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<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd" ><archimedes> <info>

<!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd">

<author>Alberti, Leone Battista</author>

<title>Architecture</title>

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<translator>Leoni, James</translator>

<cvs_file>alber_archi_003_en_1785.xml</cvs_file>

<cvs_version></cvs_version>

<cvs_version/>

</info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb xlink:href="003/01/001.jpg"/><p type="head">

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<s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>PREFACE.<emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>Our Ance&longs;tors have left us many and various Arts tending to the Plea&longs;ure and <lb/>Conveniency of Life, acquired with the greate&longs;t Indu&longs;try and Diligence: <lb/>Which Arts, though they all pretend, with a Kind of Emulation, to have in <lb/>View the great End of being &longs;erviceable to Mankind; yet we know that each <lb/>of them in particular has &longs;omething in it that &longs;eems to promi&longs;e a di&longs;tinct and <lb/>&longs;<gap/>parate Fruit: Some Arts we follow for Nece&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome we approve for their <lb/>U&longs;efulne&longs;s, and &longs;ome we e&longs;teem becau&longs;e they lead us to the Knowledge of Things that are de<lb/>light&longs;ul. </s>

<s>Our Ance&longs;tors have left us many and various Arts tending to the Plea&longs;ure and <lb/>Conveniency of Life, acquired with the greate&longs;t Indu&longs;try and Diligence: <lb/>Which Arts, though they all pretend, with a Kind of Emulation, to have in <lb/>View the great End of being &longs;erviceable to Mankind; yet we know that each <lb/>of them in particular has &longs;omething in it that &longs;eems to promi&longs;e a di&longs;tinct and <lb/>&longs;eparate Fruit: Some Arts we follow for Nece&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome we approve for their <lb/>U&longs;efulne&longs;s, and &longs;ome we e&longs;teem becau&longs;e they lead us to the Knowledge of Things that are de<lb/>light&longs;ul. </s>

<s>What the&longs;e Arts are, it is not nece&longs;&longs;ary for me to enumerate; for they are obvious. <lb/></s>

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<s>Upon Trophies, Tabernacles, &longs;acred Edifices, Churches and the like, adapted <pb xlink:href="003/01/004.jpg"/>to divine Wor&longs;hip, and the Service of Po&longs;terity? </s>

<s>Or la&longs;tly, why &longs;hould I mention the Rocks <lb/>cut, Mountains bored through, Vallies filled up, Lakes confined, Mar&longs;hes di&longs;charged into the <lb/>Sea, Shi<gap/>s built, Rivers turned, their Mouths cleared, Bridges laid over them, Harbours formed, <lb/>not only &longs;erving to Men's immediate Conveniencies, but al&longs;o opening them a Way to all Parts <lb/>of the World; whereby Men have been enabled mutually to furni&longs;h one ano<gap/>her with Provi&longs;i<lb/>ons, Spices, Gems, and to communicate their Knowledge, and whatever el&longs;e is healthful or <lb/>plea&longs;urable. </s>

<s>Or la&longs;tly, why &longs;hould I mention the Rocks <lb/>cut, Mountains bored through, Vallies filled up, Lakes confined, Mar&longs;hes di&longs;charged into the <lb/>Sea, Ships built, Rivers turned, their Mouths cleared, Bridges laid over them, Harbours formed, <lb/>not only &longs;erving to Men's immediate Conveniencies, but al&longs;o opening them a Way to all Parts <lb/>of the World; whereby Men have been enabled mutually to furni&longs;h one another with Provi&longs;i<lb/>ons, Spices, Gems, and to communicate their Knowledge, and whatever el&longs;e is healthful or <lb/>plea&longs;urable. </s>

<s>Add to the&longs;e the Engines and Machines of War, Fortre&longs;&longs;es, and the like Inventi<lb/>ons nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Defending the Liberty of our Country, Maintaining the Honour, and En<lb/>crea&longs;ing the Greatne&longs;s of a City, and to the Acqui&longs;ition and E&longs;tabli&longs;hment of an Empire. </s>

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<s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Covering, which con<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts in the Richne&longs;s and Beauty of the Rafters, Vaults, <lb/>and open Terra&longs;&longs;es.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are <lb/>very plea&longs;ing, but are attended with many and various <lb/>Difficu<gap/>ties and Inconveniencies; that the fal&longs;e Aper<lb/>tures are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are <lb/>very plea&longs;ing, but are attended with many and various <lb/>Difficulties and Inconveniencies; that the fal&longs;e Aper<lb/>tures are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>CHAP. XIII <emph type="italics"/>Of Columns and their Ornaments, their <lb/>Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Diminutions, Swells, <lb/>A&longs;iragals and Fillets.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

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<s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s and Duty of a good Architect, <lb/>and wherein the Excellence of the Ornaments con&longs;i&longs;ts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>What it is that an Architect ought principall<gap/><lb/>to con&longs;ider, and what Sciences he ought to be acquaint<lb/>ed with.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>What it is that an Architect ought principally <lb/>to con&longs;ider, and what Sciences he ought to be acquaint<lb/>ed with.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>To what Sort of Per&longs;ons the Architect ought <lb/>to offer his Service.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

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<s>Can we venture <lb/>to affirm, that the publick Fortune of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> had <lb/>not a great Share in the Enlargement of the <lb/>Empire? </s>

<s>The City of <emph type="italics"/>Iolaus<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Sardinia,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <lb/>by a Grand&longs;on of <emph type="italics"/>Hercules,<emph.end type="italics"/> though o&longs;ten at<lb/>tacked both by the <emph type="italics"/>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Ro<lb/>mans,<emph.end type="italics"/> yet as <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, always pre&longs;erved <lb/>its Li<gap/>erty. </s>

<s>Can we &longs;uppo&longs;e that the Temple <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Delphos,<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t burnt by <emph type="italics"/>Flegias,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould after<lb/>wards in <emph type="italics"/>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time be con&longs;umed by Fire, <lb/>the third Time, without the particular ill For<lb/>tune of that Place? </s>

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<s>And the <lb/>Line which pa&longs;&longs;es through the Centre and <lb/>touches both Sides of the Circumference, is </s></p><p type="main">

<s><arrow.to.target n="marg1"></arrow.to.target><lb/>called the Diameter. </s>

<s><arrow.to.target n="marg1"/><lb/>called the Diameter. </s>

<s>Arches too are different, <lb/>for &longs;ome are entire, &longs;ome are imperfect, and <lb/>&longs;ome are compo&longs;ite. </s>

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<s>The&longs;e Things being premi&longs;ed, we proceed as <lb/>follows.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>And <lb/>I have ob&longs;erved that the Architect, who built <lb/>the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Latona<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> contrived his <lb/>Work and his Structure very ingeniou&longs;ly; for <lb/>he &longs;o placed the Angle of the Platform within <lb/>the impending Hill, that two upright Walls <lb/>&longs;upported the incumbent Weight, and divided <lb/>and broke the Pre&longs;&longs;ure by &longs;etting that Angle <lb/>again&longs;t it. </s>

<s>But &longs;ince we have begun to cele<lb/>bra<gap/>e the Prai&longs;es of the Ancients that contriv<lb/>ed their Buildings prudently, I will not omit <lb/>one Thing which I recollect, and which is very <lb/>much to the pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e. </s>

<s>But &longs;ince we have begun to cele<lb/>brate the Prai&longs;es of the Ancients that contriv<lb/>ed their Buildings prudently, I will not omit <lb/>one Thing which I recollect, and which is very <lb/>much to the pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e. </s>

<s>In the Church <lb/>o&longs; St. <emph type="italics"/>Mark<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Venice<emph.end type="italics"/> is a very u&longs;eful Precauti<lb/>on of the Architect, who having made the <lb/>Foundation of the Temple very &longs;trong, le&longs;t <lb/>every here and there a Hole, that if by chance <lb/>any &longs;ubterraneous Vapour or Wind &longs;hould be <lb/>gathered there, it might ea&longs;ily find a Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>out. </s>

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<s>In the&longs;e Sorts of <lb/>Apertures various De&longs;igns have been com<lb/>mended; but the be&longs;t Architects have never <lb/>made U&longs;e of any but Squares and &longs;trait Lines. <lb/></s>

<s>However all have agreed in this, that let them <lb/>be of what Shape they will, they &longs;hould be ac<lb/>modated to the Bigne&longs;s and Form of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg2"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Building. *The Doors, then they <lb/>fay &longs;hould always be more high than <lb/>broad; and the highe&longs;t be &longs;uch as <lb/>are capable of receiving two Circles [A] one <lb/>upon t'other, and the lowe&longs;t &longs;hould be of <lb/>the Heighth of the Diagonal of a Square [B] <lb/>whereof the Ground&longs;ell is one of the Sides. </s>

<s>However all have agreed in this, that let them <lb/>be of what Shape they will, they &longs;hould be ac<lb/>modated to the Bigne&longs;s and Form of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg2"/><lb/>Building. *The Doors, then they <lb/>fay &longs;hould always be more high than <lb/>broad; and the highe&longs;t be &longs;uch as <lb/>are capable of receiving two Circles [A] one <lb/>upon t'other, and the lowe&longs;t &longs;hould be of <lb/>the Heighth of the Diagonal of a Square [B] <lb/>whereof the Ground&longs;ell is one of the Sides. </s>

<s>It <lb/>is al&longs;o convenient to place the Doors in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner, that they may lead to as many Parts <lb/>of the Edifice as po&longs;&longs;ible: And in order to give <lb/>Beauty to &longs;uch Apertures, Care mu&longs;t be taken <lb/>that tho&longs;e of like Dimen&longs;ions corre&longs;pond with <lb/>each other both on the Right and Left. </s>

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<s>I will not omit here what I have taken Notice <lb/>of among the Ancients, a Contrivance certainly <lb/>very excellent and Prai&longs;e-worthy: Their be&longs;t <lb/>Architects placed the&longs;e Apertures and the <lb/>Arches of the Roofs of their Temples in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner, that even tho' you took away every <lb/>Column from under them, yet they would <lb/>&longs;till &longs;tand firm and not fall down, the Arches <lb/>on which the Roof was placed being drawn <lb/>quite down to the Foundation with wonderful <lb/>Art, known but to few: So that the Work <lb/>upheld it&longs;elf by being only &longs;et upon Arches; for <lb/>tho&longs;e Arches having the &longs;olid Earth for their <lb/>Chain, no Wonder they &longs;tood firm without any <lb/>other Support.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/030.jpg" pagenum="19"/><p type="margin">

<s><margin.target id="marg2"></margin.target><gap/> <emph type="italics"/>Plate 2. <lb/>(facing <lb/>page 13)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

<s><margin.target id="marg2"/>&star; <emph type="italics"/>Plate 2. <lb/>(facing <lb/>page 13)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Treating of the Materials. </s>

<s>That no Man ought to begin a Building ha&longs;tily <lb/>but &longs;hould fir&longs;t take a good deal of Time to con&longs;ider, and revolve in his Min<gap/><lb/>all the Qualities and Requi&longs;ites of &longs;uch a Work: And that he &longs;hould careful<gap/><lb/>review and examine, with the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structuly <lb/>in it&longs;elf, and the Proportions and Mea&longs;ures of every di&longs;tinct Part, not o re <lb/>in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual Models of Wood or &longs;ome othe Sunly <lb/>&longs;tance, that when he has fini&longs;h'd his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>That no Man ought to begin a Building ha&longs;tily <lb/>but &longs;hould fir&longs;t take a good deal of Time to con&longs;ider, and revolve in his Mind <lb/>all the Qualities and Requi&longs;ites of &longs;uch a Work: And that he &longs;hould carefull <lb/>review and examine, with the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structuly <lb/>in it&longs;elf, and the Proportions and Mea&longs;ures of every di&longs;tinct Part, not o re <lb/>in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual Models of Wood or &longs;ome othe Sunly <lb/>&longs;tance, that when he has fini&longs;h'd his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>I do not think the Labour and <lb/>Expence of a Building to be en<lb/>ter'd upon in a hurry; as well <lb/>for &longs;everal other Rea&longs;ons, as <lb/>al&longs;o becau&longs;e a Man's Honour and <lb/>Reputation &longs;uffers by it. </s>

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<s>Hereunto we may add, <lb/>that we ought not to begin a Thing, which <lb/>though in &longs;ome Re&longs;pects worthy and u&longs;eful, <lb/>and not altogether &longs;o difficult of Execution, <lb/>&longs;ome particular Opportunity or Means &longs;avouring <lb/>it at that Time, that yet is of a Nature to &longs;all <lb/>&longs;oon to decay, either thro' the Neglience of <lb/>Succe&longs;&longs;ors, or Di&longs;like of the Inhabitants. </s>

<s>I <lb/>therefore find Fault with the Canal which <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made navigable for Callies with five Rows of <lb/>Oars from <emph type="italics"/>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> as well <gap/><lb/>other Accounts, as becau&longs;e the Maintaining of <lb/>it &longs;eem'd to require perpetual and e<gap/>ernal <lb/>Felicity of the Empire, and a Succe&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>Princes all inclined to the &longs;ame Works. </s>

<s>I <lb/>therefore find Fault with the Canal which <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made navigable for Callies with five Rows of <lb/>Oars from <emph type="italics"/>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> as well as <lb/>other Accounts, as becau&longs;e the Maintaining of <lb/>it &longs;eem'd to require perpetual and eternal <lb/>Felicity of the Empire, and a Succe&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>Princes all inclined to the &longs;ame Works. </s>

<s>The&longs;e <lb/>Con&longs;iderations being granted, we ought to re<lb/>flect duly upon all the Particulars before<lb/>mention'd, that is to &longs;ay, what Work we un<lb/>dertake, the Place we are to build in, and <lb/>what the Per&longs;on is that is to build; and to con<lb/>trive every Thing according to his Dignity and <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ities, is the Part of a di&longs;creet and pru<lb/>dent Architect.</s></p><p type="head">

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<s>For by ob&longs;erving the Faults <lb/>and Beauties in them, you will con&longs;ider that <lb/>the &longs;ame may happen in yours. <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Emperor having form'd a De&longs;ign of dedica<lb/>cating a huge Statue of an hundred and twenty <lb/>Foot high in Honour of the Sun at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> ex<lb/>ceeding any Thing that had been done before <lb/>in Greatne&longs;s and Magnificence, as <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> re<lb/>lates, before he gave final Orders for the <lb/>Work to <emph type="italics"/>Zenodarus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a famous and excellent <lb/>Sculptor in tho&longs;e Days, would fir&longs;t &longs;ee his Ca<lb/>pacity for &longs;uch a Work by a <emph type="italics"/>Colo&longs;&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> of ex<lb/>traordinary Weight, which he had made in <lb/>the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Auvergne<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>France.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The&longs;e <lb/>Things duly con&longs;ider'd, we proceed to the <lb/>others. </s>

<s>We intend, then, in treating of the <lb/>Materials nece&longs;&longs;ary for Building, to repeat <lb/>tho&longs;e Things which have been taught us by the <lb/>mo&longs;t learned among the Ancients, and particu<lb/>larly <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus, Ari<gap/>otle, Cato, Varro, <lb/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Virgil,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e they have learned <lb/>more from long Ob&longs;ervation than from any <lb/>Quickne&longs;s of Genius; &longs;o that they are be&longs;t <lb/>gathered from tho&longs;e who have ob&longs;erved them <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Diligence. </s>

<s>We intend, then, in treating of the <lb/>Materials nece&longs;&longs;ary for Building, to repeat <lb/>tho&longs;e Things which have been taught us by the <lb/>mo&longs;t learned among the Ancients, and particu<lb/>larly <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus, Ari&longs;otle, Cato, Varro, <lb/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Virgil,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e they have learned <lb/>more from long Ob&longs;ervation than from any <lb/>Quickne&longs;s of Genius; &longs;o that they are be&longs;t <lb/>gathered from tho&longs;e who have ob&longs;erved them <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Diligence. </s>

<s>We &longs;hall there<pb xlink:href="003/01/037.jpg" pagenum="26"/>fore go on to collect tho&longs;e Rules which the <lb/>mo&longs;t approved Ancients have left us in many <lb/>and various Places, and to the&longs;e, according to <lb/>our Cu&longs;tom, we &longs;hall add whatever we our<lb/>&longs;elves have deduced from antique Works, or <lb/>the In&longs;tructions of mo&longs;t experienced Artificers, <lb/>if we happen to know any Thing that may be <lb/>&longs;erviceable to our Purpo&longs;e. </s>

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<s>But I find in <lb/>good Authors &longs;ome very remarkable Things <lb/>of &longs;ome Trees; they &longs;ay that the Vine exceeds <lb/>even the Eternity of Time it&longs;elf. </s>

<s>In <emph type="italics"/>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>near <emph type="italics"/>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Statue of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made of that Wood to be &longs;een in <emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Days, <lb/>which had la&longs;ted for a va&longs;t Number of Years <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Decay; and indeed i<gap/> is uni<lb/>ver&longs;ally allow'd that there is no Wood what<lb/>&longs;oever more durable. </s>

<s>In <emph type="italics"/>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>near <emph type="italics"/>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Statue of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made of that Wood to be &longs;een in <emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Days, <lb/>which had la&longs;ted for a va&longs;t Number of Years <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Decay; and indeed it is uni<lb/>ver&longs;ally allow'd that there is no Wood what<lb/>&longs;oever more durable. </s>

<s>In <emph type="italics"/>Ariana,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Province <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are Vines &longs;o large, as <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>informs us, that two Men can hardly embrace <lb/>its Trunk. </s>

<s>They tell us of a Roof of Cedar <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Utica<emph.end type="italics"/> that la&longs;ted twelve Hundred and <lb/>&longs;eventy eight Years. </s>

<s>In a Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;peak of Rafters o<gap/> Juniper, that <lb/>la&longs;ted from two Hundred Years before the <lb/>Siege of <emph type="italics"/>Troy<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to the Days of <emph type="italics"/>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The Cedar too is of a mo&longs;t wonderful Nature, <lb/>if as they &longs;ay it is the only Wood that will <lb/>not retain the Nails. </s>

<s>In a Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;peak of Rafters of Juniper, that <lb/>la&longs;ted from two Hundred Years before the <lb/>Siege of <emph type="italics"/>Troy<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to the Days of <emph type="italics"/>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The Cedar too is of a mo&longs;t wonderful Nature, <lb/>if as they &longs;ay it is the only Wood that will <lb/>not retain the Nails. </s>

<s>In the Mountains near <lb/>the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Benacus,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <emph type="italics"/>Lago di Garda,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>grows a Kind of Fir, which, if you make <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els of it, will not hold the Wine, unle&longs;s <lb/>you fir&longs;t anoint them with Oil. </s>

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<s>Neither &longs;hall we &longs;pend any Time here in phi<lb/>lo&longs;ophical Enquiries about the Principle and <lb/>Origin of Stones; as, whether their fir&longs;t Par<lb/>ticles, made vi&longs;cous by a Mixture of Earth and <lb/>Water, harden fir&longs;t into Slime, and afterwards <lb/>into Stone; or what is &longs;aid of Gems, that <lb/>they are collected and concreted by the Heat <lb/>and Power of the Rays of the Sun, or rather <lb/>that there is in the Bo&longs;om of the Earth certain <lb/>natural Seeds as of other Things, &longs;o al&longs;o of <lb/>Stones: And whether their Colour is owing <lb/>to a certain proper blending of the Particles of <lb/>Water with very minute ones of Earth; or to <lb/>&longs;ome innate Quality of its own Seed, or to an <lb/>Impre&longs;&longs;ion receiv'd from the Sun's Rays. </s>

<s>And <lb/>though the&longs;e Di&longs;qui&longs;itions might perhaps help <pb xlink:href="003/01/043.jpg" pagenum="32"/>to adorn our Work, I &longs;hall omit them, and <lb/>proceed to treat of the Method of Building as <lb/>addre&longs;&longs;ing my&longs;elf to Artificers approv'd for <lb/>Skill and Experience, with more Freedom <lb/>than perhaps would be allow'd by tho&longs;e who <lb/>are &longs;or more exact philo&longs;ophi&longs;ing. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> advi&longs;es <lb/>to dig the Stone in Summer, to let it lie in the <lb/>open Air, and not to u&longs;e it under two Years: <lb/>In Summer, to the Intent that it may grow <lb/>accu&longs;tom'd by Degrees to Wind, Rain, and <lb/>Fro&longs;t, and other Inclemen<gap/>ies of the Weather, <lb/>which it had not felt before. </s>

<s>And <lb/>though the&longs;e Di&longs;qui&longs;itions might perhaps help <pb xlink:href="003/01/043.jpg" pagenum="32"/>to adorn our Work, I &longs;hall omit them, and <lb/>proceed to treat of the Method of Building as <lb/>addre&longs;&longs;ing my&longs;elf to Artificers approv'd for <lb/>Skill and Experience, with more Freedom <lb/>than perhaps would be allow'd by tho&longs;e who <lb/>are &longs;or more exact philo&longs;ophi&longs;ing. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> advi&longs;es <lb/>to dig the Stone in Summer, to let it lie in the <lb/>open Air, and not to u&longs;e it under two Years: <lb/>In Summer, to the Intent that it may grow <lb/>accu&longs;tom'd by Degrees to Wind, Rain, and <lb/>Fro&longs;t, and other Inclemencies of the Weather, <lb/>which it had not felt before. </s>

<s>For if Stone, <lb/>immediately upon its being dug out of the <lb/>Quarry, while it is full of its native Juice and <lb/>Humidity, is expos'd to &longs;evere Winds and <lb/>&longs;udden Fro&longs;ts, it will &longs;plit and break to Pieces. <lb/></s>

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<s>I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved in &longs;everal of their Structures, and <lb/>particularly in the <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/> Way, &longs;everal dif<lb/>ferent Sorts of Bricks, &longs;ome bigger, &longs;ome &longs;mall<lb/>er; &longs;o that I &longs;uppo&longs;e they u&longs;ed them indiffe<lb/>rently, and put in Practice not only what was <lb/>ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary for U&longs;e, but any Thing <lb/>that came into their Fancy, or which they <lb/>thought would conduce to the Beauty of the <lb/>Work. </s>

<s>But, not to mention others, I have <lb/>&longs;een &longs;ome not longer than &longs;ix Inches, and not <lb/>thicker than one, nor broader than three; but <lb/>the&longs;e they chiefly u&longs;ed in their Pavements, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg3"></arrow.to.target><lb/>where they were laid edgeways. </s>

<s>I am be&longs;t <lb/>plea&longs;ed with their triangular ones, which they <lb/>made in this Manner; they made one large <lb/>Brick, a Foot Square, and an Inch and an <lb/>Half Thick; and while it was fre&longs;h they cut <lb/>it in two Lines cro&longs;&longs;ways from one Angle to <lb/>the other, which divided it into four equal <lb/>Triangles. </s>

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<s>We have <lb/>treated of Stone, let us now proceed to &longs;peak <lb/>of Lime.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>It differs <lb/>likewi&longs;e in this, that the Plai&longs;ter of Paris <lb/>Stone requires but twenty Hours; and the <lb/>Lime Stone takes three&longs;core Hours in burning. <lb/></s>

<s>I have ob&longs;erved, that in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> there are four <lb/>Sorts of Plai&longs;ter of Paris, two of which are <lb/>tran&longs;parent, and two which are not: Of the <lb/>tran&longs;parent, one is like Lumps of Allum, or <lb/>rather of Alaba&longs;ter, and they called it the <lb/>Scaly Sort, becau&longs;e it con&longs;i<gap/>s of extreme <lb/>thin Scales, one over the other, like the Coats <lb/>of an Onion. </s>

<s>I have ob&longs;erved, that in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> there are four <lb/>Sorts of Plai&longs;ter of Paris, two of which are <lb/>tran&longs;parent, and two which are not: Of the <lb/>tran&longs;parent, one is like Lumps of Allum, or <lb/>rather of Alaba&longs;ter, and they called it the <lb/>Scaly Sort, becau&longs;e it con&longs;its of extreme <lb/>thin Scales, one over the other, like the Coats <lb/>of an Onion. </s>

<s>The other is &longs;caly too, but is <lb/>more like a blacki&longs;h Salt than Allum. </s>

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<s>There are three Sorts of Sand, Pit<lb/>&longs;and, River-&longs;and, and Sea-&longs;and; the <lb/>be&longs;t of all the&longs;e is the Pit-&longs;and; and this is of <lb/>&longs;everal Kinds; black, white, red, the car<lb/>buncly, and the gritty. </s>

<s>But if any &longs;hould ask <lb/>what I take Sand to be, I might perhaps an<pb xlink:href="003/01/050.jpg" pagenum="38"/>&longs;wer, that it is nothing but a Compo&longs;ition of <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Stones, the large ones being all bro<lb/>ken to Pieces; tho' it is <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Opinion, <lb/>that Sand, e&longs;pecially that which in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;ca<gap/>y<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they call the carbuncly Sort, is a Kind of <lb/>Earth burnt by the Fire inclo&longs;ed by Nature <lb/>within the Hills, and made &longs;omewhat harder <lb/>than Earth unburnt, but &longs;ofter than any Stone. <lb/></s>

<s>But if any &longs;hould ask <lb/>what I take Sand to be, I might perhaps an<pb xlink:href="003/01/050.jpg" pagenum="38"/>&longs;wer, that it is nothing but a Compo&longs;ition of <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Stones, the large ones being all bro<lb/>ken to Pieces; tho' it is <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Opinion, <lb/>that Sand, e&longs;pecially that which in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they call the carbuncly Sort, is a Kind of <lb/>Earth burnt by the Fire inclo&longs;ed by Nature <lb/>within the Hills, and made &longs;omewhat harder <lb/>than Earth unburnt, but &longs;ofter than any Stone. <lb/></s>

<s>Of all the&longs;e they mo&longs;t commend the carbuncly <lb/>Sort. </s>

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<s>Whatever may <lb/>chance to &longs;eem more ob&longs;cure, if you have a <lb/>Mind to under&longs;tand it thoroughly, you may <lb/>apply to tho&longs;e Commentaries. </s>

<s>My Method, <lb/>then, in de&longs;cribing the Foundations, is to draw <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg4"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;ome Lines, which I call radical ones, <lb/>in this Manner*. From the Middle <lb/>of the Fore-front of the Work, I draw a Line <lb/>quite thro' to the Back-front, in the Middle <pb xlink:href="003/01/055.jpg" pagenum="43"/>of this Line I &longs;ix a Nail in the Ground, from <lb/>which I rai&longs;e, and let fall Perpendiculars, ac<lb/>cording to the Method of the Geometers; and <lb/>to the&longs;e two Lines I reduce every Thing <lb/>that I have Occa&longs;ion to mea&longs;ure; which &longs;uc<lb/>ceeds per&longs;ectly well in all Re&longs;pects; for the <lb/>Parallel Lines are obvious; you &longs;ee exactly <lb/>where to make your Angles corre&longs;pondent, <lb/>and to di&longs;po&longs;e every Part con&longs;i&longs;tently, and <lb/>agreeably, with the others. </s>

<s>My Method, <lb/>then, in de&longs;cribing the Foundations, is to draw <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg4"/><lb/>&longs;ome Lines, which I call radical ones, <lb/>in this Manner*. From the Middle <lb/>of the Fore-front of the Work, I draw a Line <lb/>quite thro' to the Back-front, in the Middle <pb xlink:href="003/01/055.jpg" pagenum="43"/>of this Line I &longs;ix a Nail in the Ground, from <lb/>which I rai&longs;e, and let fall Perpendiculars, ac<lb/>cording to the Method of the Geometers; and <lb/>to the&longs;e two Lines I reduce every Thing <lb/>that I have Occa&longs;ion to mea&longs;ure; which &longs;uc<lb/>ceeds per&longs;ectly well in all Re&longs;pects; for the <lb/>Parallel Lines are obvious; you &longs;ee exactly <lb/>where to make your Angles corre&longs;pondent, <lb/>and to di&longs;po&longs;e every Part con&longs;i&longs;tently, and <lb/>agreeably, with the others. </s>

<s>But if it &longs;o hap<lb/>pens, that any old Buildings ob&longs;truct your <lb/>Sight from di&longs;covering and fixing upon the <lb/>exact Seat of every Angle; your Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>then is to draw Lines, at equal Di&longs;tances, in <lb/>tho&longs;e Places which are clear and free; then <lb/>having marked the Point of Inter&longs;ection, by <lb/>the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of the Diameter and Gnomon, <lb/>and by drawing other Lines at equal Di&longs;tances, <lb/>fitted to the Square, we may compleatly effect <lb/>our Purpo&longs;e: And it will be of no &longs;mall Con<lb/>venience to terminate the Ray of Sight with a <lb/>Line in tho&longs;e Places which lie higher than the <lb/>re&longs;t; whence letting fall a Perpendicular, we <lb/>may find the right Direction and Production of <lb/>our Lines. </s>

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<s>But in &longs;ome Coun<lb/>tries there is no &longs;olid Bottom to be found any <lb/>where; as near the <emph type="italics"/>Adriatic,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about <emph type="italics"/>Ve<lb/>nice,<emph.end type="italics"/> where, generally, there is nothing to be <lb/>met with but a loo&longs;e, &longs;oft Mud.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s><margin.target id="marg4"></margin.target>* Plate 4. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing <lb/>page 44)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

<s><margin.target id="marg4"/>* Plate 4. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing <lb/>page 44)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

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<s>PLATE 5. <emph type="italics"/>(A: Page 45; B: Page 47)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.058.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/058/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/059.jpg" pagenum="45"/><p type="main">

<s>What has been &longs;aid may &longs;uffice, with relation <lb/>to our Trench, unle&longs;s we would add, that <lb/>&longs;ometimes, either to &longs;ave Money, or to avoid <lb/>an intermediate Piece of rotten Ground, it may <lb/>not be ami&longs;s to make a Foundation not con<lb/>tinued entire all the way, but with Intervals <lb/>left between, as if we were only making <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg5"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Columns or Pila&longs;ters, then turning Arches <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg6"></arrow.to.target><lb/>from one Pila&longs;ter to the other, to <lb/>lay over them the re&longs;t of the Wall <lb/>In the&longs;e we are to ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame <lb/>Directions as we gave before; but the greater <lb/>Weight you are to rai&longs;e upon them, the large. <lb/></s>

<s>What has been &longs;aid may &longs;uffice, with relation <lb/>to our Trench, unle&longs;s we would add, that <lb/>&longs;ometimes, either to &longs;ave Money, or to avoid <lb/>an intermediate Piece of rotten Ground, it may <lb/>not be ami&longs;s to make a Foundation not con<lb/>tinued entire all the way, but with Intervals <lb/>left between, as if we were only making <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg5"/><lb/>Columns or Pila&longs;ters, then turning Arches <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg6"/><lb/>from one Pila&longs;ter to the other, to <lb/>lay over them the re&longs;t of the Wall <lb/>In the&longs;e we are to ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame <lb/>Directions as we gave before; but the greater <lb/>Weight you are to rai&longs;e upon them, the large. <lb/></s>

<s>and &longs;tronger Pila&longs;ters and Ba&longs;es you mu&longs;t <lb/>make. </s>

<s>But of the&longs;e enough.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>Plate 5. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing page 45)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head">

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<s>Of <lb/>the Maritime we will con&longs;ider when we come <lb/>to treat of making of Ports, and running Moles <lb/>out into the Sea; becau&longs;e the&longs;e do not relate <lb/>to the general Work of all manner of Build<lb/>ings, which is the Subject of our Di&longs;cour&longs;e here, <lb/>but only to one particular Part of the City, <lb/>which we &longs;hall treat of together with other <lb/>Things of the like Nature, when we give an <lb/>Account of all Publick Works, Member by <lb/>Member. </s>

<s>In laying Foundations under Rows <lb/>of Columns, there is no Occa&longs;ion to draw an <lb/>even continued Line of Work all the Way <pb xlink:href="003/01/061.jpg" pagenum="47"/>without Interruption; but only fir&longs;t to <lb/>&longs;trengthen the Places you intend for the Seats <lb/>or Beds of your Columns, and then from one <lb/>to the other draw Arches with their Backs <lb/>downwards, &longs;o that the Plane or Level of the <lb/>Area will be the Chord of tho&longs;e Arches; as <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg7"></arrow.to.target><lb/>you may &longs;ee by the Plate of the Page 41. let <lb/>B. </s>

<s>In laying Foundations under Rows <lb/>of Columns, there is no Occa&longs;ion to draw an <lb/>even continued Line of Work all the Way <pb xlink:href="003/01/061.jpg" pagenum="47"/>without Interruption; but only fir&longs;t to <lb/>&longs;trengthen the Places you intend for the Seats <lb/>or Beds of your Columns, and then from one <lb/>to the other draw Arches with their Backs <lb/>downwards, &longs;o that the Plane or Level of the <lb/>Area will be the Chord of tho&longs;e Arches; as <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg7"/><lb/>you may &longs;ee by the Plate of the Page 41. let <lb/>B. </s>

<s>For &longs;tanding thus, they will be le&longs;s apt to <lb/>force their Way into the Earth in any one <lb/>Place, the Weight being counterpos'd and <lb/>thrown equally on both Sides on the Props of <lb/>the Arches. </s>

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<s>But let this &longs;uffice upon this <lb/>Head.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>The &longs;maller Girders are made to <lb/>an&longs;wer to the Rule and Plum-line with the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Shell of the Wall: but the&longs;e great <lb/>ones, like a Crown, project &longs;omewhat forwards. <lb/></s>

<s>The&longs;e long, thick Stones mu&longs;t be laid exactly <lb/>plum, and be well link'd with the under <lb/>Cour&longs;es, &longs;o as to make a Kind of Pavement <lb/>at Top to &longs;hadow and protect the Sub&longs;truc<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg8"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ture. </s>

<s>The Way of placing the&longs;e Stones one <lb/>upon the other, is to let the Middle of the <lb/>Stone above an&longs;wer exactly to the Juncture of <lb/>the two in the Cour&longs;e below, &longs;o that its Weight <lb/>is equally pois'd upon them both; as (A.) <lb/>Which way of Working, as it ought not in<lb/>deed to be neglected in any Part of the Wall, <lb/>ought to be particularly followed in the Gir<lb/>ders. </s>

<s>I have ob&longs;erved that the Ancients in <lb/>their checquer'd Works u&longs;ed to make their <lb/>Girders of five Cour&longs;es of Bricks, or at lea&longs;t of <lb/>three, and that all of them, or at lea&longs;t one <lb/>Cour&longs;e was of Stone, not thicker than the re&longs;t, <lb/>but longer and broader; as (B.) But in their <lb/>ordinary Sort of Brick-work, I find they were <lb/>content for Girders to make at every five Foot <lb/>a Cour&longs;e of Bricks two Foot thick as (C)</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>I KNOW &longs;ome too have inter&longs;pers'd Plates or <lb/>Cramps of Lead of a con&longs;iderable Length, <lb/>and as broad as the Wall was thick, in order <lb/>to bind the Work. </s>

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<s>Let the Beds for <lb/>the Beams be exactly level, and perfectly firm <lb/>and &longs;trong; and in laying them take care <lb/>that the Timber does not touch any Lime, <lb/>and let it have clear and open Vents all about <lb/>it, that it may not be tainted by the Contact <lb/>of any other Materials, nor decay by being <lb/>too clo&longs;e &longs;hut up. </s>

<s>For a Bed for the Beams, <lb/>&longs;pread under them either Fern, a very dry <lb/>Kind of Herb, or A&longs;hes, or rather Lees of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg9"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Oil with the brui&longs;ed Olives. </s>

<s>For a Bed for the Beams, <lb/>&longs;pread under them either Fern, a very dry <lb/>Kind of Herb, or A&longs;hes, or rather Lees of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg9"/><lb/>Oil with the brui&longs;ed Olives. </s>

<s>But if your Tim<lb/>ber is &longs;o &longs;hort, that you cannot make a Beam <lb/>of one Piece, you mu&longs;t join two or more to<lb/>gether, in &longs;uch a Manner as to give them the <lb/>Strength of an Arch; that is to &longs;ay, &longs;o that <lb/>the upper Line of the compacted Beam, can<lb/>not po&longs;&longs;ibly by any Pre&longs;&longs;ure become &longs;horter; <lb/>and on the contrary, that the lower Line can<lb/>not grow longer: And there mu&longs;t be a Sort <lb/>of Cord to bind the two Beams together, <lb/>which &longs;hove one another with their Heads, <lb/>with a &longs;trong Ligature. </s>

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<s>They tell us, that &longs;uch Nails as are to bear any <lb/>tran&longs;ver&longs;e Weight, mu&longs;t be made thick; but as <lb/>for others, it matters not if they are thinner; <lb/>but then they mu&longs;t be longer, and have <lb/>broader Heads.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>BRASS Nails are mo&longs;t durable in the Air, or <lb/>in wet; but I have found the Iron ones to be <lb/>&longs;tronger under Cover. </s>

<s>For fa<gap/>tening of the <lb/>Rafters together, wooden Pins are much u&longs;ed. <lb/></s>

<s>For fattening of the <lb/>Rafters together, wooden Pins are much u&longs;ed. <lb/></s>

<s>Whatever we have here &longs;aid of Coverings of <lb/>Wood, mu&longs;t be ob&longs;erved al&longs;o with relation to <lb/>tho&longs;e of Stone; for &longs;uch Stones as have Veins, <lb/>or Faults running cro&longs;&longs;ways, mu&longs;t be rejected <lb/>for the making of Beams, and u&longs;ed in Columns; <lb/>or if there are any &longs;mall incon&longs;iderable Faults, <lb/>the Side of the Stone in which it appears, <lb/>when it is u&longs;ed, mu&longs;t be laid downwards, <lb/>Veins running longways in Beams of any Sort, <lb/>are more excu&longs;able than tran&longs;ver&longs;e ones. <lb/></s>

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<s>The differ<lb/>ent Sorts of Vaults are the&longs;e, the plain Vault, <lb/>the Camerated, or mixed Vault, and the he<lb/>mi&longs;pherical Vault, or Cupola; be&longs;ides tho&longs;e <lb/>others which partake of the Kind of &longs;ome of <lb/>the&longs;e. </s>

<s>The Cupola in its Nature is never <lb/>placed but upon Walls that ri&longs;e from a cir<lb/>cular Platform: The Camerated are proper for <lb/>a &longs;quare one; the plain Vaults are made over <lb/>any quadrangular Platform, whether long or <lb/>&longs;hort, as we &longs;ee in all &longs;ub<gap/>erraneous Porticoes. <lb/></s>

<s>Tho&longs;e Vaults too which are like a Hill bored <lb/>through, we al&longs;o call plain Vaults; the plain <lb/>Vault therefore, is like a Number of Arches <lb/>join'd together Sideways; or like a bent Beam <lb/>extended out in Breadth, &longs;o as to make a Kind <lb/>of a Wall turn'd with a Sweep over our <lb/>Heads for a Covering. </s>

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<s>But here you will <lb/>have particular Occa&longs;ion for Ligatures to fa&longs;ten <lb/>the weaker Parts of the outer one tightly to <lb/>the &longs;tronger Parts of that within. </s>

<s>Yet it will <lb/>be nece&longs;&longs;ary when you have laid one or two <lb/>Rows of Stone to make little light Stays, or <lb/>Catchers jutting out, on which, when tho&longs;e <lb/>Rows are &longs;ettled, you may &longs;et ju&longs;t Frame-work <lb/>enough to &longs;upport the next Cour&longs;es above, to <lb/>the Height of a few Feet, till they are &longs;ufficiently <lb/>hardened; and then you may remove the&longs;e <lb/>Frames, or Supports, higher and higher to <lb/>the other Cour&longs;es till you have fini&longs;h'd the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg10"></arrow.to.target><lb/>whole Work. </s>

<s>The other Vaults, both plain and <lb/>mixed, or camerated, mu&longs;t needs be turn'd <lb/>upon Centres. </s>

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<s>The <lb/>Vacuities which are left between the Back of <lb/>the Sweep of the Arch, and the Upright of <lb/>the Wall it is turn'd from, call'd by Work<lb/>men, the <emph type="italics"/>Hips<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Arch, &longs;hould be fill'd <lb/>up, not with Dirt, or old Rubbi&longs;h, but rather <lb/>with &longs;trong ordinary Work, frequently knit <lb/>and jointed into the Wall.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>I AM plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who, to avoid over<lb/>burthening the Arch, have &longs;tuffed up the&longs;e <lb/>Vacuities with earthen Pots, turn'd with their <lb/>Mouths downwards, that they might not con<lb/>tain any wet, if it &longs;hould gather there, and <lb/>over the&longs;e thrown in Fragments of Stone not <lb/>heavy, but perfecty &longs;ound. </s>

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<s>There are other An<lb/>cient Pavements made all of one Piece, which <lb/>I &longs;uppo&longs;e, was a Mixture of Lime, Sand, and <lb/>pounded Brick, of each a third Part: which <lb/>may be made more &longs;trong and la&longs;ting yet, by <lb/>the Addition of one fourth Part of <emph type="italics"/>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Stone, beat to Powder. </s>

<s>Others in this Sort of <lb/>Plai&longs;ter mightily commend the Sand of <emph type="italics"/>Poz<lb/>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which they call <emph type="italics"/>Rapillo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Plai&longs;ter that is <lb/>de&longs;igned for Pavements mu&longs;t be tried by con<lb/>tinual beating, whereby it will daily acquire <lb/>greater Stiffne&longs;s and Hardne&longs;s, till it comes to be <lb/>in a Manner firmer than Stone it&longs;elf<gap/> And it <lb/>is certain, that if this Plai&longs;ter is &longs;prinkled with <lb/>Lime-water, and Lin&longs;eed-oil, it will grow <lb/>almo&longs;t as hard as Gla&longs;s, and de&longs;y all Manner of <lb/>Weather. </s>

<s>Others in this Sort of <lb/>Plai&longs;ter mightily commend the Sand of <emph type="italics"/>Poz<lb/>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which they call <emph type="italics"/>Rapillo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Plai&longs;ter that is <lb/>de&longs;igned for Pavements mu&longs;t be tried by con<lb/>tinual beating, whereby it will daily acquire <lb/>greater Stiffne&longs;s and Hardne&longs;s, till it comes to be <lb/>in a Manner firmer than Stone it&longs;elf. And it <lb/>is certain, that if this Plai&longs;ter is &longs;prinkled with <lb/>Lime-water, and Lin&longs;eed-oil, it will grow <lb/>almo&longs;t as hard as Gla&longs;s, and de&longs;y all Manner of <lb/>Weather. </s>

<s>Mortar worked up with Oil, is &longs;aid <lb/>in Pavements to keep out every Thing that is <lb/>noxious. </s>

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<s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e which <lb/>are of Wood, as the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y of Execution; <lb/>next we &longs;hall treat of tho&longs;e which are built of <lb/>Stone. </s>

<s>Both ought to be as &longs;trong as po&longs;&longs;ible; <lb/>that therefore which is built of Wood, mu&longs;t <lb/>be fortified with a good Quantity of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg11"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t Timbers. </s>

<s>We cannot give a better <lb/>Example of this Sort of Bridges than that built <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>fulius Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> which he gives us a De&longs;crip<lb/>tion of him&longs;elf, as follows: He fa&longs;tened to<lb/>gether two Timbers, leaving a Di&longs;tance be<lb/>tween them of two Foot; their Length was <lb/>proportioned to the Depth of the River, and <lb/>they were a Foot and an half thick, and cut <lb/>&longs;harp at the Ends. </s>

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<s>It remains now that we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/094.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 9. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 76)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.094.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/094/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/095.jpg" pagenum="77"/>treat of the Stone-Bridge, the Parts whereof <lb/>are the&longs;e: The Banks of the Shore, the Piers, <lb/>the Arches, and the Pavement. </s>

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<s>Now if there is any other Part of the <lb/>City that falls in properly with the Sub<lb/>ject of this Book, it is certainly the Haven, <lb/>which may be defined a Goal or proper Place <lb/>from whence you may begin a Voyage, or <lb/>where having performed it you may put an <lb/>End to the Fatigue of it, and take Repo&longs;e. <lb/></s>

<s>Others perhaps would &longs;ay that a Haven is a Sta<lb/>ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei<lb/>ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer<lb/>tain that if the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of a Haven is to give a <lb/>Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms, <lb/>it ought to be made in &longs;uch a Manner as to be <lb/>a &longs;ufficient Shelter for that Purpo&longs;e: Let its <lb/>Sid<gap/> be &longs;trong and high, and let there be <lb/>Room enough for large Ve&longs;&longs;els heavy laden to <lb/>come in and lie quiet in it. </s>

<s>Others perhaps would &longs;ay that a Haven is a Sta<lb/>ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei<lb/>ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer<lb/>tain that if the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of a Haven is to give a <lb/>Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms, <lb/>it ought to be made in &longs;uch a Manner as to be <lb/>a &longs;ufficient Shelter for that Purpo&longs;e: Let its <lb/>Sides be &longs;trong and high, and let there be <lb/>Room enough for large Ve&longs;&longs;els heavy laden to <lb/>come in and lie quiet in it. </s>

<s>Which Conveni<lb/>ences, if they are offered to you by the natu<lb/>ral Situation of the Place, you have nothing <lb/>more to wi&longs;h for; unle&longs;s, as at <emph type="italics"/>Athens<emph.end type="italics"/> where <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucidides<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays there were three Havens made <lb/>by Nature, it &longs;hould happen that you are <lb/>doubtful among &longs;uch a Number, which to <lb/>chu&longs;e. </s>

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<s>If the Fortre&longs;s &longs;tands upon <lb/>the Sea-&longs;ide, you &longs;hould fix Piles and Heaps of <lb/>Stone &longs;cattered up and down about the Coa&longs;t <lb/>to make it un&longs;afe, and prevent any Batteries in <lb/>Shipping from coming too near. </s>

<s>If it is upon <lb/>a Plain it &longs;hould be &longs;urrounded with a Ditch <lb/>filled with Water; but then to prevent its <lb/>&longs;tinking and infecting the Air, you &longs;hould d<gap/>g <lb/>for it till you come to a living Spring. </s>

<s>If it is upon <lb/>a Plain it &longs;hould be &longs;urrounded with a Ditch <lb/>filled with Water; but then to prevent its <lb/>&longs;tinking and infecting the Air, you &longs;hould dig <lb/>for it till you come to a living Spring. </s>

<s>If it is upon <lb/>a Hill, it &longs;hould be encompa&longs;&longs;ed with broken <lb/>Precipices; and where we have an Opportuni<lb/>ty we &longs;hould make u&longs;e of all the&longs;e Advantages <lb/>together. </s>

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<s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to call their Senates together <lb/>in Temples, and afterwards it grew a Cu&longs;tom <lb/>for them to meet &longs;omewhere out of the City. <lb/></s>

<s>But at length, both for greater Dignity and <lb/>Conveniency in tran&longs;acting the publick Affairs, <lb/>it was found nece&longs;&longs;ary to rai&longs;e Structures for <lb/><gap/>his Purpo&longs;e only; where neither the Length <lb/>of the Way, nor any Inconveniency in the <lb/>Place it&longs;elf, might deter the aged Fathers from <lb/>meeting often, and continuing a good while <lb/>together; and for this Rea&longs;on they placed the <lb/>Senate-hou&longs;e in the Middle of the City, with <lb/>the Place for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice and <lb/>the Temple near adjoining, that not only tho&longs;e <lb/>who made Intere&longs;t for Offices, or were obliged <lb/>to attend Law-&longs;uits, might with greater Con<lb/>venience, and without lo&longs;ing their Time or <lb/>Opportunity, look after their Affairs of both <lb/>Natures; but al&longs;o that the Fathers (as Men are <lb/>generally mo&longs;t devoted to Religion in their old <lb/>Age) might fir&longs;t pay their Devotions in the <lb/>Temple, and afterwards repair immediately to <lb/>the Tran&longs;action of the publick Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s>

<s>But at length, both for greater Dignity and <lb/>Conveniency in tran&longs;acting the publick Affairs, <lb/>it was found nece&longs;&longs;ary to rai&longs;e Structures for <lb/>this Purpo&longs;e only; where neither the Length <lb/>of the Way, nor any Inconveniency in the <lb/>Place it&longs;elf, might deter the aged Fathers from <lb/>meeting often, and continuing a good while <lb/>together; and for this Rea&longs;on they placed the <lb/>Senate-hou&longs;e in the Middle of the City, with <lb/>the Place for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice and <lb/>the Temple near adjoining, that not only tho&longs;e <lb/>who made Intere&longs;t for Offices, or were obliged <lb/>to attend Law-&longs;uits, might with greater Con<lb/>venience, and without lo&longs;ing their Time or <lb/>Opportunity, look after their Affairs of both <lb/>Natures; but al&longs;o that the Fathers (as Men are <lb/>generally mo&longs;t devoted to Religion in their old <lb/>Age) might fir&longs;t pay their Devotions in the <lb/>Temple, and afterwards repair immediately to <lb/>the Tran&longs;action of the publick Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s>

<s>Add <lb/>to all this, that when any Amba&longs;&longs;ador or fo<lb/>reign Prince de&longs;ires Audience of the Senate, it <lb/>becomes the Republick to have a Place &longs;uitable <lb/>to the Dignity both of the Stranger and of the <lb/>City, to receive them in, while they wait for <lb/>Introduction. </s>

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<s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>in the fortifying of Camps various Methods <lb/>have been u&longs;ed. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Britains<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a <lb/>Fence round their Camps with Stakes ten foot <lb/>long, &longs;harpened and burnt at the Ends, with <lb/>one End fixed in the Ground, and the other <lb/>&longs;tanding up to keep off the Enemy. <emph type="italics"/>C<gap/>&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a Ram<lb/>part of their Waggons, as he &longs;ays the <emph type="italics"/>Thraci<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o did again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Nervii<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(or People of <emph type="italics"/>Tournay<emph.end type="italics"/>) u&longs;ed to cut down young <lb/>Trees, and binding and interlacing the Boughs <lb/>together made them into a &longs;trong Hedge, <lb/>which &longs;erved chiefly for keeping off the Hor&longs;e. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that when <emph type="italics"/>Nearchus, Alexan<lb/>der<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Admiral, &longs;ailed along the <emph type="italics"/>Ind<gap/>an<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, ha<lb/>ving Occa&longs;ion to land, he &longs;urrounded his Camp <lb/>with a Wall to &longs;ecure him&longs;elf again&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Bar<lb/>barians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> were always &longs;o well <lb/>provided, and had &longs;o much Fore&longs;ight, that <lb/>whatever happened they took care it &longs;hould <lb/>never be by their own Fault; and they u&longs;ed to <lb/>exerci&longs;e their Soldiers no le&longs;s in making In<lb/>campments, than in the other Parts of the Mi<lb/>litary Duty. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Britains<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a <lb/>Fence round their Camps with Stakes ten foot <lb/>long, &longs;harpened and burnt at the Ends, with <lb/>one End fixed in the Ground, and the other <lb/>&longs;tanding up to keep off the Enemy. <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a Ram<lb/>part of their Waggons, as he &longs;ays the <emph type="italics"/>Thraci<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o did again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Nervii<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(or People of <emph type="italics"/>Tournay<emph.end type="italics"/>) u&longs;ed to cut down young <lb/>Trees, and binding and interlacing the Boughs <lb/>together made them into a &longs;trong Hedge, <lb/>which &longs;erved chiefly for keeping off the Hor&longs;e. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that when <emph type="italics"/>Nearchus, Alexan<lb/>der<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Admiral, &longs;ailed along the <emph type="italics"/>Indian<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, ha<lb/>ving Occa&longs;ion to land, he &longs;urrounded his Camp <lb/>with a Wall to &longs;ecure him&longs;elf again&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Bar<lb/>barians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> were always &longs;o well <lb/>provided, and had &longs;o much Fore&longs;ight, that <lb/>whatever happened they took care it &longs;hould <lb/>never be by their own Fault; and they u&longs;ed to <lb/>exerci&longs;e their Soldiers no le&longs;s in making In<lb/>campments, than in the other Parts of the Mi<lb/>litary Duty. </s>

<s>Nor did they think there was &longs;o <lb/>much Merit in offending their Enemies, as in <lb/>&longs;ecuring their own Men; and they accounted <lb/>it no &longs;mall Part of the Victory, to be able to <lb/>with&longs;tand the Enemy, and to repul&longs;e him &longs;o <lb/>&longs;toutly as to make him De&longs;pair of Succe&longs;s. </s>

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<s>Let the <emph type="italics"/>Præ<lb/>torium,<emph.end type="italics"/> or General's Tent, and the Gate look<lb/>ing towards the Enemy, as al&longs;o that in the <lb/>Back of the Camp, which two Gates u&longs;ed <lb/>formerly to be called the <emph type="italics"/>porta Quintana,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>porta Decumana,<emph.end type="italics"/> be placed in the &longs;trong<lb/>e&longs;t Parts of the Camp, and lie convenient for <lb/>making any &longs;udden Sally with the Army, or <lb/>bringing in of Provi&longs;ions, or giving a ready <lb/>Retreat to your own Men. </s>

<s>All the&longs;e Con<lb/>veniencies belong more particularly to a &longs;tati<lb/>onary Camp, than to a flying one: But as we <lb/>ought to be provided again&longs;t all Accidents that <lb/>either Fortune or the Calamity of the Times <lb/>can produce, we &longs;hould not, even in a flying <lb/>Camp, neglect any of tho&longs;e Particulars which <lb/>we have <gap/>&longs;poken of, as far as may be nece&longs;&longs;ary. <lb/></s>

<s>All the&longs;e Con<lb/>veniencies belong more particularly to a &longs;tati<lb/>onary Camp, than to a flying one: But as we <lb/>ought to be provided again&longs;t all Accidents that <lb/>either Fortune or the Calamity of the Times <lb/>can produce, we &longs;hould not, even in a flying <lb/>Camp, neglect any of tho&longs;e Particulars which <lb/>we have &longs;poken of, as far as may be nece&longs;&longs;ary. <lb/></s>

<s>Tho&longs;e Things which belong to a &longs;tationary <lb/>Camp, e&longs;pecially one that is to expect a Siege, <lb/>are very nearly the &longs;ame with tho&longs;e which we <lb/>&longs;poke of with Relation to the Citadel of a Ty<lb/>rant. </s>

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<s>It is not <lb/>ami&longs;s to have a Villa &longs;o placed, that when you <lb/>go to it in a Morning the Rays of the ri&longs;ing <lb/>Sun may not be trouble&longs;ome to your Eyes, nor <lb/>tho&longs;e of the &longs;etting Sun in the Evening when <lb/>you return to the City. </s>

<s>Neither &longs;hould a Coun<lb/>try Hou&longs;e &longs;tand in a remote, de&longs;art, mean Cor<lb/>ner, di&longs;tant from a rea&longs;onable Neighbourhood<gap/><lb/>but in a Situation where you may have Peo<lb/>ple to conver&longs;e with, drawn to the &longs;ame Place <lb/>by the Fruitfulne&longs;s of the Soil, the Plea&longs;antne&longs;s <lb/>of the Air, the Plentifulne&longs;s of the Country, <lb/>the Sweetne&longs;s of the Fields, and the Security of <lb/>the Neighbourhood. </s>

<s>Neither &longs;hould a Coun<lb/>try Hou&longs;e &longs;tand in a remote, de&longs;art, mean Cor<lb/>ner, di&longs;tant from a rea&longs;onable Neighbourhood: <lb/>but in a Situation where you may have Peo<lb/>ple to conver&longs;e with, drawn to the &longs;ame Place <lb/>by the Fruitfulne&longs;s of the Soil, the Plea&longs;antne&longs;s <lb/>of the Air, the Plentifulne&longs;s of the Country, <lb/>the Sweetne&longs;s of the Fields, and the Security of <lb/>the Neighbourhood. </s>

<s>Nor &longs;hould a Villa be <lb/>&longs;eated in a Place of too much Re&longs;ort, near ad<lb/>joyning either to the City, or any great Road, <lb/>or to a Port where great Numbers of Ve&longs;&longs;els <lb/>and Boats are continually putting in; but in <lb/>&longs;uch a Situation, as though none of tho&longs;e Plea<lb/>&longs;ures may be wanting, yet your Family may <lb/>not be eternally mole&longs;ted with the Vi&longs;its of <lb/>Strangers and Pa&longs;&longs;engers. </s>

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<s>The Pa&longs;&longs;age through which <lb/>the Victuals are to be carried, &longs;hould be hand<lb/>&longs;ome and convenient, not open to the Weather, <pb xlink:href="003/01/125.jpg" pagenum="107"/>nor di&longs;honoured by any Filth that may offend <lb/>the Stomachs of the Gue&longs;ts. </s>

<s>From the Par<lb/>lour the next Step is to the Bed-chamber; and <lb/>for a Man of Figure and Elegance, there &longs;hould <lb/>be different o<gap/>es of the&longs;e latter, as well as of <lb/>the former, for Summer and for Winter. </s>

<s>From the Par<lb/>lour the next Step is to the Bed-chamber; and <lb/>for a Man of Figure and Elegance, there &longs;hould <lb/>be different ones of the&longs;e latter, as well as of <lb/>the former, for Summer and for Winter. </s>

<s>This <lb/>puts me in Mind of <emph type="italics"/>Lucullus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Saying, that it <lb/>is not fit a great Man &longs;hould be wor&longs;e lodged <lb/>than a Swallow or a Crane. </s>

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<s>A <lb/>Quality &longs;o Noble and Divine, that the whole <lb/>Force of Wit and Art has been &longs;pent to pro<lb/>cure it; and it is but very rarely granted to any <lb/>one, or even to Nature her&longs;elf, to produce any <lb/>Thing every Way perfect and compleat. </s>

<s>How <lb/>extraordinary a Thing (&longs;ays the Per&longs;on intro<lb/>duced in <emph type="italics"/>Tully<emph.end type="italics"/>) is a hand&longs;ome Youth in <emph type="italics"/>Athens!<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>This Critick in Beauty found that there was <lb/>&longs;omething deficient or &longs;uperfluous, in the Per<lb/>&longs;ons he di&longs;liked, which was not compatible <lb/>with the Perfection of Beauty, which I imagine <lb/>might have been obtained by Means of Orna<lb/>ment, by painting and concealing any Thing <lb/>that was deformed, and trimming and poli&longs;hing <lb/>what was hand&longs;ome; &longs;o that the un&longs;igh <gap/>y <lb/>Parts might have given le&longs;s Offence, and the <lb/>more lovely more Delight. </s>

<s>How <lb/>extraordinary a Thing (&longs;ays the Per&longs;on intro<lb/>duced in <emph type="italics"/>Tully<emph.end type="italics"/>) is a hand&longs;ome Youth in <emph type="italics"/>Athens!<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>This Critick in Beauty found that there was <lb/>&longs;omething deficient or &longs;uperfluous, in the Per<lb/>&longs;ons he di&longs;liked, which was not compatible <lb/>with the Perfection of Beauty, which I imagine <lb/>might have been obtained by Means of Orna<lb/>ment, by painting and concealing any Thing <lb/>that was deformed, and trimming and poli&longs;hing <lb/>what was hand&longs;ome; &longs;o that the un&longs;ightly <lb/>Parts might have given le&longs;s Offence, and the <lb/>more lovely more Delight. </s>

<s>If this be grant<lb/>ed we may define Ornament to be a Kind of <lb/>an auxiliary Brightne&longs;s and Improvement to <lb/>Beauty. </s>

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<s>That which delights us in Things that <lb/>are either beautiful or finely adorned, <lb/>mu&longs;t proceed either from the Contrivance and <lb/>Invention of the Mind, or the Hand of the <lb/>Artificer, or from &longs;omewhat derived immedi<lb/>ately from Nature her&longs;elf. </s>

<s>To the Mind be<pb xlink:href="003/01/134.jpg" pagenum="116"/>long the <gap/>lection, Di&longs;tribution, Di&longs;po&longs;ition, <lb/>and other Things of the like Nature which <lb/>give Dignity to the Work: To the Hand, the <lb/>ama&longs;&longs;ing, adding, dimini&longs;hing, chipping, po<lb/>li&longs;hing, and the like, which make the Work <lb/>delicate: The Qualities derived from Nature <lb/>are Heavine&longs;s, Lightne&longs;s, Thickne&longs;s, Clearne&longs;s, <lb/>Durability, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which make the Work wond<lb/>erful. </s>

<s>To the Mind be<pb xlink:href="003/01/134.jpg" pagenum="116"/>long the Flection, Di&longs;tribution, Di&longs;po&longs;ition, <lb/>and other Things of the like Nature which <lb/>give Dignity to the Work: To the Hand, the <lb/>ama&longs;&longs;ing, adding, dimini&longs;hing, chipping, po<lb/>li&longs;hing, and the like, which make the Work <lb/>delicate: The Qualities derived from Nature <lb/>are Heavine&longs;s, Lightne&longs;s, Thickne&longs;s, Clearne&longs;s, <lb/>Durability, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which make the Work wond<lb/>erful. </s>

<s>The&longs;e three Operations are to be adapt<lb/>cd to the &longs;everal Parts according to their various <lb/>U&longs;es and Offices. </s>

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<s>To con<lb/>clude, all your Materials &longs;hould be &longs;o di&longs;tribu<lb/>ted that nothing &longs;hould be begun, but accord<lb/>ing to &longs;ome judicious Plan; nothing carried on <lb/>but in pur&longs;uance of the &longs;ame; and no Part of <lb/>it left imperfect, but fini&longs;hed and compleated <lb/>with the utmo&longs;t Care and Diligence. </s>

<s>But the <lb/>principal Ornament both of the Wall and Co<lb/>vering, and e&longs;pecially of all vaulted Roofs (al<lb/>ways excepted Columns) is the outward Coat: <lb/>And this may be of &longs;everal Sorts; either all <lb/>white, or adorned with Figures and Stu<gap/>-work, <lb/>or with Painting, or Pictures &longs;et in Pannels, or <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aie<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, or el&longs;e a Mixture of all <lb/>the&longs;e together.</s></p><p type="head">

<s>But the <lb/>principal Ornament both of the Wall and Co<lb/>vering, and e&longs;pecially of all vaulted Roofs (al<lb/>ways excepted Columns) is the outward Coat: <lb/>And this may be of &longs;everal Sorts; either all <lb/>white, or adorned with Figures and Stuc-work, <lb/>or with Painting, or Pictures &longs;et in Pannels, or <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aie<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, or el&longs;e a Mixture of all <lb/>the&longs;e together.</s></p><p type="head">

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<s>They tell us, that <emph type="italics"/>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>believed to be a God chiefly upon this Ac<lb/>count, that without the lea&longs;t Ge&longs;ture with his <lb/>Hand, he could make his Meaning perfectly <lb/>clear and plain by his Words. </s>

<s>This, though <lb/>I am a little fearful of &longs;ucceeding in it, I &longs;hall <lb/>here endeavour to do to the utmo&longs;t of my <lb/>Power: For my De&longs;ign is to &longs;peak of the&longs;e <lb/>Things not like a Mathematician, but like a <lb/>Workman; and to &longs;ay no more than is ab&longs;o<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg12"></arrow.to.target><lb/>lutely nece&longs;&longs;ary. </s>

<s>For the clearer under&longs;tand<lb/>ing therefore of this Matter, I will &longs;uppo&longs;e that <lb/>you have in your Hand, a Dart. </s>

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<s>I <lb/>&longs;hall therefore go no farther, having, I think, <lb/>demon&longs;trated that a Weight is divided by Pul<lb/>lies, by which means a greater Weight may be <lb/>moved by a &longs;maller; and the more Pullies <lb/>there are, the more &longs;till the Weight is divided; <lb/>from whence it follows that the more Wheels <lb/>there are in them, &longs;o many more Parts the <lb/>Weight is &longs;plit into and may &longs;o much the more <lb/>ea&longs;ily be managed.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/141.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 10. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 121-22)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.141.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/141/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/142.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>In <emph type="italics"/>Germany<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>you every where &longs;ee the Youth &longs;porting upon <lb/>the Ice with a &longs;ort of wooden Pattens with a <lb/>very fine thin Bottom of Steel, in which with <lb/>a very &longs;mall Strain they &longs;lip over the Ice with <lb/>&longs;o much Swiftne&longs;s, that the quicke&longs;t flying <lb/>Bird can hardly out-go them. </s>

<s>But as all Weights <lb/>are either drawn, or pu&longs;hed along, or carried, <lb/>we may di&longs;tingui&longs;h them thus: That they are <lb/>drawn by Ropes; pu&longs;hed along by Leavers; <lb/>and carried by Wheels, Rollers and the like: <lb/>And how all the&longs;e Powers may be made u&longs;e of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg13"></arrow.to.target><lb/>at the &longs;ame Time, is manife&longs;t. </s>

<s>But as all Weights <lb/>are either drawn, or pu&longs;hed along, or carried, <lb/>we may di&longs;tingui&longs;h them thus: That they are <lb/>drawn by Ropes; pu&longs;hed along by Leavers; <lb/>and carried by Wheels, Rollers and the like: <lb/>And how all the&longs;e Powers may be made u&longs;e of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg13"/><lb/>at the &longs;ame Time, is manife&longs;t. </s>

<s>But in all the&longs;e <lb/>Methods, there mu&longs;t of Nece&longs;&longs;ity be &longs;ome one <lb/>Thing, which &longs;tanding firm and immoveable <lb/>it&longs;elf, may &longs;erve to move the Weight in Que&longs;<lb/>tion. </s>

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<s>The Shape of <lb/>the&longs;e Pincers or Forceps was taken from the <lb/>Letter X, the lower Limbs of it being turned <lb/>inwards like a Crab's Claw, by which means it <lb/>fa&longs;tened it&longs;elf to the Weight. </s>

<s>The two upper <lb/>Limbs had Holes at the Top, through which <lb/>they put a Rope, which being tied, and &longs;train<lb/>ed tight by the moving Force, made the Teeth <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg14"></arrow.to.target><lb/>of the Pincers keep clo&longs;er to the Weight -A-. <lb/>In very large Stones, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Middle of Columns, though perfectly &longs;mooth <lb/>in all other Parts, I have &longs;een little Knobs left <lb/>jutting out, like Handles, again&longs;t which the <lb/>Ropes were hitched, to prevent their &longs;lipping. <lb/></s>

<s>The two upper <lb/>Limbs had Holes at the Top, through which <lb/>they put a Rope, which being tied, and &longs;train<lb/>ed tight by the moving Force, made the Teeth <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg14"/><lb/>of the Pincers keep clo&longs;er to the Weight -A-. <lb/>In very large Stones, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Middle of Columns, though perfectly &longs;mooth <lb/>in all other Parts, I have &longs;een little Knobs left <lb/>jutting out, like Handles, again&longs;t which the <lb/>Ropes were hitched, to prevent their &longs;lipping. <lb/></s>

<s>It is al&longs;o common, e&longs;pecially in Cornices, to <lb/>make a Hole in the Stone like a Morti&longs;e, after <lb/>this Manner; you make a Hole in the Stone <lb/>like an empty Pur&longs;e, of a Bigne&longs;s an&longs;werable <lb/>to the Size of the Stone, narrower at the Mouth <lb/>than at the Bottom. </s>

<s>I have &longs;een &longs;ome of the&longs;e <lb/>Holes a Foot deep. </s>

<s>You then fill it with iron <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg15"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Wedges, -B-the two &longs;ide Wedges being &longs;hap<lb/>ed like the letter D, which are put in fir&longs;t to <lb/>fill up the Sides of the Hole, and the middle <lb/>Wedge is put in la&longs;t between the&longs;e two. </s>

<s>You then fill it with iron <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg15"/><lb/>Wedges, -B-the two &longs;ide Wedges being &longs;hap<lb/>ed like the letter D, which are put in fir&longs;t to <lb/>fill up the Sides of the Hole, and the middle <lb/>Wedge is put in la&longs;t between the&longs;e two. </s>

<s>All <lb/>the&longs;e three Wedges have their Ears which pro<lb/>ject out beyond the Morti&longs;e, and the&longs;e Ears <lb/>have a Hole drilled in them, through which <lb/>you put an iron Pin, which fa&longs;tens on a &longs;trong <lb/>Handle or Ring; and to this Ring you fa&longs;ten <lb/>the Rope which runs through the Pully that <lb/>is to draw up the Weight. </s>

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<s>All I <lb/>&longs;hall ob&longs;ervc further here is, that all Engines <lb/>may be looked upon to be a Sort of Animals, <lb/>with prodigious &longs;trong Hands; and that they <lb/>move Weights ju&longs;t in the &longs;ame Manner as we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/147.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 14. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 123)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.147.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/147/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/148.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>Bra&longs;s <lb/>Nails are not &longs;o apt to grow hot or to ru&longs;t, as <pb xlink:href="003/01/153.jpg" pagenum="129"/>Iron ones. </s>

<s>If Lead is daubed with any Sort <lb/>of Fil<gap/>h, it quickly &longs;poils; and for this Rea&longs;on <lb/>we &longs;hould take Care that our Roof be not a <lb/>convenient Harbour for Birds; or if it is a like<lb/>ly Place for them to get together in, we &longs;hould <lb/>make our Stuff thick where their Dung is to <lb/>fall. <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that all round the Top <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Temple there was a great Number <lb/>of Chains, to which hung four hundred little <lb/>Bells continually vibrating, the Noi&longs;e of which <lb/>drove away the Birds. </s>

<s>If Lead is daubed with any Sort <lb/>of Filch, it quickly &longs;poils; and for this Rea&longs;on <lb/>we &longs;hould take Care that our Roof be not a <lb/>convenient Harbour for Birds; or if it is a like<lb/>ly Place for them to get together in, we &longs;hould <lb/>make our Stuff thick where their Dung is to <lb/>fall. <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that all round the Top <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Temple there was a great Number <lb/>of Chains, to which hung four hundred little <lb/>Bells continually vibrating, the Noi&longs;e of which <lb/>drove away the Birds. </s>

<s>In the Covering we <lb/>al&longs;o adorn the Ridge, Gutters and Angles, by <lb/>&longs;etting up Va&longs;es, Balls, Statues, Chariots and <lb/>the like, each of which we &longs;hall &longs;peak of in <lb/>particular in its due Place. </s>

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<s>The Ancients al&longs;o u&longs;ed to &longs;et <lb/>up their Stones quite rough, only &longs;moothing <lb/>the Heads and Sides of them which were to <lb/>join to other Stones, and a&longs;terwards when the <lb/>Building was rai&longs;ed, they poli&longs;hed the Faces of <lb/>the Stones, which they had le&longs;t rough before; <lb/>and this I believe they did that they might <lb/>leave the lea&longs;t Expence that was po&longs;&longs;ible to the <lb/>Hazards of their Engines: For it would have <lb/>been a much greater Lo&longs;s to them, if by Acci<lb/>dent any Stone that was quite &longs;moothed and <lb/>poli&longs;hed had been let fall and broke, than if <pb xlink:href="003/01/154.jpg" pagenum="130"/>they broke one that was only half wrought. <lb/></s>

<s>Be&longs;ides that by this means they had the Ad<lb/>vantage of doing their Work at different Times, <lb/>according to the different Sea&longs;ons which are re<lb/>qui&longs;ite for building the Wall, and for cloathing <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg16"></arrow.to.target><lb/>and poli&longs;hing it. </s>

<s>There are two Sorts of fal&longs;e <lb/>Apertures: One is that where the Columns or <lb/>Pila&longs;ters are &longs;o joined to the Wall, that one Part <lb/>of them is hid within it, and only Part of them <lb/>appears; the other is that wherein the whole <lb/>Columns &longs;tand out of the Wall, &longs;omewhat <lb/>imitating a Portico. </s>

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<s>But as in this we <lb/>undertook to treat of every Thing relating to <lb/>Ornaments in general, we &longs;hall not pa&longs;s by any <lb/>Thing that may be &longs;erviceable under this Head.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>A. <emph type="italics"/>Plan of the Inter-&longs;pace of the two half <lb/>Columns, called<emph.end type="italics"/> Ba&longs;&longs;o Relievo.</s></p><p type="head">

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<s>The &longs;everal Dia<lb/>meters of Circles which we are to con&longs;ider in <lb/>different Parts of the Column, are &longs;ive; the <lb/>Sweeps, the Diminutions, and the Swell or Belly <lb/>of the Shaft. </s>

<s>The Sweeps are two, one at the <lb/>Top and the other at the Bottom of the Co<lb/>lumn, and are called Sweeps upon account of <lb/>their running out a little beyond the Re&longs;t of <lb/>the Shaft, The Diminutions are likewi&longs;e two, <lb/>clo&longs;e by the Sweeps at the Bottom and Top, <lb/>and are &longs;o called becau&longs;e in tho&longs;e Parts the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg17"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Shaft dimini&longs;hes inwards. </s>

<s>The Diameter of <lb/>the Swell or Belly of the Column is to be ob<lb/>&longs;erved about the Middle of the Shaft, and is <lb/>called the Belly, becau&longs;e the Column &longs;eems to <lb/>&longs;well out ju&longs;t in that Part. </s>

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<s>All that is to follow may be for the <lb/>mo&longs;t Part referred to the Proportions of the <lb/>Lines already treated of, and will be very de<lb/>lightful and of great U&longs;e, e&longs;pecially to the Im<lb/>provement of Painters.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>The Temple of the <emph type="italics"/>Sun<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>thought &longs;hould be round; and <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould be partly uncovered at the <lb/>Top, becau&longs;e it was that God who opened the <lb/>Seeds of all Things. </s>

<s>The Temple of the God<lb/>de&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uppo&longs;ing her to be the Earth, they <lb/>built as round as a Ball: Tho&longs;e of the other <lb/>cele&longs;tial Gods they rai&longs;ed &longs;omewhat above the <lb/>Ground; tho&longs;e of the infernal Gods they built <lb/>under Ground, and tho&longs;e of the terre&longs;t<gap/>ial <lb/>they &longs;et upon the Level. </s>

<s>If I am not mi&longs;taken <lb/>too, their various Sorts of Sacrifices made them <lb/>invent different Sorts of Temples: For &longs;ome <lb/>wa&longs;hed their Altars with Blood, others &longs;acrificed <lb/>with Wine and a Cake; others were daily <lb/>practi&longs;ing new Rites. <emph type="italics"/>Po&longs;thumius<emph.end type="italics"/> enacted a <lb/>Law among the <emph type="italics"/>Romans,<emph.end type="italics"/> that no Wine &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;prinkled upon a funeral Pile; for which <lb/>Rea&longs;on the Ancients u&longs;ed to perform their Li<lb/>bations not with Wine but Milk. </s>

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<s>But in <lb/>all the&longs;e quadrangular Platforms the greate&longs;t <lb/>Blemi&longs;h is for the Corners to be not exactly <lb/>rectangular. </s>

<s>The Polygons u&longs;ed by the An<lb/>cients were either of &longs;ix, eight, or &longs;ometimes <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg18"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ten Sides. </s>

<s>The Polygons u&longs;ed by the An<lb/>cients were either of &longs;ix, eight, or &longs;ometimes <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg18"/><lb/>ten Sides. </s>

<s>The Angles of &longs;uch Platforms <lb/>&longs;hould all terminate within a Circle, and indeed <lb/>from a Circle is the be&longs;t Way of deducing <lb/>them; for the Semidiameter of the Circle will <lb/>make one of the &longs;ix Sides which can be con<lb/>tained in that Circle. </s>

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<s>But if you are to make a good Num<lb/>ber of Chapels, it will certainly be much more <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/168.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 21. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 138)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.168.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/168/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/169.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>The Solid of the Walls, or tho&longs;e Ribs <lb/>of the Building which in Temples &longs;eparate one <lb/>Chapel from the other, &longs;hould never have le&longs;s <lb/>Thickne&longs;s than the fifth Part of the Break <lb/>which is left between them, nor more than the <lb/>third; or, if you would have them extremely <lb/>&longs;trong, the half. </s>

<s>But in round Platforms, if <lb/>the Chapels are in Number &longs;ix, let the Solid or <lb/>Rib which is left between each Chapel, be one <lb/>half of the Break; and if there be eight of <lb/>tho&longs;e Chapels, let the &longs;olid Wall between them, <lb/>e&longs;pecially in great Temples, be as thick as the <lb/>whole Break for the Chapel: But if the Plat<lb/>form con&longs;i&longs;t of a great Number of Angles, let <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg19"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the Solid always be one third of the Break. </s>

<s>But in round Platforms, if <lb/>the Chapels are in Number &longs;ix, let the Solid or <lb/>Rib which is left between each Chapel, be one <lb/>half of the Break; and if there be eight of <lb/>tho&longs;e Chapels, let the &longs;olid Wall between them, <lb/>e&longs;pecially in great Temples, be as thick as the <lb/>whole Break for the Chapel: But if the Plat<lb/>form con&longs;i&longs;t of a great Number of Angles, let <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg19"/><lb/>the Solid always be one third of the Break. </s>

<s>In <lb/>&longs;ome Temples, according to the Cu&longs;tom of the <lb/>ancient <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians,<emph.end type="italics"/> it has been u&longs;ual to adorn <lb/>the Sides not with Chapels, but with a &longs;mall <lb/>Sort of I&longs;les, in the following Manner: They <lb/>cho&longs;e a Platform, which was one &longs;ixth Part <lb/>longer than it was broad: Of this Length they <lb/>a&longs;&longs;igned two of tho&longs;e &longs;ix Parts to the Depth of <lb/>the Portico, which was to &longs;erve as a Ve&longs;tibule <lb/>to the Temple; the re&longs;t they divided into three <lb/>Parts, which they gave to the three Breadths of <lb/>the &longs;ide I&longs;les. </s>

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<s>At the Head of the Temple, and &longs;o <lb/>fronting the Middle of each &longs;ide I&longs;le, they pla<lb/>ced Chapels, and the Walls which &longs;eparated <lb/>the &longs;everal I&longs;les they made in Thickne&longs;s one <lb/>fifth Part of the Inter&longs;pace.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>The Die is that &longs;quare Mem<lb/>ber which is at the Bottom of all, and I call it <lb/>by this Name, becau&longs;e it is &longs;quare on every Side, <lb/>like a flat Die; the Toru&longs;&longs;es are tho&longs;e Cu&longs;hi<lb/>ons, upon one of which the Column re&longs;ts, and <lb/>the other &longs;tands upon the Die; the Scotia is <lb/>that circular Hollow which lies between two <lb/>Toru&longs;&longs;es, like the Hollow in the Wheel of a <lb/>Pully. </s>

<s>All the Mea&longs;ures of the&longs;e Members are <lb/>taken from the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb/>Shaft; and fir&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> gave the following <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg20"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Proportions for them. </s>

<s>They made the Height <lb/>of the Ba&longs;e to be half the Diameter of the Bot<lb/>tom of the Shaft, and the Plinth or Die, as <lb/>broad at mo&longs;t every Way as one Diameter and <lb/>a Half of the Column, and as one Diameter <lb/>and a Third at lea&longs;t. </s>

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<s>Again, what remained between <lb/>the upper Torus and the Die at Bottom, they <lb/>divided into two Parts, one of which they al<lb/>lowed to the lower Torus, and the other they <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/174.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 23. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 142)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.174.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/174/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/175.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>The Toru&longs;&longs;es mu&longs;t project one Half and an <lb/>Eighth of their Thickne&longs;s, and the extreme&longs;t <lb/>Edge of the Circle of the bigge&longs;t Torus mu&longs;t <lb/>be exactly Perpendicular to the Die. </s>

<s>This was <lb/>the Method of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> ap<lb/>proved of the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Height, but they made <lb/>two Scotias, and placed two Fillets between <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg21"></arrow.to.target><lb/>them. </s>

<s>Thus their Ba&longs;e was the Height of <lb/>half the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft; <lb/>and this Height they divided into four Parts, <lb/>one of which they a&longs;&longs;igned to the Height of the <lb/>Plinth, giving eleven of tho&longs;e fourth Parts to its <lb/>Breadth: So that the whole Height of the Ba&longs;e <lb/>was as four, and the Breadth as eleven. </s>

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<s>The&longs;e Cymaizes, or Annulets being always <lb/>&longs;mooth and poli&longs;hed, are al&longs;o of U&longs;e in di&longs;tin<lb/>gui&longs;hing the rough carved Members from each <lb/>other, and their Breadth is a &longs;ixth Part of the <lb/>Member over which they are &longs;et, whether it be <lb/>the Corona or Ovolo; but in the Cymatium <lb/>their Breadth is one whole third.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>Let us now return to the Capitals. </s>

<s>The <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg22"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> made their Capital of the &longs;ame <lb/>Height as their Ba&longs;e, and divided that Height <lb/>into three Parts: The Fir&longs;t they gave to the <lb/>Abacus, the Second to the Ovolo which is un<lb/>de rthe Abacus, and the Third they allowed to <lb/>the Gorgerin or Neck of the Capital which is <lb/>under the Ovolo. </s>

<s>The <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg22"/><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> made their Capital of the &longs;ame <lb/>Height as their Ba&longs;e, and divided that Height <lb/>into three Parts: The Fir&longs;t they gave to the <lb/>Abacus, the Second to the Ovolo which is un<lb/>de rthe Abacus, and the Third they allowed to <lb/>the Gorgerin or Neck of the Capital which is <lb/>under the Ovolo. </s>

<s>The Breadth of the Abacus <lb/>every Way was equal to one whole Diameter, <lb/>and a twelfth of the Bottom of the Shaft. </s>

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<s>The Ovolo <lb/>al&longs;o they divided into two Parts, a&longs;&longs;igning the <lb/>lowermo&longs;t either to the Annulets or to a Cy<lb/>matium, which &longs;erved as an Edging to the <lb/>Ovolo, and in the Neck of the Capital &longs;ome <lb/>cut Ro&longs;es, and others Leaves with a high Pro<lb/>jecture. </s>

<s>This was the Practice of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg23"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Our Rules for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital are as follows. <lb/></s>

<s>This was the Practice of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg23"/><lb/>Our Rules for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital are as follows. <lb/></s>

<s>Let the whole Height of the Capital be one <lb/>half the Diameter of the Bottom of the Co<lb/>lumn. </s>

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<s>Then contract your <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/178.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 25. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 144)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.178.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/178/1.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>In the Void left on <lb/>each Side by the Sweep of the Volute, carve <lb/>Leaves or Scales. </s>

<s>And thus much for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg24"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Capital. </s>

<s>And thus much for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg24"/><lb/>Capital. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital is in Height <lb/>one whole Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft. <lb/></s>

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<s>It looks hand&longs;ome in the <lb/>Leaves of this Capital, and all other Carving <lb/>of the &longs;ame Nature, to have all the Lines cut <lb/>in deep and bold. </s>

<s>This was the Capital of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg25"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Italians<emph.end type="italics"/> brought into <lb/>their Capital all the Ornaments that they found <lb/>in the others, and ob&longs;erved the &longs;ame Method <lb/>in making the Va&longs;e, Abacus, Leaves, and the <lb/>Flower in the Abacus, as the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But <lb/>in&longs;tead of Shoots they made u&longs;e of a Sort of <lb/>Volutes, under the four Horns of the Abacus, <lb/>projecting two whole Minutes. </s>

<s>This was the Capital of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg25"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Italians<emph.end type="italics"/> brought into <lb/>their Capital all the Ornaments that they found <lb/>in the others, and ob&longs;erved the &longs;ame Method <lb/>in making the Va&longs;e, Abacus, Leaves, and the <lb/>Flower in the Abacus, as the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But <lb/>in&longs;tead of Shoots they made u&longs;e of a Sort of <lb/>Volutes, under the four Horns of the Abacus, <lb/>projecting two whole Minutes. </s>

<s>The Front of <lb/>the Capital, being otherwi&longs;e naked, borrowed <lb/>its Ornaments from the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic;<emph.end type="italics"/> for in&longs;tead of <lb/>Shoots it has Volutes, and the Lips of its Va&longs;e <lb/>are carved full of Eggs with Berries underneath <lb/>them, like an Ovolo. </s>

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<s>And thus much may &longs;uffice of Capitals, unle&longs;s <lb/>it be nece&longs;&longs;ary ju&longs;t to mention one Practice; <lb/>which is, that it is common over the Abacus <lb/>to lay a very thick &longs;quare Piece of Stone, or <lb/>Plinth, which &longs;eems as it were to give the Ca<lb/>pital Breadth, and to prevent its being oppre&longs;&longs;<lb/>ed by the Architrave, and at the &longs;ame Time is <lb/>of U&longs;e to keep the nice&longs;t and mo&longs;t delicate <lb/>Parts of the Work from being injured in laying <lb/>the Super&longs;tructure.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/183.jpg" pagenum="146"/><p type="margin">

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<s>It was al&longs;o u&longs;ual with them to <lb/>make their Cornice lean forwards about a <lb/>twelfth Part of its Width, knowing that this <lb/>Member would &longs;eem to be falling backwards, <lb/>if it were &longs;et up at right Angles. </s>

<s>I here again <lb/>entreat tho&longs;e who &longs;hall hereafter tran&longs;cribe this <lb/>Book, and I do it in the mo&longs;t earne&longs;t Manner, <lb/>that they would write the Numbers which I <lb/>&longs;et down with Letters at Length, and not with <lb/>numeral Characters, for the avoiding of more <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg26"></arrow.to.target><lb/>numerous Errors. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> then never <lb/>made the Height of their Architrave le&longs;s than <lb/>half the Diameter of the Bottom of their Co<lb/>lumn, and this Architrave they divided into <lb/>three Fa&longs;cias, under the uppermo&longs;t of which <lb/>ran &longs;ome &longs;hort Mouldings, in each whereof <lb/>&longs;tuck &longs;ix Nails, which were fixed in tho&longs;e <lb/>Mouldings with their Heads downwards, and <lb/>might at fir&longs;t be intended to keep the Freze <lb/>from retiring backward. </s>

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<s>In the Plat-fond of the Entablature be<lb/>tween the Mutules we carve a Ro&longs;e or a Flower <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/184.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 29. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 146)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.184.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/184/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/185.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>But of Pediments we &longs;hall &longs;peak by and by. <lb/></s>

<s>This was the Entablature of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg27"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> were of Opinion, and not without Rea<lb/>&longs;on, that the Proportion of the Architrave <lb/>ought to encrea&longs;e according to the Bigne&longs;s of <lb/>the Column; which mu&longs;t certainly have a good <lb/>Effect both here and in the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Order too. <lb/></s>

<s>This was the Entablature of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg27"/><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> were of Opinion, and not without Rea<lb/>&longs;on, that the Proportion of the Architrave <lb/>ought to encrea&longs;e according to the Bigne&longs;s of <lb/>the Column; which mu&longs;t certainly have a good <lb/>Effect both here and in the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Order too. <lb/></s>

<s>The Rules they gave for enlarging this Pro<lb/>portion were as follows: When the Column <lb/>was twenty Foot high the Architrave ought to <lb/>be the thirteenth Part of that Length; but <lb/>when the Column was to be five-and-twenty <lb/>Foot, the Architrave &longs;hould be the twelfth <lb/>Part of the Length of the Column. </s>

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<s>Over <lb/>this Drip was a &longs;mall Cima-recta, or el&longs;e a Ba<lb/>guette two Parts in Height, and at the Top of <lb/>all was a Cymai&longs;e or Cima-inver&longs;a of three <lb/>Parts, or if you plea&longs;e of four. </s>

<s>In this Cy<lb/>mai&longs;e both the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to <lb/>carve the Mouths of Lyons, which &longs;erved for <lb/>Spouts to throw out the Water; but they took <lb/>Care that they &longs;hould neither &longs;prinkle any Body <lb/>that was going into the Temple, nor beat back <lb/>into any Part of the Temple it&longs;elf; and for this <lb/>Rea&longs;on they &longs;topt up tho&longs;e Mouths that were <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg28"></arrow.to.target><lb/>over the Doors and Windows. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Corinthi<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> added nothing either to the Architrave, <lb/>Freze or Cornice, that I can call to Mind, ex<lb/>cept only that they did not make their Mutu<lb/>les &longs;quare like the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"/> but with a Sort of <lb/>Sweep like a Cymai&longs;e, and made the Di&longs;tances <lb/>between them equal to their Projecture from <lb/>the Naked of the Building. </s>

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<s>It is certain that a Co<lb/>lumn which &longs;tands in the open Air, always <lb/>&longs;eems &longs;maller than one that is under Cover, and <lb/>the more Flutings there are in its Shaft, the <lb/>Thicker it will appear. </s>

<s>For this Rea&longs;on we <lb/>are advi&longs;ed either to make tho&longs;e fluted Co<lb/>lumns that &longs;tand in the open Air &longs;omewhat <lb/>thicker, or el&longs;e to encrea&longs;e the Number of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg29"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Channels. </s>

<s>The&longs;e Channels are made either <lb/>direct along the Shaft, or el&longs;e run &longs;piral about <lb/>it. </s>

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<s>But the plain Column is much <lb/>more agreeable to the Maje&longs;ty of a Temple. <lb/></s>

<s>There are certain Dimentions which are great <lb/>Helps to the Workmen in the placing of their <lb/>Columns, and the&longs;e are taken from the Num<lb/>ber of the Columns them&longs;elves that are to be <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg30"></arrow.to.target><lb/>u&longs;ed in the Structure. </s>

<s>Thus, for In&longs;tance, to <lb/>begin with the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/>; when they had four <lb/>Columns for the Front of their Building, they <lb/>divided the Front of the Platform into &longs;even<lb/>and-twenty Parts. </s>

<s>If they had &longs;ix Columns, <lb/>they divided it into one-and-forty, and if eight <lb/>into &longs;ix-and-fifty, and of the&longs;e Parts they al<lb/>lowed two for the Thickne&longs;s of each Column. <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg31"></arrow.to.target><lb/>But in <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Structures where four Columns are <lb/>to be u&longs;ed, the Front of the Platform mu&longs;t be <lb/>divided into eleven Parts and a half; where <lb/>the&longs;e are to be &longs;ix, into eighteen, and where <lb/>eight, into four-and-twenty and a half; whereof <lb/>only one Part mu&longs;t be given to the Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of each Column.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>If they had &longs;ix Columns, <lb/>they divided it into one-and-forty, and if eight <lb/>into &longs;ix-and-fifty, and of the&longs;e Parts they al<lb/>lowed two for the Thickne&longs;s of each Column. <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg31"/><lb/>But in <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Structures where four Columns are <lb/>to be u&longs;ed, the Front of the Platform mu&longs;t be <lb/>divided into eleven Parts and a half; where <lb/>the&longs;e are to be &longs;ix, into eighteen, and where <lb/>eight, into four-and-twenty and a half; whereof <lb/>only one Part mu&longs;t be given to the Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of each Column.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>To <lb/>the Lintel they gave the &longs;ame Thickne&longs;s as <lb/>they found at the Top of the Jamb, making <lb/>the Lines of their Ornaments an&longs;wer exactly <lb/>to one another, and meet together in ju&longs;t <lb/>Angles: And they rai&longs;ed the Cornice over the <lb/>Door equal in Height to the Capital of the <lb/>Columns in the Portico. </s>

<s>Thus far they all <lb/>agreed, but in other Particulars they differed <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg32"></arrow.to.target><lb/>very much. </s>

<s>Thus far they all <lb/>agreed, but in other Particulars they differed <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg32"/><lb/>very much. </s>

<s>And fir&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided this <lb/>whole Height, that is to &longs;ay, from the Level of <lb/>the Pavement up to the Roof, into &longs;ixteen <lb/>Parts, whereof they gave ten to the Height of <lb/>the Void, which the Ancients u&longs;ed to call the <lb/>Light; five to its Breadth, and one to the <lb/>Breadth of the Frame. </s>

<s>This was the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg33"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Divi&longs;ion; but the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided the whole <lb/>Height to the Top of the Columns, as afore<lb/>mentioned, into nineteen Parts, whereof they <lb/>gave twelve to the Height of the Light, &longs;ix to <lb/>its Breadth, and one to the Frame. </s>

<s>This was the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg33"/><lb/>Divi&longs;ion; but the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided the whole <lb/>Height to the Top of the Columns, as afore<lb/>mentioned, into nineteen Parts, whereof they <lb/>gave twelve to the Height of the Light, &longs;ix to <lb/>its Breadth, and one to the Frame. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Co<lb/>rinthians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided it into one-and-twenty Parts, <lb/>a&longs;&longs;igning &longs;even to the Breadth of the Light, <lb/>and doubling that Breadth for its Length, and <lb/>allowing for the Breadth of the Frame one <lb/>&longs;eventh Part of the Breadth of the Light. </s>

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<s>The Ends winding round in this Manner, <29>, <lb/>and the Thickne&longs;s of the Con&longs;ole at the Top <lb/>was equal to the Breadth of the &longs;welling Freze, <lb/>and one fourth Part le&longs;s at Bottom. </s>

<s>The <lb/>Length reached down to the Top of the Void <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg34"></arrow.to.target><lb/>or Light. </s>

<s>The <lb/>Length reached down to the Top of the Void <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg34"/><lb/>or Light. </s>

<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians<emph.end type="italics"/> applied to their <lb/>Doors all the Embelli&longs;hments of a Collonade. <lb/></s>

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<s>Some on each Side of the Door, in&longs;tead of a <lb/>plain Jamb, made u&longs;e of all the Ornaments of a <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/196.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 35. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 152)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.196.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/196/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/197.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>Thus we may de<lb/>fine the Ba&longs;ilique to be a clear &longs;pacious Walk <lb/>covered with a Roof, with Porticoes or I&longs;les on <lb/>the In&longs;ide; becau&longs;e that which is without I&longs;les <lb/>&longs;eems to me to have more in it of the Court <lb/>of Ju&longs;tice or Senate-hou&longs;e, whereof we &longs;hall <lb/>&longs;peak in due Time, than of the Ba&longs;ilique. </s>

<s>The <lb/>Platform of the Ba&longs;ilique &longs;hould be twice as <lb/>long as broad; and the chief I&longs;le, which is that <lb/>in the Middle, and the cro&longs;s one, which we <lb/>have called the Ju&longs;ticiary, &longs;hould be entirely <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg35"></arrow.to.target><lb/>clear and free for Walkers. </s>

<s>If it is to have on<lb/>ly one &longs;ingle I&longs;le on each Side, without the <lb/>Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, you may order your Propor<lb/>tions as follows: Divide the Breadth of the <lb/>Platform into nine Parts, whereof five of them <lb/>mu&longs;t be allowed to the middle I&longs;le, and two to <lb/>each Portico or &longs;ide I&longs;le. </s>

<s>The Length too <lb/>mu&longs;t be divided into nine Parts, one of which <lb/>mu&longs;t be given to the Sweep of the Tribunal, <lb/>and two to the Breadth or Entrance into that <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg36"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Tribunal. </s>

<s>But if be&longs;ides the &longs;ide I&longs;le you <lb/>would have a Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, then divide the <lb/>Breadth of the Platform only into four Parts, <lb/>giving two to the middle I&longs;le, and one to each <lb/>&longs;ide I&longs;le; and divide the Length as follows: <lb/>Give one twelfth Part of it to the Sweep of the <lb/>Tribunal, two twelfths and an half to the <lb/>Breadth of its Entrance, and let the Breadth of <lb/>the Ju&longs;ticiary Nave be the &longs;ixth Part of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg37"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Length of the whole Platform. </s>

<s>But if you are <lb/>to have not only the Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, but double <lb/>I&longs;les be&longs;ides; then divide the Breadth of the <lb/>Platform into ten Parts, giving four to the <lb/>middle I&longs;le, and three on each Side to be di<lb/>vided equally for the &longs;ide I&longs;les, and divide the <lb/>Length into twenty Parts, giving one and a <lb/>half to the Sweep of the Tribunal, and three <lb/>and one third to its Entrance, and allowing on<lb/>ly three Parts to the Breadth of the Ju&longs;ticiary <lb/>Nave. </s>

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<s>As for the Compo&longs;ition of <lb/>the other Members, the Capitals, Architrave, <lb/>Freze, Cornice, and the like, you may proceed <lb/>in the &longs;ame Manner as in Temples.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s><margin.target id="marg36"></margin.target>&dagger;</s></p><p type="margin">

<s><margin.target id="marg36"/>&dagger;</s></p><p type="margin">

<s><margin.target id="marg37"></margin.target>&ddagger;</s></p><p type="head">

<s><margin.target id="marg37"/>&ddagger;</s></p><p type="head">

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<s>Pyra<lb/>mids have for the mo&longs;t Part been made of <lb/>&longs;quare Stone, but &longs;ome few have been built <lb/>with Brick. </s>

<s>As for the&longs;e Columns which have <lb/>been erected as Monuments; &longs;ome have been <lb/>&longs;uch as are u&longs;ed in other Structures; others have <lb/>been &longs;o large as to be fit for no Edifice; but <lb/>merely to &longs;erve as a Monument to Po&longs;terity.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg38"></arrow.to.target></s></p><p type="margin">

<s>OF this la&longs;t Sort we are now to treat, and its <lb/>Members are as follows: In&longs;tead of a Ba&longs;ement <lb/>there are &longs;everal Steps ri&longs;ing above the Level <lb/>of the Platform, over the&longs;e a &longs;quare Plinth, and <lb/>above that another not le&longs;s than the fir&longs;t. </s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Of Towers and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>The greate&longs;t Ornaments are lofty Tow<lb/>ers placed in proper Situations, and built <lb/>after hand&longs;ome De&longs;igns: And when there are <lb/>a good Number of them &longs;trewed up and down <lb/>the Country, they afford a mo&longs;t beautiful Pro<lb/>&longs;pect: Not that I commend the Age about <lb/>two hundred Years ago, when People &longs;eemed <lb/>to be &longs;eized with a Kind of general Infection <lb/>of building high Watch-towers, even in the <lb/>meane&longs;t Villages, in&longs;omuch that &longs;carce a com<lb/>mon Hou&longs;e-keeper thought he could not be <lb/>without his Turret: By which means there <lb/>aro&longs;e a perfect Grove of Spires. </s>

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<s>The Parts <lb/>of the Street which are principally to be ad<lb/>orned, are the&longs;e: The Bridge, the Cro&longs;s-ways, <lb/>and the Place for publick Spectactles, which <lb/>la&longs;t is nothing el&longs;e but an open Place, with </s></p><p type="main">

<s><arrow.to.target n="marg40"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Seats built about it. </s>

<s><arrow.to.target n="marg40"/><lb/>Seats built about it. </s>

<s>We will begin with the <lb/>Bridge, as being one of the chief Parts of the <lb/>Street. </s>

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<s>In the Porticoes were the Shows for <lb/>the Gold&longs;miths, and over the fir&longs;t Story were <lb/>Galleries projecting out for &longs;eeing the Shows <lb/>in, and the publick Magazines. </s>

<s>This was the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg41"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Method among the Ancients. </s>

<s>This was the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg41"/><lb/>Method among the Ancients. </s>

<s>For my Part I <lb/>would have a Square twice as long as broad, <lb/>and that the Porticoes and other Buildings about <lb/>it &longs;hould an&longs;wer in &longs;ome Proportion to the open <lb/>Area in the Middle, that it may not &longs;eem too <lb/>large, by means of the Lowne&longs;s of the Build<lb/>ings, nor too &longs;mall, from their being too high. <lb/></s>

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<s>To the&longs;e Be<lb/>ginnings it was that Arches owed their Tro<lb/>phies, In&longs;criptions, Statues and Relieves. </s>

<s>A <lb/>very proper Situation for an Arch is where a <lb/>Street joins into a Square, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Royal Street, by which Name I under&longs;tand the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg42"></arrow.to.target><lb/>mo&longs;t eminent in the City. </s>

<s>An Arch, like a <lb/>Bridge, &longs;hould have no le&longs;s than three open <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;ages: That in the Middle for the Soldiers <lb/>to return through in Triumph to pay their <lb/>Devotions to their paternal Gods, and the two <lb/>Side ones for the Matrons and Citizens to go <lb/>out to meet and welcome them Home. </s>

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<s>The&longs;e <lb/>larger Statues which we thus place uppermo&longs;t, <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/233.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 49. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 172-73)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.233.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/233/1.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Amphitheatre, Circus, publick Walks, and Halls, <lb/>and Courts for petty Judges.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main">

<s>Having &longs;aid thus much of Theatres, <lb/>it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to give &longs;ome Account <lb/>of the Circus and Amphitheatre which all owe <lb/>their Original to the Theatre, for the Circus is <lb/>indeed nothing el&longs;e but a Theatre with its <lb/>Horns &longs;tretched further on in Lines equi-di&longs;<lb/>tant one from the other, only that the Nature <lb/>of this Building does not require Portices; and <pb xlink:href="003/01/244.jpg" pagenum="180"/>the Amphitheatre is formed of two Theatres <lb/>with their Horns joined together, and the <lb/>Rows of Seats continued quite round; and <lb/>the chief Difference between them is, that a <lb/>Theatre is properly an half Amphitheatre, <lb/>with this further Variation too, that the Am<lb/>phitheatre has its middle Area quite clear from <lb/>any Thing of a Stage or Scenes; but in all <lb/>other re&longs;pects, and particularly in the Seats, <lb/>Porticoes, Entrances and the like, they exactly <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg43"></arrow.to.target><lb/>agree. </s>

<s>I am inclined to believe, that the Am<lb/>phitheatre was at fir&longs;t contrived chiefly for <lb/>Hunting, and that for this Rea&longs;on it was made <lb/>round, to the Intent that the wild Bea&longs;ts <lb/>which were enclo&longs;ed and baited in it, not <lb/>having any Nook or Corner to fly to, might <lb/>be the &longs;ooner obliged to defend them&longs;elves <lb/>again&longs;t their A&longs;&longs;ailants, who were extremely <lb/>bold and dextrous at engaging with the fier<lb/>ce&longs;t wild Bea&longs;ts. </s>

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<s>Some among <lb/>the Ancients made the Length eight, and the <lb/>Breadth &longs;even Parts, and &longs;ome made the <lb/>Breadth three fourths of the Length. </s>

<s>In other <lb/>Particulars it agrees with the Theatre: It mu&longs;t <lb/>have Porticoes on the Out&longs;ide, and one at the <lb/>Top within, over the highe&longs;t Seat, which we <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg44"></arrow.to.target><lb/>have called the Circumvallation. </s>

<s>We are next <lb/>to treat of the Circus. </s>

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<s>The Breadth was divided into two <lb/>equal Parts or Cour&longs;es by a Line drawn the <lb/>Length of the Circus, on which Line the Goals <lb/>or Terms were placed according to the follow<lb/>ing Method: The whole Length being divided <lb/>into &longs;even Parts, one of tho&longs;e Parts was given <lb/>to a Sweep at each End for the Concurrents to <lb/>turn out of the right Cour&longs;e into the left, and <lb/>the Remainder was allowed for the Goals, which <lb/><lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/245.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s><margin.target id="marg44"></margin.target>&dagger;</s></p><p type="caption">

<s><margin.target id="marg44"/>&dagger;</s></p><p type="caption">

<s>PLATE 54. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.245.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/245/1.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>Among publick Works we may reckon tho&longs;e <lb/>publick Walks, in which the Youth exerci&longs;e <lb/>them&longs;elves at Tennis, Leaping, or the U&longs;e of <lb/>Arms, and where the old Men walk to take <lb/>the Air, or if they are infirm, are carried about <lb/>for the Recovery of their Health. <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Phy&longs;ician, &longs;ays, that Exerci&longs;e is much better <lb/>in the open Air, than under Cover; but that <lb/>they might exerci&longs;e them&longs;elves more commo<lb/>diou&longs;ly even in the Shade, they added Porti<lb/>coes which enclo&longs;ed the whole Square. </s>

<s>The <lb/>Square it&longs;elf was &longs;ometimes paved with Marble <lb/>and Mo&longs;aick Work, and &longs;ometimes turfed with <lb/>Gra&longs;s, and planted with Myrtles, Juniper, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg45"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Cypre&longs;s and Cedar Trees. </s>

<s>The Porticoes on <lb/>three Sides were &longs;ingle, and &longs;o large, that their <lb/>Proportion was two ninth Parts greater than <lb/>that of the Forum before treated of in this <lb/>Book; but on the fourth Side, which fronted <lb/>the South, the Portico was yet more &longs;pacious, <lb/>and double. </s>

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<s>Tho&longs;e Works which I have hitherto de&longs;cribed <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/252.jpg" pagenum="182"/>&longs;eem to be truly publick, as they are de&longs;igned <lb/>for the U&longs;e of all the People in general, both <lb/>noble and vulgar: But there are &longs;till &longs;ome other <lb/>Works of a publick Nature, which are for the <lb/>U&longs;e only of the principal Citizens, and of the <lb/>Magi&longs;trates; as for In&longs;tance, the Senate-hou&longs;e <lb/>and Council-chambers, whereof we are now <lb/>to give &longs;ome Account.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>At <emph type="italics"/>Ceraunia<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>was a thick Grove, con&longs;ecrated to <emph type="italics"/>Jupi<lb/>ter,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to meet to con<lb/>&longs;ult about the Affairs of their State, and many <lb/>other Cities u&longs;ed to hold their Councils in the <lb/>Middle of the publick Forum. </s>

<s>It was not <lb/>lawful for the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Senate to meet in any <lb/>Place that was not appointed by Augury, and <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg46"></arrow.to.target><lb/>they commonly cho&longs;e &longs;ome Temple. </s>

<s>It was not <lb/>lawful for the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Senate to meet in any <lb/>Place that was not appointed by Augury, and <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg46"/><lb/>they commonly cho&longs;e &longs;ome Temple. </s>

<s>After<lb/>wards they erected <emph type="italics"/>Curiæ,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Courts for that <lb/>particular Purpo&longs;e, and <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <lb/>the&longs;e were of two Sorts: One in which the <lb/>Prie&longs;ts con&longs;ulted about religious Matters; the <lb/>other where the Senate regulated &longs;ecular Affairs. <lb/></s>

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<s>In every Interval <lb/>in the upper Row of Columns mu&longs;t be a Win<lb/>dow, this Sort of Courts requiring as much <lb/>Light as po&longs;&longs;ible, and under each Window mu&longs;t <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/253.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 59. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.253.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/253/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/254.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveniencies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg47"></arrow.to.target></s></p><p type="margin">

<s><emph type="italics"/>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveniencies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg47"/></s></p><p type="margin">

<s>Some have condemned Baths, imagining <lb/>they made Men effeminate, while others <lb/>have had &longs;o great an Opinion of them, that <lb/>they have wa&longs;hed in them &longs;even Times a Day. <lb/></s>

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<s>And thus much of odd <lb/>Numbers.</s></p><p type="main">

<s>As to even Numbers, &longs;ome Philo&longs;ophers <lb/>teach, that the Number four is dedicated to <lb/>the Deity, and for this Rea&longs;on it was u&longs;ed in <lb/>the Taking the mo&longs;t &longs;olemn Oaths, which <lb/>were repeated four Times; and they tell us, <lb/>that even among the mo&longs;t excellent Numbers, <lb/>that of &longs;ix is the mo&longs;t perfect, or con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>all its own entire Parts, for Example:<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table1"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table1"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>1.1.1.1.1.1.</cell><cell>1.2.3.</cell><cell>1.5.</cell><cell>2.2.2.</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell></row><row><cell>2.4.</cell><cell>3.3.</cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>As to even Numbers, &longs;ome Philo&longs;ophers <lb/>teach, that the Number four is dedicated to <lb/>the Deity, and for this Rea&longs;on it was u&longs;ed in <lb/>the Taking the mo&longs;t &longs;olemn Oaths, which <lb/>were repeated four Times; and they tell us, <lb/>that even among the mo&longs;t excellent Numbers, <lb/>that of &longs;ix is the mo&longs;t perfect, or con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>all its own entire Parts, for Example:<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table1"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table1"/><row><cell/><cell>1.1.1.1.1.1.</cell><cell>1.2.3.</cell><cell>1.5.</cell><cell>2.2.2.</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell></row><row><cell>2.4.</cell><cell>3.3.</cell><cell/><cell/><cell/></row><row><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell/><cell/><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>And it is certain, that the Number eight has <lb/>an extraordinary Power in the Nature of <lb/>Things. </s>

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<s>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui<lb/>altera<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;o called, becau&longs;e the String which <lb/>produced it bore the &longs;ame Proportion to that <lb/>to which it is compared, as one and an half <lb/>does to one; which was the Meaning of the <lb/>Word <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui,<emph.end type="italics"/> among the Ancients. </s>

<s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;<lb/>quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore the longer String mu&longs;t be <lb/>allowed three, and the &longs;horter, two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table2"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table2"></table.target><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;<lb/>quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore the longer String mu&longs;t be <lb/>allowed three, and the &longs;horter, two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table2"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table2"/><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THE <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> is where the longer String <lb/>contains the &longs;horter one and one third more: <lb/>The longer therefore mu&longs;t be as four, and the <lb/>&longs;horter as three.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table3"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table3"></table.target><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THE <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> is where the longer String <lb/>contains the &longs;horter one and one third more: <lb/>The longer therefore mu&longs;t be as four, and the <lb/>&longs;horter as three.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table3"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table3"/><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>BUT in that Concord which was called <emph type="italics"/>Dia<lb/>pa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Numbers an&longs;wer to one another in <lb/>a double Proportion, as two to one, or the <lb/>Whole to the Hal&longs;: And in the <emph type="italics"/>Triple,<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>an&longs;wer as three to one, or as the Whole to one <lb/>third of it&longs;elf.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table4"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table4"></table.target><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell></cell><cell>300</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> or double</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell></cell><cell>1 0</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>BUT in that Concord which was called <emph type="italics"/>Dia<lb/>pa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Numbers an&longs;wer to one another in <lb/>a double Proportion, as two to one, or the <lb/>Whole to the Hal&longs;: And in the <emph type="italics"/>Triple,<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>an&longs;wer as three to one, or as the Whole to one <lb/>third of it&longs;elf.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table4"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table4"/><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell/><cell>300</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> or double</cell><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell/><cell>1 0</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>IN the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> the Proportions are as <lb/>four to one, or as the Whole to its fourth Part.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table5"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table5"></table.target><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>IN the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> the Proportions are as <lb/>four to one, or as the Whole to its fourth Part.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table5"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table5"/><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>LASTLY, all the&longs;e mu&longs;ical Numbers are as <lb/>follows: One, two, three, four, and the Tone <lb/>before-mentioned, wherein the long String <lb/>compared to the &longs;horter, exceeds it one eighth <lb/>Part of that &longs;horter String.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table6"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table6"></table.target><row><cell>1. 2. 3. 4.</cell><cell>8 00000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Tone<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>Mu&longs;ical Numbers</cell><cell>9 00000000,0</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>LASTLY, all the&longs;e mu&longs;ical Numbers are as <lb/>follows: One, two, three, four, and the Tone <lb/>before-mentioned, wherein the long String <lb/>compared to the &longs;horter, exceeds it one eighth <lb/>Part of that &longs;horter String.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table6"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table6"/><row><cell>1. 2. 3. 4.</cell><cell>8 00000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Tone<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>Mu&longs;ical Numbers</cell><cell>9 00000000,0</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>OF all the&longs;e Numbers the Architects made <lb/>very convenient U&longs;e, taking them &longs;ometimes <lb/>two by two, as in planning out their Squares <lb/>and open Areas, wherein only two Proporti<lb/>ons were to be con&longs;idered, namely, Length <lb/>and Breadth; and &longs;ometimes taking them three <lb/>by three, as in publick Halls, Council-cham<lb/>bers, and the like; wherein as the Length was <lb/>to bear a Proportion to the Breadth, &longs;o they <lb/>made the Height in a certain harmonious Pro<lb/>portion to them both.</s></p><p type="head">

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<s>There are likewi&longs;e three others, which <lb/>are proper for middling Platforms: The be&longs;t <lb/>of all is the Double, and the next be&longs;t is that <lb/>which is formed of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled, <lb/>which is produced as follows: Having &longs;et <lb/>down the lea&longs;t Number of the Area, as, for <lb/>In&longs;tance, four, lengthen it to the fir&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui<lb/>altera,<emph.end type="italics"/> which will make &longs;ix, and then add the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> of this &longs;ix, which will produce <lb/>nine. </s>

<s>Thus the Length will exceed the Breadth <lb/>in a double Proportion, and one Tone more.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table7"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table7"></table.target><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>6 000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>Thus the Length will exceed the Breadth <lb/>in a double Proportion, and one Tone more.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table7"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table7"/><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>6 000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>FOR moderate Platforms al&longs;o, we may u&longs;e <lb/>that Proportion which ari&longs;es from the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui<lb/>tertian<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled in the &longs;ame Manner as the for<lb/>mer; wherein the Length and Breadth will <lb/>be as nine and &longs;ixteen.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table8"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table8"></table.target><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>12 000000000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>16 0000000000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>FOR moderate Platforms al&longs;o, we may u&longs;e <lb/>that Proportion which ari&longs;es from the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui<lb/>tertian<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled in the &longs;ame Manner as the for<lb/>mer; wherein the Length and Breadth will <lb/>be as nine and &longs;ixteen.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table8"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table8"/><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>12 000000000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>16 0000000000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>HERE the longer Line contains the &longs;horter <lb/>twice, excluding one Tone of that &longs;horter <lb/>Line. </s>

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<s>We find in Harmony tho&longs;e Num<lb/>bers from who&longs;e mutual Relations we may <lb/>form their &longs;everal Proporions, as in the <emph type="italics"/>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> For In<lb/>&longs;tance, the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> is formed of the &longs;imple <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;<lb/>quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> with the Addition of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in the following Method. </s>

<s>Let the lea&longs;t Num<lb/>ber of the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> be two; the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>this is three, and the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> of this Num<lb/>ber three is four, which is ju&longs;t the Double of <lb/>two before-mentioned.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table9"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table9"></table.target><row><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>0000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>Let the lea&longs;t Num<lb/>ber of the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> be two; the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>this is three, and the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> of this Num<lb/>ber three is four, which is ju&longs;t the Double of <lb/>two before-mentioned.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table9"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table9"/><row><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>0000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>OR el&longs;e the &longs;ame is done in the following <lb/>Manner: Let the &longs;maller Number be, for In<lb/>&longs;tance, three; I add one to make it a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui<lb/>tertia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and it becomes four, to which adding a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> it makes it &longs;ix, which, compared <lb/>to three, is ju&longs;t in a double Proportion.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table10"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table10"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>OR el&longs;e the &longs;ame is done in the following <lb/>Manner: Let the &longs;maller Number be, for In<lb/>&longs;tance, three; I add one to make it a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui<lb/>tertia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and it becomes four, to which adding a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> it makes it &longs;ix, which, compared <lb/>to three, is ju&longs;t in a double Proportion.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table10"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table10"/><row><cell/><cell>000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THE <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> is likewi&longs;e made of the <emph type="italics"/>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> joined together: For <lb/>In&longs;tance, let the &longs;maller Number here be two; <lb/>this being doubled, makes four; to which <lb/>adding a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> it becomes &longs;ix, which is <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> of two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table11"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table11"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THE <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> is likewi&longs;e made of the <emph type="italics"/>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> joined together: For <lb/>In&longs;tance, let the &longs;maller Number here be two; <lb/>this being doubled, makes four; to which <lb/>adding a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> it becomes &longs;ix, which is <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> of two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table11"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table11"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>OR the &longs;ame Thing is done as follows; <lb/>placing the &longs;ame Number of two for the <lb/>&longs;maller Number, take the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>you will have three, which being doubled, <lb/>gives &longs;ix, and &longs;o we &longs;hall have the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table12"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table12"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>OR the &longs;ame Thing is done as follows; <lb/>placing the &longs;ame Number of two for the <lb/>&longs;maller Number, take the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>you will have three, which being doubled, <lb/>gives &longs;ix, and &longs;o we &longs;hall have the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table12"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table12"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>BY Means of the &longs;ame Exten&longs;ions we may <lb/>produce the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple,<emph.end type="italics"/> by compounding one <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> with another, &longs;ince it is indeed nothing <lb/>more than the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled, which is al&longs;o <lb/>called <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> and is performed as follows: <lb/>Let the &longs;maller Number here, for In&longs;tance, be <lb/>two; double this, and it makes the <emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that is to &longs;ay four, which is the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> of two, <lb/>and doubling this four, it makes the <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa<lb/>&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is as eight to two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table13"></arrow.to.target></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/275.jpg"/><table><table.target id="table13"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>00000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><figure id="id.003.01.275.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/1.jpg"/><p type="caption">

<s>BY Means of the &longs;ame Exten&longs;ions we may <lb/>produce the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple,<emph.end type="italics"/> by compounding one <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> with another, &longs;ince it is indeed nothing <lb/>more than the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled, which is al&longs;o <lb/>called <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> and is performed as follows: <lb/>Let the &longs;maller Number here, for In&longs;tance, be <lb/>two; double this, and it makes the <emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that is to &longs;ay four, which is the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> of two, <lb/>and doubling this four, it makes the <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa<lb/>&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is as eight to two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table13"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/275.jpg"/><table><table.target id="table13"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>00000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><figure id="id.003.01.275.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/1.jpg"/><p type="caption">

<s>PLATE 64. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 199)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.275.2.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/2.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/276.jpg" pagenum="199"/><p type="main">

<s>THIS <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> may be al&longs;o formed by <lb/>adding a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple;<emph.end type="italics"/> and how this is done, is manife&longs;t by <lb/>what we have &longs;aid above: But for its clearer <lb/>Explanation, we &longs;hall give a further In&longs;tance <lb/>of it here. </s>

<s>The Number two, for Example, <lb/>by Means of a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> is made three, which <lb/>by a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> becomes four, which four <lb/>being doubled makes eight.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table14"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table14"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>00000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>The Number two, for Example, <lb/>by Means of a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> is made three, which <lb/>by a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> becomes four, which four <lb/>being doubled makes eight.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table14"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table14"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell/><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>00000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>OR rather in the following Manner. </s>

<s>Let us <lb/>take the Number three; this being doubled <lb/>makes &longs;ix, to which adding another three, we <lb/>have nine, and adding to this a third of it&longs;elf, <lb/>it produces twelve, which an&longs;wers to three in a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> Proportion.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table15"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table15"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>Let us <lb/>take the Number three; this being doubled <lb/>makes &longs;ix, to which adding another three, we <lb/>have nine, and adding to this a third of it&longs;elf, <lb/>it produces twelve, which an&longs;wers to three in a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> Proportion.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table15"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table15"/><row><cell/><cell>000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell/><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THE Architects make u&longs;e of all the &longs;everal <lb/>Proportions here &longs;et down, not confu&longs;edly and <lb/>indi&longs;tinctly, but in &longs;uch Manner as to be con<lb/>&longs;tantly and every way agreeable to Harmony: <lb/>As, for In&longs;tance, in the Elevation of a Room <lb/>which is twice as long as broad, they make <lb/>u&longs;e, not of tho&longs;e Numbers which compo&longs;e the <lb/>Triple, but of tho&longs;e only which form the <lb/>Duple; and the &longs;ame in a Room who&longs;e Length <lb/>is three Times its Breadth, employing only its <lb/>own proper Proportions, and no foreign ones, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, taking &longs;uch of the triple Pro<lb/>gre&longs;&longs;ions above &longs;et down, as is mo&longs;t agreeable <lb/>to the Circum&longs;tances of their Structure. </s>

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<s>In the <lb/>next Place we may con&longs;ider the Line drawn <lb/>from one Angle of the Cube to that which is <lb/>directly oppo&longs;ite to it, &longs;o as to divide the Area <lb/>of the Square into two equal Parts, and this is <lb/>called the Diagonal. </s>

<s>What this amounts to <lb/>in Numbers is not known: Only it appears <lb/>to be the Root of an Area, which is as Eight <lb/>on every Side; be&longs;ides which it is the Diago<lb/>nal of a Cube which is on every Side, as twelve, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg48"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>What this amounts to <lb/>in Numbers is not known: Only it appears <lb/>to be the Root of an Area, which is as Eight <lb/>on every Side; be&longs;ides which it is the Diago<lb/>nal of a Cube which is on every Side, as twelve, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg48"/><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>LASTLY, In a Triangle who&longs;e two &longs;horte&longs;t <lb/>Sides form a Right Angle, and one of them <lb/>the Root of an Area, which is every Way as <lb/>four, and the other of one, which is as twelve, <lb/>the long&longs;t Side &longs;ubtended oppo&longs;ite to that <lb/>Right Angle, will be the Root of an Area, <lb/>will be the Root of an Area, which is as &longs;ix<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg49"></arrow.to.target><lb/>teen <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 2.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>LASTLY, In a Triangle who&longs;e two &longs;horte&longs;t <lb/>Sides form a Right Angle, and one of them <lb/>the Root of an Area, which is every Way as <lb/>four, and the other of one, which is as twelve, <lb/>the long&longs;t Side &longs;ubtended oppo&longs;ite to that <lb/>Right Angle, will be the Root of an Area, <lb/>will be the Root of an Area, which is as &longs;ix<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg49"/><lb/>teen <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 2.</s></p><p type="margin">

<s>THESE &longs;everal Rules which we have here <lb/>&longs;et down for the determining of Proportions, <lb/>are the natural and proper Relations of Num<lb/>bers and Quantities, and the general Method <lb/>for the Practice of them all is, that the &longs;horte&longs;t <lb/>Line be taken for the Breadth of the Area, <lb/>the longe&longs;t for the Length, and the middle <lb/>Line for the Height, tho' &longs;ometimes &longs;or the <lb/>Convenience of the Structure, they are inter<lb/>changed. </s>

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<s>Of the three Methods mo&longs;t <lb/>approved by the Philo&longs;ophers for finding this <lb/>Mean, that which is called the arithmetical is <lb/>the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y, and is as follows. </s>

<s>Taking the <lb/>two extreme Numbers, as for In&longs;tance, eight <lb/>for the greate&longs;t, and four for the lea&longs;t, you add <lb/>them together, which produce twelve, which <lb/>twelve being divided in two equal Parts, gives <lb/>us &longs;ix.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table16"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table16"></table.target><row><cell>8</cell><cell></cell><cell>4</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>12</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>6</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>Taking the <lb/>two extreme Numbers, as for In&longs;tance, eight <lb/>for the greate&longs;t, and four for the lea&longs;t, you add <lb/>them together, which produce twelve, which <lb/>twelve being divided in two equal Parts, gives <lb/>us &longs;ix.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table16"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table16"/><row><cell>8</cell><cell/><cell>4</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>12</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>6</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THIS Number &longs;ix the Arithmeticians &longs;ay, is <lb/>the Mean, which &longs;tanding between four and <lb/>eight, is at an equal Di&longs;tance from each of <lb/>them.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table17"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table17"></table.target><row><cell>8.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>4.</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THIS Number &longs;ix the Arithmeticians &longs;ay, is <lb/>the Mean, which &longs;tanding between four and <lb/>eight, is at an equal Di&longs;tance from each of <lb/>them.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table17"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table17"/><row><cell>8.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>4.</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THE next Mean is that which is called the <lb/>Geometrical, and is taken thus. </s>

<s>Let the &longs;mall<lb/>e&longs;t Number, for Example, four, be multiplied <lb/>by the greate&longs;t, which we &longs;hall &longs;uppo&longs;e to be <lb/>nine; the Multiplication will produce 36: <lb/>The Root of which Sum as it is called, or the <lb/>Number of its Side being multiplied by it&longs;elf <lb/>mu&longs;t al&longs;o produce 36. The Root therefore <lb/>will be &longs;ix, which multiplied by it&longs;elf is 36, <lb/>and this Number &longs;ix, is the Mean.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table18"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table18"></table.target><row><cell>4 Times 9</cell><cell>36</cell></row><row><cell>6 Times 6</cell><cell>36</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>Let the &longs;mall<lb/>e&longs;t Number, for Example, four, be multiplied <lb/>by the greate&longs;t, which we &longs;hall &longs;uppo&longs;e to be <lb/>nine; the Multiplication will produce 36: <lb/>The Root of which Sum as it is called, or the <lb/>Number of its Side being multiplied by it&longs;elf <lb/>mu&longs;t al&longs;o produce 36. The Root therefore <lb/>will be &longs;ix, which multiplied by it&longs;elf is 36, <lb/>and this Number &longs;ix, is the Mean.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table18"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table18"/><row><cell>4 Times 9</cell><cell>36</cell></row><row><cell>6 Times 6</cell><cell>36</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>THIS geometrical Mean is very difficult to <lb/>find by Numbers, but it is very clear by Lines; <lb/>but of tho&longs;e it is not my Bu&longs;ine&longs;s to &longs;peak <lb/>here. </s>

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<s>I take &longs;uch <lb/>Numbers as cannot be le&longs;s to be double, and <lb/>the&longs;e are one, for the lea&longs;t, and two, for the <lb/>greate&longs;t, which added together make three. </s>

<s>I <lb/>then divide the whole Interval which was be<lb/>tween the greate&longs;t Number, which was &longs;ixty, <lb/>and the lea&longs;t, which was thirty, into three <lb/>Parts, each of which Parts therefore will be <lb/>ten, and one of the&longs;e three Parts I add to the <lb/>lea&longs;t Number, which will make it forty; and <lb/>this will be the mu&longs;ical Mean de&longs;ired.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table19"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table19"></table.target><row><cell>30</cell><cell></cell><cell>60</cell></row><row><cell>1</cell><cell></cell><cell>2</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>3</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>3</cell><cell></cell><cell>30</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell>10</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>30</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>10</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>30</cell><cell>40</cell><cell>60</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>I <lb/>then divide the whole Interval which was be<lb/>tween the greate&longs;t Number, which was &longs;ixty, <lb/>and the lea&longs;t, which was thirty, into three <lb/>Parts, each of which Parts therefore will be <lb/>ten, and one of the&longs;e three Parts I add to the <lb/>lea&longs;t Number, which will make it forty; and <lb/>this will be the mu&longs;ical Mean de&longs;ired.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table19"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table19"/><row><cell>30</cell><cell/><cell>60</cell></row><row><cell>1</cell><cell/><cell>2</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>3</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>3</cell><cell/><cell>30</cell></row><row><cell/><cell/><cell>10</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>30</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>10</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>30</cell><cell>40</cell><cell>60</cell></row></table><p type="main">

<s>AND this mean Number forty will be di&longs;<lb/>tant from the greate&longs;t Number ju&longs;t double the <lb/>Interval which the Number of the Mean is <lb/>di&longs;tant from the lea&longs;t Number; and the Con<lb/>dition was, that the greate&longs;t Number &longs;hould <lb/>bear that Portion to the lea&longs;t. </s>

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<s>The very &longs;malle&longs;t Parts or Members of the <lb/>Work, if they are &longs;et in their right Places, add <lb/>to the Beauty of the whole; if they are placed <lb/>in mean or improper Situations, though excel<lb/>lent in them&longs;elves, they become mean. </s>

<s>We <lb/>&longs;ee the very &longs;ame Thing in the Works of Na<lb/>ture: As for In&longs;tance, if a Dog had one Ea<gap/><lb/>like that of an A&longs;s, or if a Man had one Foot <lb/>bigger than the other, or one Hand very large, <lb/>and the other very &longs;mall, we &longs;hould immedi<lb/>ately pronounce &longs;uch a one deformed; or to <lb/>&longs;ee even an Hor&longs;e with one Eye grey, and the <lb/>other black, is very offen&longs;ive: So agreeable it <lb/>is to Nature, that the Members on the right <lb/>Side &longs;hould exactly an&longs;wer the left: Wherefore <lb/>the very fir&longs;t Thing we are to take Care of <lb/>mu&longs;t be, that every Part, even the mo&longs;t Incon<lb/>&longs;iderable, lie duly to the Level and Plum-line, <lb/>and be di&longs;po&longs;ed with an exact Corre&longs;pondence <lb/>as to the Number, Form and Appearance; &longs;o <lb/>that the Right may an&longs;wer to the Left, the <lb/>High to the Low, the Similar to the Similar, &longs;o <lb/>as to form a corre&longs;pondent Ornament in that <lb/>Body whereof they are Parts. </s>

<s>We <lb/>&longs;ee the very &longs;ame Thing in the Works of Na<lb/>ture: As for In&longs;tance, if a Dog had one Ear <lb/>like that of an A&longs;s, or if a Man had one Foot <lb/>bigger than the other, or one Hand very large, <lb/>and the other very &longs;mall, we &longs;hould immedi<lb/>ately pronounce &longs;uch a one deformed; or to <lb/>&longs;ee even an Hor&longs;e with one Eye grey, and the <lb/>other black, is very offen&longs;ive: So agreeable it <lb/>is to Nature, that the Members on the right <lb/>Side &longs;hould exactly an&longs;wer the left: Wherefore <lb/>the very fir&longs;t Thing we are to take Care of <lb/>mu&longs;t be, that every Part, even the mo&longs;t Incon<lb/>&longs;iderable, lie duly to the Level and Plum-line, <lb/>and be di&longs;po&longs;ed with an exact Corre&longs;pondence <lb/>as to the Number, Form and Appearance; &longs;o <lb/>that the Right may an&longs;wer to the Left, the <lb/>High to the Low, the Similar to the Similar, &longs;o <lb/>as to form a corre&longs;pondent Ornament in that <lb/>Body whereof they are Parts. </s>

<s>Even Statues, <lb/>Pictures, or any other Ornaments of that Sort <lb/>with which we embelli&longs;h our Work, mu&longs;t be &longs;o <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ed as to &longs;eem to have &longs;prung up naturally <lb/>in their propere&longs;t Places, and to be Twins. </s>

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<s>In Gravel, if it <lb/>is loo&longs;e, we cannot dig with any very great <lb/>Hope; but if it grows clo&longs;er as we come deeper, <lb/>there is no Danger of finding Water, and when <lb/>found, in either of them, there is no doubt of <lb/>its being well ta&longs;ted. </s>

<s>It is al&longs;o certain, that by <lb/>the Help of Art there is no great Difficulty in <lb/>finding out the Spot under which the Vein lies: <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg50"></arrow.to.target><lb/>And the Method by which we are taught to <lb/>do it, is as follows. </s>

<s>It is al&longs;o certain, that by <lb/>the Help of Art there is no great Difficulty in <lb/>finding out the Spot under which the Vein lies: <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg50"/><lb/>And the Method by which we are taught to <lb/>do it, is as follows. </s>

<s>In the Morning extremely <lb/>early, when the Air is perfectly clear and &longs;erene, <lb/>lay your&longs;elf flat with your Chin re&longs;ting upon <lb/>the Ground: Then take a careful Survey of <lb/>the Country all round you, and where-ever <lb/>you &longs;ee a Vapour ri&longs;ing out of the Earth, and <lb/>curling up into the Air like a Man's Breath in <lb/>a clear Fro&longs;t, there you may be pretty certain <lb/>of finding Water. </s>

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<s>When your Hopes of <lb/>not being di&longs;appointed are confirmed in the <lb/>Manner before &longs;hewn, you may begin to dig.</s></p><p type="margin">

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<s>Accordingly <lb/>we find, contrary to the old received Opinion, <lb/>that Water ju&longs;t fre&longs;h drawn, does not bedew <lb/>the Gla&longs;s into which it is put, if the Gla&longs;s be <lb/>perfectly clean and not grea&longs;y. </s>

<s>But as of the <lb/>fir&longs;t Principles whereof all Things con&longs;i&longs;t, e&longs;<lb/>pecially according to the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorean<emph.end type="italics"/> Notion, <lb/>there are two which may be called male, which <lb/>are Heat and Cold; and it being the Property <lb/>of Heat to penetrate, di&longs;&longs;olve, break, attract and <lb/>&longs;uck up all Moi&longs;ture, as it is that of Cold to <lb/>compre&longs;s, contract, harden and con&longs;olidate: <lb/>bo<gap/>h the&longs;e have in a great Mea&longs;ure the &longs;ame <lb/>Effects, and particularly upon Water, provided <lb/>they are exce&longs;&longs;ive and of too long Continuance; <lb/>becau&longs;e they both equally con&longs;ume the more <lb/>&longs;ubtile Parts, which occa&longs;ions exactly the &longs;ame <lb/>adu&longs;t Dryne&longs;s. </s>

<s>But as of the <lb/>fir&longs;t Principles whereof all Things con&longs;i&longs;t, e&longs;<lb/>pecially according to the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorean<emph.end type="italics"/> Notion, <lb/>there are two which may be called male, which <lb/>are Heat and Cold; and it being the Property <lb/>of Heat to penetrate, di&longs;&longs;olve, break, attract and <lb/>&longs;uck up all Moi&longs;ture, as it is that of Cold to <lb/>compre&longs;s, contract, harden and con&longs;olidate: <lb/>both the&longs;e have in a great Mea&longs;ure the &longs;ame <lb/>Effects, and particularly upon Water, provided <lb/>they are exce&longs;&longs;ive and of too long Continuance; <lb/>becau&longs;e they both equally con&longs;ume the more <lb/>&longs;ubtile Parts, which occa&longs;ions exactly the &longs;ame <lb/>adu&longs;t Dryne&longs;s. </s>

<s>Thus we &longs;ay, that Plants are <lb/>burnt up, not only by extreme Heat but al&longs;o by <lb/>extreme Cold; becau&longs;e when the more tender <lb/>Parts of the Sub&longs;tance of the Wood are con<lb/>&longs;umed and dried up either by Fro&longs;t or Sun, <lb/>we &longs;ee the Tree look ru&longs;ty and chapt as by <lb/>Fire. </s>

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<s>The In&longs;truments of dexterous Arti&longs;ts are the <lb/>Square, Level, Plumb-line, and, in a Word, all <lb/>&longs;uch as are terminated with a right Angle. <lb/></s>

<s>This Art is a little more ab&longs;tru&longs;e; but how<lb/>ever I &longs;hall open no more of it than is nece&longs;<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg51"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;ary for the Purpo&longs;e in Hand. </s>

<s>This Art is a little more ab&longs;tru&longs;e; but how<lb/>ever I &longs;hall open no more of it than is nece&longs;<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg51"/><lb/>&longs;ary for the Purpo&longs;e in Hand. </s>

<s>The Practice <lb/>is performed by means of the Sight and of the <lb/>Object, which we &longs;hall call the Points. </s>

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<s>We <lb/>&longs;hall fir&longs;t go on with the Subject which we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/301.jpg"/><p type="margin">

<s>PLATE 66. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 222)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.301.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/301/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/302.jpg"/><p type="caption">

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<s>But to return to the Defects of a Wall. <lb/></s>

<s>If a Wall be thinner than it ought to be, we <lb/>m<gap/>&longs;t either apply a new Wall to the old one, <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner that they may make but <lb/>one; or, to avoid the Expence of this, we <lb/>may only &longs;trengthen it with Ribs, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, with Pila&longs;ters or Columns. </s>

<s>If a Wall be thinner than it ought to be, we <lb/>mu&longs;t either apply a new Wall to the old one, <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner that they may make but <lb/>one; or, to avoid the Expence of this, we <lb/>may only &longs;trengthen it with Ribs, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, with Pila&longs;ters or Columns. </s>

<s>A new Wall <lb/>may be &longs;uperinduced to an old one, as follows. <lb/></s>

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<s>It is al&longs;o certain, <lb/>that a hand&longs;ome Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Apertures, <lb/>and placing the Door and Windows gracefully, <lb/>gives all the Aparments a greater Share both <lb/>of Dignity and Elegance than is to be imagined.</s></p><p type="head">

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