>or pannelled Work, the &longs;ame Method is to be <lb/>u&longs;ed in both. </s> <s>It is very &longs;urprizing to con&longs;ider <lb/>the Diligence which the Antients u&longs;ed in &longs;aw­<lb/>ing and poli&longs;hing their Scantlings of Marble. <lb/></s> <s>I my&longs;elf have &longs;een &longs;ome Pieces of Marble above <lb/>&longs;ix Foot long and three broad, and yet &longs;carce <lb/>half an Inch thick, and the&longs;e have been joined <lb/>together with a curve Line, that the Spectators <lb/>might not ea&longs;ily find out where the Junctures <lb/>were. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Ancients com­<lb/>mended the Sand of <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"/> as the Be&longs;t for <lb/>&longs;awing of Marble, and that the <emph type="italics"/>Indian<emph.end type="italics"/> came up <lb/>the neare&longs;t to it: But that the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>rather too &longs;oft, though even that was better than <lb/>ours. </s> <s>They tell us that there is a Sort found <lb/>in a certain Flat in the <emph type="italics"/>Adriatic<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, which <lb/>was much u&longs;ed by the Ancients. </s> <s>We dig a <lb/>Sand about the Shore of <emph type="italics"/>Pozzuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is not <lb/>improper for this Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The &longs;harp Sand <lb/>found in any Sort of Torrent is good, but the <lb/>larger it is, the wider it cuts and the more it <lb/>eats into the Stone; whereas the &longs;ofter it goes <lb/>through, the Smoother it leaves the Surface, <lb/>and the more ea&longs;ily to be poli&longs;hed. </s> <s>The Po­<lb/>li&longs;hing mu&longs;t be begun with chizzelling, but <lb/>ended with the &longs;ofte&longs;t and &longs;moothe&longs;t rubbing. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Theban<emph.end type="italics"/> Sand is much commended for rub­<lb/>bing and poli&longs;hing of Marble; &longs;o is the Whet­<lb/>&longs;tone, and the Emeril, who&longs;e Du&longs;t nothing can <lb/>exceed for this Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The Pumice-&longs;tone <lb/>too, for giving the la&longs;t Poli&longs;h, is very u&