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version 1.7, 2002/07/30 15:22:51

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<!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "/usr/share/sgml/archimedes/sys/archimedes.dtd" ><archimedes> <info> <author>Salusbury, Thomas</author> <title>Mathematical Collections and Translations</title> <date>1661</date>

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<place>London</place> <editor></editor> <publisher></publisher> <translator></translator> <lang>en</lang> <chunk unit="page*">page</chunk><locator>0000000040</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb/>

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<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>COLLECTIONS <lb/>AND <lb/>TRANSLATIONS <lb/>IN TWO TOMES <lb/><emph type="italics"/>by<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>THOMAS SALUSBURY <lb/>LONDON, 1661 AND 1665</s>

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<s>IN FACSIMILE <lb/>WITH <lb/>AN ANALYTICAL AND <lb/>BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHICAL <lb/>INTRODUCTION <lb/><emph type="italics"/>by<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>STILLMAN DRAKE</s>

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<s>1967 <lb/>DAWSONS OF PALL MALL <lb/>LONDON</s>

<s>ZEITLIN & VER BRUGGE <lb/>LOS ANGELES</s><pb/>

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<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>Collections <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Tran&longs;lations: <lb/><emph type="italics"/>In two<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>TOMES.</s><pb/>

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<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>COLLECTIONS <lb/>AND <lb/>TRANSLATIONS: <lb/>THE FIRST <lb/>TOME. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>IN TWO PARTS.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>THE FIRST PART;</s>

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<s>Containing,</s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>I.<emph.end type="italics"/> GALILEUS GALILEUS <emph type="italics"/>His SYSTEM of the <lb/>WORLD.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>II.<emph.end type="italics"/> GALILEUS <emph type="italics"/>His EPISTLE to the GRAND <lb/>DUTCHESSE MOTHER, concerning the Au<lb/>thority of Holy SCRIPTURE in Philo&longs;ophical <lb/>Controver&longs;ies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>III.<emph.end type="italics"/> JOHANNES KEPLERUS <emph type="italics"/>His Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>IV.<emph.end type="italics"/> DIDACUS à STUNICA <emph type="italics"/>His Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>V.<emph.end type="italics"/> P. A. FOSCARINUS <emph type="italics"/>His Epi&longs;tle to Father FANTONUS, <lb/>reconciling the Authority of SCRIPTURE, and Judg<lb/>ments of Divines alledged again&longs;t this SYSTEM.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>By <emph type="italics"/>THOMAS SALUSBURY, <expan abbr="E&longs;q.">E&longs;que</expan><emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>LONDON, <lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURN, MDCLXI.</s><pb/>

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<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>COLLECTIONS <lb/>AND <lb/>TRANSLATIONS. <lb/>THE FIRST <lb/>TOME.</s>

<s>THE FIRST PART;</s>

<s>Containing,</s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>I.<emph.end type="italics"/> GALILEUS GALILEUS, <emph type="italics"/>His SYSTEME of the <lb/>World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

(info, text) >

<s><emph type="italics"/>II.<emph.end type="italics"/> GALILEUS, <emph type="italics"/>his EPISTLE to the GRAND <lb/>DUTCHESSE Mother concerning the Authority of <lb/>Sacred SCRIPTURE in Phylo&longs;ophical Controver&longs;ies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>III.<emph.end type="italics"/> JOHANNES KEPLERUS, <emph type="italics"/>his Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>IV.<emph.end type="italics"/> DIDACUS a STUNICA, <emph type="italics"/>his Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>V.<emph.end type="italics"/> P. A. FOSCARINUS, <emph type="italics"/>his Epi&longs;tle to Father FANTONUS, <lb/>reconciling the Authority of Sacred SCRIPTURE, <lb/>and Judgments of Divines alledged again&longs;t, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>By <emph type="italics"/>THOMAS SALUSBURY, <expan abbr="E&longs;q.">E&longs;que</expan><emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>LONDON, <lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURNE, MDCLXI.</s>

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<s>Cancelled title-page of the original issue, in which the words “IN TWO PARTS” <lb/>were omitted.</s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Reproduced by permission of Yale University Library.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><pb/>

<s>To the Noble and mo&longs;t perfectly Accompli&longs;hed <lb/>S^{t.} JOHN DENHAM <lb/>Knight of the Noble Order of the <lb/>BATH, <lb/>And Surveyor General of his Ma^{ties} Works, &c.</s>

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<s>I humbly begge your Pardon for <lb/>bringing this Book under your Pro<lb/>tection. </s>

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<s>Were it a Work of my <lb/>own, or I any thing but the Tran&longs;la<lb/>tour, I should ma&longs;ter my Thoughts to a meaner <lb/>Dedication; But being a Collection of &longs;ome of <lb/>the greate&longs;t Ma&longs;ters in the World, and never <lb/>made English till now, I conceived I might <lb/>&longs;ooner procure their Welcome to a per&longs;on &longs;o <lb/>eminent for Noble Candor, as well as for all <lb/>tho&longs;e Intellectual Excellencies wherewith <lb/>Your Rich Soulis known to be furnished. </s>

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<s>I <lb/>re&longs;olv'd to be as kind to this Book as I could, <pb/>and &longs;eriou&longs;ly con&longs;idering which way to effect <lb/>it, I at la&longs;t concluded to prefix Your Name, <lb/>whom His Maje&longs;ty and all his Subjects, (who <lb/>have a higher Sen&longs;e and Judgement of Excel<lb/>lent Parts) know be&longs;t able to defend my Im<lb/>perfections. </s>

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<s>And yet I confe&longs;s there's one <lb/>thing makes again&longs;t me, which is your eminent <lb/>Integrity and great Affection to Truth, where<lb/>by my Lap&longs;esin a Work of this Nature might <lb/>ju&longs;tly de&longs;pair of Shelter, but that the Excel<lb/>lency of Your Native Candor &longs;trives for Pre<lb/>dominancy over all Your great Abilities. </s>

(chap, pb?)+ >

<s>For <lb/>'tis all-mo&longs;t impo&longs;&longs;ible to think what Your <lb/>Matchle&longs;s Wit is not able to Conquer, would <lb/>Your known Mode&longs;ty but give leave: there<lb/>fore <emph type="italics"/>Galileus, Kepler,<emph.end type="italics"/> and tho&longs;e other worthies <lb/>in Learning are now brought before You in <lb/>English Habit, having chang'd their Latine, <lb/>Italian and French, whereby they were almo&longs;t <lb/>Strangers to our Nation, unle&longs;s to &longs;uch as You, <lb/>who &longs;o perfectly ma&longs;ter the Originals. </s>

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<s>I know <lb/>you have &longs;o much and great imployment for <lb/>His Maje&longs;ty, and his good Subjects that I shall <lb/>not robb you of another Minutes lo&longs;s; be&longs;ides <lb/>the liberty of &longs;ub&longs;cribing my Self;</s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Your Honours<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>Mo&longs;t Humble <lb/>and <lb/>Mo&longs;t obedient Servant</s>

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<s>THOMAS SALUSBURY.</s><pb/>

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<s>READER,</s>

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<s>Mathematical Learning <emph type="italics"/>(to &longs;peak nothing touching the nece&longs;sity & delight thereof) hath bin &longs;o &longs;paring<lb/>ly imparted to our Countrymen in their native Engli&longs;h, e&longs;pecially the nobler and &longs;ublimer part, <lb/>that in Compliance with the<emph.end type="italics"/> Solicitations <emph type="italics"/>of &longs;everal of my noble and learned Friends, and the<emph.end type="italics"/> Incli<lb/>nations <emph type="italics"/>of &longs;uch as are Mathematically di&longs;po&longs;ed, more e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e, who either want Time or <lb/>Patience to look into the vulgar and un&longs;tudied Languages, I did adventure upon this Work of Collecting & Tran&longs;<lb/>lating from among&longs;t the excellent Pieces that are &longs;o abounding in the Italian and French Tongues, &longs;ome of tho&longs;e <lb/>that my own ob&longs;ervation and the intimation of Friends were mo&longs;t u&longs;efull and de&longs;ired, and with all mo&longs;t wanting <lb/>in their Own.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<!ELEMENT chunk

<s><emph type="italics"/>I was, indeed, at fir&longs;t &longs;eriou&longs;ly Con&longs;cious, and am now, by experience, fully convinced how di&longs;proportionate the <lb/>weight of the Enterprize is to the weakne&longs;s of the Vndertaker, but yet the Pa&longs;sion I ever had to be &longs;ub&longs;ervient to <lb/>my Friends and Compatriots in their Inqui&longs;ition after the&longs;e Sublime Studies, and a Patience which I owe to the <lb/>Flegme that is predominant in my Con&longs;titution, joyned with a nine-years conver&longs;ence in the&longs;e Languages, as al&longs;o an <lb/>unhappy and long Vacation that the per&longs;ecutions of the late Tyrants gave me from more advantagious employ<lb/>ments &longs;o prevailed with me, that I re&longs;olved to improve even my very Confinement to &longs;erve tho&longs;e Friends, whom, as <lb/>the Times then &longs;tood, I could not &longs;ee.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>And when I had con&longs;idered <lb/>the hazard, and computed the charge of the undertaking, I found it to exceed the ability of a private Pur&longs;e, e&longs;pe<lb/>cially of mine, that had bin &longs;o lately emptied by the hand of violent enemies, and perfidious friends; not to <lb/>make mention here of the Sums that a Loyal Reflexion upon my Princes Affairs had at the &longs;ame time drawn <lb/>from me; and judg'd that the most &longs;afe, ea&longs;y, and rea&longs;onable way was to invite tho&longs;e Per&longs;ons who had appeared <lb/>de&longs;irous of the Book, to be contributary to their own Contentment, by &longs;ub&longs;cribing towards the charge of this Pu<lb/>blication.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>And for the better management of the Work, I joyned to my &longs;elf a Printer, who&longs;e Genius having rendered <lb/>him Mathematical, and my overtures of profit having intere&longs;&longs;ed his diligence, I was induced to promi&longs;e my &longs;elf a <lb/>more than common A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance from him: and at his door I with rea&longs;on lay all mi&longs;carriages that concerns his <lb/>Profe&longs;&longs;ion in the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>In this Work I found more than ordinary Encouragement from that publick &longs;pirited Per&longs;on the Reverend and <lb/>Learned Dr.<emph.end type="italics"/> Thomas Barlow, <emph type="italics"/>Provo&longs;t of Queens Colledge Oxford, and<emph.end type="italics"/> Margaret <emph type="italics"/>Profe&longs;&longs;or in that Vniver<lb/>&longs;ity, as al&longs;o from tho&longs;e two able Mathematicians and my Reall Friends Major<emph.end type="italics"/> Miles Symner, <emph type="italics"/>and Mr.<emph.end type="italics"/> Robert <lb/>Wood <emph type="italics"/>of Trinity Colledge<emph.end type="italics"/> Dublin, <emph type="italics"/>and &longs;ome few others who&longs;e Mode&longs;ty hath expre&longs;ly enjoin'd me a concealment <lb/>of their Names.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s><emph type="italics"/>Well, at length I have got to the end of my fir&longs;t Stage; and if I have not rid Po&longs;t, let my excu&longs;e be that my long <lb/>&longs;tay for my Warrant cau&longs;ed me to &longs;et out late; and being ill mounted, and in a road full of rubbs, I could not with <lb/>any &longs;afety go fa&longs;ter; but hope to get it up in the next Stage, for in that I intend to &longs;hift my Hor&longs;es.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>Di&longs;tinct Tomes they are as con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>&longs;everat Pieces: Collections I call them, becau&longs;e they have bin &longs;o publi&longs;hed, di&longs;per&longs;t, and worn out of Print, that <lb/>they very rarely meet in one hand: and Tran&longs;lations I own them to be, as not pretending to any thing more than <lb/>the di&longs;po&longs;ure and conver&longs;ion of them: tho&longs;e Tracts only excepted which compo&longs;e the &longs;econd Part of the &longs;econd <lb/>Tome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>Only this by the by; that the Reader may not wonder <lb/>why the&longs;e Dialogues found &longs;o various entertainment in Italy (for he cannot but have heard that though they have <lb/>been with all veneration valued, read & applauded by the Iudicious yet they were with much dete&longs;tation per&longs;ecuted, <lb/>&longs;uppre&longs;&longs;ed & exploded by the Super&longs;titious) I am to tell him that our Author having a&longs;&longs;igned his intimate Friends<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Salviati <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Sagredo <emph type="italics"/>the more &longs;ucceßfull Parts of the Challenger, and Moderater, he made the famous Commen<lb/>tator<emph.end type="italics"/> Simplicius <emph type="italics"/>to per&longs;onate the Peripatetick. </s>

<s>The Book coming out, and Pope<emph.end type="italics"/> Urban <emph type="italics"/>the<emph.end type="italics"/> VIII. <emph type="italics"/>taking his Ho<lb/>nour to be concern'd as having in his private Capacity bin very po&longs;itive in declaiming against the Samian Philo<lb/>&longs;ophy, and now (as he &longs;uppo&longs;ed) being ill delt with by<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco <emph type="italics"/>who had &longs;ummed up all his Arguments, and pur <lb/>them into the mouth of<emph.end type="italics"/> Simplicius; <emph type="italics"/>his Holine&longs;s thereupon conceived an implacable Di&longs;plea&longs;ure against our Au<lb/>thor, and thinking no other revenge &longs;ufficient, he employed his Apo&longs;tolical Authority, and deals with the Con&longs;i&longs;tory <lb/>to condemn him and pro&longs;cribe his Book as Heretical; pro&longs;tituting the Cen&longs;ure of the Church to his private revenge. <lb/></s>

<!ATTLIST editor

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<s>This was<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco's <emph type="italics"/>fortune in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy: <emph type="italics"/>but had I not rea&longs;on to hope that the Engli&longs;h will be more ho&longs;pitable, on the <lb/>account of that Principle which induceth them to be civil to (I &longs;ay not to dote on) Strangers, I &longs;hould fear to be <lb/>charged with imprudence for appearing an Interpreter to that great Philo&longs;opher. </s>

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<s>And in this confidence I &longs;hall <lb/>forbear to make any large Exordium concerning him or his Book: & the rather in regard that &longs;uch kind of Gau<lb/>deries become not the Gravity of the Subject; as al&longs;o knowing how much (coming from me) they must fall &longs;hort of <lb/>the Merits of it, or him: but principally becau&longs;e I court only per&longs;ons of Judgement & Candor, that can di&longs;tingui&longs;h <lb/>between a Native Beauty, and &longs;purious Verni&longs;h. </s>

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<s>This only let me premi&longs;e, though more to excu&longs;e my weakne&longs;s in <lb/>the menaging, than to in&longs;inuate my ability in accompli&longs;hing this &longs;o arduous a Task, that the&longs;e profound Dialogues <lb/>have bin found &longs;o unea&longs;y to Tran&longs;late, that neither affectation of Novelty could induce the French, nor the <lb/>Tran&longs;lating humour per&longs;wade the Germans to undertake them. </s>

<s>This difficulty, as I conceived, was charged either <lb/>upon the Intricacy of this manner of Writing, or upon the &longs;ingular Elegance in the &longs;tile of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco, <emph type="italics"/>or el&longs;e upon the<emph.end type="italics"/><pb/><emph type="italics"/>mi&longs;carriage of the unfortunate<emph.end type="italics"/> Mathias Berneggeius <emph type="italics"/>who fir&longs;t attempted to turn them into Latine for the benefit <lb/>of the Learned World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<!ATTLIST emph

<s><emph type="italics"/>I &longs;hall not pre&longs;ume to Cen&longs;ure the Cen&longs;ure which the Church of Rome pa&longs;t upon this Doctrine and its A&longs;&longs;ectors. <lb/></s>

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<s>But, on the contrary, my Author having bin indefinite in his di&longs;cour&longs;e, I &longs;hall forbear to exa&longs;perate, and attempt <lb/>to reconcile &longs;uch per&longs;ons to this Hypothe&longs;is as devout e&longs;teem for Holy Scripture, and dutifull Re&longs;pect to Canonical <lb/>Injunctions hath made to &longs;tand off from this Opinion: and therefore for their &longs;akes I have at the end of the Dia<lb/>logues by way of &longs;upplement added an Epi&longs;tle of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco <emph type="italics"/>to Her Most Serene Highne&longs;s<emph.end type="italics"/> Chri&longs;tina Lotharinga <emph type="italics"/>the <lb/>Grand Dutche&longs;&longs;e Mother of<emph.end type="italics"/> Tu&longs;cany; <emph type="italics"/>as al&longs;o certain Ab&longs;tracts of<emph.end type="italics"/> John Kepler, <emph type="italics"/>Mathematician to two Empe<lb/>rours, and<emph.end type="italics"/> Didacus à Stunica <emph type="italics"/>a famous Divine of Salam<gap/>nca, with an Epi&longs;tle of<emph.end type="italics"/> Paulo Antonio Fo&longs;carini <emph type="italics"/>a learn<lb/>ed Carmelite of Naples, that &longs;hew the Authority of Sacred Scripture in determining of Philo&longs;ophical and Natu<lb/>ral Controver&longs;ies: hoping that the ingenious & impartial Reader will meet with full &longs;atisfaction in the &longs;ame. <lb/></s>

<!ELEMENT emph.end

<s>And lea&longs;t what I have &longs;poken of the prohibiting of the&longs;e Pieces by the Inqui&longs;ition may deterre any &longs;crupulous <lb/>per&longs;on from reading of them, I have purpo&longs;ely in&longs;erted the Imprimatur by which that Office licenced them. </s>

EMPTY>

<s>And <lb/>for a larger account of the Book or Author, I refer you to the Relation of his Life, which &longs;hall bring up the Reare <lb/>in the Second Tome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<!ATTLIST emph.end

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<s>This deviation from my Promi&longs;e I hope is Venial, and for the ex<lb/>plating of it I plead Supererrogation: having in each Tome made &longs;o large Aditions (though to my great ex<lb/>pen&longs;e) that they make <gap/>er a third part more than I &longs;tood by promi&longs;e bound to Publi&longs;h. </s>

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<s>That this is &longs;o will appearby <lb/>comparing the Contents I here prefix with the Adverti&longs;ment I formerly Printed. </s>

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<s>For not to mention tho&longs;e Epitomes <lb/>of<emph.end type="italics"/> Kepler <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> à Stunica, <emph type="italics"/>the whole &longs;econd and following Books of<emph.end type="italics"/> Ca&longs;tclli, <emph type="italics"/>were not come to my hands at the time of <lb/>my penning that Paper; yet knowing how imperfect the Volume would be without them, they being partly a &longs;up<lb/>plement to the Theoremes and Problemes which the Abbot had formerly Printed, and partly experiments that <lb/>had procured him and his Doctrine a very great Reputation, knowing this I &longs;ay, I apprehended a nece&longs;&longs;ity of pu<lb/>bli&longs;hing them with the re&longs;t: and hope that if you think not the &longs;ervice I have done therein worth your acknowledge<lb/>ment, you will yet at lea&longs;t account the encrea&longs;e of my expence a &longs;ufficient extenuation of the Tre&longs;pa&longs;s that tho&longs;e <lb/>Additions have forced me to commit upon your Patience in point of Time.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>As for the &longs;econd Tome, I have only this to a&longs;&longs;ure the Generous Readers; 1 that I am very confident I &longs;hall <lb/>be much more punctual in publi&longs;hing that, than (for the rea&longs;ons above related.) I was able to be in &longs;etting forth <lb/>this: 2 that they &longs;hall not be abu&longs;ed in advancing of their moneys, (as hath bin u&longs;ed in the like ca&longs;e) by &longs;elling <lb/>the remaining Copyes at an under rate; and <gap/> that I have a very great care that no di&longs;e&longs;teem may by my means a<lb/>ri&longs;e unto this way of publi&longs;hing Books, for that it is of excellent u&longs;e in u&longs;hering Great and Co&longs;tly Volumes into <lb/>the World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

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<s>The like they &longs;aid of the whole two Tomes: but they thereby cau&longs;ed <lb/>me to question their Under&longs;tanding or Veracity. </s>

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<s>For &longs;ome of the Books were yet never extant: As for in&longs;tance; <lb/>the Mcchanicks of Mon&longs;ieur<emph.end type="italics"/> Des Cartes, <emph type="italics"/>a Manu&longs;cript which I found among&longs;t the many other Rarities that en<lb/>rich the well-cho&longs;en Library of my Learned and Worthy Friend Dr.<emph.end type="italics"/> Charles Scarburgh; <emph type="italics"/>the Experiments of Gra<lb/>vity, and the Life of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galileo, <emph type="italics"/>both my own: Others were included in Volumes of great price, or &longs;o di&longs;per&longs;ed that <lb/>they were not to be purcha&longs;ed for any money; as tho&longs;e of<emph.end type="italics"/> Kepler, à Stunica, Archimedes, Tartaglia, <emph type="italics"/>and the Mecha<lb/>nicks of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galileo: <emph type="italics"/>And the remainder, though ea&longs;yer to procure, were harder to be under&longs;tood; as<emph.end type="italics"/> Tartaglia <emph type="italics"/>his notes <lb/>on<emph.end type="italics"/> Archimedes, Torricellio <emph type="italics"/>his Doctrine of Projects,<emph.end type="italics"/> Galileo <emph type="italics"/>his Epi&longs;tle to the Dutche&longs;&longs;e of<emph.end type="italics"/> Tu&longs;cany, <emph type="italics"/>and above all <lb/>his Dialogues<emph.end type="italics"/> de Motu; <emph type="italics"/>(never till now done into any Language) which were &longs;o intermixt of Latine and Italian, <lb/>that the difficulty of the Stile, joyned with the intricatne&longs;&longs;e of the Subject rendered them Unplea&longs;ant, if not wholly <lb/>Vnintelligible, to &longs;uch as were not ab&longs;olute Ma&longs;ters of both the Tongues.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>To conclude; according to the entertainment that you plea&longs;e to afford the&longs;e Collections, I &longs;hall be encouraged to <lb/>proceed with the Publication of a large Body of Hydrography; declaring the Hi&longs;tory, Art, Lawes, and Apendages <lb/>of that Princely Study of Navigation, wherein I have omitted nothing of note that can be found either in<emph.end type="italics"/> Dud<lb/>ley, Fournier, Aurigarius, Nonius, Snellus, Mar&longs;ennus, Bay&longs;ius, Mori&longs;etu<gap/> Blondus, Wagoner, <emph type="italics"/>abroad, or learnt <lb/>amongst our Mariners at home, touching the Office of an Admiral, Commander, Pilot, Modelli&longs;t, Shipwright, <lb/>Gunner, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<!ELEMENT figure

(#PCDATA) >

<s><emph type="italics"/>But order requiring that I &longs;hould di&longs;charge my fir&longs;t Obligation before I contract a &longs;econd; I &longs;hall detein you no <lb/>longer in the Portall, but put you into po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ion of the Premi&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<!ATTLIST figure

<s>Novemb. </s>

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place (margin|text) "text"

xlink:type (simple) #FIXED "simple"

xlink:href CDATA #IMPLIED>

<s>The CONTENTS of the FIRST <lb/>TOME.</s>

<!ELEMENT foreign

<s>PART THE FIRST.</s>

<!ATTLIST foreign

id ID #IMPLIED

<s><margin.target id="marg1"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Treati&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

n CDATA #IMPLIED

lang CDATA #IMPLIED>

<s>I. GALILEUS GALILEUS, his SYSIEME of the WORLD: in Four DIALOGUES.</s>

<s>II. HIS EPISTLE to her SERENE HIGHNESSE CHRISTIANA LOTHERINGA <lb/>GRAND DUTCHESSE of TUSCANY, touching the Ancient and Modern <lb/>DOCTRINE of HOLY FATHERS, and JUDICIOUS DIVINES, concerning <lb/>the AUTHORITY of SACRED SCRIPTURE in PHYLOSOPHICAL <lb/>CONTROVERSIES.</s>

<!ELEMENT front

<s>III. JOHANNES KEPLERUS, his RECONCILINGS of TEXTS of SACRED <lb/>SCRIPTURE that &longs;eem to oppo&longs;e the DOCTRINE of the EARTHS MOBILI<lb/>TY: ab&longs;tracted from his INTRODUCTION unto his LEARNED COMMEN<lb/>TARIES upon the PLANET MARS.</s>

( section | pb?)+ >

<s>IV. DIDACUS A STUNICA, a learned SPANISH DIVINE, his RECONCILINGS of <lb/>the &longs;aid DOCTRINE with the TEXTS of SACRED SCRIPTURE; ab&longs;tracted <lb/>from his COMMENTARIE upon JOB.</s>

<!ATTLIST front

id ID #IMPLIED

<s>V. PAULUS ANTONIUS FOSCARINUS, a CARMELITE, his EPISTLE to <lb/>SEBASTIANUS FANTONUS, the GENERAL of his ORDER, concerning <lb/>the PYTHAGOREAN and COPERNICAN OPINION of the MOBILITY OF <lb/>THE EARTH, and STABILITY OF THE SUN; and of the NEW SYSTEME <lb/>or CONSTITUTION of the WORLD: in which he reconcileth the TEXTS <lb/>OF SACRED SCRIPTURE, and ASSERTIONS of DIVINES, commonly <lb/>alledged against this OPINION.</s>

n CDATA #IMPLIED

type CDATA #IMPLIED>

<s><emph type="italics"/>A<emph.end type="italics"/> Table <emph type="italics"/>of the most ob&longs;ervable<emph.end type="italics"/> Per&longs;ons <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Matters <emph type="italics"/>mentioned in the<emph.end type="italics"/> Fir&longs;t Part.</s>

<!ELEMENT gap

<s>PART THE SECOND.</s>

EMPTY >

<s>I. D. BENEDICTUS CASTELLUS, ABBOT OF S. BENEDICTUS ALOYSIUS, his <lb/>DISCOURSE of the MENSURATION OF RUNNING WATERS: The Fir&longs;t <lb/>BOOK.</s>

<!ATTLIST gap

id ID #IMPLIED

<s>II. HIS LETTER to GALILEUS, repre&longs;enting the &longs;tate of the Lake of PERUGIA in <lb/>TUSCANY.</s>

n CDATA #IMPLIED

desc CDATA #IMPLIED>

<s>III. HIS GEOMETRICAL DEMONSTRATIONS of the MEASURE of RUNNING <lb/>WATERS.</s>

<s>IV. HIS DISCOURSE of the MENSURATION OF RUNNING WATERS: The Second <lb/>BOOK.</s>

<s>V.<gap/> HIS CONSIDERATIONS concerning the LAKE OF VENICE. </s>

<!ELEMENT info

<s>In two DISCOURSES.</s>

(author, title, date, place, editor, publisher, translator, lang, chunk,locator) >

<s>VI. HIS RULE for computing the quantity of MUD and SAND that LAND-FLOODS bring <lb/>down to, and leave in the LAKE of VENICE.</s>

<s>VII. HIS LETTER to Father FRANCESCO DI S. GIVSEPPE, wherein, at the in&longs;tance <lb/>of PRINCE LEOPALDO, he delivereth his judgment concerning the turning <lb/>FIUME MORTO (a River near PISA in TUSCANY) into the SEA, and into <lb/>the River SERCHIO.</s>

<!ATTLIST info

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<s>VIII. HIS &longs;econd LETTER in anfwer to certain OBJECTIONS propo&longs;ed, and DIFFICUL<lb/>TIES ob&longs;erved by SIGNORE BARTOLOTTI, in that affair of the <lb/>DIVERSION of FIUME MORTO.</s>

n CDATA #IMPLIED >

<s>IX. HIS CONSIDERATION upon the DRAINING of the PONTINE FENNS in CALA<lb/>BRIA.</s>

<s>X. HIS CONSIDERATION upon the DRAINING of the TERRITORIES of BOLOG<lb/>NA, FERRARA, and ROMAGNA.</s>

<!ELEMENT lang

(#PCDATA) >

<s>XI. HIS LETTER to D. FERRANTE CESARINI, applying his DOCTRINE to the <lb/>MENSURATION of the LENGTH, and DISTRIBUTION of the QUANTITY <lb/>of the WATERS of RIVERS, SPRINGS, AQUEDUCTS, &c.</s>

<s>XII. D. CORSINUS, SUPERINTENDENT of the GENERAL DRAINS and PRESIDENT <lb/>of ROMAGNA, his RELATION of the &longs;tate of the WATERS in the <lb/>TERRITORIES of BOLOGNA and FERRARA.</s>

<!ATTLIST lang

id ID #IMPLIED

<s><emph type="italics"/>A<emph.end type="italics"/> Table <emph type="italics"/>of the mo&longs;t ob&longs;ervable<emph.end type="italics"/> Per&longs;ons <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Matters <emph type="italics"/>mentioned in the<emph.end type="italics"/> Second Part.</s><pb/>

n CDATA #IMPLIED >

<s>The CONTENTS of the SECOND <lb/>TOME,</s>

<!ELEMENT lb EMPTY >

<s>PART THE FIRST.</s>

<!ATTLIST lb

ed CDATA #IMPLIED

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n CDATA #IMPLIED>

<s><margin.target id="marg2"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Treati&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>I. GALILEUS GALILEUS, his MATHEMATICAL DISCOURSES and DEMON<lb/>STRATIOMS touching two NEVV SCIENCES, pertaining to the MECHA<lb/>NICKS, and LOCAL MOTION: with an APPENDIX of the CENTRE of <lb/>GRAVITY of &longs;ome SOLIDS in Four DIALOGUES.</s>

<s>II. HIS MECHANICKS; a New PEICE.</s>

<s>III. RHENATUS DES CARTES, his MECHANICKS; tran&longs;lated from his FRENCM <lb/>MANUSCRIPT; a New PEICE.</s>

<s>IV. ARCHIMEDES, his Tract DE INSIDENTIBUS HUMIDO; with the NOTES and <lb/>DEMONSTRASIONS of NICOLAUS TARTALEUS, in Two BOOKS.</s>

<!ELEMENT locator (#PCDATA) >

<s>V. GALILEUS his DISCOURSE of the things that move in or upon the WATER.</s>

<!ATTLIST locator

<s>VI. NICOLAUS TARTALEUS his INVENTIONS for DIVING UNDER WATER, <lb/>RAISING OF SHIPS SUNK, &c. </s>

id ID #IMPLIED

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<s>in Two BOOKS.</s>

<!ELEMENT p

<s>PART THE SECOND.</s>

(s | pb|lb|emph|emph.end|gap )+ >

<s>I. EVANGELISTA TORRICELLIUS, his DOCTRINE OF PROJECTS, and TABLES <lb/>of the RANGES of GREAT GUNNS of all &longs;orts; wherein he detects &longs;undry <lb/>ERRORS in GUNNERY: An EPITOME.</s>

<s>II T. S. his EXPERIMENTS of the COMPARATIVE GRAVITY OF BODI<gap/>S in the <lb/>AIRE and WATER.</s>

<!ATTLIST p

id ID #IMPLIED

<s>III. GALILEUS GALILEUS, his LIFE: in Five BOOKS,</s>

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<info>

<author>Salusbury, Thomas</author>

<title>Mathematical Collections and Translations</title>

<place>London</place>

</info>

<text>

<front>

</front>

<body>

<chap>

<pb/>

<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>COLLECTIONS <lb/>AND <lb/>TRANSLATIONS <lb/>IN TWO TOMES <lb/><emph type="italics"/>by<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>THOMAS SALUSBURY <lb/>LONDON, 1661 AND 1665</s>

<s>IN FACSIMILE <lb/>WITH <lb/>AN ANALYTICAL AND <lb/>BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHICAL <lb/>INTRODUCTION <lb/><emph type="italics"/>by<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>STILLMAN DRAKE</s>

<s>1967 <lb/>DAWSONS OF PALL MALL <lb/>LONDON</s>

<s>ZEITLIN & VER BRUGGE <lb/>LOS ANGELES</s>

<pb/>

<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>Collections <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Tran&longs;lations: <lb/><emph type="italics"/>In two<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>TOMES.</s>

<pb/>

<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>COLLECTIONS <lb/>AND <lb/>TRANSLATIONS: <lb/>THE FIRST <lb/>TOME. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>IN TWO PARTS.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>THE FIRST PART;</s>

<s>Containing,</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>I.<emph.end type="italics"/> GALILEUS GALILEUS <emph type="italics"/>His SYSTEM of the <lb/>WORLD.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>III.<emph.end type="italics"/> JOHANNES KEPLERUS <emph type="italics"/>His Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>IV.<emph.end type="italics"/> DIDACUS à STUNICA <emph type="italics"/>His Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>By <emph type="italics"/>THOMAS SALUSBURY, <expan abbr="E&longs;q.">E&longs;que</expan><emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>LONDON, <lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURN, MDCLXI.</s>

<pb/>

<s>MATHEMATICAL <lb/>COLLECTIONS <lb/>AND <lb/>TRANSLATIONS. <lb/>THE FIRST <lb/>TOME.</s>

<s>THE FIRST PART;</s>

<s>Containing,</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>I.<emph.end type="italics"/> GALILEUS GALILEUS, <emph type="italics"/>His SYSTEME of the <lb/>World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>III.<emph.end type="italics"/> JOHANNES KEPLERUS, <emph type="italics"/>his Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>IV.<emph.end type="italics"/> DIDACUS a STUNICA, <emph type="italics"/>his Reconcilings of SCRI<lb/>PTURE Texts, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>By <emph type="italics"/>THOMAS SALUSBURY, <expan abbr="E&longs;q.">E&longs;que</expan><emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>LONDON, <lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURNE, MDCLXI.</s>

<s>Cancelled title-page of the original issue, in which the words “IN TWO PARTS” <lb/>were omitted.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Reproduced by permission of Yale University Library.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<pb/>

<s>To the Noble and mo&longs;t perfectly Accompli&longs;hed <lb/>S^{t.} JOHN DENHAM <lb/>Knight of the Noble Order of the <lb/>BATH, <lb/>And Surveyor General of his Ma^{ties} Works, &c.</s>

<s>I humbly begge your Pardon for <lb/>bringing this Book under your Pro<lb/>tection. Were it a Work of my <lb/>own, or I any thing but the Tran&longs;la<lb/>tour, I should ma&longs;ter my Thoughts to a meaner <lb/>Dedication; But being a Collection of &longs;ome of <lb/>the greate&longs;t Ma&longs;ters in the World, and never <lb/>made English till now, I conceived I might <lb/>&longs;ooner procure their Welcome to a per&longs;on &longs;o <lb/>eminent for Noble Candor, as well as for all <lb/>tho&longs;e Intellectual Excellencies wherewith <lb/>Your Rich Soulis known to be furnished. I <lb/>re&longs;olv'd to be as kind to this Book as I could,

<pb/>and &longs;eriou&longs;ly con&longs;idering which way to effect <lb/>it, I at la&longs;t concluded to prefix Your Name, <lb/>whom His Maje&longs;ty and all his Subjects, (who <lb/>have a higher Sen&longs;e and Judgement of Excel<lb/>lent Parts) know be&longs;t able to defend my Im<lb/>perfections. And yet I confe&longs;s there's one <lb/>thing makes again&longs;t me, which is your eminent <lb/>Integrity and great Affection to Truth, where<lb/>by my Lap&longs;esin a Work of this Nature might <lb/>ju&longs;tly de&longs;pair of Shelter, but that the Excel<lb/>lency of Your Native Candor &longs;trives for Pre<lb/>dominancy over all Your great Abilities. For <lb/>'tis all-mo&longs;t impo&longs;&longs;ible to think what Your <lb/>Matchle&longs;s Wit is not able to Conquer, would <lb/>Your known Mode&longs;ty but give leave: there<lb/>fore <emph type="italics"/>Galileus, Kepler,<emph.end type="italics"/> and tho&longs;e other worthies <lb/>in Learning are now brought before You in <lb/>English Habit, having chang'd their Latine, <lb/>Italian and French, whereby they were almo&longs;t <lb/>Strangers to our Nation, unle&longs;s to &longs;uch as You, <lb/>who &longs;o perfectly ma&longs;ter the Originals. I know <lb/>you have &longs;o much and great imployment for <lb/>His Maje&longs;ty, and his good Subjects that I shall <lb/>not robb you of another Minutes lo&longs;s; be&longs;ides <lb/>the liberty of &longs;ub&longs;cribing my Self;</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Your Honours<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>Mo&longs;t Humble <lb/>and <lb/>Mo&longs;t obedient Servant</s>

<s>THOMAS SALUSBURY.</s>

<pb/>

<s>READER,</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>The Book being for Subject and De&longs;ign intended chiefly for Gentlemen, I have hin as carele&longs;s of u&longs;ing a &longs;tudied <lb/>Pedantry in my Style; as careful in contriving a plea&longs;ant and beautiful Impre&longs;&longs;ion. And when I had con&longs;idered <lb/>the hazard, and computed the charge of the undertaking, I found it to exceed the ability of a private Pur&longs;e, e&longs;pe<lb/>cially of mine, that had bin &longs;o lately emptied by the hand of violent enemies, and perfidious friends; not to <lb/>make mention here of the Sums that a Loyal Reflexion upon my Princes Affairs had at the &longs;ame time drawn <lb/>from me; and judg'd that the most &longs;afe, ea&longs;y, and rea&longs;onable way was to invite tho&longs;e Per&longs;ons who had appeared <lb/>de&longs;irous of the Book, to be contributary to their own Contentment, by &longs;ub&longs;cribing towards the charge of this Pu<lb/>blication.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>The names of tho&longs;e Authors and Treatices which I judged would mo&longs;t grace our Language, and gratify Stu<lb/>dents, are particularly expre&longs;t in the General Title of the two Tomes. Di&longs;tinct Tomes they are as con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>&longs;everat Pieces: Collections I call them, becau&longs;e they have bin &longs;o publi&longs;hed, di&longs;per&longs;t, and worn out of Print, that <lb/>they very rarely meet in one hand: and Tran&longs;lations I own them to be, as not pretending to any thing more than <lb/>the di&longs;po&longs;ure and conver&longs;ion of them: tho&longs;e Tracts only excepted which compo&longs;e the &longs;econd Part of the &longs;econd <lb/>Tome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>The fir&longs;t Book which offers it &longs;elf to your view in this Tome is that &longs;ingular and unimitable Piece of Rea&longs;on <lb/>and Demon&longs;tration the Sy&longs;teme of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco. <emph type="italics"/>The &longs;ubject of it is a new and Noble port of A&longs;tronomy, to wit the <lb/>Doctrine and Hypothe&longs;is of the Mobility of the carth and the Stability of the Sun; the Hi&longs;tory whereof I &longs;hall <lb/>hereafter give you at large in the Life of that famous Man. Only this by the by; that the Reader may not wonder <lb/>why the&longs;e Dialogues found &longs;o various entertainment in Italy (for he cannot but have heard that though they have <lb/>been with all veneration valued, read & applauded by the Iudicious yet they were with much dete&longs;tation per&longs;ecuted, <lb/>&longs;uppre&longs;&longs;ed & exploded by the Super&longs;titious) I am to tell him that our Author having a&longs;&longs;igned his intimate Friends<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Salviati <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Sagredo <emph type="italics"/>the more &longs;ucceßfull Parts of the Challenger, and Moderater, he made the famous Commen<lb/>tator<emph.end type="italics"/> Simplicius <emph type="italics"/>to per&longs;onate the Peripatetick. The Book coming out, and Pope<emph.end type="italics"/> Urban <emph type="italics"/>the<emph.end type="italics"/> VIII. <emph type="italics"/>taking his Ho<lb/>nour to be concern'd as having in his private Capacity bin very po&longs;itive in declaiming against the Samian Philo<lb/>&longs;ophy, and now (as he &longs;uppo&longs;ed) being ill delt with by<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco <emph type="italics"/>who had &longs;ummed up all his Arguments, and pur <lb/>them into the mouth of<emph.end type="italics"/> Simplicius; <emph type="italics"/>his Holine&longs;s thereupon conceived an implacable Di&longs;plea&longs;ure against our Au<lb/>thor, and thinking no other revenge &longs;ufficient, he employed his Apo&longs;tolical Authority, and deals with the Con&longs;i&longs;tory <lb/>to condemn him and pro&longs;cribe his Book as Heretical; pro&longs;tituting the Cen&longs;ure of the Church to his private revenge. <lb/>This was<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco's <emph type="italics"/>fortune in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy: <emph type="italics"/>but had I not rea&longs;on to hope that the Engli&longs;h will be more ho&longs;pitable, on the <lb/>account of that Principle which induceth them to be civil to (I &longs;ay not to dote on) Strangers, I &longs;hould fear to be <lb/>charged with imprudence for appearing an Interpreter to that great Philo&longs;opher. And in this confidence I &longs;hall <lb/>forbear to make any large Exordium concerning him or his Book: & the rather in regard that &longs;uch kind of Gau<lb/>deries become not the Gravity of the Subject; as al&longs;o knowing how much (coming from me) they must fall &longs;hort of <lb/>the Merits of it, or him: but principally becau&longs;e I court only per&longs;ons of Judgement & Candor, that can di&longs;tingui&longs;h <lb/>between a Native Beauty, and &longs;purious Verni&longs;h. This only let me premi&longs;e, though more to excu&longs;e my weakne&longs;s in <lb/>the menaging, than to in&longs;inuate my ability in accompli&longs;hing this &longs;o arduous a Task, that the&longs;e profound Dialogues <lb/>have bin found &longs;o unea&longs;y to Tran&longs;late, that neither affectation of Novelty could induce the French, nor the <lb/>Tran&longs;lating humour per&longs;wade the Germans to undertake them. This difficulty, as I conceived, was charged either <lb/>upon the Intricacy of this manner of Writing, or upon the &longs;ingular Elegance in the &longs;tile of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco, <emph type="italics"/>or el&longs;e upon the<emph.end type="italics"/>

<pb/><emph type="italics"/>mi&longs;carriage of the unfortunate<emph.end type="italics"/> Mathias Berneggeius <emph type="italics"/>who fir&longs;t attempted to turn them into Latine for the benefit <lb/>of the Learned World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>I &longs;hall not pre&longs;ume to Cen&longs;ure the Cen&longs;ure which the Church of Rome pa&longs;t upon this Doctrine and its A&longs;&longs;ectors. <lb/>But, on the contrary, my Author having bin indefinite in his di&longs;cour&longs;e, I &longs;hall forbear to exa&longs;perate, and attempt <lb/>to reconcile &longs;uch per&longs;ons to this Hypothe&longs;is as devout e&longs;teem for Holy Scripture, and dutifull Re&longs;pect to Canonical <lb/>Injunctions hath made to &longs;tand off from this Opinion: and therefore for their &longs;akes I have at the end of the Dia<lb/>logues by way of &longs;upplement added an Epi&longs;tle of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco <emph type="italics"/>to Her Most Serene Highne&longs;s<emph.end type="italics"/> Chri&longs;tina Lotharinga <emph type="italics"/>the <lb/>Grand Dutche&longs;&longs;e Mother of<emph.end type="italics"/> Tu&longs;cany; <emph type="italics"/>as al&longs;o certain Ab&longs;tracts of<emph.end type="italics"/> John Kepler, <emph type="italics"/>Mathematician to two Empe<lb/>rours, and<emph.end type="italics"/> Didacus à Stunica <emph type="italics"/>a famous Divine of Salam<gap/>nca, with an Epi&longs;tle of<emph.end type="italics"/> Paulo Antonio Fo&longs;carini <emph type="italics"/>a learn<lb/>ed Carmelite of Naples, that &longs;hew the Authority of Sacred Scripture in determining of Philo&longs;ophical and Natu<lb/>ral Controver&longs;ies: hoping that the ingenious & impartial Reader will meet with full &longs;atisfaction in the &longs;ame. <lb/>And lea&longs;t what I have &longs;poken of the prohibiting of the&longs;e Pieces by the Inqui&longs;ition may deterre any &longs;crupulous <lb/>per&longs;on from reading of them, I have purpo&longs;ely in&longs;erted the Imprimatur by which that Office licenced them. And <lb/>for a larger account of the Book or Author, I refer you to the Relation of his Life, which &longs;hall bring up the Reare <lb/>in the Second Tome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>What remains of this, is that Excellent Di&longs;cour&longs;e of D.<emph.end type="italics"/> Benedetto Ca&longs;telli Abbate di San Benedetto Aloy&longs;io, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>concerning the Men&longs;uration of Running waters, with other Treati&longs;es of that Learned Prelate, & of the Superin<lb/>tendent<emph.end type="italics"/> Cor&longs;ini. <emph type="italics"/>Some may alledge, and I doe confe&longs;s that I promi&longs;ed to publi&longs;h the Life of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galilco <emph type="italics"/>in this place: <lb/>But the great mi&longs;carriages of Letters from &longs;ome Friends in Italy and el&longs;e where, to whom I am a Debtor for &longs;e<lb/>veral Remarques, & from whom I daily expect yet greater Helps concerning the Hi&longs;tory of that famous Per&longs;onage: <lb/>the&longs;e di&longs;appointments, I &longs;ay, joyned with the undeniable Reque&longs;t of &longs;ome Friends, who were impatient to &longs;ee<emph.end type="italics"/> Ca&longs;telli <lb/><emph type="italics"/>in Engli&longs;h, together with a con&longs;ideration of the di&longs;proportionate Bulk that would otherwi&longs;e have bin betwixt the <lb/>two Volumes, per&longs;waded me to this exchange. This deviation from my Promi&longs;e I hope is Venial, and for the ex<lb/>plating of it I plead Supererrogation: having in each Tome made &longs;o large Aditions (though to my great ex<lb/>pen&longs;e) that they make <gap/>er a third part more than I &longs;tood by promi&longs;e bound to Publi&longs;h. That this is &longs;o will appearby <lb/>comparing the Contents I here prefix with the Adverti&longs;ment I formerly Printed. For not to mention tho&longs;e Epitomes <lb/>of<emph.end type="italics"/> Kepler <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> à Stunica, <emph type="italics"/>the whole &longs;econd and following Books of<emph.end type="italics"/> Ca&longs;tclli, <emph type="italics"/>were not come to my hands at the time of <lb/>my penning that Paper; yet knowing how imperfect the Volume would be without them, they being partly a &longs;up<lb/>plement to the Theoremes and Problemes which the Abbot had formerly Printed, and partly experiments that <lb/>had procured him and his Doctrine a very great Reputation, knowing this I &longs;ay, I apprehended a nece&longs;&longs;ity of pu<lb/>bli&longs;hing them with the re&longs;t: and hope that if you think not the &longs;ervice I have done therein worth your acknowledge<lb/>ment, you will yet at lea&longs;t account the encrea&longs;e of my expence a &longs;ufficient extenuation of the Tre&longs;pa&longs;s that tho&longs;e <lb/>Additions have forced me to commit upon your Patience in point of Time.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>To &longs;ay nothing of the di&longs;advantages of Tran&longs;lations in general, this of mine doubtle&longs;s is not without it's Er<lb/>rours, and over&longs;ights: but tho&longs;e of the Printer di&longs;counted, I hope the re&longs;t may be allowed me upon the &longs;core of<emph.end type="italics"/> Hu<lb/>man Imbecilitic. <emph type="italics"/>The truth is, I have a&longs;&longs;umed the Liberty to note the Mi&longs;takes in the Florid Ver&longs;ion of<emph.end type="italics"/> Bernegge<lb/>rus <emph type="italics"/>in the Margent, not &longs;o much to reproach him, as to convince tho&longs;e who told me that they accounted my pains <lb/>needle&longs;s, having his Latine Tran&longs;lation by them. The like they &longs;aid of the whole two Tomes: but they thereby cau&longs;ed <lb/>me to question their Under&longs;tanding or Veracity. For &longs;ome of the Books were yet never extant: As for in&longs;tance; <lb/>the Mcchanicks of Mon&longs;ieur<emph.end type="italics"/> Des Cartes, <emph type="italics"/>a Manu&longs;cript which I found among&longs;t the many other Rarities that en<lb/>rich the well-cho&longs;en Library of my Learned and Worthy Friend Dr.<emph.end type="italics"/> Charles Scarburgh; <emph type="italics"/>the Experiments of Gra<lb/>vity, and the Life of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galileo, <emph type="italics"/>both my own: Others were included in Volumes of great price, or &longs;o di&longs;per&longs;ed that <lb/>they were not to be purcha&longs;ed for any money; as tho&longs;e of<emph.end type="italics"/> Kepler, à Stunica, Archimedes, Tartaglia, <emph type="italics"/>and the Mecha<lb/>nicks of<emph.end type="italics"/> Galileo: <emph type="italics"/>And the remainder, though ea&longs;yer to procure, were harder to be under&longs;tood; as<emph.end type="italics"/> Tartaglia <emph type="italics"/>his notes <lb/>on<emph.end type="italics"/> Archimedes, Torricellio <emph type="italics"/>his Doctrine of Projects,<emph.end type="italics"/> Galileo <emph type="italics"/>his Epi&longs;tle to the Dutche&longs;&longs;e of<emph.end type="italics"/> Tu&longs;cany, <emph type="italics"/>and above all <lb/>his Dialogues<emph.end type="italics"/> de Motu; <emph type="italics"/>(never till now done into any Language) which were &longs;o intermixt of Latine and Italian, <lb/>that the difficulty of the Stile, joyned with the intricatne&longs;&longs;e of the Subject rendered them Unplea&longs;ant, if not wholly <lb/>Vnintelligible, to &longs;uch as were not ab&longs;olute Ma&longs;ters of both the Tongues.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>Novemb. 20, 1661.</s>

<pb/>

<s>The CONTENTS of the FIRST <lb/>TOME.</s>

<s>PART THE FIRST.</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg1"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg1"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Treati&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>I. GALILEUS GALILEUS, his SYSIEME of the WORLD: in Four DIALOGUES.</s>

<s>IV. DIDACUS A STUNICA, a learned SPANISH DIVINE, his RECONCILINGS of <lb/>the &longs;aid DOCTRINE with the TEXTS of SACRED SCRIPTURE; ab&longs;tracted <lb/>from his COMMENTARIE upon JOB.</s>

<s>PART THE SECOND.</s>

<s>I. D. BENEDICTUS CASTELLUS, ABBOT OF S. BENEDICTUS ALOYSIUS, his <lb/>DISCOURSE of the MENSURATION OF RUNNING WATERS: The Fir&longs;t <lb/>BOOK.</s>

<s>II. HIS LETTER to GALILEUS, repre&longs;enting the &longs;tate of the Lake of PERUGIA in <lb/>TUSCANY.</s>

<s>III. HIS GEOMETRICAL DEMONSTRATIONS of the MEASURE of RUNNING <lb/>WATERS.</s>

<s>IV. HIS DISCOURSE of the MENSURATION OF RUNNING WATERS: The Second <lb/>BOOK.</s>

<s>V.<gap/> HIS CONSIDERATIONS concerning the LAKE OF VENICE. In two DISCOURSES.</s>

<s>VI. HIS RULE for computing the quantity of MUD and SAND that LAND-FLOODS bring <lb/>down to, and leave in the LAKE of VENICE.</s>

<s>VIII. HIS &longs;econd LETTER in anfwer to certain OBJECTIONS propo&longs;ed, and DIFFICUL<lb/>TIES ob&longs;erved by SIGNORE BARTOLOTTI, in that affair of the <lb/>DIVERSION of FIUME MORTO.</s>

<s>IX. HIS CONSIDERATION upon the DRAINING of the PONTINE FENNS in CALA<lb/>BRIA.</s>

<s>X. HIS CONSIDERATION upon the DRAINING of the TERRITORIES of BOLOG<lb/>NA, FERRARA, and ROMAGNA.</s>

<s>XI. HIS LETTER to D. FERRANTE CESARINI, applying his DOCTRINE to the <lb/>MENSURATION of the LENGTH, and DISTRIBUTION of the QUANTITY <lb/>of the WATERS of RIVERS, SPRINGS, AQUEDUCTS, &c.</s>

<s>XII. D. CORSINUS, SUPERINTENDENT of the GENERAL DRAINS and PRESIDENT <lb/>of ROMAGNA, his RELATION of the &longs;tate of the WATERS in the <lb/>TERRITORIES of BOLOGNA and FERRARA.</s>

<pb/>

<s>The CONTENTS of the SECOND <lb/>TOME,</s>

<s>PART THE FIRST.</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg2"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg2"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Treati&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>II. HIS MECHANICKS; a New PEICE.</s>

<s>III. RHENATUS DES CARTES, his MECHANICKS; tran&longs;lated from his FRENCM <lb/>MANUSCRIPT; a New PEICE.</s>

<s>IV. ARCHIMEDES, his Tract DE INSIDENTIBUS HUMIDO; with the NOTES and <lb/>DEMONSTRASIONS of NICOLAUS TARTALEUS, in Two BOOKS.</s>

<s>V. GALILEUS his DISCOURSE of the things that move in or upon the WATER.</s>

<s>VI. NICOLAUS TARTALEUS his INVENTIONS for DIVING UNDER WATER, <lb/>RAISING OF SHIPS SUNK, &c. in Two BOOKS.</s>

<s>PART THE SECOND.</s>

<s>I. EVANGELISTA TORRICELLIUS, his DOCTRINE OF PROJECTS, and TABLES <lb/>of the RANGES of GREAT GUNNS of all &longs;orts; wherein he detects &longs;undry <lb/>ERRORS in GUNNERY: An EPITOME.</s>

<s>II T. S. his EXPERIMENTS of the COMPARATIVE GRAVITY OF BODI<gap/>S in the <lb/>AIRE and WATER.</s>

<s>III. GALILEUS GALILEUS, his LIFE: in Five BOOKS,</s>

<s>BOOK I. Containing Five Chapters.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Chap.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1. His Country.</s>

<s>2. His Parents and Extraction.</s>

<s>3. His time of Birth.</s>

<s>4. His fir&longs;t Education.</s>

<s>5. His Ma&longs;ters.</s>

<s>II. Containing Three Chapters.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Chap.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1. His judgment in &longs;everal Learnings.</s>

<s>2. His Opinions and Doctrine.</s>

<s>3. His Auditors and Scholars.</s>

<s>III. Containing Four Chapters.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Chap.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1. His behaviour in Civil Affairs.</s>

<s>2. His manner of Living.</s>

<s>3. His morall Virtues.</s>

<s>4. His misfortunes and troubles.</s>

<s>IV. Containing Four Chapters.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Chap.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1. His per&longs;on de&longs;cribed.</s>

<s>2. His Will and Death.</s>

<s>3. His Inventions.</s>

<s>4. His Writings.</s>

<s>5. His Dialogues of the Sy&longs;teme in particular, containing <emph type="italics"/>Nine Sections.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Section<emph.end type="italics"/> 1. Of A&longs;tronomy in General; its Definition, Prai&longs;e, Original.</s>

<s>2. Of A&longs;tronomers: a Chronological Catalogue of the <lb/>mo&longs;t famous of them.</s>

<s>3. Of the Doctrine of the Earths Mobility, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> its Antiquity, <lb/>and Progre&longs;&longs;e from <emph type="italics"/>Pythagoras<emph.end type="italics"/> to the time of <emph type="italics"/>Copernicus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>4. Of the Followers of <emph type="italics"/>Copernicus,<emph.end type="italics"/> unto the time of <emph type="italics"/>Galileus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>5. Of the &longs;everall Sy&longs;temes among&longs;t A&longs;tronomers.</s>

<s>6. Of the Allegations again&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Copern.<emph.end type="italics"/> Sy&longs;teme, in 77 <lb/>Arguments taken out of <emph type="italics"/>Ricciolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> with An&longs;wers to them.</s>

<s>7. Of the Allegations for the <emph type="italics"/>Copern.<emph.end type="italics"/> Sy&longs;teme in so Arguments.</s>

<s>8. Of the Scriptures Authorities produced again&longs;t and for the <lb/>Earths mobility.</s>

<s>9. The Conclu&longs;ion of the whole Chapter.</s>

<s>V. Containing Four Chapters.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Chap.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1. His Patrons, Friends, and Emulators.</s>

<s>2. Authors judgments of him.</s>

<s>3. Authors that have writ for, or again&longs;t him.</s>

<s>4. A Conclu&longs;ion in certain Reflections upon his whole Life.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>A<emph.end type="italics"/> Table <emph type="italics"/>of the whole<emph.end type="italics"/> Second TOME.</s>

<pb/>

<s>THE <lb/>SYSTEME <lb/>OF THE <lb/>WORLD: <lb/>IN FOUR <lb/>DIALOGUES. <lb/>Wherein the Two <lb/>GRAND SYSTEMES</s>

<s>Of <emph type="italics"/>PTOLOMY<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>COPERNICUS<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>are largely di&longs;cour&longs;ed of:</s>

<s>And the <emph type="italics"/>REASONS,<emph.end type="italics"/> both <emph type="italics"/>Phylo&longs;ophical<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Phy&longs;ical,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>as well on the one &longs;ide as the other, <emph type="italics"/>impartially<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>indefinitely<emph.end type="italics"/> propounded:</s>

<s>By <emph type="italics"/>GALILEUS GALILEUS LINCEUS,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>A <emph type="italics"/>Gentleman<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>FLORENCE:<emph.end type="italics"/> Extraordinary <emph type="italics"/>Profe&longs;&longs;or<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Mathematicks<emph.end type="italics"/> in the UNIVERSITY of <emph type="italics"/>PISA<emph.end type="italics"/>; and <lb/>Chief <emph type="italics"/>Mathematician<emph.end type="italics"/> to the GRAND DUKE of <emph type="italics"/>TVSCANY.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Ingli&longs;bed from the<emph.end type="italics"/> Original <emph type="italics"/>Italián<emph.end type="italics"/> Copy, <emph type="italics"/>by<emph.end type="italics"/> THOMAS SALUSBURY.</s>

<s>ALCINOUS, <lb/><foreign lang="greek">*dei_ d) e)leuge/rion e<gap/>ai th_| gnwmh_| r\n me/llonta filosofei_n.</foreign></s>

<s>SENECA, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Inter nullos magis quam inter PHILOSOPHOS e&longs;&longs;e debet aqua LIBERTAS.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>LONDON,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURNE. MDCLXI.</s>

<pb/>

<s>THE <lb/>SYSTEME <lb/>OF THE <lb/>WORLD: <lb/>IN FOUR <lb/>DIALOGUES. <lb/>Wherein the Two <lb/>GRAND SYSTEMES</s>

<s>Of <emph type="italics"/>PTOLOMY<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>COPERNICUS<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>are largely di&longs;cour&longs;ed of:</s>

<s>ALCINOUS, <lb/><foreign lang="greek">*dei_ d) e)leuge/rion e<gap/>ai th_| gnwmh_| r\n me/llonta filosofei_n.</foreign></s>

<s>SENECA, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Inter nullos magis quam inter PHILOSOPHOS e&longs;&longs;e debet aqua LIBERTAS.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>LONDON,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURNE. MDCLXI.</s>

<pb/>

<s>THE <lb/>SYSTEME <lb/>OF THE <lb/>WORLD: <lb/>IN FOUR <lb/>DIALOGUES. <lb/>Wherein the Two <lb/>GRAND SYSTEMES</s>

<s>Of <emph type="italics"/>PTOLOMY<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>COPERNICUS<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>are largely di&longs;cour&longs;ed of:</s>

<s>ALCINOUS, <lb/><foreign lang="greek">*dei_ d) e)leuge/rion e<gap/>ai th_| gnwmh_| r\n me/llonta filosofei_n.</foreign></s>

<s>SENECA, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Inter nullos magis quam inter PHILOSOPHOS e&longs;&longs;e debet aqua LIBERTAS.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>LONDON,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Printed by WILLIAM LEYBOURNE. MDCLXI.</s>

<pb/>

<s>To the mo&longs;t Serene Grand DUKE <lb/>OF <lb/>TUSCANY.</s>

<s>Though the difference between Men and other <lb/>living Creatures be very great, yet happly he that <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;ay that he could &longs;hew little le&longs;s between <lb/>Man and Man would not &longs;peak more than he <lb/>might prove. What proportion doth one bear to <lb/>athou&longs;and? and yet it is a common Proverb, <emph type="italics"/>One Man is <lb/>worth athou&longs;and, when as a thou&longs;and are not worth one.<emph.end type="italics"/> This difference <lb/>hath dependence upon the different abilities of their Intelle<lb/>ctuals; which I reduce to the being, or not being a Philo&longs;o<lb/>pher; in regard that Philo&longs;ophy as being the proper food of <lb/>&longs;uch as live by it, di&longs;tingui&longs;heth a Man from the common E&longs;<lb/>&longs;ence of the Vulgar in a more or le&longs;s honourable degree accord<lb/>ing to the variety of that diet. In this &longs;ence he that hath the <lb/>highe&longs;t looks, is of highe&longs;t quality; and the turning over of <lb/>the great Volume of Nature, which is the proper Object of <lb/>Philo&longs;ophy is the way to make one look high: in which Book, <lb/>although what&longs;oever we read, as being the Work of Al<lb/>mighty God, is therefore mo&longs;t proportionate; yet notwith<lb/>&longs;tanding that is more ab&longs;olute and noble wherein we more <lb/>plainly de&longs;erne his art and skill. The <emph type="italics"/>Con&longs;titution<emph.end type="italics"/> of the <emph type="italics"/>Vnivers,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>among all Phy&longs;ical points that fall within Humane Compre<lb/>hen&longs;ion, may, in my opinion, be preferred to the Precedency: <lb/>for if that in regard of univer&longs;al extent it excell all others, it <lb/>ought as the Rule and Standard of the re&longs;t to goe before <lb/>them in Nobility. Now if ever any per&longs;ons might challenge <lb/>to be &longs;ignally di&longs;tingui&longs;hed for Intellectuals from other men;

<pb/><emph type="italics"/>Ptolomey<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Copernicus<emph.end type="italics"/> were they that have had the honour to <lb/>&longs;ee farthe&longs;t into, and di&longs;cour&longs;e mo&longs;t profoundly of the <emph type="italics"/>Worlds <lb/>Sy&longs;teme.<emph.end type="italics"/> About the Works of which famous Men the&longs;e Dia<lb/>lous being chiefly conver&longs;ant, I conceived it my duty to De<lb/>dicate them only to <emph type="italics"/>Your Highne&longs;s.<emph.end type="italics"/> For laying all the weight <lb/>upon the&longs;e two, whom I hold to be the Able&longs;t Wits that <lb/>have left us their Works upon the&longs;e Subjects; to avoid a Sole<lb/>ci&longs;mein Manners, I was obliged to addre&longs;s them to Him, who <lb/>with me, is the Greate&longs;t of all Men, from whom they can re<lb/>ceive either Glory or Patrociny. And if the&longs;e two per&longs;ons <lb/>have &longs;o farre illuminated my Under&longs;tanding as that this my <lb/>Book may in a great part be confe&longs;&longs;ed to belong to them, well <lb/>may it al&longs;o be acknowledged to belong to <emph type="italics"/>Your Highne&longs;s,<emph.end type="italics"/> unto <lb/>who&longs;e Bounteous Magnificence I owe the time and lea&longs;ure I <lb/>had to write it, as al&longs;o unto Your Powerful A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance, (never <lb/>weary of honouring me) the means that at length I have had <lb/>to publi&longs;h it. May <emph type="italics"/>Your Highne&longs;s<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore be plea&longs;ed to accept <lb/>of it according to Your accu&longs;tomed Goodne&longs;s; and if any <lb/>thing &longs;hall be found therein, that may be &longs;ub&longs;ervient towards <lb/>the information or &longs;atisfaction of tho&longs;e that are Lovers of <lb/>Truth; let them acknowledge it to be due to <emph type="italics"/>Your Self,<emph.end type="italics"/> who are <lb/>&longs;o expert in doing good, that Your Happy Dominion cannot <lb/>&longs;hew the man that is concerned in any of tho&longs;e general Cala<lb/>mities that di&longs;turb the World; &longs;o that Praying for Your Pro&longs;pe<lb/>rity, and continuance in this Your Pious and Laudable Cu<lb/>&longs;tome, I humbly ki&longs;s Your Hands;</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Your Mo&longs;t Serene Highne&longs;&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>Mo&longs;t Humble and mo&longs;t devoted</s>

<s>Servant and Subject</s>

<s>GALILEO GALILEI.</s>

<pb/>

<s>THE AUTHOR'S <lb/>INTRODUCTION.</s>

<s>Judicious Reader,</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>There was publi&longs;hed &longs;ome years &longs;ince in<emph.end type="italics"/> Rome <emph type="italics"/>a &longs;alutiferous Edict, that, for <lb/>the obviating of the dangerous Scandals of the pre&longs;ent Age, impo&longs;ed a &longs;ea<lb/>&longs;onable Silence upon the Pythagorean Opinion of the Mobility of the Earth. <lb/>There want not &longs;uch as unadvi&longs;edly affirm, that that Decree was not the produ<lb/>ction of a &longs;ober Scrutiny, but of an ill informed Pa&longs;sion; & one may hear &longs;ome mut<lb/>ter that Con&longs;ultors altogether ignorant of A&longs;tronomical Ob&longs;ervations ought not <lb/>to clipp the Wings of Speculative Wits with ra&longs;h Prohibitions. My zeale can<lb/>not keep &longs;ilence when I hear the&longs;e incon&longs;iderate complaints. I thought fit, as being thoroughly ac<lb/>quainted with that prudent Determination, to appear openly upon the Theatre of the World as a Wit<lb/>ne&longs;s of the naked Truth. I was at that time in<emph.end type="italics"/> Rome; <emph type="italics"/>and had not only the audiences, but applauds of <lb/>the mo&longs;t Eminent Prelates of that Court; nor was that Decree Publi&longs;hed without Previous Notice given <lb/>me thereof. Therefore it is my re&longs;olution in the pre&longs;ent ca&longs;e to give Foraign Nations to &longs;ee that this <lb/>point is as well under stood in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy, <emph type="italics"/>and particularly in<emph.end type="italics"/> Rome, <emph type="italics"/>as Tran&longs;alpine Diligence can imagine <lb/>it to be: and collecting together all the proper Speculations that concern the<emph.end type="italics"/> Copernican Sy&longs;teme, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>to let them know, that the notice of all preceded the Cen&longs;ure of the<emph.end type="italics"/> Roman Court; <emph type="italics"/>and that there <lb/>proceed from this Climate not only Doctrines for the health of the Soul, but al&longs;o ingenious Di&longs;coveries <lb/>for the recreating of the Mind.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>To this end I have per&longs;onated the<emph.end type="italics"/> Copernican <emph type="italics"/>in this Di&longs;cour&longs;e; proceeding upon an Hypothe&longs;is <lb/>purely Mathematical; &longs;triving by all artificial wayes to repre&longs;ent it Superiour, not to that of the Im<lb/>mobility of the Earth ab&longs;olutely, but according as it is mentioned by &longs;ome, that retein no more, but the <lb/>name of<emph.end type="italics"/> Peripateticks, <emph type="italics"/>and are content, without going farther, to adore Shadows, not philo&longs;ophizing <lb/>with requi&longs;it caution, but with the &longs;ole remembrance of four<emph.end type="italics"/> Principles, <emph type="italics"/>but badly under &longs;tood.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>We &longs;hall treat of three principall heads. Fir&longs;t I will endeavour to &longs;hew that all Experiments that can <lb/>be made upon the Earth are in&longs;ufficient means to conclude it's Mobility, but are indifferently applicable <lb/>to the Earth moveable or immoveable: and I hope that on this occa&longs;ion we &longs;hall di&longs;cover many ob&longs;er<lb/>vable pa&longs;&longs;ages unknown to the Ancients. Secondly we will examine the C&oelig;le&longs;tiall<emph.end type="italics"/> Ph&oelig;nomena <lb/><emph type="italics"/>that make for the<emph.end type="italics"/> Copernican Hypothe&longs;is, <emph type="italics"/>as if it were to prove ab&longs;olutely victorious; adding by the <lb/>way certain new Ob&longs;ervations, which yet &longs;erve only for the A&longs;tronomical Facility, not for Natural <lb/>Neceßity. In the third place I will propo&longs;e an ingenuous Fancy. I remember that I have &longs;aid many <lb/>years &longs;ince, that the unknown Probleme of the Tide might receive &longs;ome light, admitting the Earths <lb/>Motion. This Po&longs;ition of mine pa&longs;sing from one to another had found charitable Fathers that <lb/>adopted it for the I&longs;&longs;ue of their own wit. Now, becau&longs;e no &longs;tranger may ever appear that defending him<lb/>&longs;elf with our armes &longs;hall charge us with want of caution in &longs;o principal an Accident, I have thought <lb/>good to lay down tho&longs;e probabilities that would render it credible, admitting that the Earth did <lb/>move. I hope, that by the&longs;e Con&longs;ider ations the World will come to know, that if other Nations have <lb/>Navigated more than we, we have not &longs;tudied le&longs;s than they; & that our returning to a&longs;&longs;ert the Earths <lb/>Stability, and to take the contrary only for a Mathematical<emph.end type="italics"/> Capriccio, <emph type="italics"/>proceeds not from inadvertency <lb/>of what others have thought thereof, but (had we no other inducements) from tho&longs;e Rea&longs;ons that Pic<lb/>ty, Religion, the Knowledge of the Divine Omnipotency, and a con&longs;ciou&longs;ne&longs;s of the incapacity of mans <lb/>Vnder&longs;tanding dictate unto us.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<pb/>

<s><emph type="italics"/>With all I conceived it very proper to expre&longs;s the&longs;e conceits by way of Dialogue, which, as not being <lb/>bound up to the riggid ob&longs;ervance of Mathematical Laws, gives place al&longs;o to Digre&longs;sions that are <lb/>&longs;ometimes no le&longs;s curious than the principal Argument.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>I chanced to be &longs;everal years &longs;ince, at &longs;everal times, in the Stupendious Citty of<emph.end type="italics"/> Venice, <emph type="italics"/>where I <lb/>conver&longs;ed with<emph.end type="italics"/> Signore Giovan France&longs;co Sagredo <emph type="italics"/>of a Noble Extraction, and piercing wit. There <lb/>came thither from<emph.end type="italics"/> Florence <emph type="italics"/>at the &longs;ame time<emph.end type="italics"/> Signore Filippo Salviati, <emph type="italics"/>who&longs;e lea&longs;t glory was the Emi<lb/>nence of his Blood, and Magnificence of his E&longs;tate: a &longs;ublime Wit that fed not more hungerly upon <lb/>any plea&longs;ure than on elevated Speculations. In the company of the&longs;e two I often di&longs;cour&longs;ed of the&longs;e <lb/>matters before a certain Peripatetick Philo&longs;opher who &longs;eemed to have no geater ob&longs;tacle in under&longs;tand<lb/>ing of the Truth, than the Fame he had acquired by Ari&longs;totelical Interpretations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Now, &longs;eeing that inexorable Death hath deprived<emph.end type="italics"/> Venice <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Florence <emph type="italics"/>of tho&longs;e two great Lights in <lb/>the very Meridian of their years, I did re&longs;olve, as far as my poor ability would permit, to perpetuate <lb/>their lives to their honour in the&longs;e leaves, bringing them in as Interlocutors in the pre&longs;ent Controver&longs;y. <lb/>Nor &longs;hall the Honest Peripatetick want his place, to whom for his exce&longs;sive affection to wards the Com<lb/>mentaries of<emph.end type="italics"/> Simplicius, <emph type="italics"/>I thought fit, without mentioning his own Name, to leave that of the Author <lb/>he &longs;o much re&longs;pected. Let tho&longs;e two great Souls, ever venerable to my heart, plea&longs;e to accept this pu<lb/>blick Monument of my never dying Love; and let the remembr ance of their Eloquence a&longs;si&longs;t me in <lb/>delivering to Po&longs;terity the Con&longs;ider ations that I have promi&longs;ed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>There ca&longs;ually happened (as was u&longs;uall) &longs;everal di&longs;cour&longs;es at times between the&longs;e Gentlemen, the <lb/>which had rather inflamed than &longs;atisfied in their wits the thir&longs;t they had to be learning; whereupon <lb/>they took a di&longs;creet re&longs;olution to meet together for certain dayes, in which all other bu&longs;ine&longs;s &longs;et a&longs;ide, <lb/>they might betake them&longs;elves more methodically to contemplate the Wonders of God in Heaven, and in <lb/>the Earth: the place appointed for their meeting being in the Palace of the Noble<emph.end type="italics"/> Sagredo, <emph type="italics"/>after the <lb/>due, but very &longs;hort complements<emph.end type="italics"/>; Signore Salviati <emph type="italics"/>began in this manner.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>GALILÆUS <lb/>Galilæus Lyncæus, <lb/>HIS <lb/>SYSTEME <lb/>OF THE <lb/>WORLD.</s>

<s>The Fir&longs;t Dialogue.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>INTERLOCVTORS.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALVIATUS, SAGREDUS, and SIMPLICIUS.</s>

<s>SALVIATUS.</s>

<s>It was our ye&longs;terdayes re&longs;olution, and a<lb/>greement, that we &longs;hould to day di&longs;cour&longs;e <lb/>the mo&longs;t di&longs;tinctly, and particularly we <lb/>could po&longs;&longs;ible, of the natural rea&longs;ons, and <lb/>their efficacy that have been hitherto al<lb/>ledged on the one or other part, by the <lb/>maintainers of the Po&longs;itions, <emph type="italics"/>Aristotelian,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Ptolomaique<emph.end type="italics"/>; and by the followers </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg3"></arrow.to.target><lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>Copernican Sy&longs;teme<emph.end type="italics"/>: And becau&longs;e <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Copernicus<emph.end type="italics"/> placing the Earth among the moveable Bodies of Hea<lb/>ven, comes to con&longs;titute a Globe for the &longs;ame like to a Planet; it <lb/>would be good that we began our di&longs;putation with the examina<lb/>tion of what, and how great the energy of the <emph type="italics"/>Peripateticks<emph.end type="italics"/> ar<lb/>guments is, when they demon&longs;trate, that this <emph type="italics"/>Hypothe&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> is impo&longs;

<pb pagenum="2"/>&longs;ible: Since that it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to introduce in Nature, &longs;ub&longs;tances <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg4"></arrow.to.target><lb/>different betwixt them&longs;elves, that is, the C&oelig;le&longs;tial, and Elementa<lb/>ry; that impa&longs;&longs;ible and immortal, this alterable and corruptible. <lb/>Which argument <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> handleth in his book <emph type="italics"/>De C&oelig;lo,<emph.end type="italics"/> in&longs;inu<lb/>ating it fir&longs;t, by &longs;ome di&longs;cour&longs;es dependent on certain general a&longs;<lb/>&longs;umptions, and afterwards confirming it with experiments and per<lb/>ticular demon&longs;trations: following the &longs;ame method, I will pro<lb/>pound, and freely &longs;peak my judgement, &longs;ubmitting my &longs;elf to <lb/>your cen&longs;ure, and particularly to <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Stout Champion <lb/>and contender for the <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totelian<emph.end type="italics"/> Doctrine.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg5"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg3"></margin.target>Copernicus <emph type="italics"/>repu<lb/>teth the earth &oelig; <lb/>Globe like to a Pla<lb/>net.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg4"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial &longs;ub&longs;tan<lb/>ces that are inalte<lb/>rable, and Elemen<lb/>tary that be alte<lb/>rable, are nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>in the opinion of<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Ari&longs;totle.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg5"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>maketh <lb/>the World perfect, <lb/>becau&longs;e it hath the <lb/>threefold demen&longs;i<lb/>on.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>And the fir&longs;t Step of the <emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick<emph.end type="italics"/> arguments is that, where <emph type="italics"/>A<lb/>ri&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> proveth the integrity and perfection of the World, telling <lb/>us, that it is not a &longs;imple line, nor a bare &longs;uperficies, but a body <lb/>adorned with Longitude, Latitude, and Profundity; and becau&longs;e <lb/>there are no more dimen&longs;ions but the&longs;e three; The World having <lb/>them, hath all, and having all, is to be concluded perfect. And <lb/>again, that by &longs;imple length, that magnitude is con&longs;tituted, which <lb/>is called a Line, to which adding breadth, there is framed the Su<lb/>perficies, and yet further adding the altitude or profoundity, there <lb/>re&longs;ults the Body, and after the&longs;e three dimen&longs;ions there is no <lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ing farther, &longs;o that in the&longs;e three the integrity, and to &longs;o &longs;peak, <lb/>totality is terminated, which I might but with ju&longs;tice have requi<lb/>red <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> to have proved to me by nece&longs;&longs;ary con&longs;equences, the <lb/>rather in regard he was able to do it very plainly, and &longs;peedily.</s>

<s>SIMPL. What &longs;ay you to the excellent demon&longs;trations in the </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg6"></arrow.to.target><lb/>2. 3. and 4. Texts, after the definition of <emph type="italics"/>Continual<emph.end type="italics"/>? have you it <lb/>not fir&longs;t there proved, that there is no more but three dimen&longs;ions, <lb/>for that tho&longs;e three are all things, and that they are every where? <lb/>And is not this confirmed by the Doctrine and Authority of the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg7"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pythagorians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;ay that all things are determined by three, be<lb/>ginning, middle, and end, which is the number of All? And where <lb/>leave you that rea&longs;on, namely, that as it were by the law of Na<lb/>ture, this number is u&longs;ed in the &longs;acrifices of the Gods? And why <lb/>being &longs;o dictated by nature, do we atribute to tho&longs;e things that <lb/>are three, and not to le&longs;&longs;e, the title of all? why of two is it &longs;aid <lb/>both, and not all, unle&longs;s they be three? And all this Doctrine you <lb/>have in the &longs;econd Text. Afterwards in the third, <emph type="italics"/>Ad pleniorem<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg8"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>&longs;cientiam,<emph.end type="italics"/> we read that <emph type="italics"/>All,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Whole,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Perfect,<emph.end type="italics"/> are formally <lb/>one and the &longs;ame; and that therefore onely the <emph type="italics"/>Body,<emph.end type="italics"/> among&longs;t <lb/>magnitudes is perfect: becau&longs;e it is determined by three, which is <lb/>All, and being divi&longs;ible three manner of waies, it is every way di<lb/>vi&longs;ible; but of the others, &longs;ome are dividible in one manner, and <lb/>&longs;ome in two, becau&longs;e according to the number a&longs;&longs;ixed, they have <lb/>their divi&longs;ion and continuity, and thus one magnitude is continu<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg9"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ate one way, another two, a third, namely the Body, every way.

<pb pagenum="3"/>Moreover in the fourth Text; doth he not after &longs;ome other Do<lb/>ctrines, prove it by another demon&longs;tration? <emph type="italics"/>Scilicet,<emph.end type="italics"/> That no tran<lb/>&longs;ition is made but according to &longs;ome defect (and &longs;o there is a tran<lb/>&longs;ition or pa&longs;&longs;ing from the line to the &longs;uperficies, becau&longs;e the line is <lb/>defective in breadth) and that it is impo&longs;&longs;ible for the perfect to <lb/>want any thing, it being every way &longs;o; therefore there is no tran<lb/>&longs;ition from the Solid or Body to any other magnitude. Now <lb/>think you not that by all the&longs;e places he hath &longs;ufficiently proved, <lb/>how that there's no going beyond the three dimen&longs;ions, Length, <lb/>Breadth, and Thickne&longs;s, and that therefore the body or &longs;olid, <lb/>which hath them all, is perfect?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg6"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totles <emph type="italics"/>demon<lb/>&longs;trations to prove <lb/>the dimen&longs;ions to be <lb/>three and no more.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg7"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The number three <lb/>celebrated among &longs;t <lb/>the<emph.end type="italics"/> Pythagorians</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg8"></margin.target>Omne, Totum & <lb/>Perfectum.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg9"></margin.target>Or Solid.</s>

<s>SALV. To tell you true, I think not my &longs;elf bound by all the&longs;e <lb/>rea&longs;ons to grant any more but onely this, That that which hath <lb/>beginning, middle, and end, may, and ought to be called perfect: But <lb/>that then, becau&longs;e beginning, middle, and end, are Three, the num<lb/>ber Three is a perfect number, and hath a faculty of conferring <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Perfection<emph.end type="italics"/> on tho&longs;e things that have the &longs;ame, I find no inducement <lb/>to grant; neither do I under&longs;tand, nor believe that, for example, <lb/>of feet, the number three is more perfect then four or two, nor do <lb/>I conceive the number four to be any imperfection to the Ele<lb/>ments: and that they would be more perfect if they were three. <lb/>Better therefore it had been to have left the&longs;e &longs;ubtleties to the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rhetoricians,<emph.end type="italics"/> and to have proved his intent, by nece&longs;&longs;ary demon&longs;tra<lb/>tion; for &longs;o it behoves to do in demon&longs;trative &longs;ciences.</s>

<s>SIMPL. You &longs;eem to &longs;corn the&longs;e rea&longs;ons, and yet it is all the <lb/>Doctrine of the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who attribute &longs;o much to numbers; <lb/>and you that be a <emph type="italics"/>Mathematician,<emph.end type="italics"/> and believe many opinions in <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorick<emph.end type="italics"/> Philo&longs;ophy, &longs;eem now to contemn their My<lb/>&longs;teries.</s>

<s>SALV. That the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorians<emph.end type="italics"/> had the &longs;cience of numbers in <lb/>high e&longs;teem, and that <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf admired humane under&longs;tand<lb/>ing, and thought that it pertook of Divinity, for that it under<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg10"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;tood the nature of numbers, I know very well, nor &longs;hould I be <lb/>far from being of the &longs;ame opinion: But that the My&longs;teries for <lb/>which <emph type="italics"/>Pythagoras<emph.end type="italics"/> and his &longs;ect, had the Science of numbers in &longs;uch <lb/>veneration, are the follies that abound in the mouths and writings <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg11"></arrow.to.target><lb/>of the vulgar, I no waies credit: but rather becau&longs;e I know that they, <lb/>to the end admirable things might not be expo&longs;ed to the con<lb/>tempt, and &longs;corne of the vulgar, cen&longs;ured as &longs;acrilegious, the pub<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg12"></arrow.to.target><lb/>li&longs;hing of the ab&longs;truce properties of Numbers, and incommen<lb/>&longs;urable and irrational quantities, by them inve&longs;tigated; and di<lb/>vulged, that he who di&longs;covered them, was tormented in the other <lb/>World: I believe that &longs;ome one of them to deter the common <lb/>&longs;ort, and free him&longs;elf from their inqui&longs;itivene&longs;s, told them that the <lb/>my&longs;teries of numbers were tho&longs;e trifles, which afterwards did &longs;o

<pb pagenum="4"/>&longs;pread among&longs;t the vulgar; and this with a di&longs;cretion and &longs;ubtlety <lb/>re&longs;embling that of the prudent young man, that to be freed <lb/>from the importunity of his inqui&longs;itive Mother or Wife, I know <lb/>not whether, who pre&longs;&longs;ed him to impart the &longs;ecrets of the Senate, <lb/>contrived that &longs;tory, which afterwards brought her and many o<lb/>ther women to be derided and laught at by the &longs;ame Senate.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg10"></margin.target>Plato <emph type="italics"/>held that <lb/>humane under<lb/>&longs;tanding partook <lb/>ofaivi<gap/>ity, becau&longs;e <lb/>it understood num<lb/>bers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg11"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The My&longs;tery of<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Pythagorick <emph type="italics"/>num<lb/>bers fabulous.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg12"></margin.target>De Papyrio p æ<lb/>textato, <emph type="italics"/>Gellius<emph.end type="italics"/> <gap/><lb/>2. 3.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I will not be of the number of tho&longs;e who are over curi<lb/>ous about the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorick<emph.end type="italics"/> my&longs;teries; but adhering to the point <lb/>in hand; I reply, that the rea&longs;ons produced by <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> to prove <lb/>the dimen&longs;ions to be no more than three, &longs;eem to me conclu<lb/>dent, and I believe, That had there been any more evident demon<lb/>&longs;trations thereof, <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> would not have omitted them.</s>

<s>SAGR. Put in at lea&longs;t, if he had known, or remembred any more. <lb/>But you <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/> would do me a great plea&longs;ure to alledge unto <lb/>me &longs;ome arguments that may be evident, and clear enough for me <lb/>to comprehend.</s>

<s>SALV. I will; and they &longs;hall be &longs;uch as are not onely to be ap<lb/>prehended by you, but even by <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf: nor onely <lb/>to be comprehended, but are al&longs;o already known, although hap<lb/>ly unob&longs;erved; and for the more ea&longs;ie under&longs;tanding thereof, <lb/>we will take this Pen and Ink, which I &longs;ee already prepared for <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg13"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;uch occa&longs;ions, and de&longs;cribe a few figures. And fir&longs;t we will note <lb/>[Fig. 1. <emph type="italics"/>at the end of this Dialog.<emph.end type="italics"/>] the&longs;e two points AB, and draw <lb/>from the one to the other the curved lines, ACB, and ADB, and the <lb/>right line A B, I demand of you which of them, in your mind, is <lb/>that which determines the di&longs;tance between the terms AB, & why?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg13"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>A Geometrical de<lb/>mon&longs;tration of the <lb/>triple dimen&longs;ion.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>S<emph.end type="italics"/>AGR. I &longs;hould &longs;ay the right line, and not the crooked, as well <lb/>becau&longs;e the right is &longs;horter, as becau&longs;e it is one, &longs;ole, and deter<lb/>minate, whereas the others are infinit, unequal, and longer; and my <lb/>determination is grounded upon that, That it is one, and certain.</s>

<s>SALV. We have then the right line to determine the length be<lb/>tween the two terms; let us add another right line and parallel to <lb/>AB, which let be CD, [<emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 2.] &longs;o that there is put between them a <lb/>&longs;uperficies, of which I de&longs;ire you to a&longs;&longs;ign me the breadth, therefore <lb/>departing from the point A, tell me how, and which way you will <lb/>go, to end in the line C D, and &longs;o to point me out the breadth com<lb/>prehended between tho&longs;e lines; let me know whether you will <lb/>terminate it according to the quantity of the curved line A E, or <lb/>the right line A F, or any other.</s>

<s>SIMPL. According to the right A F, and not according to the <lb/>crooked, that being already excluded from &longs;uch an u&longs;e.</s>

<s>SAGR. But I would take neither of them, &longs;eeing the right line <lb/>A F runs obliquely; But would draw a line, perpendicular to C <lb/>D, for this &longs;hould &longs;eem to me the &longs;horte&longs;t, and the propere&longs;t of <lb/>infinite that are greater, and unequal to one another, which may be

<pb pagenum="5"/>produced from the term A to any other part of the oppo&longs;ite line <lb/>C D.</s>

<s>SALV. Your choice, and the rea&longs;on you bring for it in my judg<lb/>ment is mo&longs;t excellent; &longs;o that by this time we have proved that <lb/>the fir&longs;t dimen&longs;ion is determined by a right line, the &longs;econd name<lb/>ly the breadth with another line right al&longs;o, and not onely right, <lb/>but withall, at right-angles to the other that determineth the <lb/>length, and thus we have the two dimen&longs;ions of length and <lb/>breadth, definite and certain. But were you to bound or termi<lb/>nate a height, as for example, how high this Roof is from the pave<lb/>ment, that we tread on, being that from any point in the Roof, <lb/>we may draw infinite lines, both curved, and right, and all of di<lb/>ver&longs;e lengths to infinite points of the pavement, which of all the&longs;e <lb/>lines would you make u&longs;e of?</s>

<s>SAGR. I would fa&longs;ten a line to the Seeling, and with a plummet <lb/>that &longs;hould hang at it, would let it freely di&longs;tend it &longs;elf till it <lb/>&longs;hould reach well near to the pavement, and the length of &longs;uch a <lb/>thread being the &longs;treighte&longs;t and &longs;horte&longs;t of all the lines, that could <lb/>po&longs;sibly be drawn from the &longs;ame point to the pavement, I would <lb/>&longs;ay was the true height of this Room.</s>

<s>SALV. Very well, And when from the point noted in the pave<lb/>ment by this pendent thread (taking the pavement to be levell <lb/>and not declining) you &longs;hould produce two other right lines, one <lb/>for the length, and the other for the breadth of the &longs;uperficies of <lb/>the&longs;aid pavement, what angles &longs;hould they make with the &longs;aid <lb/>thread?</s>

<s>SAGR. They would doubtle&longs;s meet at right angles, the &longs;aid <lb/>lines falling perpendicular, and the pavement being very plain and <lb/>levell.</s>

<s>SALV. Therefore if you a&longs;&longs;ign any point, for the term from whence <lb/>to begin your mea&longs;ure; and from thence do draw a right line, as <lb/>the terminator of the fir&longs;t mea&longs;ure, namely of the length, it will <lb/>follow of nece&longs;&longs;ity, that that which is to de&longs;ign out the largene&longs;s <lb/>or breadth, toucheth the fir&longs;t at right-angles, and that that which is <lb/>to denote the altitude, which is the third dimen&longs;ion, going from the <lb/>&longs;ame point formeth al&longs;o with the other two, not oblique but right <lb/>angles, and thus by the three perpendiculars, as by three lines, one, <lb/>certain, and as &longs;hort as is po&longs;&longs;ible, you have the three dimen&longs;ions <lb/>A B length, A C breadth, and A D height; and becau&longs;e, clear it <lb/>is, that there cannot concurre any more lines in the &longs;aid point, &longs;o <lb/>as to make therewith right-angles, and the dimen&longs;ions ought to <lb/>be determined by the &longs;ole right lines, which make between them<lb/>&longs;elves right-angles; therefore the dimen&longs;ions are no more but <lb/>three, and that which hath three hath all, and that which hath all, <lb/>is divi&longs;ible on all &longs;ides, and that which is &longs;o, is perfect, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. And who &longs;aith that I cannot draw other lines? why <lb/>may not I protract another line underneath, unto the point A, <lb/>that may be perpendicular to the re&longs;t?</s>

<s>SALV. You can doubtle&longs;s, at one and the &longs;ame point, make no <lb/>more than three right lines concurre, that con&longs;titute right angles <lb/>between them&longs;elves.</s>

<s>SAGR. I &longs;ee what <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> means, namely, that &longs;hould the <lb/>&longs;aid D A be prolonged downward, then by that means there might <lb/>be drawn two others, but they would be the &longs;ame with the fir&longs;t <lb/>three, differing onely in this, that whereas now they onely touch, <lb/>then they would inter&longs;ect, but not produce new dimen&longs;ions.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg14"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg14"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>In phyfical proofs <lb/>geometrical exact<lb/>ne&longs;s is not nece&longs;&longs;a<lb/>ry.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I will not &longs;ay that this your argument may not be con<lb/>cludent; but yet this I &longs;ay with <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> that in things natural <lb/>it is not alwaies nece&longs;&longs;ary, to bring <emph type="italics"/>Mathematical<emph.end type="italics"/> demon&longs;trations.</s>

<s>SAGR. Grant that it were &longs;o where &longs;uch proofs cannot be had, <lb/>yet if this ca&longs;e admit of them, why do not you u&longs;e them? But it <lb/>would be good we &longs;pent no more words on this particular, for I <lb/>think that <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/> will yield, both to <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> and you, with<lb/>out farther demon&longs;tration, that the World is a body, and perfect, <lb/>yea mo&longs;t perfect, as being the greate&longs;t work of God.</s>

<s>SALV. So really it is, therefore leaving the general contempla</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg15"></arrow.to.target><lb/>tion of the whole, let us de&longs;cend to the con&longs;ideration of its parts, <lb/>which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> in his fir&longs;t divi&longs;ion, makes two, and they very diffe<lb/>rent and almo&longs;t contrary to one another; namely the C&oelig;le&longs;tial, <lb/>and Elementary: that ingenerable, incorruptible, unalterable, un<lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ible, &c. and this expo&longs;ed to a continual alteration, mutati<lb/>on, &c. Which difference, as from its original principle, he de<lb/>rives from the diver&longs;ity of local motions, and in this method he <lb/>proceeds.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg15"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Parts of the world <lb/>are two, according <lb/>to<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;totle, <emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;le<lb/>&longs;tial and Elemen<lb/>tary contrary to <lb/>one another.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>Leaving the &longs;en&longs;ible, if I may &longs;o &longs;peak, and retiring into the <lb/>Ideal world, he begins Architectonically to con&longs;ider that nature <lb/>being the principle of motion, it followeth that natural bodies be <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg16"></arrow.to.target><lb/>indued with local motion. Next he declares local motion to be <lb/>of three kinds, namely, circular, right, and mixt of right and cir<lb/>cular: and the two fir&longs;t he calleth &longs;imple, for that of all lines the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg17"></arrow.to.target><lb/>circular, and right are onely &longs;imple; and here &longs;omewhat re<lb/>&longs;training him&longs;elf, he defineth anew, of &longs;imple motions, one to be <lb/>circular, namely that which is made about the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <lb/>other namely the right, upwards, and downwards; upwards, that <lb/>which moveth from the <emph type="italics"/>medium<emph.end type="italics"/>; downwards, that which goeth to<lb/>wards the <emph type="italics"/>medium.<emph.end type="italics"/> And from hence he infers, as he may by and ne<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg18"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary con&longs;equence, that all &longs;imple motions are confined to the&longs;e <lb/>three kinds, namely, to the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>medium<emph.end type="italics"/>; the which corre&longs;ponds &longs;aith he, with what hath been <lb/>&longs;aid before of a body, that it al&longs;o is perfected by three things, and &longs;o

<pb pagenum="7"/>is its motion. Having confirmed the&longs;e motions, he proceeds &longs;aying, <lb/>that of natural bodies &longs;ome being &longs;imple, and &longs;ome compo&longs;ed of <lb/>them (and he calleth &longs;imple bodies tho&longs;e, that have a principle <lb/>of motion from nature, as the Fire and Earth) it follows that <lb/>&longs;imple motions belong to &longs;imple bodies, and mixt to the com<lb/>pound; yet in &longs;uch &longs;ort, that the compounded incline to the part <lb/>predominant in the compo&longs;ition.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg16"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Local motion of <lb/>three kinds, right, <lb/>circular, & mixt.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg17"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Circular, and <lb/>&longs;treight motions <lb/>are &longs;imple, as pro<lb/>ceeding by &longs;imple <lb/>lines.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg18"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Ad medium, à me<lb/>dio, & circa medi<lb/>um.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Pray you hold a little <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus,<emph.end type="italics"/> for I find &longs;o many <lb/>doubts to &longs;pring up on all &longs;ides in this di&longs;cour&longs;e, that I &longs;hall be <lb/>con&longs;trained, either to communicate them if I would attentively <lb/>hearken to what you &longs;hall add, or to take off my attention from <lb/>the things &longs;poken, if I would remember objections.</s>

<s>SALV. I will very willingly &longs;tay, for that I al&longs;o run the &longs;ame <lb/>hazard, and am ready at every &longs;tep to lo&longs;e my &longs;elf whil&longs;t I &longs;ail be<lb/>tween Rocks, and boi&longs;terous Waves, that make me, as they &longs;ay, to <lb/>lo&longs;e my <emph type="italics"/>Compa&longs;s<emph.end type="italics"/>; therefore before I make them more, propound <lb/>your difficulties.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg19"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg19"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The definition of <lb/>Nature, either im<lb/>perfect, or un&longs;ea&longs;o<lb/>nable, produced by<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Ari&longs;totle.</s>

<s>SAGR. You and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> together would at fir&longs;t take me a <lb/>little out of the &longs;en&longs;ible World, to tell me of the <emph type="italics"/>Architecture,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>wherewith it ought to be fabricated; and very appo&longs;itly begin to <lb/>tell me, that a natural body is by nature moveable, nature being <lb/>(as el&longs;ewhere it is defined) the principle of motion. But here I <lb/>am &longs;omewhat doubtfull why <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;aid not that of natural bo<lb/>dies, &longs;ome are moveable by nature, and others immoveable, for <lb/>that in the definition, nature is &longs;aid to be the principle of Motion, <lb/>and Re&longs;t; for if natural bodies have all a principle of motion, <lb/>either he might have omitted the mention of Re&longs;t, in the definiti<lb/>on of nature: or not have introduced &longs;uch a definition in this place. <lb/>Next, as to the declaration of what <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> intends by &longs;imple <lb/>motions, and how by Spaces he determines them, calling tho&longs;e &longs;im<lb/>ple, that are made by &longs;imple lines, which are onely the right, and </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg20"></arrow.to.target><lb/>circular, I entertain it willingly; nor do I de&longs;ire to tenter the <lb/>in&longs;tance of the Helix, about the Cylinder; which in that it is in e<lb/>very part like to it &longs;elf, might &longs;eemingly be numbred among &longs;im<lb/>ple lines. But herein I cannot concurre, that he &longs;hould &longs;o re<lb/>&longs;train &longs;imple motions (whil&longs;t he &longs;eems to go about to repeat the <lb/>&longs;ame definition in other words) as to call one of them the motion <lb/>about the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> the others <emph type="italics"/>Sur&longs;um & Deor&longs;um,<emph.end type="italics"/> namely up<lb/>wards and downward; which terms are not to be u&longs;ed, out of the <lb/>World fabricated, but imply it not onely made, but already in<lb/>habited by us; for if the right motion be &longs;imple, by the &longs;implicity <lb/>of the right line, and if the &longs;imple motion be natural, it is made on <lb/>every &longs;ide, to wit, upwards, downwards, backwards, forwards, to <lb/>the right, to the left, and if any other way can be imagined, pro<lb/>vided it be &longs;traight, it &longs;hall agree to any &longs;imple natural body; or

<pb pagenum="8"/>if not &longs;o, then the &longs;uppo&longs;ion of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> is defective. It appears <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg21"></arrow.to.target><lb/>moreover that <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> hinteth but one circular motion alone to <lb/>be in the World, and con&longs;equently but one onely Center, to <lb/>which alone the motions of upwards and downwards, refer. All <lb/>which are apparent proofs, that <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totles<emph.end type="italics"/> aim is, to make white <lb/>black, and to accommodate <emph type="italics"/>Architectur<gap/><emph.end type="italics"/> to the building, and not <lb/>to modle the building according to the precepts of <emph type="italics"/>Arthitecture:<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for if I &longs;hould &longs;ay that Nature in Univer&longs;al may have a thou<lb/>&longs;and Circular Motions, and by con&longs;equence a thou&longs;and Cen<lb/>ters, there would be al&longs;o a thou&longs;and motions upwards, and <lb/>downwards. Again he makes as hath been &longs;aid, a &longs;imple motion, <lb/>and a mixt motion, calling &longs;imple, the circular and right; and <lb/>mixt, the compound of them two: of natural bodies he calls &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;imple (namely tho&longs;e that have a natural principle to &longs;imple mo<lb/>tion) and others compound: and &longs;imple motions he attributes <lb/>to &longs;imple bodies, and the compounded to the compound; but by <lb/>compound motion he doth no longer under&longs;tand the mixt of right <lb/>and circular, which may be in the World; but introduceth a mixt <lb/>motion as impo&longs;&longs;ible, as it is impo&longs;&longs;ible to mixe oppo&longs;ite motions <lb/>made in the &longs;ame right line, &longs;o as to produce from them a motion <lb/>partly upwards, partly downwards; and, to moderate &longs;uch an ab<lb/>&longs;urdity, and impo&longs;&longs;ibility, he a&longs;&longs;erts that &longs;uch mixt bodies move <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg22"></arrow.to.target><lb/>according to the &longs;imple part predominant: which nece&longs;&longs;itates <lb/>others to &longs;ay, that even the motion made by the &longs;ame right line is <lb/>&longs;ometimes &longs;imple, and &longs;ometimes al&longs;o compound: &longs;o that the &longs;im<lb/>plicity of the motion, is no longer dependent onely on the &longs;im<lb/>plicity of the line.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg20"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Helix about <lb/>the Cylinder may <lb/>be &longs;aid to be a &longs;im<lb/>ple line.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg21"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>accom<lb/>modates the rules of<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Architecture <emph type="italics"/>to <lb/>the frame of the <lb/>World, and not the <lb/>frame to the rules.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg22"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right motion, &longs;ome<lb/>times &longs;imple, ard <lb/>&longs;ometimes mixt ac<lb/>cording to<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;t.</s>

<s>SIMPL. How? Is it not difference &longs;ufficient, that the &longs;imple and <lb/>ab&longs;olute are more &longs;wift than that which proceeds from predomi<lb/>nion? and how much fa&longs;ter doth a piece of pure Earth de&longs;cend, <lb/>than a piece of Wood?</s>

<s>SAGR. Well, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/>; But put ca&longs;e the &longs;implicity for this <lb/>cau&longs;e was changed, be&longs;ides that there would be a hundred thou<lb/>&longs;and mixt motions, you would not be able to determine the &longs;im<lb/>ple; nay farther, if the greater or le&longs;&longs;e velocity be able to alter <lb/>the &longs;implicity of the motion, no &longs;imple body &longs;hould move with a <lb/>&longs;imple motion; &longs;ince that in all natural right motions, the veloci<lb/>ty is ever encrea&longs;ing, and by con&longs;equence &longs;till changing the &longs;impli<lb/>city, which as it is &longs;implicity, ought of con&longs;equence to be immu<lb/>table, and that which more importeth, you charge <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> with <lb/>another thing, that in the definition of motions compounded, he <lb/>hath not made mention of tardity nor velocity, which you now <lb/>in&longs;ert for a nece&longs;&longs;ary and e&longs;&longs;ential point. Again you can draw <lb/>no advantage from this rule, for that there will be among&longs;t the <lb/>mixt bodies &longs;ome, (and that not a few) that will move &longs;wiftly,

<pb pagenum="9"/>and others more &longs;lowly than the &longs;imple; as for example, Lead, and <lb/>Wood, in compari&longs;on of earth; and therefore among&longs;t the&longs;e mo<lb/>tions, which call you the &longs;imple, and which the mixt?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I would call that &longs;imple motion, which is made by a <lb/>&longs;imple body, and mixt, that of a compound body.</s>

<s>SAGR. Very well, and yet <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> a little before you &longs;aid, <lb/>that the &longs;imple, and compound motions, di&longs;covered which were <lb/>mixt, and which were &longs;imple bodies; now you will have me by <lb/>&longs;imple and mixt bodies, come to know which is the &longs;imple, and <lb/>which is the compound motion: an excellent way to keep us igno<lb/>rant, both of motions and bodies. Moreover you have al&longs;o a little <lb/>above declared, how that a greater velocity did not &longs;uffice, but <lb/>you &longs;eek a third condition for the definement of &longs;imple motion, for <lb/>which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> contented him&longs;elf with one alone, namely, of the <lb/>&longs;implicity of the Space, or <emph type="italics"/>Medium<emph.end type="italics"/>: But now according to you, <lb/>the &longs;imple motion, &longs;hall be that which is made upon a &longs;imple line, <lb/>with a certain determinate velocity, by a body &longs;imply moveable. <lb/>Now be it as you plea&longs;e, and let us return to <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> who defi<lb/>neth the mixt motion to be that compounded of the right, and cir<lb/>cular, but produceth not any body, which naturally moveth with <lb/>&longs;uch a motion.</s>

<s>SALV. I come again to <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> who having very well, and <lb/>Methodically begun his di&longs;cour&longs;e, but having a greater aim to <lb/>re&longs;t at, and hit a marke, predefigned in his minde, then that to <lb/>which his method lead him, digre&longs;&longs;ing from the purpo&longs;e, he comes <lb/>to a&longs;&longs;ert, as a thing known and manife&longs;t, that as to the motions <lb/>directly upwards or downwards, they naturally agree to Fire, and <lb/>Earth; and that therefore it is nece&longs;&longs;ary, that be&longs;ides the&longs;e bodies, <lb/>which are neer unto us, there mu&longs;t be in nature another, to which <lb/>the circular motion may agree: which &longs;hall be &longs;o much the more <lb/>excellent by how much the circular motion is more perfect, then the <lb/>&longs;treight, but how much more perfect that is than this, he deter<lb/>mines from the greatne&longs;s of the circular lines perfection above the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg23"></arrow.to.target><lb/>right line; calling that perfect, and this imperfect; imperfect, be<lb/>cau&longs;e if infinite it wanteth a termination, and end: and if it be fi<lb/>nite, there is yet &longs;omething beyond which it may be prolonged. <lb/>This is the ba&longs;is, ground work, and ma&longs;ter-&longs;tone of all the Fabrick <lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>Aristotelian<emph.end type="italics"/> World, upon which they &longs;uper&longs;truct all their <lb/>other properties, of neither heavy nor light, of ingenerable incor<lb/>ruptible, exemption from all motions, &longs;ome onely the local, &c. <lb/>And all the&longs;e pa&longs;&longs;ions he affirmeth to be proper to a &longs;imple body <lb/>that is moved circularly; and the contrary qualities of gravity, <lb/>levity, corruptibility, &c. he a&longs;&longs;igns to bodies naturally moveable <lb/>in a &longs;treight line, for that if we have already di&longs;covered defects in <lb/>the foundation, we may rationally que&longs;tion what &longs;oever may far

<pb pagenum="10"/>ther built thereon. I deny not, that this which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> hitherto <lb/>hath introduced, with a general di&longs;cour&longs;e dependent upon univer<lb/>&longs;al primary principles, hathbeen &longs;ince in proce&longs;s of time, re-inforced <lb/>with particular rea&longs;ons, and experiments; all which it would be <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary di&longs;tinctly to con&longs;ider and weigh; but becau&longs;e what hath <lb/>been &longs;aid hitherto pre&longs;ents to &longs;uch as con&longs;ider the &longs;ame many and <lb/>no &longs;mall difficulties, (and yet it would be nece&longs;&longs;ary, that the pri<lb/>mary principles and fundamentals, were certain, firm, and e&longs;tabli&longs;h<lb/>ed, that &longs;o they might with more confidence be built upon) it <lb/>would not be ami&longs;s, before we farther multiply doubts, to &longs;ee if <lb/>haply (as I conjecture) betaking our &longs;elves to other waies, we may <lb/>not light upon a more direct and &longs;ecure method; and with better <lb/>con&longs;idered principles of Architecture lay our primary fundamen<lb/>tals. Therefore &longs;u&longs;pending for the pre&longs;ent the method of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;to<lb/>tle,<emph.end type="italics"/> (which we will re-a&longs;&longs;ume again in its proper place, and parti<lb/>cularly examine;) I &longs;ay, that in the things hitherto affirmed by <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg24"></arrow.to.target><lb/>him, I agree with him, and admit that the World is a body enjoy<lb/>ing all dimen&longs;ions, and therefore mo&longs;t perfect; and I add, that as <lb/>&longs;uch, it is nece&longs;&longs;arily mo&longs;t ordinate, that is, having parts between <lb/>them&longs;elves, with exqui&longs;ite and mo&longs;t perfect order di&longs;po&longs;ed; which <lb/>a&longs;&longs;umption I think is not to be denied, neither by you or any <lb/>other.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg23"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The circular line <lb/>perfect, according <lb/>to<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;totle, <emph type="italics"/>and <lb/>but the right im<lb/>perfect, and why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg24"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The world is &longs;up<lb/>po&longs;ed by the Au<lb/>thor to be perfectly <lb/>ordinate.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. Who can deny it? the fir&longs;t particular (of the worlds <lb/>dimen&longs;ions) is taken from <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf, and its denominati<lb/>on of ordinate &longs;eems onely to be a&longs;&longs;umed from the order which it <lb/>mo&longs;t exactly keeps.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg25"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg25"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Streight motion <lb/>impo&longs;&longs;ible in the <lb/>world exactly or<lb/>dinate.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. This principle then e&longs;tabli&longs;hed, one may immediately <lb/>conclude, that if the entire parts of the World &longs;hould be by their <lb/>nature moveable, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible that their motions &longs;hould be <lb/>right, or other than circular; and the rea&longs;on is &longs;ufficiently ea&longs;ie, <lb/>and manife&longs;t; for that what&longs;oever moveth with a right motion, <lb/>changeth place; and continuing to move, doth by degrees more <lb/>and more remove from the term from whence it departed, and <lb/>from all the places thorow which it &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively pa&longs;&longs;ed; and if <lb/>&longs;uch motion naturally &longs;uited with it, then it was not at the be<lb/>ginning in its proper place; and &longs;o the parts of the World were <lb/>not di&longs;po&longs;ed with perfect order. But we &longs;uppo&longs;e them to be per<lb/>fectly ordinate, therefore as &longs;uch, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible that they &longs;hould <lb/>by nature change place, and con&longs;equently move in a right moti</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg26"></arrow.to.target><lb/>on. Again, the right motion being by nature infinite, for that <lb/>the right line is infinite and indeterminate, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible that <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg27"></arrow.to.target><lb/>any moveable can have a natural principle of moving in a right <lb/>line; namely toward the place whither it is impo&longs;&longs;ible to arrive, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg28"></arrow.to.target><lb/>there being no præ-&longs;inite term; and nature, as <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf <lb/>&longs;aith well, never attempts to do that which can never be done,

<pb pagenum="11"/>nor e&longs;&longs;aies to move whither it is impo&longs;&longs;ible to arrive. And if any <lb/>one &longs;hould yet object, that albeit the right line, and con&longs;equent<lb/>ly the motion by it is producible <emph type="italics"/>in infinitum,<emph.end type="italics"/> that is to &longs;ay, is in<lb/>terminate; yet neverthele&longs;s Nature, as one may &longs;ay, arbitrarily <lb/>hath a&longs;&longs;igned them &longs;ome terms, and given natural in&longs;tincts to <lb/>its natural bodies to move unto the &longs;ame; I will reply, that this <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg29"></arrow.to.target><lb/>might perhaps be fabled to have come to pa&longs;s in the fir&longs;t Chaos, <lb/>where indi&longs;tinct matters confu&longs;edly and inordinately wandered; <lb/>to regulate which, Nature very appo&longs;itely made u&longs;e of right mo<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg30"></arrow.to.target><lb/>tions, by which, like as the well-con&longs;tituted, moving, di&longs;dorder <lb/>them&longs;elves, &longs;o were they which were before depravedly di&longs;po&longs;ed <lb/>by this motion ranged in order: but after their exqui&longs;ite di&longs;tribu<lb/>tion and collocation, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible that there &longs;hould remain na<lb/>tural inclinations in them of longer moving in a right motion, <lb/>from which now would en&longs;ue their removal from their proper and <lb/>natural place, that is to &longs;ay, their di&longs;ordination; we may there<lb/>fore &longs;ay that the right motion &longs;erves to conduct the matter to erect <lb/>the work; but once erected, that it is to re&longs;t immoveable, or if <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg31"></arrow.to.target><lb/>moveable, to move it &longs;elf onely circularly. Unle&longs;s we will &longs;ay <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the&longs;e mundane bodies, after they had been made <lb/>and fini&longs;hed, were for a certain time moved by their Maker, in a <lb/>right motion, but that after their attainment to certain and de<lb/>terminate places, they were revolved one by one in Spheres, pa&longs;<lb/>&longs;ing from the right to the circular motion, wherein they have <lb/>been ever &longs;ince kept and maintained. A &longs;ublime conceipt, and <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg32"></arrow.to.target><lb/>worthy indeed of <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/>: upon which, I remember to have heard <lb/>our common friend the ^{*}<emph type="italics"/>Lyncean Academick<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;cour&longs;e in this man<lb/>ner, if I have not forgot it. Every body for any rea&longs;on con&longs;titu<lb/>ted in a &longs;tate of re&longs;t, but which is by nature moveable, being &longs;et <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg33"></arrow.to.target><lb/>at liberty doth move; provided withal, that it have an inclina<lb/>tion to &longs;ome particular place; for &longs;hould it &longs;tand indifferently af<lb/>fected to all, it would remain in its re&longs;t, not having greater in<lb/>ducement to move one way than another. From the having of <lb/>this inclination nece&longs;&longs;arily proceeds, that it in its moving &longs;hall con<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg34"></arrow.to.target><lb/>tinually increa&longs;e its acceleration, and beginning with a mo&longs;t &longs;low <lb/>motion, it &longs;hall not acquire any degree of velocity, before it <lb/>&longs;hall have pa&longs;&longs;ed thorow all the degrees of le&longs;s velocity, or grea<lb/>ter tardity: for pa&longs;&longs;ing from the &longs;tate of quiet (which is the in<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg35"></arrow.to.target><lb/>finite degree of tardity of motion) there is no rea&longs;on by which <lb/>it &longs;hould enter into &longs;uch a determinate degree of velocity, before <lb/>it &longs;hall have entred into a le&longs;s, and into yet a le&longs;s, before it entred <lb/>into that: but rather it &longs;tands with rea&longs;on, to pa&longs;s fir&longs;t by tho&longs;e <lb/>degrees neare&longs;t to that from which it departed, and from tho&longs;e to <lb/>the more remote; but the degree from whence the moveable <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg36"></arrow.to.target><lb/>began to move, is that of extreme tardity, namely of re&longs;t.

<arrow.to.target n="marg37"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Now this acceleration of motion is never made, but when the <lb/>moveable in moving acquireth it; nor is its acqui&longs;t other than an <lb/>approaching to the place de&longs;ired, to wit, whither its natural in<lb/>clination attracts it, and thither it tendeth by the &longs;horte&longs;t way; <lb/>namely, by a right line. We may upon good grounds therefore <lb/>&longs;ay, That Nature, to confer upon a moveable fir&longs;t con&longs;tituted in <lb/>re&longs;t a determinate velocity, u&longs;eth to make it move according to <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg38"></arrow.to.target><lb/>a certain time and &longs;pace with a right motion. This pre&longs;uppo&longs;ed, <lb/>let us imagine God to have created the Orb <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter,<emph.end type="italics"/> on <lb/>which he had determined to confer &longs;uch a certain velocity, which <lb/>it ought afterwards to retain perpetually uniform; we may with <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ay, that he gave it at the beginning a right and accelerate <lb/>motion, and that it afterwards being arrived to that intended de<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg39"></arrow.to.target><lb/>gree of velocity, he converted its right, into a circular motion, <lb/>the velocity of which came afterwards naturally to be uniform.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg26"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right motion by <lb/>nature infinite.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg27"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Motion by a right <lb/>line naturally im<lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg28"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Nature attempts <lb/>not things impo&longs;&longs;i<lb/>ble to be effected.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg29"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right motion might <lb/>perhaps be in the <lb/>fir&longs;t Chaos.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg30"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right motion is <lb/>commodious to <lb/>range in order, <lb/>things ous of or<lb/>der.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg31"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Mundane bodies <lb/>moved in the be<lb/>ginning in a right <lb/>line, and after<lb/>wards circularly? <lb/>according to<emph.end type="italics"/> Plato.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg32"></margin.target>* Thus doth he co<lb/>vertly and mode&longs;t<lb/>ly &longs;tile him&longs;elfe <lb/>throughout this <lb/>work.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg33"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>A moveable be<lb/>ing in a &longs;tate of <lb/>re&longs;t, &longs;hall not move <lb/>unle&longs;s it have an <lb/>inclination to &longs;ome <lb/>particular place.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg34"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The moveable ac<lb/>celerates its moti<lb/>on, going towards <lb/>the place whither <lb/>it hath an inclina<lb/>tion.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg35"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The moveable pa&longs;<lb/>&longs;ing from re&longs;t, go<lb/>eth thorow all the <lb/>degrees of tardity.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg36"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Re&longs;t the in&longs;inioe <lb/>degree of tardity.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg37"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The moveable doth <lb/>not accelerate, &longs;ave <lb/>only as it approach<lb/>eth nearer to its <lb/>term.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg38"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Nature, to intro<lb/>duce in the move<lb/>able a certain de<lb/>gree of velocity, <lb/>made it move in a <lb/>right line.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg39"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Vniform velocity <lb/>convenient to the <lb/>circular motion.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I hearken to this Di&longs;cour&longs;e with great delight; and I <lb/>believe the content I take therein will be greater, when you have <lb/>&longs;atisfied me in a doubt: that is, (which I do not very well com<lb/>prehend) how it of nece&longs;&longs;ity en&longs;ues, that a moveable departing <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg40"></arrow.to.target><lb/>from its re&longs;t, and entring into a motion to which it had a natural <lb/>inclination, it pa&longs;&longs;eth thorow all the precedent degrees o&longs; tardity, <lb/>comprehended between any a&longs;&longs;igned degree of velocity, and the <lb/>&longs;tate of re&longs;t, which degrees are infinite? &longs;o that Nature was not <lb/>able to confer them upon the body of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter,<emph.end type="italics"/> his circular moti<lb/>on being in&longs;tantly created with &longs;uch and &longs;uch velocity.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg41"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg40"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Betwixt re&longs;t, and <lb/>any a&longs;&longs;igned degree <lb/>of velocity, infinite <lb/>degrees of le&longs;s ve<lb/>locity interpo&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg41"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Nature doth not <lb/>immediately con<lb/>fer a determinate <lb/>degree of velocity, <lb/>howbeit &longs;he could.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. I neither did, nor dare &longs;ay, that it was impo&longs;&longs;ible for <lb/>God or Nature to confer that velocity which you &longs;peak of, imme<lb/>diately; but this I &longs;ay, that <emph type="italics"/>de facto<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;he did not doit; &longs;o that the <lb/>doing it would be a work extra-natural, and by confequence mi<lb/>raculous.</s>

<s>SAGR. Then you believe, that a &longs;tone leaving its re&longs;t, and en<lb/>tring into its natural motion towards the centre of the Earth, pa&longs;<lb/>&longs;eth thorow all the degrees of tardity inferiour to any degree of <lb/>velocity?</s>

<s>SALV. I do believe it, nay am certain of it; and &longs;o certain, <lb/>that I am able to make you al&longs;o very well &longs;atisfied with the truth <lb/>thereof.</s>

<s>SAGR. Though by all this daies di&longs;cour&longs;e I &longs;hould gain no <lb/>more but &longs;uch a knowledge, I &longs;hould think my time very well <lb/>be&longs;towed.</s>

<s>SALV. By what I collect from our di&longs;cour&longs;e, a great part of <lb/>your &longs;cruple lieth in that it &longs;hould in a time, and that very &longs;hort, <lb/>pa&longs;s thorow tho&longs;e infinite degrees of tardity precedent to any ve<lb/>locity, acquired by the moveable in that time: and therefore be<lb/>fore we go any farther, I will &longs;eek to remove this difficulty, which

<pb pagenum="13"/>&longs;hall be an ea&longs;ie task; for I reply, that the moveable pa&longs;&longs;eth by <lb/>the afore&longs;aid degrees, but the pa&longs;&longs;age is made without &longs;taying in </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg42"></arrow.to.target><lb/>any of them; &longs;o that the pa&longs;&longs;age requiring but one &longs;ole in&longs;tant <lb/>of time, and every &longs;mall time containing infinite in&longs;tants, we &longs;hall <lb/>not want enough of them to a&longs;&longs;ign its own to each of the infinite <lb/>degrees of tardity; although the time were never &longs;o &longs;hort.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg42"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The moveable de<lb/>parting from re&longs;v <lb/>pa&longs;&longs;eth thorow all <lb/>degrees of velocity <lb/>without &longs;taying in <lb/>any.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Hitherto I apprehend you; neverthele&longs;s it is very much <lb/>that that Ball &longs;hot from a Cannon (for &longs;uch I conceive the ca<lb/>dent moveable) which yet we &longs;ee to fall with &longs;uch a precipice, <lb/>that in le&longs;s than ten pul&longs;es it will pa&longs;s two hundred yards of al<lb/>titude; &longs;hould in its motion be found conjoyned with &longs;o &longs;mall a <lb/>degree of velocity, that, &longs;hould it have continued to have moved <lb/>at that rate without farther acceleration, it would not have pa&longs;t <lb/>the &longs;ame in a day.</s>

<s>SALV. You may &longs;ay, nor yet in a year, nor in ten, no nor in a <lb/>thou&longs;and; as I will endeavour to &longs;hew you, and al&longs;o happily with<lb/>out your contradiction, to &longs;ome &longs;ufficiently &longs;imple que&longs;tions that <lb/>I will propound to you. Therefore tell me if you make any que<lb/>&longs;tion of granting that, that that ball in de&longs;cending goeth increa<lb/>&longs;ing its <emph type="italics"/>impetus<emph.end type="italics"/> and velocity.</s>

<s>SAGR. I am mo&longs;t certain it doth.</s>

<s>SALV. And if I &longs;hould &longs;ay that the <emph type="italics"/>impetus<emph.end type="italics"/> acquired in any <lb/>place of its motion, is &longs;o much, that it would &longs;uffice to re-carry <lb/>it to that place from which it came, would you grant it?</s>

<s>SAGR. I &longs;hould con&longs;ent to it without contradiction, provided al<lb/>waies, that it might imploy without impediment its whole <emph type="italics"/>impetus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in that &longs;ole work of re-conducting it &longs;elf, or another equal toit, to <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg43"></arrow.to.target><lb/>that &longs;elf-&longs;ame height as it would do, in ca&longs;e the Earth were bored <lb/>thorow the centre, and the Bullet fell a thou&longs;and yards from the <lb/>&longs;aid centre, for I verily believe it would pa&longs;s beyond the centre, <lb/>a&longs;cending as much as it had de&longs;cended; and this I &longs;ee plainly in <lb/>the experiment of a plummet hanging at a line, which removed <lb/>from the perpendicular, which is its &longs;tate of re&longs;t, and afterwards <lb/>let go, falleth towards the &longs;aid perpendicular, and goes as far be<lb/>yond it; or onely &longs;o much le&longs;s, as the oppo&longs;ition of the air, and <lb/>line, or other accidents have hindred it. The like I &longs;ee in the wa<lb/>ter, which de&longs;cending thorow a pipe, re-mounts as much as it had <lb/>de&longs;cended.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg43"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The ponderous mo<lb/>ver de&longs;cending ac<lb/>quireth<emph.end type="italics"/> impetus <lb/><emph type="italics"/>&longs;ufficient to re<lb/>carry it to the like <lb/>height.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. You argue very well. And for that I know you will not <lb/>&longs;cruple to grant that the acqui&longs;t of the <emph type="italics"/>impetus<emph.end type="italics"/> is by means of the <lb/>receding from the term whence the moveable departed, and its ap<lb/>proach to the centre, whither its motion tendeth; will you &longs;tick <lb/>to yeeld, that two equal moveables, though de&longs;cending by divers <lb/>lines, without any impediment, acquire equal <emph type="italics"/>impetus,<emph.end type="italics"/> provided <lb/>that the approaches to the centre be equal?</s>

<s>SAGR. I do not very well under&longs;tand the que&longs;tion.</s>

<s>SALV. I will expre&longs;s it better by drawing a Figure: therefore <lb/>I will &longs;uppo&longs;e the line A B [in <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 3.] parallel to the Horizon, <lb/>and upon the point B, I will erect a perpendicular B C; and after <lb/>that I adde this &longs;launt line C A. Under&longs;tanding now the line C <lb/>A to be an inclining plain exqui&longs;itely poli&longs;hed, and hard, upon <lb/>which de&longs;cendeth a ball perfectly round and of very hard matter, <lb/>and &longs;uch another I &longs;uppo&longs;e freely to de&longs;cend by the perpendicular <lb/>C B: will you now confe&longs;s that the <emph type="italics"/>impetus<emph.end type="italics"/> of that which de<lb/>&longs;cends by the plain C A, being arrived to the point A, may be <lb/>equal to the <emph type="italics"/>impetus<emph.end type="italics"/> acquired by the other in the point B, after <lb/>the de&longs;cent by the perpendicular C B?<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg44"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg44"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The impetuo&longs;ity of <lb/>moveables equally <lb/>approaching to the <lb/>centre, are equal.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I re&longs;olutely believe &longs;o: for in effect they have both the <lb/>&longs;ame proximity to the centre, and by that, which I have already <lb/>granted, their impetuo&longs;ities would be equally &longs;ufficient to re-carry <lb/>them to the &longs;ame height.</s>

<s>SALV. Tell me now what you believe the &longs;ame ball would do <lb/>put upon the Horizontal plane A B?</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg45"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg45"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Vpon an horizon<lb/>tall plane the move<lb/>able lieth &longs;till.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. It would lie &longs;till, the &longs;aid plane having no declination.</s>

<s>SALV. But on the inclining plane C A it would de&longs;cend, but <lb/>with a gentler motion than by the perpendicular C B?</s>

<s>SAGR. I may confidently an&longs;wer in the affirmative, it &longs;eem<lb/>ing to me nece&longs;&longs;ary that the motion by the perpendicular C B <lb/>&longs;hould be more &longs;wift, than by the inclining plane C A; yet ne<lb/>verthele&longs;s, i&longs; this be, how can the Cadent by the inclination ar<lb/>rived to the point A, have as much <emph type="italics"/>impetus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that is, the &longs;ame de<lb/>gree of velocity, that the Cadent by the perpendicular &longs;hall have <lb/>in the point B? the&longs;e two Propo&longs;itions &longs;eem contradictory.</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg46"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg46"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The veloeity by the <lb/>inclining plane e<lb/>qual to the veloci<lb/>ty by the perpendi<lb/>oular, and the mo<lb/>tion by the perpen<lb/>dicular &longs;wifter <lb/>than by the incli<lb/>nation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. Then you would think it much more fal&longs;e, &longs;hould I <lb/>&longs;ay, that the velocity of the Cadents by the perpendicular, and <lb/>inclination, are ab&longs;olutely equal: and yet this is a Propo&longs;ition <lb/>mo&longs;t true, as is al&longs;o this that the Cadent moveth more &longs;wiftly by <lb/>the perpendicular, than by the inclination.</s>

<s>SAGR. The&longs;e Propo&longs;itions to my ears &longs;ound very har&longs;h: and <lb/>I believe to yours <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/>?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I have the &longs;ame &longs;en&longs;e of them.</s>

<s>SALV. I conceit you je&longs;t with me, pretending not to compre<lb/>hend what you know better than my &longs;elf: therefore tell me <emph type="italics"/>Sim<lb/>plicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> when you imagine a moveable more &longs;wift than ano<lb/>ther, what conceit do you fancy in your mind?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I fancie one to pa&longs;s in the &longs;ame time a greater &longs;pace <lb/>than the other, or to move equal &longs;paces, but in le&longs;&longs;er time.</s>

<s>SALV. Very well: and for moveables equally &longs;wift, what's <lb/>your conceit of them?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I fancie that they pa&longs;s equal &longs;paces in equal times.</s>

<s>SALV. And have you no other conceit thereof than this?</s>

<s>SIMPL. This I think to be the proper definition of equal mo<lb/>tions.</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg47"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg47"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Velocities are &longs;aid <lb/>to be equal, when <lb/>the &longs;paces pa&longs;&longs;ed <lb/>are proportionate to <lb/>their time.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. We will add moreover this other: and call that equal <lb/>velocity, when the &longs;paces pa&longs;&longs;ed have the &longs;ame proportion, as the <lb/>times wherein they are pa&longs;t, and it is a more univer&longs;al definition.</s>

<s>SALV. It is &longs;o: for it comprehendeth the equal &longs;paces pa&longs;t in <lb/>equal times, and al&longs;o the unequal pa&longs;t in times unequal, but pro<lb/>portionate to tho&longs;e &longs;paces. Take now the &longs;ame Figure, and apply<lb/>ing the conceipt that you had of the more ha&longs;tie motion, tell me <lb/>why you think the velocity of the Cadent by C B, is greater <lb/>than the velocity of the De&longs;cendent by C A?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I think &longs;o; becau&longs;e in the &longs;ame time that the Cadent <lb/>&longs;hall pa&longs;s all C B, the De&longs;cendent &longs;hall pa&longs;s in C A, a part le&longs;s <lb/>than C B.</s>

<s>SALV. True; and thus it is proved, that the moveable moves <lb/>more &longs;wiftly by the perpendicular, than by the inclination. Now <lb/>con&longs;ider, if in this &longs;ame Figure one may any way evince the o<lb/>ther conceipt, and finde that the moveables were equally &longs;wift <lb/>by both the lines C A and C B.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I &longs;ee no &longs;uch thing; nay rather it &longs;eems to contradict <lb/>what was &longs;aid before.</s>

<s>SALV. And what &longs;ay you, <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus<emph.end type="italics"/>? I would not teach you <lb/>what you knew before, and that of which but ju&longs;t now you pro<lb/>duced me the definition.</s>

<s>SAGR. The definition I gave you, was, that moveables may <lb/>be called equally &longs;wift, when the &longs;paces pa&longs;&longs;ed are proportional <lb/>to the times in which they pa&longs;&longs;ed; therefore to apply the defini<lb/>tion to the pre&longs;ent ca&longs;e, it will be requi&longs;ite, that the time of de<lb/>&longs;cent by C A, to the time of falling by C B, &longs;hould have the <lb/>&longs;ame proportion that the line C A hath to the line C B; but I <lb/>under&longs;tand not how that can be, for that the motion by C B is <lb/>&longs;wifter than by C A.</s>

<s>SALV. And yet you mu&longs;t of nece&longs;&longs;ity know it. Tell me a little, <lb/>do not the&longs;e motions go continually accelerating?</s>

<s>SAGR. They do; but more in the perpendicular than in the <lb/>inclination.</s>

<s>SALV. But this acceleration in the perpendicular, is it yet not<lb/>with&longs;tanding &longs;uch in compari&longs;on of that of the inclined, that <lb/>two equal parts being taken in any place of the &longs;aid perpendicu<lb/>lar and inclining lines, the motion in the parts of the perpendicu<lb/>lar is alwaies more &longs;wift, than in the part of the inclination?</s>

<s>SAGR. I &longs;ay not &longs;o: but I could take a &longs;pace in the inclinati<lb/>on, in which the velocity &longs;hall be far greater than in the like &longs;pace <lb/>taken in the perpendicular; and this &longs;hall be, if the &longs;pace in the

<pb pagenum="16"/>perpendicular &longs;hould be taken near to the end C, and in the in<lb/>clination, far from it.</s>

<s>SALV. You &longs;ee then, that the Propo&longs;ition which &longs;aith, that <lb/>the motion by the perpendicular is more &longs;wift than by the incli<lb/>nation, holds not true univer&longs;ally, but onely of the motions, <lb/>which begin from the extremity, namely from the point of re&longs;t: <lb/>without which re&longs;triction, the Propo&longs;ition would be &longs;o deficient, <lb/>that its very direct contrary might be true; namely, that the mo<lb/>tion in the inclining plane is &longs;wifter than in the perpendicular: <lb/>for it is certain, that in the &longs;aid inclination, we may take a &longs;pace <lb/>pa&longs;t by the moveable in le&longs;s time, than the like &longs;pace pa&longs;t in the <lb/>perpendicular. Now becau&longs;e the motion in the inclination is in <lb/>&longs;ome places more, in &longs;ome le&longs;s, than in the perpendicular; there<lb/>fore in &longs;ome places of the inclination, the time of motion of the <lb/>moveable, &longs;hall have a greater proportion to the time of the motion <lb/>of the moveable, by &longs;ome places of the perpendicular, than the <lb/>&longs;pace pa&longs;&longs;ed, to the &longs;pace pa&longs;&longs;ed: and in other places, the pro<lb/>portion of the time to the time, &longs;hall be le&longs;s than that of the <lb/>&longs;pace to the &longs;pace. As for example: two moveables departing <lb/>from their quie&longs;cence, namely, from the point C, one by the per<lb/>pendicular C B, [in <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 4.] and the other by the inclination C A, <lb/>in the time that, in the perpendicular, the moveable &longs;hall have <lb/>pa&longs;t all C B, the other &longs;hall have pa&longs;t C T le&longs;&longs;er. And therefore <lb/>the time by C T, to the time by C B (which is equal) &longs;hall have <lb/>a greater proportion than the line C T to C B, being that the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>&longs;ame<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <emph type="italics"/>le&longs;s,<emph.end type="italics"/> hath a greater proportion than to the <emph type="italics"/>greater.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>And on the contrary, if in C A, prolonged as much as is requi<lb/>&longs;ite, one &longs;hould take a part equal to C B, but pa&longs;t in a &longs;horter <lb/>time; the time in the inclination &longs;hall have a le&longs;s proportion to <lb/>the time in the perpendicular, than the &longs;pace to the &longs;pace. If <lb/>therefore in the inclination and perpendicular, we may &longs;uppo&longs;e <lb/>&longs;uch &longs;paces and velocities, that the proportion between the &longs;aid <lb/>&longs;paces be greater and le&longs;s than the proportion of the times; we <lb/>may ea&longs;ily grant, that there are al&longs;o &longs;paces, by which the times <lb/>of the motions retain the &longs;ame proportion as the &longs;paces.</s>

<s>SAGR. I am already freed from my greate&longs;t doubt, and con<lb/>ceive that to be not onely po&longs;&longs;ible, but nece&longs;&longs;ary, which I but <lb/>now thought a contradiction: but neverthele&longs;s I under&longs;tand not <lb/>as yet, that this whereof we now are &longs;peaking, is one of the&longs;e <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible or nece&longs;&longs;ary ca&longs;es; &longs;o as that it &longs;hould be true, that the <lb/>time of de&longs;cent by C A, to the time of the fall by C B, hath the <lb/>&longs;ame proportion that the line C A hath to C B; whence it may <lb/>without contradiction be affirmed, that the velocity by the incli<lb/>nation C A, and by the perpendicular C B, are equal.</s>

<s>SALV. Content your &longs;elf for this time, that I have removed

<pb pagenum="17"/>your incredulity; but for the knowledge of this, expect it at <lb/>&longs;ome other time, namely, when you &longs;hall &longs;ee the matters concer<lb/>ning local motion demon&longs;trated by our <emph type="italics"/>Academick<emph.end type="italics"/>; at which <lb/>time you &longs;hall find it proved, that in the time that the one movea<lb/>ble falls all the &longs;pace C B, the other de&longs;cendeth by C A as far <lb/>as the point T, in which falls the perpendicular drawn from the <lb/>point B: and to find where the &longs;ame Cadent by the perpendi<lb/>cular would be when the other arriveth at the point A, draw from <lb/>A the perpendicular unto C A, continuing it, and C B unto the <lb/>interfection, and that &longs;hall be the point &longs;ought. Whereby you <lb/>&longs;ee how it is true, that the motion by C B is &longs;wifter than by the <lb/>inclination C A (&longs;uppo&longs;ing the term C for the beginning of the <lb/>motions compared) becau&longs;e the line C B is greater than C T, <lb/>and the other from C unto the inter&longs;ection of the perpendicular <lb/>drawn from A, unto the line C A, is greater than C A, and <lb/>therefore the motion by it is &longs;wifter than by C A But when we <lb/>compare the motion made by all C A, not with all the motion <lb/>made in the &longs;ame time by the perpendicular continued, but with <lb/>that made in part of the time, by the &longs;ole part C B, it hinders <lb/>not, that the motion by C A, continuing to de&longs;cend beyond, may <lb/>arrive to A in &longs;uch a time as is in proportion to the other time, <lb/>as the line C A is to the line C B. Now returning to our fir&longs;t <lb/>purpo&longs;e; which was to &longs;hew, that the grave moveable leaving <lb/>its quie&longs;cence, pa&longs;&longs;eth defcending by all the degrees of tardity, <lb/>precedent to any what&longs;oever degree of velocity that it aequireth, <lb/>re-a&longs;&longs;uming the &longs;ame Figure which we u&longs;ed before, let us remem<lb/>ber that we did agree, that the De&longs;cendent by the inclination C <lb/>A, and the Cadent by the perpendicular C B, were found to have <lb/>acquired equal degrees of velocity in the terms B and A: now to <lb/>proceed, I &longs;uppo&longs;e you will not &longs;cruple to grant, that upon ano<lb/>ther plane le&longs;s &longs;teep than A C; as for example, A D [in <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 5.] <lb/>the motion of the de&longs;cendent would be yet more &longs;low than in the <lb/>plane A C. So that it is not any whit dubitable, but that there <lb/>may be planes &longs;o little elevated above the Horizon A B, that the <lb/>moveable, namely the &longs;ame ball, in any the longe&longs;t time may <lb/>reach the point A, which being to move by the plane A B, an infi<lb/>nite time would not &longs;uffice: and the motion is made always more <lb/>&longs;lowly, by how much the declination is le&longs;s. It mu&longs;t be therefore <lb/>confe&longs;t, that there may be a point taken upon the term B, &longs;o near <lb/>to the &longs;aid B, that drawing from thence to the point A a plane, <lb/>the ball would not pa&longs;s it in a whole year. It is requi&longs;ite next <lb/>for you to know, that the <emph type="italics"/>impetus,<emph.end type="italics"/> namely the degree of velo<lb/>city the ball is found to have acquired when it arriveth at the <lb/>point A, is &longs;uch, that &longs;hould it continue to move with this &longs;elf-&longs;ame <lb/>degree uniformly, that is to &longs;ay, without accelerating or retarding;

<pb pagenum="18"/>in as much more time as it was in coming by the inclining plane, it <lb/>would pa&longs;s double the &longs;pace of the plane inclined: namely (for <lb/>example) if the ball had pa&longs;t the plane D A in an hour, con<lb/>tinuing to move uniformly with that degree of velocity which it <lb/>is found to have in its arriving at the term A, it &longs;hall pa&longs;s in an <lb/>hour a &longs;pace double the length D A; and becau&longs;e (as we have <lb/>&longs;aid) the degrees of velocity acquired in the points B and A, by <lb/>the moveables that depart from any point taken in the perpendicu<lb/>lar C B, and that de&longs;cend, the one by the inclined plane, the o<lb/>ther by the &longs;aid perpendicular, are always equal: therefore the <lb/>cadent by the perpendicular may depart from a term &longs;o near to B, <lb/>that the degree of velocity acquired in B, would not &longs;uffice (&longs;till <lb/>maintaining the &longs;ame) to conduct the moveable by a &longs;pace dou<lb/>ble the length of the plane inclined in a year, nor in ten, no nor <lb/>in a hundred. We may therefore conclude, that if it be true, <lb/>that according to the ordinary cour&longs;e of nature a moveable, all <lb/>external and accidental impediments removed, moves upon an in<lb/>clining plane with greater and greater tardity, according as the <lb/>inclination &longs;hall be le&longs;s; &longs;o that in the end the tardity comes to be <lb/>infinite, which is, when the inclination concludeth in, and joyneth <lb/>to the horizontal plane; and if it be true likewi&longs;e, that the de<lb/>gree of velocity acquired in &longs;ome point of the inclined plane, is <lb/>equal to that degree of velocity which is found to be in the move<lb/>able that de&longs;cends by the perpendicular, in the point cut by a <lb/>parallel to the Horizon, which pa&longs;&longs;eth by that point of the incli<lb/>ning plane; it mu&longs;t of nece&longs;&longs;ity be granted, that the cadent de<lb/>parting from re&longs;t, pa&longs;&longs;eth thorow all the infinite degrees of tar<lb/>dity, and that con&longs;equently, to acquire a determinate degree of <lb/>velocity, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary that it move fir&longs;t by right lines, de&longs;cend<lb/>ing by a &longs;hort or long &longs;pace, according as the velocity to be acqui<lb/>red, ought to be either le&longs;s or greater, and according as the plane <lb/>on which it de&longs;cendeth is more or le&longs;s inclined; &longs;o that a plane <lb/>may be given with &longs;o &longs;mall inclination, that to acquire in it the <lb/>a&longs;&longs;igned degree of velocity, it mu&longs;t fir&longs;t move in a very great &longs;pace, <lb/>and take a very long time; whereupon in the horizontal plane, any <lb/>how little &longs;oever velocity, would never be naturally acquired, <lb/>&longs;ince that the moveable in this ca&longs;e will never move: but the </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg48"></arrow.to.target><lb/>motion by the horizontal line, which is neither declined or incli<lb/>ned, is a circular motion about the centre: therefore the circu<lb/>lar motion is never acquired naturally, without the right motion <lb/>precede it; but being once acquired, it will continue perpetually <lb/>with uniform velocity. I could with other di&longs;cour&longs;es evince and <lb/>demon&longs;trate the &longs;ame truth, but I will not by &longs;o great a digre&longs;<lb/>fion interrupt our principal argument: but rather will return to <lb/>it upon &longs;ome other occa&longs;ion; e&longs;pecially &longs;ince we now a&longs;&longs;umed the

<pb pagenum="19"/>&longs;ame, not to &longs;erve for a nece&longs;&longs;ary demon&longs;tration, but to adorn a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Platonick<emph.end type="italics"/> Conceit; to which I will add another particular ob&longs;er<lb/>vation of our <emph type="italics"/>Academick,<emph.end type="italics"/> which hath in it &longs;omething of admira<lb/>ble. Let us &longs;uppo&longs;e among&longs;t the decrees of the divine <emph type="italics"/>Architect,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>a purpo&longs;e of creating in the World the&longs;e Globes, which we be<lb/>hold continually moving round, and of a&longs;&longs;igning the centre of <lb/>their conver&longs;ions; and that in it he had placed the Sun immoveable, <lb/>and had afterwards made all the &longs;aid Globes in the &longs;ame place, <lb/>and with the intended inclinations of moving towards the Centre, <lb/>till they had acquired tho&longs;e degrees of velocity, which at fir&longs;t &longs;ee<lb/>med good to the &longs;ame Divine Minde; the which being acquired, <lb/>we la&longs;tly &longs;uppo&longs;e that they were turned round, each in his Sphere <lb/>retaining the &longs;aid acquired velocity: it is now demanded, in <lb/>what altitude and di&longs;tance from the Sun the place was where the <lb/>&longs;aid Orbs were primarily created; and whether it be po&longs;&longs;ible that <lb/>they might all be created in the &longs;ame place? To make this inve<lb/>&longs;tigation, we mu&longs;t take from the mo&longs;t skilfull A&longs;tronomers the <lb/>magnitude of the Spheres in which the Planets revolve, and like<lb/>wi&longs;e the time of their revolutions: from which two cognitions is <lb/>gathered how much (for example) <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;wifter than <emph type="italics"/>Sa<lb/>turne<emph.end type="italics"/>; and being found (as indeed it is) that <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> moves more <lb/>&longs;wiftly, it is requi&longs;ite, that departing from the &longs;ame altitude, <emph type="italics"/>Ju<lb/>piter<emph.end type="italics"/> be de&longs;cended more than <emph type="italics"/>Saturne,<emph.end type="italics"/> as we really know it is, its <lb/>Orbe being inferiour to that of <emph type="italics"/>Saturne.<emph.end type="italics"/> But by proceeding for<lb/>wards, from the proportions of the two velocities of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Saturne,<emph.end type="italics"/> and from the di&longs;tance between their Orbs, and from the <lb/>proportion of acceleration of natural motion, one may finde in <lb/>what altitude and di&longs;tance from the centre of their revolutions, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg49"></arrow.to.target><lb/>was the place from whence they fir&longs;t departed. This found out, <lb/>and agreed upon, it is to be &longs;ought, whether <emph type="italics"/>Mars<emph.end type="italics"/> de&longs;cending <lb/>from thence to his Orb, the magnitude of the Orb, and the ve<lb/>locity of the motion, agree with that which is found by calcula<lb/>tion; and let the like be done of the <emph type="italics"/>Eartb,<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Venus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"/>; the greatne&longs;s of which Spheres, and the velocity of <lb/>their motions, agree &longs;o nearly to what computation gives, that it <lb/>is very admirable.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg48"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The circular mo<lb/>tion is never ac<lb/>quired naturally, <lb/>without right mo<lb/>tion precede it. <lb/>Circular motion <lb/>perpetually uni<lb/>form.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg49"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The magnitude of <lb/>the Orbs, and the <lb/>velocity of the mo<lb/>tion of the Planets, <lb/>an&longs;wer proportion<lb/>ably, as if de&longs;cend<lb/>ed from the &longs;ame <lb/>place.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I have hearkened to this conceit with extreme delight; <lb/>and, but that I believe the making of the&longs;e calculations truly <lb/>would be a long and painfull task, and perhaps too hard for me <lb/>to comprehend, I would make a trial of them.</s>

<s>SALV. The operation indeed is long and difficult; nor could <lb/>I be certain to finde it &longs;o readily; therefore we &longs;hall refer it to an<lb/>other time, and for the pre&longs;ent we will return to our fir&longs;t propo<lb/>&longs;al, going on there where we made digre&longs;&longs;ion; which, if I well <lb/>remember, was about the proving the motion by a right line of no

<pb pagenum="20"/>u&longs;e, in the ordinate parts of the World; and we did proceed to <lb/>&longs;ay, that it was not &longs;o in circular motions, of which that which is <lb/>made by the moveable in it &longs;elf, &longs;till retains it in the &longs;ame place, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg50"></arrow.to.target><lb/>and that which carrieth the moveable by the circumference of a <lb/>circle about its fixed centre, neither puts it &longs;elf, nor tho&longs;e about it <lb/>in di&longs;order; for that &longs;uch a motion primarily is finite and terminate <lb/>(though not yet fini&longs;hed and determined) but there is no point <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg51"></arrow.to.target><lb/>in the circumference, that is not the fir&longs;t and la&longs;t term in the cir<lb/>culation; and continuing it in the circumference a&longs;&longs;igned it, it <lb/>leaveth all the re&longs;t, within and without that, free for the u&longs;e of <lb/>others, without ever impeding or di&longs;ordering them. This being <lb/>a motion that makes the moveable continually leave, and con<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg52"></arrow.to.target><lb/>tinually arrive at the end; it alone therefore can primarily be u<lb/>niform; for that acceleration of motion is made in the moveable, <lb/>when it goeth towards the term, to which it hath inclination; <lb/>and the retardation happens by the repugnance that it hath to <lb/>leave and part from the &longs;ame term; and becau&longs;e in circular mo<lb/>tion, the moveable continually leaves the natural term, and con<lb/>tinually moveth towards the &longs;ame, therefore, in it, the repug<lb/>nance and inclination are always of equal force: from which e<lb/>quality re&longs;ults a velocity, neither retarded nor accelerated, <emph type="italics"/>i. e.<emph.end type="italics"/> an <lb/>uniformity in motion. From this conformity, and from the being <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg53"></arrow.to.target><lb/>terminate, may follow the perpetual continuation by &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively <lb/>reiterating the circulations; which in an undeterminated line, <lb/>and in a motion continually retarded or accelerated, cannot na<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg54"></arrow.to.target><lb/>turally be. I &longs;ay, naturally; becau&longs;e the right motion which is <lb/>retarded, is the violent, which cannot be perpetual; and the ac<lb/>celerate arriveth nece&longs;&longs;arily at the term, if one there be; and if <lb/>there be none, it cannot be moved to it, becau&longs;e nature moves <lb/>not whether it is impo&longs;&longs;ible to attain. I conclude therefore, that <lb/>the circular motion can onely naturally con&longs;i&longs;t with natural bo<lb/>dies, parts of the univer&longs;e, and con&longs;tituted in an excellent di&longs;po<lb/>&longs;ure; and that the right, at the mo&longs;t that can be &longs;aid for it, is <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg55"></arrow.to.target><lb/>a&longs;&longs;igned by nature to its bodies, and their parts, at &longs;uch time as <lb/>they &longs;hall be out of their proper places, con&longs;tituted in a depraved <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ition, and for that cau&longs;e needing to be redured by the &longs;hort<lb/>e&longs;t way to their natural &longs;tate. Hence, me thinks, it may ratio<lb/>nally be concluded, that for maintenance of perfect order among &longs;t <lb/>the parts of the World, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;ay, that moveables are <lb/>moveable onely circularly; and if there be any that move not <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg56"></arrow.to.target><lb/>circularly, the&longs;e of nece&longs;&longs;ity are immoveable: there being no<lb/>thing but re&longs;t and circular motion apt to the con&longs;ervation of or<lb/>der. And I do not a little wonder with my &longs;elf, that <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who held that the Terre&longs;trial globe was placed in the centre of <lb/>the World, and there remained immoveable, &longs;hould not &longs;ay, that

<pb pagenum="21"/>of natural bodies &longs;ome are moveable by nature, and others immo<lb/>veable; e&longs;pecially having before defined Nature, to be the prin<lb/>ciple of Motion and Re&longs;t.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg50"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Finite and termi<lb/>nate circular mo<lb/>tions di&longs;order not <lb/>the parts of the <lb/>World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg51"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>In the circular mo<lb/>tion, every point in <lb/>the circumference <lb/>is the begining and <lb/>end.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg52"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Circular motion <lb/>onely is uniform.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg53"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Circular motion <lb/>may be continued <lb/>perpetually.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg54"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right motion can<lb/>not naturally be <lb/>perpetual.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg55"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right motion a&longs;<lb/>&longs;igned to natural <lb/>bodies, to reduce <lb/>them to perfect or<lb/>der, when removed <lb/>from their places.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg56"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Re&longs;t onely, and <lb/>circular motion are <lb/>apt to con&longs;erve or<lb/>der.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> though of a very per&longs;picacious wit, would <lb/>not &longs;train it further than needed: holding in all his argumen<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg57"></arrow.to.target><lb/>tations, that &longs;en&longs;ible experiments were to be preferred before <lb/>any rea&longs;ons founded upon &longs;trength of wit, and &longs;aid tho&longs;e which <lb/>&longs;hould deny the te&longs;timony of &longs;en&longs;e de&longs;erved to be puni&longs;hed with <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg58"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the lo&longs;s of that &longs;en&longs;e; now who is &longs;o blind, that &longs;ees not the <lb/>parts of the Earth and Water to move, as being grave, natural<lb/>ly downwards, namely, towards the centre of the Univer&longs;e, a&longs;<lb/>&longs;igned by nature her &longs;elf for the end and term of right motion <lb/><emph type="italics"/>deor&longs;ùm<emph.end type="italics"/>; and doth not likewi&longs;e &longs;ee the Fire and Air to move <lb/>right upwards towards the Concave of the Lunar Orb, as to the <lb/>natural end of motion <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ur&longs;ùm<emph.end type="italics"/>? And this being &longs;o manife&longs;tly &longs;een, <lb/>and we being certain, that <emph type="italics"/>eadem est ratio totius & partium,<emph.end type="italics"/> why <lb/>may we not a&longs;&longs;ert it for a true and manife&longs;t propo&longs;ition, that the <lb/>natural motion of the Earth is the right motion <emph type="italics"/>ad medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>that of the Fire, the right <emph type="italics"/>à medio<emph.end type="italics"/>?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg57"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Sen&longs;ible experi<lb/>ments are to be pre<lb/>ferred before hu<lb/>mane argument a<lb/>tions.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg58"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>He who denies <lb/>&longs;en&longs;e, de&longs;erves to <lb/>be deprived of it. <lb/>Sen&longs;e &longs;heweth that <lb/>things grave move <lb/>to the<emph.end type="italics"/> medium, <emph type="italics"/>and <lb/>the light to the <lb/>concave.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. The mo&longs;t that you can pretend from this your Di&longs;<lb/>cour&longs;e, were it granted to be true, is that, like as the parts of the <lb/>Earth removed from the whole, namely, from the place where <lb/>they naturally re&longs;t, that is in &longs;hort reduced to a depraved and di&longs;<lb/>ordered di&longs;po&longs;ure, return to their place &longs;pontaneou&longs;ly, and there<lb/>fore naturally in a right motion, (it being granted, that <emph type="italics"/>eadem <lb/>&longs;it ratio totius & partium<emph.end type="italics"/>) &longs;o it may be inferred, that the <lb/>Terre&longs;trial Globe removed violently from the place a&longs;&longs;igned <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg59"></arrow.to.target><lb/>it by nature, it would return by a right line. This, as I have <lb/>&longs;aid, is the mo&longs;t that can be granted you, and that onely for want <lb/>of examination; but he that &longs;hall with exactne&longs;s revi&longs;e the&longs;e <lb/>things, will fir&longs;t deny, that the parts of the Earth, in returning to <lb/>its whole, move in a right line, and not by a circular or mixt; and <lb/>really you would have enough to do to demon&longs;trate the contra<lb/>ry, as you &longs;hall plainly &longs;ee in the an&longs;wers to the particular rea&longs;ons <lb/>and experiments alledged by <emph type="italics"/>Ptolomey<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle.<emph.end type="italics"/> Secondly, <lb/>If another &longs;hould &longs;ay that the <emph type="italics"/>parts<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Earth, go not in their <lb/>motion towards the Centre of the World, but to unite with its <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Whole,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that for that rea&longs;on they naturally incline towards the <lb/>centre of the Terre&longs;trial Globe, by which inclination they con<lb/>&longs;pire to form and pre&longs;erve it, what other <emph type="italics"/>All,<emph.end type="italics"/> or what other Centre <lb/>would you find for the World, to which the whole Terrene <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg60"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Globe, being thence removed, would &longs;eek to return, that &longs;o the <lb/>rea&longs;on of the <emph type="italics"/>Whole<emph.end type="italics"/> might be like to that of its <emph type="italics"/>parts<emph.end type="italics"/>? It may be <lb/>added, That neither <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> nor you can ever prove, that the <lb/>Earth <emph type="italics"/>de facto<emph.end type="italics"/> is in the centre of the Univer&longs;e; but if any Centre

<arrow.to.target n="marg61"></arrow.to.target><lb/>may be a&longs;ligned to the Univer&longs;e, we &longs;hall rather find the Sun <lb/>placed in it, as by the &longs;equel you &longs;hall under&longs;tand.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg59"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>It is que&longs;tionable <lb/>whether de&longs;cending <lb/>weights move in a <lb/>right line.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg60"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Earth speri<lb/>cal by the con&longs;pi<lb/>ration of its parts <lb/>to its Centre.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg61"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Sun more pro<lb/>bably in the centre <lb/>of the Vniver&longs;e, <lb/>than the Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>Now, like as from the con&longs;entaneous con&longs;piration of all the <lb/>parts of the Earth to form its whole, doth follow, that they with <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg62"></arrow.to.target><lb/>equal inclination concurr thither from all parts; and to unite <lb/>them&longs;elves as much as is po&longs;&longs;ible together, they there &longs;phelically <lb/>adapt them&longs;elves; why may we not believe that the Sun, Moon, <lb/>and other mundane Bodies, be al&longs;o of a round figure, not by o<lb/>ther than a concordant in&longs;tinct, and natural concour&longs;e of all the <lb/>parts compo&longs;ing them? Of which, if any, at any time, by any <lb/>violence were &longs;eparated from the whole, is it not rea&longs;onable to <lb/>think, that they would &longs;pontaneou&longs;ly and by natural in&longs;tinct re<lb/>turn? and in this manner to infer, that the right motion agreeth <lb/>with all mundane bodies alike.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg62"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Natural inclina<lb/>tion of the parts of <lb/>all the globes of <lb/>the World to go to <lb/>their centre.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. Certainly, if you in this manner deny not onely the <lb/>Principles of Sciences, but manife&longs;t Experience, and the Sen&longs;es <lb/>them&longs;elves, you can never be convinced or removed from any o<lb/>pinion which you once conceit, therefore I will choo&longs;e rather to <lb/>be &longs;ilent (for, <emph type="italics"/>contra negantes principia non e&longs;t di&longs;putandum<emph.end type="italics"/>) <lb/>than contend with you. And in&longs;i&longs;ting on the things alledged by <lb/>you even now (&longs;ince you que&longs;tion &longs;o much as whether grave move<lb/>ables have a right motion or no) how can you ever rationally de<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg63"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ny, that the parts of the Earth; or, if you will, that ponderous <lb/>matters de&longs;cend towards the Centre, with a right motion; when<lb/>as, if from a very high Tower, who&longs;e walls are vcry upright and <lb/>perpendicular, you let them fall, they &longs;hall de&longs;cend gliding and <lb/>&longs;liding by the Tower to the Earth, exactly in that very place <lb/>where a plummet would fall, being hanged by a line fa&longs;tned above, <lb/>ju&longs;t there, whence the &longs;aid weights were let fall? is not this a <lb/>more than evident argument of the motions being right, and to<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg64"></arrow.to.target><lb/>wards the Centre? In the &longs;econd place you call in doubt, whe<lb/>ther the parts of the Earth are moved, as <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, to<lb/>wards the Centre of the World; as if he had not rationally de<lb/>mon&longs;trated it by contrary motions, whil&longs;t he thus argueth; The <lb/>motion of heavie bodies is contrary to that of the light: but the <lb/>motion of the light is manife&longs;t to be directly upwards, namely, <lb/>towards the circumference of the World, therefore the motion of <lb/>the heavie is directly towards the Centre of the World: and it <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg65"></arrow.to.target><lb/>happens <emph type="italics"/>per accidens,<emph.end type="italics"/> that it be towards the centre of the Earth, <lb/>for that this &longs;triveth to be united to that. The &longs;eeking in the <lb/>next place, what a part of the Globe of the Sun or Moon would <lb/>do, were it &longs;eparated from its whole, is vanity; becau&longs;e that there<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg66"></arrow.to.target><lb/>by that is &longs;ought, which would be the con&longs;equence of an impo&longs;&longs;i<lb/>bility; in regard that, as <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o demon&longs;trates, the c&oelig;le&longs;tial <lb/>bodies are impa&longs;&longs;ible, impenetrable, and infrangible; &longs;o that &longs;uch

<pb pagenum="23"/>a ca&longs;e can never happen: and though it &longs;hould, and that the &longs;e<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg67"></arrow.to.target><lb/>parated part &longs;hould return to its whole, it would not return as <lb/>grave or light, for that the &longs;ame <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> proveth, that the C&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial Bodies are neither heavie nor light.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg63"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The right motion <lb/>of grave bodies <lb/>manife&longs;t to &longs;en&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg64"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Arguments of<emph.end type="italics"/> A<lb/>ri&longs;totle, <emph type="italics"/>to prove <lb/>that grave bodies <lb/>move with an in<lb/>clination to arrive <lb/>at the centre of the <lb/>Vniver&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg65"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Heavie bodies <lb/>move towards the <lb/>centre of the Earth<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>per accidens.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg66"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>To &longs;eek what <lb/>would follow upon <lb/>an impo&longs;&longs;ibility, is <lb/>folly.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg67"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies <lb/>neither heavie nor <lb/>light, according to<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Ari&longs;totle.</s>

<s>SALV. With what rea&longs;on I doubt, whether grave bodies move <lb/>by a right and perpendicular line, you &longs;hall hear, as I &longs;aid be<lb/>fore, when I &longs;hall examine this particular argument. Touching <lb/>the &longs;econd point, I wonder that you &longs;hould need to di&longs;cover the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Paralogi&longs;m<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> being of it &longs;elf &longs;o manife&longs;t; and that <lb/>you perceive not, that <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uppo&longs;eth that which is in que&longs;ti<lb/>on: therefore take notice.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Pray <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;peak with more re&longs;pect of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/>: <lb/>for who can you ever per&longs;wade, that he who was the fir&longs;t, only, <lb/>and admirable explainer of the <emph type="italics"/>Syllogi&longs;tick<emph.end type="italics"/> forms of demon&longs;tration, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg68"></arrow.to.target><lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Elenchs,<emph.end type="italics"/> of the manner of di&longs;covering <emph type="italics"/>Sophi&longs;ms, Paralogi&longs;ms,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>in &longs;hort, of all the parts of <emph type="italics"/>Logick,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould afterwards &longs;o notoriou&longs;ly <lb/>equivocate in impo&longs;ing that for known, which is in que&longs;tion? It <lb/>would be better, my Ma&longs;ters, fir&longs;t perfectly to under&longs;tand him, <lb/>and then to try, if you have a minde, to oppo&longs;e him.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg68"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>cannot e<lb/>quivocate, being <lb/>the inventer of<emph.end type="italics"/> Lo<lb/>gick.</s>

<s>SALV. <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> we are here familiarly di&longs;cour&longs;ing among <lb/>our &longs;elves, to inve&longs;tigate &longs;ome truth; I &longs;hall not be di&longs;plea&longs;ed <lb/>that you di&longs;cover my errors; and if I do not follow the mind of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> freely reprehend me, and I &longs;hall take it in good part. <lb/>Onely give me leave to expound my doubts, and to reply &longs;ome<lb/>thing to your la&longs;t words, telling you, that <emph type="italics"/>Logick,<emph.end type="italics"/> as it is well <lb/>under&longs;tood, is the Organe with which we philo&longs;ophate; but as it <lb/>may be po&longs;&longs;ible, that an Arti&longs;t may be excellent in making Or<lb/>gans, but unlearned in playing on them, thus he might be a great <lb/>Logician, but unexpert in making u&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Logick<emph.end type="italics"/>; like as we have <lb/>many that theorically under&longs;tand the whole Art of Poetry, and <lb/>yet are unfortunate in compo&longs;ing but meer four Ver&longs;es; others <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg69"></arrow.to.target><lb/>enjoy all the precepts of <emph type="italics"/>Vinci<emph.end type="italics"/>^{*}, and yet know not how to paint <lb/>a Stoole. The playing on the Organs is not taught by them who <lb/>know how to make Organs, but by him that knows how to play <lb/>on them: Poetry is learnt by continual reading of Poets: Limn<lb/>ing is learnt by continual painting and de&longs;igning: Demon&longs;tration <lb/>from the reading of Books full of demon&longs;trations, which are the <lb/>Mathematical onely, and not the Logical. Now returning to our <lb/>purpo&longs;e, I &longs;ay, that that which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;eeth of the motion of <lb/>light bodies, is the departing of the Fire from any part of the <lb/>Superficies of the Terre&longs;trial Globe, and directly retreating from <lb/>it, mounting upwards; and this indeed is to move towards a <lb/>circumference greater than that of the Earth; yea, the &longs;ame <emph type="italics"/>A<lb/>ri&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> makes it to move to the concave of the Moon, but that <lb/>this circumference is that of the World, or concentrick to it, &longs;o

<pb pagenum="24"/>that to move towards this, is a moving towards that of the World, <lb/>that he cannot affirm, unle&longs;s he &longs;uppo&longs;eth, That the Centre of the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg70"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Earth, from which we &longs;ee the&longs;e light a&longs;cendent bodies to depart, <lb/>be the &longs;ame with the Centre of the World; which is as much as <lb/>to &longs;ay, that the terre&longs;trial Globe is con&longs;tituted in the mid&longs;t of the <lb/>World: which is yet that of which we were in doubt, and which <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Aristotle<emph.end type="italics"/> intended to prove. And do you &longs;ay that this is not a <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg71"></arrow.to.target><lb/>manife&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Paralogi&longs;m<emph.end type="italics"/>?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg69"></margin.target>* A famous <emph type="italics"/>Italian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Painter.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg70"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Paralogi&longs;m of<emph.end type="italics"/> A<lb/>ri&longs;totle, <emph type="italics"/>in proving <lb/>the Earth to be in <lb/>the Centre of the <lb/>World.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg71"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Paralogi&longs;me <lb/>of<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>another <lb/>way di&longs;covered.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. This Argument of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> appeared to me deficient <lb/>al&longs;o, and <emph type="italics"/>non<emph.end type="italics"/>-concludent for another re&longs;pect; though it were <lb/>granted, that that Circumference, to which the Fire directly mo<lb/>veth, be that which includeth the World: for that in a circle, <lb/>not onely the centre, but any other point being taken, every move<lb/>able which departing thence, &longs;hall move in a right line, and to<lb/>wards any what&longs;oever part, &longs;hall without any doubt go towards <lb/>the circumference, and continuing the motion, &longs;hall al&longs;o arrive <lb/>thither; &longs;o that we may truly &longs;ay, that it moveth towards the <lb/>circumference: but yet it doth not follow, that that which mo<lb/>veth by the &longs;ame line with a contrary motion, would go towards <lb/>the centre, unle&longs;s when the point taken were the centre it &longs;elf, <lb/>or that the motion were made by that onely line, which produced <lb/>from the point a&longs;&longs;igned, pa&longs;&longs;eth thorow the centre. So that to <lb/>&longs;ay, that Fire moving in a right line, goeth towards the circumfe<lb/>rence of the World, therefore the parts of the Earth which by <lb/>the &longs;ame lines move with a contrary motion, go towards the cen<lb/>tre of the World, concludeth not, unle&longs;s then when it is pre<lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed, that the lines of the Fire prolonged pa&longs;s by the centre <lb/>of the World; and becau&longs;e we know certainly of them, that they <lb/>pa&longs;s by the centre of the Terre&longs;trial Globe (being perpendicu<lb/>lar to its &longs;uperficies, and not inclined) therefore to conclude, it <lb/>mu&longs;t be &longs;uppo&longs;ed, that the centre of the Earth is the &longs;ame with <lb/>the centre of the World; or at lea&longs;t, that the parts of the Fire <lb/>and Earth de&longs;cend not, &longs;ave onely by one &longs;ole line which pa&longs;&longs;eth <lb/>by the centre of the World. Which neverthele&longs;s is fal&longs;e, and re<lb/>pugnant to experience, which &longs;heweth us, that the parts of <lb/>Fire, not by one line onely, but by infinite, produced from the <lb/>centre of the Earth towards all the parts of the World, a&longs;cend <lb/>always by lines perpendicular to the Superficies of the Terre&longs;tri<lb/>al Globe.</s>

<s>SALV. You do very ingeniou&longs;ly lead <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> to the &longs;ame in<lb/>convenience, <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hewing his manife&longs;t equivoke; but <lb/>withal you add another incon&longs;i&longs;tency. We &longs;ee the Earth to be <lb/>&longs;pherical, and therefore are certain that it hath its centre, to which <lb/>we &longs;ee all its parts are moved; for &longs;o we mu&longs;t &longs;ay, whil&longs;t their <lb/>motions are all perpendicular to the Superficies of the Earth; we

<pb pagenum="25"/>mean, that as they move to the centre of the Earth, they move to <lb/>their <emph type="italics"/>Whole,<emph.end type="italics"/> and to their Univer&longs;al Mother: and we are &longs;till far<lb/>ther &longs;o free, that we will &longs;uffer our &longs;elves to be per&longs;waded, that <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg72"></arrow.to.target><lb/>their natural in&longs;tinct is, not to go towards the centre of the Earth, <lb/>but towards that of the Univer&longs;e; which we know not where to <lb/>find, or whether it be or no; and were it granted to be, it is but <lb/>an imaginary point, and a nothing without any quality. As to <lb/>what <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;aid la&longs;t, that the contending whether the parts <lb/>of the Sun, Moon, or other c&oelig;le&longs;tial Body, &longs;eparated from their <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Whole,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould naturally return to it, is a vanity, for that the ca&longs;e <lb/>is impo&longs;&longs;ible; it being clear by the Demon&longs;trations of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that the c&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies are impa&longs;&longs;ible, impenetrable, unparta<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg73"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ble, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> I an&longs;wer, that none of the conditions, whereby <emph type="italics"/>Aristo<lb/>tle<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;tingui&longs;heth the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies from Elementary, hath o<lb/>ther foundation than what he deduceth from the diver&longs;ity of the <lb/>natural motion of tho&longs;e and the&longs;e; in&longs;omuch that it being deni<lb/>ed, that the circular motion is peculiar to C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies, and <lb/>affirmed, that it is agreeable to all Bodies naturally moveable, it <lb/>is behoofull upon nece&longs;&longs;ary con&longs;equence to &longs;ay, either that the <lb/>attributes of generable, or ingenerable, alterable, or unalterable, <lb/>partable, or unpartable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> equally and commonly agree with <lb/>all worldly bodies, namely, as well to the C&oelig;le&longs;tial as to the E<lb/>lementary; or that <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> hath badly and erroneou&longs;ly dedu<lb/>ced tho&longs;e from the circular motion, which he hath a&longs;&longs;igned to C&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial Bodies.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg72"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Grave bodies may <lb/>more rationally be <lb/>affirmed to tend to <lb/>the Centre of the <lb/>Earth, than of the <lb/>Vniver&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg73"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The conditions and <lb/>attributes which <lb/>differ the c&oelig;le&longs;tial <lb/>bodies from Ele<lb/>mentary, depend on <lb/>the motions a&longs;&longs;ign<lb/>ed them by<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;t.</s>

<s>SIMPL. This manner of argumentation tends to the &longs;ubver&longs;i<lb/>on of all Natural Philo&longs;ophy, and to the di&longs;order and &longs;ubver&longs;ion <lb/>of Heaven and Earth, and the whole Univer&longs;e; but I believe the <lb/>Fundamentals of the <emph type="italics"/>Peripateticks<emph.end type="italics"/> are &longs;uch, that we need not <lb/>fear that new Sciences can be erected upon their ruines.</s>

<s>SALV. Take no thought in this place for Heaven or the Earth, <lb/>neither fear their &longs;ubver&longs;ion, or the ruine of Philo&longs;ophy. As to <lb/>Heaven, your fears are vain for that which you your &longs;elf hold <lb/>unalterable and impa&longs;&longs;ible; as for the Earth, we &longs;trive to enoble <lb/>and perfect it, whil&longs;t we make it like to the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies, <lb/>and as it were place it in Heaven, whence your Philo&longs;ophers have <lb/>exiled it. Philo&longs;ophy it &longs;elf cannot but receive benefit from our <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg74"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Di&longs;putes, for if our conceptions prove true, new Di&longs;coveries will <lb/>be made; if fal&longs;e, the fir&longs;t Doctrine will be more confirmed. <lb/>Rather be&longs;tow your care upon &longs;ome Philo&longs;ophers, and help and <lb/>defend them; for as to the Science it &longs;elf, it cannot but improve. <lb/>And that we may return to our purpo&longs;e, be plea&longs;ed freely to pro<lb/>duce what pre&longs;ents it &longs;elf to you in confirmation of that great dif<lb/>ference which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> puts between the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies, and <lb/>the Elementary parts of the World, in making tho&longs;e ingenerable,

<pb pagenum="26"/>incorruptible, unalterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> and this corruptible, alterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg74"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The di&longs;putes and <lb/>contradictions of <lb/>Philo&longs;ophers may <lb/>conduce to the <lb/>benefit of Philo&longs;o<lb/>phy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I &longs;ee not yet any need that <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> hath of help, <lb/>&longs;tanding as he doth &longs;toutly and &longs;trongly on his feet; yea not be<lb/>ing yet a&longs;&longs;aulted, much le&longs;s foiled by you. And what ward will <lb/>you choo&longs;e in this combate for this fir&longs;t blow? <emph type="italics"/>Aristotle<emph.end type="italics"/> writeth, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg75"></arrow.to.target><lb/>that whatever is generated, is made out of a contrary in &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;ubject, and likewi&longs;e is corrupted in &longs;ome certain &longs;ubject from a <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg76"></arrow.to.target><lb/>contrary into a contrary; &longs;o that (ob&longs;erve) corruption and ge<lb/>neration is never but onely in contraries; If therefore to a C&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial Body no contrary can be a&longs;&longs;igned, for that to the circular <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg77"></arrow.to.target><lb/>motion no other motion is contrary, then Nature hath done very <lb/>well to make that exempt from contraries, which was to be in<lb/>generable and incorruptible, This fundamental fir&longs;t confirmed, <lb/>it immediately followeth of con&longs;equence, that it is inaugmenta<lb/>ble, inalterable, impa&longs;&longs;ible, and finally eternal, and a propor<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg78"></arrow.to.target><lb/>tionate habitation to the immortal Deities, conformable to the <lb/>opinion even of all men that have any conceit of the Gods. He <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg79"></arrow.to.target><lb/>afterwards confirmeth the &longs;ame by &longs;en&longs;e; in regard, that in all <lb/>times pa&longs;t, according to memory or tradition, we &longs;ee nothing re<lb/>moved, according to the whole outward Heaven, nor any of its <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg80"></arrow.to.target><lb/>proper parts. Next, as to the circular motion, that no other is <lb/>contrary to it, <emph type="italics"/>Aristotle<emph.end type="italics"/> proveth many ways; but without reci<lb/>ting them all, it is &longs;ufficiently demon&longs;trated, &longs;ince fimple motions <lb/>are but three, to the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> of which the two right, <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ur&longs;um<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>deor&longs;um,<emph.end type="italics"/> are mani<lb/>fe&longs;tly contrary; and becau&longs;e one onely hath onely one for con<lb/>trary, therefore there re&longs;ts no other motion which may be contra<lb/>ry to the circular. You &longs;ee the &longs;ubtle and mo&longs;t concluding di&longs;<lb/>cour&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> whereby he proveth the incorruptibility of <lb/>Heaven.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg75"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totles <emph type="italics"/>di&longs;cour&longs;e <lb/>to prove the incor<lb/>ruptibility of Hea<lb/>ven.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg76"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Generation & cor<lb/>ruption is onely a<lb/>mong&longs;t contraries, <lb/>according to<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;t.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg77"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>To the circular <lb/>motion no other <lb/>motion is contrary.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg78"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Heaven an habi<lb/>tation for the imm<lb/>ortal Gods.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg79"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Immutability of <lb/>Heaven evident to <lb/>&longs;ex&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg80"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>He proveth that <lb/>the circular motion <lb/>hath no contrary.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. This is nothing more, &longs;ave the pure progre&longs;s of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;to<lb/>tle,<emph.end type="italics"/> by me hinted before; wherein, be&longs;ides that I affirm, that the <lb/>motion which you attribute to the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies agreeth al&longs;o <lb/>to the Earth, its illation proves nothing. I tell you therefore, <lb/>that that circular motion which you a&longs;&longs;ign to C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies, <lb/>&longs;uiteth al&longs;o to the Earth, from which, &longs;uppo&longs;ing that the re&longs;t of <lb/>your di&longs;cour&longs;e were concludent, will follow one of the&longs;e three <lb/>things, as I told you a little before, and &longs;hall repeat; namely, <lb/>either that the Earth it &longs;elf is al&longs;o ingenerable, and incorruptible, <lb/>as the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies; or that the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies are, like as <lb/>the Elementary generable, alterable &c. or that this difference of <lb/>motion hath nothing to do with Generation and Corruption. <lb/>The di&longs;cour&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> and yours al&longs;o contain many Propo&longs;i<lb/>tions not to be lightly admitted, and the better to examine them, <lb/>it will be convenient to reduce them to the mo&longs;t ab&longs;tracted and

<pb pagenum="27"/>di&longs;tinct that can be po&longs;&longs;ible; and excu&longs;e me <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus,<emph.end type="italics"/> if haply <lb/>with &longs;ome tediou&longs;ne&longs;s you hear me oft repeat the &longs;ame things, <lb/>and fancie that you &longs;ee me rea&longs;&longs;ume my argument in the pub<lb/>lick circle of Di&longs;putations. You &longs;ay Generation and Corrupti<lb/>on are onely made where there are contraries; contraries <lb/>are onely among&longs;t &longs;imple natural bodies, moveable with contrary <lb/>motions; contrary motions are onely tho&longs;e which are made by <lb/>a right line between contrary terms; and the&longs;e are onely two, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, from the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and towards the <emph type="italics"/>medium<emph.end type="italics"/>; and <lb/>&longs;uch motions belong to no other natural bodies, but to the <emph type="italics"/>Earth,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Fire,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the other two Elements: therefore Generation <lb/>and Corruption is onely among&longs;t the Elements. And becau&longs;e <lb/>the third &longs;imple motion, namely, the circular about the <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>hath no contrary, (for that the other two are contraries, and one <lb/>onely, hath but onely one contrary) therefore that natural body <lb/>with which &longs;uch motion agreeth, wants a contrary; and having <lb/>no contrary is ingenerable and incorruptible, &c. Becau&longs;e where <lb/>there is no contrariety, there is no generation or corruption, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>But &longs;uch motion agreeth onely with the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies; there<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg81"></arrow.to.target><lb/>fore onely the&longs;e are ingenerable, incorruptible, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> And to <lb/>begin, I think it a more ea&longs;ie thing, and &longs;ooner done to re&longs;olve, <lb/>whether the Earth (a mo&longs;t va&longs;t Body, and for its vicinity to us, <lb/>mo&longs;t tractable) moveth with a &longs;peedy motion, &longs;uch as its revo<lb/>lution about its own axis in twenty four hours would be, than it <lb/>is to under&longs;tand and re&longs;olve, whether Generation and Corruption <lb/>ari&longs;eth from contrariety, or el&longs;e whether there be &longs;uch things as <lb/>generation, corruption and contrariety in nature. And if you, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> can tell me what method Nature ob&longs;erves in working, <lb/>when &longs;he in a very &longs;hort time begets an infinite number of flies <lb/>from a little vapour of the Mu&longs;t of wine, and can &longs;hew me which <lb/>are there the contraries you &longs;peak of, what it is that corrupteth, <lb/>and how; I &longs;hould think you would do more than I can; for I <lb/>profe&longs;s I cannot comprehend the&longs;e things. Be&longs;ides, I would ve<lb/>ry gladly under&longs;tand how, and why the&longs;e corruptive contraries are <lb/>&longs;o favourable to Daws, and &longs;o cruel to Doves; &longs;o indulgent to <lb/>Stags, and &longs;o ha&longs;ty to Hor&longs;es, that they do grant to them many <lb/>more years of life, that is, of incorruptibility, than weeks to the&longs;e. <lb/>Peaches and Olives are planted in the &longs;ame &longs;oil, expo&longs;ed to the <lb/>&longs;ame heat and cold, to the &longs;ame wind and rains, and, in a word, <lb/>to the &longs;ame contrarieties; and yet tho&longs;e decay in a &longs;hort time, <lb/>and the&longs;e live many hundred years. Furthermore, I never was <lb/>thorowly &longs;atisfied about this &longs;ub&longs;tantial tran&longs;mutation (&longs;till keep<lb/>ing within pure natural bounds) whereby a matter becometh &longs;o <lb/>transform'd, that it &longs;hould be nece&longs;&longs;arily &longs;aid to be de&longs;troy'd, &longs;o <lb/>that nothing remaineth of its fir&longs;t being, and that another body

<arrow.to.target n="marg82"></arrow.to.target><lb/>quite differing there-from &longs;hould be thence produced; and if I <lb/>fancy to my &longs;elf a body under one a&longs;pect, and by and by under <lb/>another very different, I cannot think it impo&longs;&longs;ible but that it may <lb/>happen by a &longs;imple tran&longs;po&longs;ition of parts, without corrupting or <lb/>ingendring any thing a-new; for we &longs;ee &longs;uch kinds of Metamor<lb/>pho&longs;es dayly: &longs;o that to return to my purpo&longs;e, I an&longs;wer you, <lb/>that ina&longs;much as you go about to per&longs;wade me that the Earth can <lb/>not move circularly by way of corruptibility and generability, <lb/>you have undertook a much harder task than I, that with argu<lb/>ments more difficult indeed, but no le&longs;s concluding, will prove <lb/>the contrary.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg81"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Its ea&longs;ier to prove <lb/>the Earth to move, <lb/>than that corrupti<lb/>on is made by con<lb/>traries.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg82"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Bare tran&longs;po&longs;ition <lb/>of parts may repre<lb/>&longs;ent bodies under <lb/>diver&longs;e asp cts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Pardon me, <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus,<emph.end type="italics"/> if I interrupt your di&longs;cour&longs;e, <lb/>which, as it delights me much, for that I al&longs;o am gravel'd with <lb/>the &longs;ame doubts; &longs;o I fear that you can never conclude the &longs;ame, <lb/>without altogether digre&longs;&longs;ing from your chief de&longs;ign: therefore <lb/>if it be permitted to proceed in our fir&longs;t argument, I &longs;hould think <lb/>that it were convenient to remit this que&longs;tion of generation and <lb/>corruption to another di&longs;tinct and &longs;ingle conference; as al&longs;o, if <lb/>it &longs;hall plea&longs;e you and <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> we may do by other particular <lb/>que&longs;tions which may fall in the way of our di&longs;cour&longs;e; which I <lb/>will keep in my mind to propo&longs;e, and exactly di&longs;cu&longs;s them &longs;ome <lb/>other time. Now as for the pre&longs;ent, &longs;ince you &longs;ay, that if <emph type="italics"/>Ari<lb/>&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> deny circular motion to the Earth in common with other <lb/>bodies C&oelig;le&longs;tial, it chence will follow, that the &longs;ame which be<lb/>falleth the Earth, <gap/> to ito being generable, alterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> will <lb/>hold al&longs;o of Heaven, let us enquire no further if there be &longs;uch <lb/>things in nature, as generation and corruption, or not; but let <lb/>us return to enquire what the Globe of the Earth doth.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I cannot &longs;uffer my ears to hear it que&longs;tion'd, whether <lb/>generation and corruption be in <emph type="italics"/>rerum naturà,<emph.end type="italics"/> it being a thing <lb/>which we have continually before our eyes, and whereof <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg83"></arrow.to.target><lb/>hath written two whole Books. But if you go about to deny the <lb/>Principles of Sciences, and que&longs;tion things mo&longs;t manife&longs;t, who <lb/>knows not, but that you may prove what you will, and maintain <lb/>any <emph type="italics"/>Paradox<emph.end type="italics"/>? And if you do not dayly &longs;ee herbs, plants, ani<lb/>mals to generate and corrupt, what is it that you do &longs;ee? Al&longs;o, <lb/>do you not continually behold contrarieties contend together, <lb/>and the Earth change into Water, the Water turn to Air, the <lb/>Air into Fire, and again the Air to conden&longs;e into Clouds, Rains, <lb/>Hails and Storms?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg83"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>By denying Prin<lb/>ciples in the Scien<lb/>ces, any Paradox <lb/>may be maintain<lb/>ed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Yes, we &longs;ee the&longs;e things indeed, and therefore will <lb/>grant you the di&longs;cour&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> as to this part of generation <lb/>and corruption made by contraries; but if I &longs;hall conclude by <lb/>virtue of the &longs;ame propo&longs;itions which are granted to <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies them&longs;elves are al&longs;o generable and cor

<pb pagenum="29"/>ruptible, a&longs;well as the Elementary, what will you &longs;ay then?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I will &longs;ay you have done that which is impo&longs;&longs;ible to <lb/>be done.</s>

<s>SAGR. Go to; tell me, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> are not the&longs;e affections <lb/>contrary to one another?</s>

<s>SIMPL. Which?</s>

<s>SAGR. Why the&longs;e; Alterable, unalterable; pa&longs;&longs;ible, ^{*} impa&longs;<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg84"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;ible; generable, ingenerable; corruptible, incorruptible?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg84"></margin.target>* <emph type="italics"/>Or,<emph.end type="italics"/> Impatible.</s>

<s>SIMPL. They are mo&longs;t contrary.</s>

<s>SAGR. Well then, if this be true, and it be al&longs;o granted, <lb/>that C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies are ingenerable and incorruptible; I prove <lb/>that of nece&longs;&longs;ity C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies mu&longs;t be generable and corru<lb/>ptible.</s>

<s>SIMPL. This mu&longs;t needs be a <emph type="italics"/>Sophi&longs;m.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Hear my Argument, and then cen&longs;ure and re&longs;olve it. <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg85"></arrow.to.target><lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies, for that they are ingenerable and incorruptible, <lb/>have in Nature their contraries, which are tho&longs;e Bodies that be <lb/>generable and corruptible; but where there is contrariety, there <lb/>is al&longs;o generation and corruption; therefore C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies are <lb/>generable and corruptible.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg85"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;lestial Bodies <lb/>are generable and <lb/>corruptible, be<lb/>cau&longs;e they are in<lb/>generable and in<lb/>corruptible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. Did I not &longs;ay it could be no other than a <emph type="italics"/>Sophi&longs;m<emph.end type="italics"/>? <lb/>This is one of tho&longs;e forked Arguments called <emph type="italics"/>Soritæ<emph.end type="italics"/>: like that <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg86"></arrow.to.target><lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>Cretan,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;aid that all <emph type="italics"/>Cretans<emph.end type="italics"/> were lyars; but he as <lb/>being a <emph type="italics"/>Cretan,<emph.end type="italics"/> had told a lye, in &longs;aying that the <emph type="italics"/>Cretans<emph.end type="italics"/> were ly<lb/>ars; it followed therefore, that the <emph type="italics"/>Cretans<emph.end type="italics"/> were no lyars, and <lb/>con&longs;equently that he, as being a <emph type="italics"/>Cretan,<emph.end type="italics"/> had &longs;poke truth: And <lb/>yet in &longs;aying the <emph type="italics"/>Cretans<emph.end type="italics"/> were lyars, he had &longs;aid true, and com<lb/>prehending him&longs;elf as a <emph type="italics"/>Cretan,<emph.end type="italics"/> he mu&longs;t con&longs;equently be a lyar. <lb/>And thus in the&longs;e kinds of <emph type="italics"/>Sophi&longs;ms<emph.end type="italics"/> a man may dwell to eternity, <lb/>and never come to any conclu&longs;ion.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg86"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The forked Syllo<lb/>gi&longs;m cal'd<emph.end type="italics"/> <foreign lang="greek">*cwri/h<gap/>hs.</foreign></s>

<s>SAGR. You have hitherto cen&longs;ured it, it remaineth now that <lb/>you an&longs;wer it, &longs;hewing the fallacie.</s>

<s>SIMPL. As to the re&longs;olving of it, and finding out its fallacie, <lb/>do you not in the fir&longs;t place &longs;ee a manife&longs;t contradiction in it? <lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies are ingenerable and incorruptible; <emph type="italics"/>Ergo,<emph.end type="italics"/> C&oelig;le<lb/>&longs;tial Bodies are generable and corruptible. And again, the con<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg87"></arrow.to.target><lb/>trariety is not betwixt the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies, but betwixt the E<lb/>lements, which have the contrariety of the Motions, <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ur&longs;ùm<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>deor&longs;ùm,<emph.end type="italics"/> and of levity and gravity; But the Heavens which move <lb/>circularly, to which motion no other motion is contrary, want <lb/>contrariety, and therefore they are incorruptible.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg87"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Among&longs;t C&oelig;le&longs;tial <lb/>Bodies there is no <lb/>contrariety.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Fair and &longs;oftly, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/>; this contrariety whereby <lb/>you &longs;ay &longs;ome &longs;imple Bodies become corruptible, re&longs;ides it in the <lb/>&longs;ame Body which is corrupted, or el&longs;e hath it relation to &longs;ome o<lb/>other? I &longs;ay, for example, the humidity by which a piece of Earth

<pb pagenum="30"/>is corrupted, re&longs;ides it in the &longs;ame Earth or in &longs;ome other bodie, <lb/>which mu&longs;t either be the Air or Water? I believe you will grant, <lb/>that like as the Motions upwards and downwards, and gravity <lb/>and levity, which you make the fir&longs;t contraries, cannot be in the <lb/>&longs;ame Subject, &longs;o neither can moi&longs;t and dry, hot and cold: you <lb/>mu&longs;t therefore con&longs;equently acknowledg that when a bodie cor<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg88"></arrow.to.target><lb/>rupteth, it is occa&longs;ioned by &longs;ome quality re&longs;iding in another con<lb/>trary to its own: therefore to make the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Body become <lb/>corruptible, it &longs;ufficeth that there are in Nature, bodies that have <lb/>a contrariety to that C&oelig;le&longs;tial body; and &longs;uch are the Elements, <lb/>if it be true that corruptibility be contrary to incorruptibility.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg88"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Contraries which <lb/>are the cau&longs;es of <lb/>corruption, re&longs;ide <lb/>not in the &longs;ame bo<lb/>dy that corrupteth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. This &longs;ufficeth not, Sir; The Elements alter and cor<lb/>rupt, becau&longs;e they are intermixed, and are joyn'd to one another, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg89"></arrow.to.target><lb/>and &longs;o may exerci&longs;e their contrariety; but C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies are <lb/>&longs;eparated from the Elements, by which they are not &longs;o much as <lb/>toucht, though indeed they have an influence upon the Elements. <lb/>It is requi&longs;ite, if you will prove generation and corruption in C&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial bodies, that you &longs;hew, that there re&longs;ides contrarieties be<lb/>tween them.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg89"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial Bodies <lb/>touch, but are not <lb/>touched by the E<lb/>lements.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. See how I will find tho&longs;e contrarieties between them. <lb/>The fir&longs;t fountain from whence you derive the contrariety of the <lb/>Elements, is the contrariety of their motions upwards and down<lb/>wards: it therefore is nece&longs;&longs;ary that tho&longs;e Principles be in like <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg90"></arrow.to.target><lb/>manner contraries to each other, upon which tho&longs;e motions de<lb/>pend. and becau&longs;e that is moveable upwards by lightne&longs;s, <lb/>and this downwards by gravitv, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary that lightne&longs;s and <lb/>gravity are contrary to each other: no le&longs;s are we to believe tho&longs;e <lb/>other Principles to be contraries, which are the cau&longs;es that this is <lb/>heavy, and that light: but by your own confe&longs;&longs;ion, levity and <lb/>gravity follow as con&longs;equents of rarity and den&longs;ity; therefore <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg91"></arrow.to.target><lb/>rarity and den&longs;ity &longs;hall be contraries: the which conditions or <lb/>affections are &longs;o amply found in C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, that you e<lb/>&longs;teem the &longs;tars to be onely more den&longs;e parts of their Heaven: <lb/>and if this be &longs;o, it followeth that the den&longs;ity of the &longs;tars exceeds <lb/>that of the re&longs;t of Heaven, by almo&longs;t infinite degrees: <lb/>which is manife&longs;t, in that Heaven is infinitely tran&longs;parent, and <lb/>the &longs;tars extremely opacous; and for that there are there above <lb/>no other qualities, but more and le&longs;s den&longs;ity and rarity, which <lb/>may be cau&longs;es of the greater or le&longs;s tran&longs;parency. There being <lb/>then &longs;uch contrariety between the C&oelig;leftial bodies, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>that they al&longs;o be generable and corruptible, in the &longs;ame manner <lb/>as the Elementary bodies are; or el&longs;e that contrariety is not the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg92"></arrow.to.target><lb/>cau&longs;e of corruptibility, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg90"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Gravity & levity, <lb/>varity and den&longs;ity, <lb/>are contrary qua<lb/>lities.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg91"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;tars infinitely <lb/>&longs;urpa&longs;s the &longs;ub<lb/>&longs;tance of the re&longs;t of <lb/>Heaven in den&longs;ity.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg92"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Rarity & den&longs;ity <lb/>in C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, <lb/>is different from <lb/>the rarity & den<lb/>&longs;ity of the elements.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. There is no nece&longs;&longs;ity either of one or the other, for <lb/>that den&longs;ity and rarity in C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, are not contraries to

<pb pagenum="31"/>each other, as in Elementary bodies; for that they depend not <lb/>on the primary qualities, cold and heat, which are contraries; but <lb/>on the more or le&longs;s matter in proportion to quantity: now much <lb/>and little, &longs;peak onely a relative oppo&longs;ition, that is, the lea&longs;t of <lb/>oppo&longs;itions, and which hath nothing to do with generation and <lb/>corruption.</s>

<s>SAGR. Therefore affirming, that den&longs;ity and rarity, which a<lb/>mong&longs;t the Elements &longs;hould be the cau&longs;e of gravity and levity, <lb/>which may be the cau&longs;es of contrary motions <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ur&longs;ùm<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>deor<lb/>&longs;ùm,<emph.end type="italics"/> on which, again, dependeth the contrarieties for generation <lb/>and corruption; it &longs;ufficeth not that they be tho&longs;e den&longs;ne&longs;&longs;es and <lb/>rarene&longs;&longs;es which under the &longs;ame quantity, or (if you will) ma&longs;s <lb/>contain much or little matter, but it is nece&longs;&longs;ary that they be den&longs;<lb/>ne&longs;&longs;es and rarene&longs;&longs;es cau&longs;ed by the primary qualities, hot and <lb/>cold, otherwi&longs;e they would operate nothing at all: but if this be <lb/>&longs;o, <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> hath deceived us, for that he &longs;hould have told it us at <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg93"></arrow.to.target><lb/>fir&longs;t, and &longs;o have left written that tho&longs;e &longs;imple bodies are gene<lb/>rable and corruptible, that are moveable with &longs;imple motions <lb/>upwards and downwards, dependent on levity and gravity, cau<lb/>&longs;ed by rarity and den&longs;ity, made by much or little matter, by <lb/>rea&longs;on of heat and cold; and not to have &longs;taid at the &longs;imple mo<lb/>tion <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ur&longs;ùm<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>deor&longs;ùm<emph.end type="italics"/>: for I a&longs;&longs;ure you that to the making <lb/>of bodies heavy or light, whereby they come to be moved with <lb/>contrary motions, any kind of den&longs;ity and rarity &longs;ufficeth, whe<lb/>ther it proceed from heat and cold, or what el&longs;e you plea&longs;e; for <lb/>heat and cold have nothing to do in this affair: and you &longs;hall <lb/>upon experiment find, that a red hot iron, which you mu&longs;t grant <lb/>to have heat, weigheth as much, and moves in the &longs;ame manner <lb/>as when it is cold. But to overpa&longs;s this al&longs;o, how know you but <lb/>that C&oelig;le&longs;tial rarity and den&longs;ity depend on heat and cold?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg93"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>defective <lb/>in a&longs;&longs;igning the <lb/>cau&longs;es why the ele<lb/>ments are genera<lb/>ble & corruptible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I know it, becau&longs;e tho&longs;e qualities are not among&longs;t <lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, which are neither hot nor cold.</s>

<s>SALV. I &longs;ee we are again going about to engulph our &longs;elves in <lb/>a bottomle&longs;s ocean, where there is no getting to &longs;hore; for this <lb/>is a Navigation without Compa&longs;s, Stars, Oars or Rudder: &longs;o that <lb/>it will follow either that we be forced to pa&longs;s from Shelf to Shelf, <lb/>or run on ground, or to &longs;ail continually in danger of being lo&longs;t. <lb/>Therefore, if according to your advice we &longs;hall proceed in our <lb/>main de&longs;ign, we mu&longs;t of nece&longs;&longs;ity for the pre&longs;ent overpa&longs;s this <lb/>general con&longs;ideration, whether direct motion be nece&longs;&longs;ary in Na<lb/>ture, and agree with &longs;ome bodies; and come to the particular <lb/>demon&longs;trations, ob&longs;ervations and experiments; propounding in <lb/>the fir&longs;t place all tho&longs;e that have been hitherto alledged by <emph type="italics"/>Ari<lb/>&longs;totle, Ptolomey,<emph.end type="italics"/> and others, to prove the &longs;tability of the Earth, en<lb/>deavouring in the next place to an&longs;wer them: and producing in

<pb pagenum="32"/>the la&longs;t place, tho&longs;e, by which others may be per&longs;waded, that the <lb/>Earth is no le&longs;s than the Moon, or any other Planet to be num<lb/>bered among&longs;t natural bodies that move circularly.</s>

<s>SAGR. I &longs;hall the more willingly incline to this, in that I am <lb/>better &longs;atisfied with your Architectonical and general di&longs;cour&longs;e, <lb/>than with that of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> for yours convinceth me without the <lb/>lea&longs;t &longs;cruple, and the other at every &longs;tep cro&longs;&longs;eth my way with <lb/>&longs;ome block. And I &longs;ee no rea&longs;on why <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould not be <lb/>pre&longs;ently &longs;atisfied with the Argument you alledg, to prove that <lb/>there can be no &longs;uch thing in nature as a motion by a right line, <lb/>if we do but pre&longs;uppo&longs;e that the parts of the Univer&longs;e are di&longs;po<lb/>&longs;ed in an excellent con&longs;titution and perfect order.</s>

<s>SALV. Stay a little, good <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus,<emph.end type="italics"/> for ju&longs;t now a way comes <lb/>into my mind, how I may give <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;atisfaction, provided <lb/>that he will not be &longs;o &longs;trictly wedded to every expre&longs;&longs;ion of <emph type="italics"/>A<lb/>ri&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> as to hold it here&longs;ie to recede in any thing from him. Nor <lb/>is there any que&longs;tion to be made, but that if we grant the excel<lb/>lent di&longs;po&longs;ition and perfect order of the parts of the Univer&longs;e, <lb/>as to local &longs;cituation, that then there is no other but the circular <lb/>motion, and re&longs;t; for as to the motion by a right line, I &longs;ee not <lb/>how it can be of u&longs;e for any thing, but to reduce to their natural <lb/>con&longs;titution, &longs;ome integral bodies, that by &longs;ome accident were re<lb/>mov'd and &longs;eparated from their whole, as we &longs;aid above.</s>

<s>Let us now con&longs;ider the whole Terre&longs;trial Globe, and enquire <lb/>the be&longs;t we can, whether it, and the other Mundane bodies are to <lb/>con&longs;erve them&longs;elves in their perfect and natural di&longs;po&longs;ition. It <lb/>is nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;ay, either that it re&longs;ts and keeps perpetually im<lb/>moveable in its place; or el&longs;e that continuing always in its place, <lb/>it revolves in its &longs;elf; or that it turneth about a Centre, moving <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg94"></arrow.to.target><lb/>by the circumference of a circle. Of which accidents, both <emph type="italics"/>Ari<lb/>&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ptolomey,<emph.end type="italics"/> and all their followers &longs;ay, that it hath ever <lb/>ob&longs;erved, and &longs;hall continually keep the fir&longs;t, that is, a perpetual <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg95"></arrow.to.target><lb/>re&longs;t in the &longs;ame place. Now, why, I pray you, ought they not <lb/>to have &longs;aid, that its natural affection is to re&longs;t immoveable, ra<lb/>ther than to make natural unto it the motion ^{*} downwards, with <lb/>which motion it never did or &longs;hall move? And as to the motion <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg96"></arrow.to.target><lb/>by a right line, they mu&longs;t grant us that Nature maketh u&longs;e of it <lb/>to reduce the &longs;mall parts of the Earth, Water, Air, Fire, and every <lb/>other integral Mundane body to their <emph type="italics"/>Whole,<emph.end type="italics"/> when any of them <lb/>by chance are &longs;eparated, and &longs;o tran&longs;ported out of their proper <lb/>place; if al&longs;o haply, &longs;ome circular motion might not be found <lb/>to be more convenient to make this re&longs;titution. In my judg<lb/>ment, this primary po&longs;ition an&longs;wers much better, even according <lb/>to <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totles<emph.end type="italics"/> own method, to all the other con&longs;equences, than <lb/>to attribute the &longs;traight motion to be an intrin&longs;ick and natural

<pb pagenum="33"/>principle of the Elements. Which is manife&longs;t, for that if I aske <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick,<emph.end type="italics"/> if, being of opinion that C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies are <lb/>incorruptibe and eternal, he believeth that the Terre&longs;tial Globe <lb/>is not &longs;o, but corruptible and mortal, &longs;o that there &longs;hall come a <lb/>time, when the Sun and Moon and other Stars, continuing their <lb/>beings and operations, the Earth &longs;hall not be found in the <lb/>World, but &longs;hall with the re&longs;t of the Elements be de&longs;troyed <lb/>and annihilated, I am certain that he would an&longs;wer me, no: <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg97"></arrow.to.target><lb/>therefore generation and corruption is in the parts and not in the <lb/>whole; and in the parts very &longs;mall and &longs;uperficial, which are, <lb/>as it were, incen&longs;ible in compari&longs;on of the whole ma&longs;&longs;e. And <lb/>becau&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> deduceth generation and corruption from the <lb/>contrariety of &longs;treight motions, let us remit &longs;uch motions to the <lb/>parts, which onely change and decay, and to the whole Globe <lb/>and Sphere of the Elements, let us a&longs;cribe either the circular mo<lb/>tion, or a perpetual con&longs;i&longs;tance in its proper place: the only <lb/>affections apt for perpetuation, and maintaining of perfect order. <lb/>This which is &longs;poken of the Earth, may be &longs;aid with the &longs;ame <lb/>rea&longs;on of Fire, and of the greate&longs;t part of the Air; to which <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg98"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Elements, the <emph type="italics"/>Peripateticks<emph.end type="italics"/> are forced to a&longs;cribe for intrin&longs;ical <lb/>and natural, a motion wherewith they were never yet moved, <lb/>nor never &longs;hall be; and to call that motion preternatural to them, <lb/>wherewith, if they move at all, they do and ever &longs;hall move. <lb/>This I &longs;ay, becau&longs;e they a&longs;&longs;ign to the Air aud Fire the motion <lb/>upwards, wherewith tho&longs;e Elements were never moved, but <lb/>only &longs;ome parts of them, and tho&longs;e were &longs;o moved onely in or<lb/>der to the recovery of their perfect con&longs;titution, when they were <lb/>out of their natural places; and on the contrary they call the <lb/>circular motion preternatural to them, though they are thereby <lb/>ince&longs;&longs;antly moved: forgeting, as it &longs;eemeth, what <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> oft in<lb/>culcateth, that nothing violent can be permanent.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg94"></margin.target>Ari&longs;t. <emph type="italics"/>&<emph.end type="italics"/> Ptolomey <lb/><emph type="italics"/>make the Terre<lb/>strial Globe immo<lb/>veable.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg95"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>It is better to &longs;ay, <lb/>that the Terre&longs;tri<lb/>al Globe naturally <lb/>resteth, than that <lb/>it moveth directly <lb/>downwards.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg96"></margin.target>*The word is, <emph type="italics"/>all' <lb/>ingiù,<emph.end type="italics"/> which the <lb/>Latine ver&longs;ion ren<lb/>dreth <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ur&longs;ùm,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which is quite con<lb/>trary to the Au<lb/>thors &longs;en&longs;e.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg97"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Right Motion <lb/>with more rea&longs;on <lb/>attributed to the <lb/>parts, than to the <lb/>whole Elements.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg98"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Peripateticks <lb/>improperly a&longs;&longs;ign <lb/>tho&longs;e motious to <lb/>the Elements for <lb/>Natural, with <lb/>which they never <lb/>were moved, and <lb/>tho&longs;e for Preter<lb/>natural with which <lb/>they alwayes are <lb/>moved.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. To all the&longs;e we have very pertinent an&longs;wers, which <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg99"></arrow.to.target><lb/>I for this time omit, that we may come to the more particular <lb/>rea&longs;ons, and &longs;en&longs;ible experiments, which ought in conclu&longs;ion to <lb/>be oppo&longs;ed, as <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;aitn well, to whatever humane rea&longs;on <lb/>can pre&longs;ent us with.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg99"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Sen&longs;ible experi<lb/>ments to be prefer<lb/>red to humane <lb/>Arguments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. What hath been &longs;poken hitherto, &longs;erves to clear up <lb/>unto us which of the two general di&longs;cour&longs;es carrieth with it mo&longs;t <lb/>of probability, I mean that of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> which would per&longs;wade <lb/>us, that the &longs;ublunary bodies are by nature generable, and corru<lb/>ptible, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> and therefore mo&longs;t different from the e&longs;&longs;ence of C&oelig;<lb/>leftial bodies, which are impa&longs;&longs;ible, ingenerable, incorruptible, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> drawn from the diver&longs;ity of &longs;imple motions; or el&longs;e this of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Salviatus,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;uppo&longs;ing the integral parts of the World to be <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ed in a perfect con&longs;titution, excludes by nece&longs;&longs;ary confe

<pb pagenum="34"/>quence the right or &longs;traight motion of &longs;imple natural bodies, as <lb/>being of no u&longs;e in nature, and e&longs;teems the Earth it &longs;elf al&longs;o to <lb/>be one of the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies adorn'd with all the prerogatives <lb/>that agree with them; which la&longs;t di&longs;cour&longs;e is hitherto much <lb/>more likely, in my judgment, than that other. Therefore re<lb/>&longs;olve, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> to produce all the particular rea&longs;ons, experi<lb/>ments and ob&longs;ervations, as well Natural as A&longs;tronomical, that <lb/>may &longs;erve to per&longs;wade us that the Earth differeth from the C&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial bodies, is immoveable, and &longs;ituated in the Centre of the <lb/>World, and what ever el&longs;e excludes its moving like to the Planets, <lb/>as <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <emph type="italics"/>Moon, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/> And <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/> will be plea&longs;ed to <lb/>be &longs;o civil as to an&longs;wer to them one by one.</s>

<s>SIMPL. See here for a beginning, two mo&longs;t convincing Argu<lb/>ments to demon&longs;trate the Earth to be mo&longs;t different from the <lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies. Fir&longs;t, the bodies that are generable, corru<lb/>ptible, alterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> are quite different from tho&longs;e that are in<lb/>generable, incorruptible, unalterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> But the Earth is ge<lb/>nerable, corruptible, alterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> and the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies in<lb/>generable, incorruptible, unalterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> Therefore the Earth <lb/>is quite different from the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies.</s>

<s>SAGR. By your fir&longs;t Argument you &longs;pread the Table with the <lb/>&longs;ame Viands, which but ju&longs;t now with much adoe were voided.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Hold a little, Sir, and take the re&longs;t along with you, <lb/>and then tell me if this be not different from what you had be<lb/>fore. In the former, the <emph type="italics"/>Minor<emph.end type="italics"/> was proved <emph type="italics"/>à priori,<emph.end type="italics"/> & now you &longs;ee <lb/>it proved <emph type="italics"/>à po&longs;teriori:<emph.end type="italics"/> Judg then if it be the &longs;ame. I prove the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Minor,<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore (the <emph type="italics"/>Major<emph.end type="italics"/> being mo&longs;t manife&longs;t) by &longs;en&longs;ible ex<lb/>perience, which &longs;hews us that in the Earth there are made conti<lb/>nual generations, corruptions, alterations, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which neither our <lb/>&longs;en&longs;es, nor the traditions or memories of our Ance&longs;tors, ever &longs;aw <lb/>an in&longs;tance of in Heaven; therefore Heaven is unalterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg100"></arrow.to.target><lb/>and the Earth alterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> and therefore different from Hea<lb/>ven. I take my &longs;econd Argument from a principal and e&longs;&longs;ential <lb/>accident, and it is this. That body which is by its nature ob<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg101"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;cure and deprived of light, is divers from the luminous and &longs;hi<lb/>ning bodies; but the Earth is ob&longs;cure and void of light, and the <lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies &longs;plendid, and full of light; <emph type="italics"/>Ergo, &c.<emph.end type="italics"/> An&longs;wer <lb/>to the&longs;e Arguments fir&longs;t, that we may not heap up too many, <lb/>and then I will alledge others.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg100"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Heaven immuta<lb/>ble, becau&longs;e there <lb/>never was any mu<lb/>tation &longs;een in it.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg101"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Bodies naturally <lb/>lucid, are different <lb/>from tho&longs;e which <lb/>are by nature ob<lb/>&longs;cure.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. As to the fir&longs;t, the &longs;tre&longs;&longs;e whereof you lay upon ex<lb/>perience, I de&longs;ire that you would a little more di&longs;tinctly produce <lb/>me the alteration which you &longs;ee made in the Earth, and not in <lb/>Heaven; upon which you call the Earth alterable, and the Hea<lb/>vens not &longs;o.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I &longs;ee in the Earth, plants and animals continually ge

<pb pagenum="35"/>nerating and decaying; winds, rains, tempe&longs;ts, &longs;torms ari&longs;ing; and <lb/>in a word, the a&longs;pect of the Earth to be perpetually metamorpho<lb/>&longs;ing; none of which mutations are to be di&longs;cern'd in the C&oelig;le&longs;tial <lb/>bodies; the con&longs;titution and figuration of which is mo&longs;t punctu<lb/>ally conformable to that they ever were time out of mind; without <lb/>the generation of any thing that is new, or corruption of any thing <lb/>that was old.</s>

<s>SALV. But if you content your &longs;elf with the&longs;e vi&longs;ible, or to <lb/>&longs;ay better, &longs;een experiments, you mu&longs;t con&longs;equently account <lb/><emph type="italics"/>China<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>America<emph.end type="italics"/> C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, for doubtle&longs;&longs;e you never <lb/>beheld in them the&longs;e alterations which you &longs;ee here in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>that therefore according to your apprehen&longs;ion they are inal<lb/>terable.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Though I never did &longs;ee the&longs;e alterations &longs;enfibly in <lb/>tho&longs;e places, the relations of them are not to be que&longs;tioned; <lb/>be&longs;ides that, <emph type="italics"/>cum eadem &longs;it ratio totius, & partium,<emph.end type="italics"/> tho&longs;e <lb/>Countreys being a part of the Earth, as well as ours, they <lb/>mu&longs;t of nece&longs;&longs;ity be alterable as the&longs;e are.</s>

<s>SALV. And why have you not, without being put to believe <lb/>other mens relations, examined and ob&longs;erved tho&longs;e alterations <lb/>with your own eyes?</s>

<s>SIMPL. Becau&longs;e tho&longs;e places, be&longs;ides that they are not ex<lb/>po&longs;ed to our eyes, are &longs;o remote, that our &longs;ight cannot reach <lb/>to comprehend therein &longs;uch like mutations.</s>

<s>SALV. See now, how you have unawares di&longs;covered the falla<lb/>cy of your Argument; for, if you &longs;ay that the alterations that <lb/>are &longs;een on the Earth neer at hand, cannot, by rea&longs;on of the too <lb/>great di&longs;tance, be &longs;een in <emph type="italics"/>America,<emph.end type="italics"/> much le&longs;&longs;e can you &longs;ee them <lb/>in the Moon, which is &longs;o many hundred times more remote: <lb/>And if you believe the alterations in <emph type="italics"/>Mexico<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the report of <lb/>tho&longs;e that come from thence, what intelligence have you from <lb/>the Moon, to a&longs;&longs;ure you that there is no &longs;uch alterations in it? <lb/>Therefore, from your not &longs;eeing any alterations in Heaven, <lb/>whereas, if there were any &longs;uch, you could not &longs;ee them by rea<lb/>&longs;on of their too great di&longs;tance, and from your not having intel<lb/>ligence thereof, in regard that it cannot be had, you ought not <lb/>to argue, that there are no &longs;uch alterations; howbeit, from the <lb/>&longs;eeing and ob&longs;erving of them on Earth, you well argue that <lb/>therein &longs;uch there are.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I will &longs;hew &longs;o great mutations that have befaln on <lb/>the Earth; that if any &longs;uch had happened in the Moon, they <lb/>might very well have been ob&longs;erved here below. We find in <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg102"></arrow.to.target><lb/>very antient records, that heretofore at the Streights of <emph type="italics"/>Gibraltar,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the two great Mountains <emph type="italics"/>Abila,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Calpen,<emph.end type="italics"/> were continued to<lb/>gether by certain other le&longs;&longs;e Mountains which there gave check

<pb pagenum="36"/>to the Ocean: but tho&longs;e Hills, being by &longs;ome cau&longs;e or other &longs;e<lb/>parated, and a way being opened to the Sea to break in, it made <lb/>&longs;uch an inundation, that it gave occa&longs;ion to the calling of it &longs;ince <lb/>the Mid-land Sea: the greatne&longs;s whereof con&longs;idered, and the di<lb/>vers a&longs;pect the &longs;urface of the Water and Earth then made, had it <lb/>been beheld afar off, there is no doubt but &longs;o great a change <lb/>might have been di&longs;cerned by one that was then in the Moon; <lb/>as al&longs;o to us inhabitants of the Earth, the like alterations would <lb/>be perceived in the Moon; but we find not in antiquity, that e<lb/>ver there was &longs;uch a thing &longs;een; therefore we have no cau&longs;e to <lb/>&longs;ay, that any of the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies are alterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg102"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Mediterr ani<lb/>an Sea made by the <lb/>&longs;eparation of<emph.end type="italics"/> Abi<lb/>la <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Calpen.</s>

<s>SALV. That &longs;o great alterations have hapned in the Moon, I <lb/>dare not &longs;ay, but for all that, I am not yet certain but that &longs;uch <lb/>changes might occur; and becau&longs;e &longs;uch a mutation could onely <lb/>repre&longs;ent unto us &longs;ome kind of variation between the more clear, <lb/>and more ob&longs;cure parts of the Moon, I know not whether we <lb/>have had on Earth ob&longs;ervant Selenographers, who have for any <lb/>con&longs;iderable number of years, in&longs;tructed us with &longs;o exact Seleno<lb/>graphy, as that we &longs;hould confidently conclude, that there hath <lb/>no &longs;uch change hapned in the face of the Moon; of the figura<lb/>tion of which I find no more particular de&longs;cription, than the &longs;ay<lb/>ing of &longs;ome, that it repre&longs;ents an humane face; of others, that <lb/>it is like the muzzle of a lyon; and of others, that it is <emph type="italics"/>Cain<emph.end type="italics"/> with <lb/>a bundle of thorns on his back: therefore, to &longs;ay Heaven is un<lb/>alterable, becau&longs;e that in the Moon, or other C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, no <lb/>&longs;uch alterations are &longs;een, as di&longs;cover them&longs;elves on Earth, is a bad <lb/>illation, and concludeth nothing.</s>

<s>SAGR. And there is another odd kind of &longs;cruple in this Argu<lb/>ment of <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> running in my mind, which I would gladly <lb/>have an&longs;wered; therefore I demand of him, whether the Earth <lb/>before the Mediterranian inundation was generable and corrupti<lb/>ble, or el&longs;e began then &longs;o to be?</s>

<s>SIMPL. It was doubtle&longs;s generable and corruptible al&longs;o be<lb/>fore that time; but that was &longs;o va&longs;t a mutation, that it might <lb/>have been ob&longs;erved as far as the Moon.</s>

<s>SAGR. Go to; if the Earth was generable and corruptible <lb/>before that Inundation, why may not the Moon be &longs;o like<lb/>wi&longs;e without &longs;uch a change? Or why &longs;hould that be nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>in the Moon, which importeth nothing on Earth?</s>

<s>SALV. It is a &longs;hrewd que&longs;tion: But I am doubtfull that <emph type="italics"/>Sim<lb/>plicius<emph.end type="italics"/> a little altereth the Text of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the other <emph type="italics"/>Peri<lb/>patelicks,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;ay, they hold the Heavens unalterable, for that <lb/>they &longs;ee therein no one &longs;tar generate or corrupt, which is proba<lb/>bly a le&longs;s part of Heaven, than a City is of the Earth, and yet <lb/>innumerable of the&longs;e have been de&longs;troyed, &longs;o as that no mark of <lb/>them hath remain'd.</s>

<s>SAGR. I verily believed otherwi&longs;e, and conceited that <emph type="italics"/>Sim<lb/>plicius<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;&longs;embled this expo&longs;ition of the Text, that he might not <lb/>charge his Ma&longs;ter and Con&longs;ectators, with a notion more ab&longs;urd <lb/>than the former. And what a folly it is to &longs;ay the C&oelig;le&longs;tial <lb/>part is unalterable, becau&longs;e no &longs;tars do generate or corrupt there<lb/>in? What then? hath any &longs;een a Terre&longs;trial Globe corrupt, and <lb/>another regenerate in its place? And yet is it not on all hands <lb/>granted by Philo&longs;ophers, that there are very few &longs;tars in Heaven <lb/>le&longs;s than the Earth, but very many that are much bigger? So <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg103"></arrow.to.target><lb/>that for a &longs;tar in Heaven to corrupt, would be no le&longs;s than if the <lb/>whole Terre&longs;trial Globe &longs;hould be de&longs;troy'd. Therefore, if for <lb/>the true proof of generation and corruption in the Univer&longs;e, it be <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary that &longs;o va&longs;t bodies as a &longs;tar, mu&longs;t corrupt and regene<lb/>rate, you may &longs;atisfie your &longs;elf and cea&longs;e your opinion; for I <lb/>a&longs;&longs;ure you, that you &longs;hall never &longs;ee the Terre&longs;trial Globe or any <lb/>other integral body of the World, to corrupt or decay &longs;o, that <lb/>having been beheld by us for &longs;o many years pa&longs;t, they &longs;hould &longs;o <lb/>di&longs;&longs;olve, as not to leave any foot&longs;teps of them.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg103"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Its no le&longs;s impo&longs;&longs;i<lb/>ble for a &longs;tar to <lb/>corrupt, than for <lb/>the whole Terre<lb/>&longs;trial Globe.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. But to give <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> yet fuller &longs;atisfaction, and to <lb/>reclaim him, if po&longs;&longs;ible, from his error; I affirm, that we have in <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg104"></arrow.to.target><lb/>our age new accidents and ob&longs;ervations, and &longs;uch, that I que&longs;tion <lb/>not in the lea&longs;t, but if <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> were now alive, they would make <lb/>him change his opinion; which may be ea&longs;ily collected from the <lb/>very manner of his di&longs;cour&longs;ing: For when he writeth that he e<lb/>&longs;teemeth the Heavens inalterable, &c. becau&longs;e no new thing was <lb/>&longs;een to be begot therein, or any old to be di&longs;&longs;olved, he &longs;eems im<lb/>plicitely to hint unto us, that when he &longs;hould &longs;ee any &longs;uch acci<lb/>dent, he would hold the contrary; and confront, as indeed it is <lb/>meet, &longs;en&longs;ible experiments to natural rea&longs;on: for had he not <lb/>made any reckoning of the &longs;en&longs;es, he would not then from the <lb/>not &longs;eeing of any &longs;en&longs;ible mutation, have argued immutability.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg104"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>would <lb/>change his opinion, <lb/>did he &longs;ee the no<lb/>velties of our age.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> deduceth his principal Argument <emph type="italics"/>à priori,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;hewing the nece&longs;&longs;ity of the inalterability of Heaven by natural, <lb/>manife&longs;t and clear principles; and then &longs;tabli&longs;heth the &longs;ame <emph type="italics"/>à po<lb/>&longs;teriori,<emph.end type="italics"/> by &longs;en&longs;e, and the traditions of the antients.</s>

<s>SALV. This you &longs;peak of is the Method he hath ob&longs;erved in <lb/>delivering his Doctrine, but I do not bethink it yet to be that <lb/>wherewith he invented it; for I do believe for certain, that he <lb/>fir&longs;t procured by help of the &longs;en&longs;es, &longs;uch experiments and ob&longs;er<lb/>vations as he could, to a&longs;&longs;ure him as much as it was po&longs;&longs;ible, of the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg105"></arrow.to.target><lb/>conclu&longs;ion, and that he afterwards &longs;ought out the means how to <lb/>demon&longs;trate it: For this, the u&longs;ual cour&longs;e in demon&longs;trative Scien<lb/>ces, and the rea&longs;on thereof is, becau&longs;e when the conclu&longs;ion is <lb/>true, by help of re&longs;olutive Method, one may hit upon &longs;ome pro<lb/>po&longs;ition before demon&longs;trated, or come to &longs;ome principle known

<pb pagenum="38"/><emph type="italics"/>per &longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/>; but if the conclu&longs;ion be fal&longs;e, a man may proceed <emph type="italics"/>in in<lb/>finitum,<emph.end type="italics"/> and never meet with any truth already known; but ve<lb/>ry oft he &longs;hall meet with &longs;ome impo&longs;&longs;ibility or manife&longs;t ab&longs;urdi<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg106"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ty. Nor need you que&longs;tion but that <emph type="italics"/>Pythagoras<emph.end type="italics"/> along time be<lb/>fore he found the demon&longs;tration for which he offered the Heca<lb/>tomb, had been certain, that the &longs;quare of the &longs;ide &longs;ubtending <lb/>the right angle in a rectangle triangle, was equal to the &longs;quare of <lb/>the other two &longs;ides: and the certainty of the conclu&longs;ion condu<lb/>ced not a little to the inve&longs;tigating of the demon&longs;tration, un<lb/>der&longs;tanding me alwayes to mean in demon&longs;trative Sciences. But <lb/>what ever was the method of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> and whether his arguing <emph type="italics"/>à <lb/>priori<emph.end type="italics"/> preceded &longs;en&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>à po&longs;teriori,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the contrary; it &longs;ufficeth that <lb/>the &longs;ame <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> preferreth (as hath been oft &longs;aid) &longs;en&longs;ible ex<lb/>periments before all di&longs;cour&longs;es; be&longs;ides, as to the Arugments <emph type="italics"/>à <lb/>priori<emph.end type="italics"/> their force hath been already examined. Now returning <lb/>to my purpo&longs;ed matter, I &longs;ay, that the things in our times di&longs;<lb/>covered in the Heavens, are, and have been &longs;uch, that they may <lb/>give ab&longs;olute &longs;atisfaction to all Philo&longs;ophers; fora&longs;much as in <lb/>the particular bodies, and in the univer&longs;al expan&longs;ion of Heaven, <lb/>there have been, and are continually, &longs;een ju&longs;t &longs;uch accidents as <lb/>we call generations and corruptions, being that excellent A<lb/>&longs;tronomers have ob&longs;erved many Comets generated and di&longs;&longs;olved <lb/>in parts higher than the Lunar Orb, be&longs;ides the two new Stars, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg107"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Anuo<emph.end type="italics"/> 1572, and <emph type="italics"/>Anno<emph.end type="italics"/> 1604, without contradiction much higher <lb/>than all the Planets; and in the face of the Sun it &longs;elf, by help <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg108"></arrow.to.target><lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>Tele&longs;cope,<emph.end type="italics"/> certain den&longs;e and ob&longs;cure &longs;ub&longs;tances, in &longs;em<lb/>blance very like to the foggs about the Earth, are &longs;een to be <lb/>produced and di&longs;&longs;olved; and many of the&longs;e are &longs;o va&longs;t, that <lb/>they far exceed not only the Mediterranian Streight, but all <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg109"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Affrica<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o. Now if <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> had &longs;een the&longs;e things, <lb/>what think you he would have &longs;aid, and done <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius?<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg105"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The certaixty of <lb/>the conclu&longs;ion he<gap/><lb/>peth by are&longs;olutive <lb/>method to &longs;ind the <lb/>demonstration.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg106"></margin.target>Pythagoras <emph type="italics"/>offered <lb/>an Hecatomb for <lb/>a Geometrical de<lb/>mon&longs;tration which <lb/>he found.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg107"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>New &longs;tars di&longs;co<lb/>vered in Heaven.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg108"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Spots generate and <lb/>di&longs;&longs;olve in the face <lb/>of the Sun.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg109"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Solar spots are <lb/>bigger than all<emph.end type="italics"/> A<lb/>&longs;ia <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Affrick.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I know not what <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> would have done or &longs;aid, <lb/>that was the great Ma&longs;ter of all the Sciences, but yet I know in <lb/>part, what his Sectators do and &longs;ay, and ought to do and &longs;ay, <lb/>unle&longs;&longs;e they would deprive them&longs;elves of their guide, leader, and <lb/>Prince in Philo&longs;ophy. As to the Comets, are not tho&longs;e Modern <lb/>A&longs;tronomers, who would make them C&oelig;le&longs;tial, convinced by <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg110"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the ^{*}<emph type="italics"/>Anti-Tycho,<emph.end type="italics"/> yea, and overcome with their own weapons, I <lb/>mean by way of Paralaxes and Calculations, every way tryed, <lb/>concluding at the la&longs;t in favour of <emph type="italics"/>Aristotle,<emph.end type="italics"/> that they are all <lb/>Elementary? And this being overthrown, which was as it were <lb/>their foundation, have the&longs;e Novelli&longs;ts any thing more where<lb/>with to maintain their a&longs;&longs;ertion?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg110"></margin.target>* <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;tronomers con<lb/>futed by<emph.end type="italics"/> Anti-Ty<lb/>cho.</s>

<s>SALV. Hold a little, good <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> this modern Author, <lb/>what &longs;aith he to the new Stars, <emph type="italics"/>Anno<emph.end type="italics"/> 1572, and 1604, and to

<pb pagenum="39"/>the Solar &longs;pots? for as to the Comets, I for my own particular <lb/>little care to make them generated under or above the Moon; <lb/>nor did I ever put much &longs;tre&longs;&longs;e on the loquacity of <emph type="italics"/>Tycho<emph.end type="italics"/>; nor <lb/>am I hard to believe that their matter is Elementary, and that <lb/>they may elevate (&longs;ublimate) them&longs;elves at their plea&longs;ure, with<lb/>out meeting with any ob&longs;tacle from the impenetrability of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick<emph.end type="italics"/> Heaven, which I hold to be far more thin, yielding, <lb/>and &longs;ubtil than our Air; and as to the calculations of the Pa<lb/>rallaxes, fir&longs;t, the uncertainty whether Comets are &longs;ubject to <lb/>&longs;uch accidents, and next, the incon&longs;tancy of the ob&longs;ervations, <lb/>upon which the computations are made, make me equally &longs;u&longs;<lb/>pect both tho&longs;e opinions: and the rather, for that I &longs;ee him <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg111"></arrow.to.target><lb/>you call <emph type="italics"/>Anti-Tycho,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ometimes &longs;tretch to his purpo&longs;e, or el&longs;e <lb/>reject tho&longs;e ob&longs;ervations which interfere with his de&longs;ign.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg111"></margin.target>Anti-Tycho <emph type="italics"/>wre<lb/>&longs;teth A&longs;tronomical <lb/>ob&longs;ervations to his <lb/>own parpo&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. As to the new Stars, <emph type="italics"/>Anti-Tycho<emph.end type="italics"/> extricates him&longs;elf <lb/>finely in three or four words; &longs;aying, That tho&longs;e mo<lb/>dern new Stars are no certain parts of the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, and <lb/>that the adver&longs;aries, if they will prove alteration and genera<lb/>tion in tho&longs;e &longs;uperior bodies, mu&longs;t &longs;hew &longs;ome mutations that <lb/>have been made in the Stars de&longs;cribed &longs;o many ages pa&longs;t, of <lb/>which there is no doubt but that they be C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, <lb/>which they can never be able to do: Next, as to tho&longs;e mat<lb/>ters which &longs;ome affirm, to generate and di&longs;&longs;ipate in the face of <lb/>the Sun, he makes no mention thereof; wherefore I conclude, <lb/>that he believed them fictious, or the illu&longs;ions of the Tube, or <lb/>at mo&longs;t, &longs;ome petty effecs cau&longs;ed by the Air, and in brief, any <lb/>thing rather than matters C&oelig;le&longs;tial.</s>

<s>SALV. But you, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> what an&longs;wer could you give to <lb/>the oppo&longs;ition of the&longs;e importunate &longs;pots which are &longs;tarted up <lb/>to di&longs;turb the Heavens, and more than that, the <emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Philo&longs;ophy? It cannot be but that you, who are &longs;o re&longs;olute a <lb/>Champion of it, have found &longs;ome reply or &longs;olution for the <lb/>&longs;ame, of which you ought not to deprive us.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I have heard &longs;undry opinions about this particular. <lb/>One &longs;aith: “They are Stars which in their proper Orbs, like as <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg112"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Mervury,<emph.end type="italics"/> revolve about the Sun, and in pa&longs;&longs;ing un<lb/>der it, repre&longs;ent them&longs;elves to us ob&longs;cure; and for that they <lb/>are many, they oft happen to aggregate their parts together, <lb/>and afterwards &longs;eperate again. Others believe them to be <lb/>aerial impre&longs;&longs;ions; others, the illu&longs;ions of the chry&longs;tals; and o<lb/>thers, other things: But I incline to think, yea am verily per<lb/>&longs;waded, That they are an aggregate of many &longs;everal opacous <lb/>bodies, as it were ca&longs;ually concurrent among them&longs;elves. And <lb/>therefore we often &longs;ee, that in one of tho&longs;e &longs;pots one may <lb/>number ten or more &longs;uch &longs;mall bodies, which are of irregu

<pb pagenum="40"/>lar figures, and &longs;eem to us like flakes of &longs;now, or flocks of <lb/>wooll, or moaths flying: they vary &longs;ite among&longs;t them&longs;elves, <lb/>and one while &longs;ever, another while meet, and mo&longs;t of all be<lb/>neath the Sun, about which, as about their Centre, they con<lb/>tinually move. But yet, mu&longs;t we not therefore grant, that <lb/>they are generated or di&longs;&longs;olved, but that at &longs;ometimes they are <lb/>hid behind the body of the Sun, and at other times, though <lb/>remote from it, yet are they not &longs;een for the vicinity of the <lb/>immea&longs;urable light of the Sun; in regard that in the eccentrick <lb/>Orb of the Sun, there is con&longs;tituted, as it were, an Onion, com<lb/>po&longs;ed of many folds one within another, each of which, being <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg113"></arrow.to.target><lb/>^{*}&longs;tudded with certain &longs;mall &longs;pots, doth move; and albeit their <lb/>motion at fir&longs;t &longs;eemeth incon&longs;tant and irregular, yet neverthe<lb/>le&longs;&longs;e, it is &longs;aid at la&longs;t, to be ob&longs;erved that the very &longs;ame &longs;pots, <lb/>as before,” do within a determinate time return again. This <lb/>&longs;eemeth to me the fitte&longs;t an&longs;wer that hath been found to a&longs;&longs;igne <lb/>a rea&longs;on of that &longs;ame appearance, and withal to maintain the <lb/>incorruptability and ingenerability of the Heavens; and if this <lb/>doth not &longs;uffice; there wants not more elevated wits, which will <lb/>give you other, more convincing.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg112"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Sundry opinions <lb/>touching the Solar <lb/>&longs;pots.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg113"></margin.target>* The Original <lb/>&longs;aith [<emph type="italics"/>tempe&longs;tata &longs;i <lb/>muove<emph.end type="italics"/>] which the <lb/>Latine Tran&longs;lati<lb/>on, (Mi&longs;taking <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tempectata,<emph.end type="italics"/> aword <lb/>in Heraldry, for <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tempe&longs;tato,<emph.end type="italics"/>) ren<lb/>dereth [<emph type="italics"/>incitata <lb/>movetur<emph.end type="italics"/>] which <lb/>&longs;ignifieth a violent <lb/>tran&longs;portmeut, as <lb/>in a &longs;torm, that of <lb/>a Ship.</s>

<s>SALV. If this of which we di&longs;pute, were &longs;ome point of Law, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg114"></arrow.to.target><lb/>or other part of the Studies called <emph type="italics"/>Humanity,<emph.end type="italics"/> wherein there is <lb/>neither truth nor fal&longs;hood, if we will give &longs;ufficient credit to <lb/>the acutene&longs;&longs;e of the wit, readine&longs;&longs;e of an&longs;wers, and the gene<lb/>ral practice of Writers, then he who mo&longs;t aboundeth in the&longs;e, <lb/>makes his rea&longs;on more probable and plau&longs;ible; but in Natural <lb/>Sciences, the conclu&longs;ions of which are true and nece&longs;&longs;ary, and <lb/>wherewith the judgment of men hath nothing to do, one is to <lb/>be more cautious how he goeth about to maintain any thing that <lb/>is fal&longs;e; for a man but of an ordinary wit, if it be his good for<lb/>tune to be of the right &longs;ide, may lay a thou&longs;and <emph type="italics"/>Demo&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>a thou&longs;and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totles<emph.end type="italics"/> at his feet. Therefore reject tho&longs;e hopes <lb/>and conceits, wherewith you flatter your &longs;elf, that there can be <lb/>any men &longs;o much more learned, read, and ver&longs;ed in Authors, <lb/>than we, that in de&longs;pite of nature, they &longs;hould be able to <lb/>make that become true, which is fal&longs;e. And &longs;eeing that of all <lb/>the opinions that have been hitherto alledged touching the e&longs;<lb/>&longs;ence of the&longs;e Solar &longs;pots, this in&longs;tanced in by you, is in your <lb/>judgment the true&longs;t, it followeth (if this be &longs;o) that all the re&longs;t <lb/>are fal&longs;e; and to deliver you from this al&longs;o, which doubtle&longs;&longs;e is a <lb/>mo&longs;t fal&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Chim&oelig;ra,<emph.end type="italics"/> over-pa&longs;&longs;ing infinite other improbabilities <lb/>that are therein, I &longs;hall propo&longs;e again&longs;t it onely two experiments; <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg115"></arrow.to.target><lb/>one is, that many of tho&longs;e &longs;pots are &longs;een to ari&longs;e in the mid&longs;t of <lb/>the Solar ring, and many likewi&longs;e to di&longs;&longs;olve and vani&longs;h at a great <lb/>di&longs;tance from the circumference of the Sun; a nece&longs;&longs;ary Argu

<pb pagenum="41"/>ment that they generate and di&longs;&longs;olve; for if without generating <lb/>or corrrupting, they &longs;hould appear there by onely local motion, <lb/>they would all be &longs;een to enter, and pa&longs;s out by the extreme cir<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg116"></arrow.to.target><lb/>cumference. The other ob&longs;ervation to &longs;uch as are not &longs;ituate in <lb/>the lowe&longs;t degree of ignorance in Per&longs;pective, by the mutation <lb/>of the appearing figures, and by the apparent mutations of the <lb/>velocity of motion is nece&longs;&longs;arily concluding, that the &longs;pots are <lb/>contiguous to the body of the Sun, and that touching its &longs;uperfi<lb/>cies, they move either with it or upon it, and that they in no wi&longs;e <lb/>move in circles remote from the &longs;ame. The motion proves <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg117"></arrow.to.target><lb/>it, which towards the circumference of the Solar Circle, <lb/>appeareth very &longs;low, and towards the mid&longs;t, more &longs;wift; the fi<lb/>gures of the &longs;pots confirmeth it, which towards the circumference <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg118"></arrow.to.target><lb/>appear exceeding narrow in compari&longs;on of that which they &longs;eem <lb/>to be in the parts nearer the middle; and this becau&longs;e in the <lb/>mid&longs;t they are &longs;een in their full lu&longs;ter, and as they truly be; and <lb/>towards the circumference by rea&longs;on of the convexity of the glo<lb/>bous &longs;uperficies, they &longs;eem more compre&longs;&longs;'d: And both the&longs;e <lb/>diminutions of figure and motion, to &longs;uch as know how to ob&longs;erve <lb/>and calculate them exactly, preci&longs;ely an&longs;wer to that which &longs;hould <lb/>appear, the &longs;pots being contiguous to the Sun, and differ irrecon<lb/>cileably from a motion in circles remote, though but for &longs;mal <lb/>intervalls from the body of the Sun; as hath been diffu&longs;ely de<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg119"></arrow.to.target><lb/>mon&longs;trated by our ^{*} Friend, in his Letters about the Solar &longs;pots, <lb/>to <emph type="italics"/>Marcus Vel&longs;erus.<emph.end type="italics"/> It may be gathered from the &longs;ame muta<lb/>tion of figure, that none of them are &longs;tars, or other bodies of <lb/>&longs;pherical figure; for that among&longs;t all figures the &longs;phere never <lb/>appeareth compre&longs;&longs;ed, nor can ever be repre&longs;ented but onely per<lb/>fectly round; and thus in ca&longs;e any particular &longs;pot were a round <lb/>body, as all the &longs;tars are held to be, the &longs;aid roundne&longs;s would as <lb/>well appear in the mid&longs;t of the Solar ring, as when the &longs;pot is near <lb/>the extreme: whereas, its &longs;o great compre&longs;&longs;ion, and &longs;hewing its <lb/>&longs;elf &longs;o &longs;mall towards the extreme, and contrariwi&longs;e, &longs;patious and <lb/>large towards the middle, a&longs;&longs;ureth us, that the&longs;e &longs;pots are flat <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg120"></arrow.to.target><lb/>plates of &longs;mall thickne&longs;s or depth, in compari&longs;on of their length <lb/>and breadth. La&longs;tly, whereas you &longs;ay that the &longs;pots after their <lb/>determinate periods are ob&longs;erved to return to their former a&longs;pect, <lb/>believe it not, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> for he that told you &longs;o, will deceive <lb/>you; and that I &longs;peak the truth, you may ob&longs;erve them to be hid <lb/>in the face of the Sun far from the circumference; nor hath your <lb/>Ob&longs;ervator told you a word of that compre&longs;&longs;ion, which nece&longs;&longs;a<lb/>rily argueth them to be contiguous to the Sun. That which he <lb/>tells you of the return of the &longs;aid &longs;pots, is nothing el&longs;e but what <lb/>is read in the forementioned Letters, namely, that &longs;ome of them <lb/>may &longs;ometimes &longs;o happen that are of &longs;o long a duration, that

<pb pagenum="42"/>they cannot be di&longs;&longs;ipated by one &longs;ole conver&longs;ion about the Sun, <lb/>which is accompli&longs;hed in le&longs;s than a moneth.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg114"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>In natural Sci<lb/>ences, the art of <lb/>Oratory is of no <lb/>force.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg115"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>An Argument <lb/>that nece&longs;&longs;arily <lb/>proveth the Solar <lb/>&longs;pots to generate <lb/>and di&longs;&longs;olwe.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg116"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>A conclu&longs;ive de<lb/>mon&longs;tration, that <lb/>the &longs;pots are conti<lb/>guous to the body <lb/>of the Sun.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg117"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The motion of the <lb/>spots towards the <lb/>circumference of <lb/>the Sun appears <lb/>&longs;low.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg118"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The figure of the <lb/>spots appears nar<lb/>row towards the <lb/>circumference of <lb/>the Suns<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;cus, <emph type="italics"/>& <lb/>why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg119"></margin.target>* Under this word <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Friend,<emph.end type="italics"/> as al&longs;o that <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Academick, & <lb/>Common Friend, <lb/>Galil&oelig;us<emph.end type="italics"/> mode&longs;tly <lb/>conceals him&longs;elf <lb/>throughout the&longs;e <lb/>Dialogues.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg120"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Solar spots <lb/>are not &longs;pherical, <lb/>but flat like thin <lb/>plates.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I, for my part, have not made either &longs;o long, or &longs;o <lb/>exact ob&longs;ervations, as to enable me to boa&longs;t my &longs;elf Ma&longs;ter of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Quod ect<emph.end type="italics"/> of this matter: but I will more accurately con&longs;ider the <lb/>&longs;ame, and make tryal my &longs;elf for my own &longs;atisfaction, whether I <lb/>can reconcile that which experience &longs;hews us, with that which <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> teacheth us; for it's a certain Maxim, that two Truths <lb/>cannot be contrary to one another.</s>

<s>SALV. If you would reconcile that which &longs;en&longs;e &longs;heweth you, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg121"></arrow.to.target><lb/>with the &longs;olider Doctrines of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> you will find no great dif<lb/>ficulty in the undertaking; and that &longs;o it is, doth not <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ay, that one cannot treat confidently of the things of Heaven, <lb/>by rea&longs;on of their great remotene&longs;s?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg121"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>One cannot<emph.end type="italics"/> (<emph type="italics"/>&longs;aith<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Ari&longs;totle) <emph type="italics"/>&longs;peak <lb/>confidently of Hea<lb/>ven, by rea&longs;on of <lb/>its great di&longs;tance.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. He expre&longs;ly &longs;aith &longs;o.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg122"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg122"></margin.target>Ari&longs;totle <emph type="italics"/>prefers <lb/>&longs;en&longs;e before ratio<lb/>cination.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. And doth he not likewi&longs;e affirm, that we ought to pre<lb/>fer that which &longs;en&longs;e demon&longs;trates, before all Arguments, though <lb/>in appearance never &longs;o well grounded? and &longs;aith he not this <lb/>without the lea&longs;t doubt or hæ&longs;itation?</s>

<s>SIMPL. He doth &longs;o.</s>

<s>SALV. Why then, the &longs;econd of the&longs;e propo&longs;itions, which are <lb/>both the doctrine of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> that &longs;aith, that &longs;en&longs;e is to take </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg123"></arrow.to.target><lb/>place of Logick, is a doctrine much more &longs;olid and undoubted, <lb/>than that other which holdeth the Heavens to be unalterable; and <lb/>therefore you &longs;hall argue more <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totelically,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;aying, the Hea<lb/>vens are alterable, for that &longs;o my &longs;en&longs;e telleth me, than if you <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;ay, the Heavens are u alterable, for that Logick &longs;o per&longs;wa<lb/>ded <emph type="italics"/>Aristotle.<emph.end type="italics"/> Furthermore, we may di&longs;cour&longs;e of C&oelig;le&longs;tial mat<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg124"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ters much better than <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/>; becau&longs;e, he confe&longs;&longs;ing the know<lb/>ledg thereof to be difficult to him, by rea&longs;on of their remotene&longs;s <lb/>from the &longs;en&longs;es, he thereby acknowledgeth, that one to whom <lb/>the &longs;en&longs;es can better repre&longs;ent the &longs;ame, may philo&longs;ophate upon <lb/>them with more certainty. Now we by help of the Tele&longs;cope, <lb/>are brought thirty or forty times nearer to the Heavens, than ever <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> came; &longs;o that we may di&longs;cover in them an hundred <lb/>things, which he could not &longs;ee, and among&longs;t the re&longs;t, the&longs;e &longs;pots <lb/>in the Sun, which were to him ab&longs;olutely invi&longs;ible; therefore <lb/>we may di&longs;cour&longs;e of the Heavens and Sun, with more certainty <lb/>than <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;tolte.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg123"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Its a doctrine more <lb/>agreeing with<emph.end type="italics"/> A<lb/>ri&longs;totle, <emph type="italics"/>to &longs;ay the <lb/>Heavens are alter<lb/>able, than that <lb/>which affirms <lb/>them inalterable.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg124"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>We may by help of <lb/>the<emph.end type="italics"/> Tele&longs;cope <emph type="italics"/>di&longs;<lb/>cour&longs;e better of c&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial matters, <lb/>than<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;tot. <emph type="italics"/>him<lb/>&longs;elf.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I &longs;ee into the heart of <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and know that he is <lb/>much moved at the &longs;trength of the&longs;e &longs;o convincing Arguments; <lb/>but on the other &longs;ide, when he con&longs;idereth the great authority <lb/>which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> hath won with all men, and remembreth the great <lb/>number of famous Interpreters, which have made it their bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>to explain his &longs;en&longs;e; and &longs;eeth other Sciences, &longs;o nece&longs;&longs;ary and

<pb pagenum="43"/>profitable to the publick, to build a great part of their e&longs;teem <lb/>and reputation on the credit of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> he is much puzzled and <lb/>perplexed: and methinks I hear him &longs;ay, To whom then &longs;hould <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg125"></arrow.to.target><lb/>we repair for the deci&longs;ion of our controver&longs;ies, if <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> were <lb/>removed from the chair? What other Author &longs;hould we follow <lb/>in the Schools, Academies and Studies? What Philo&longs;opher hath <lb/>writ all the parts of Natural Philo&longs;ophy, and that &longs;o methodically <lb/>without omitting &longs;o much as one &longs;ingle conclu&longs;ion? Shall we then <lb/>overthrow that Fabrick under which &longs;o many pa&longs;&longs;engers find <lb/>&longs;helter? Shall we de&longs;troy that <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ylum,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Prytaneum,<emph.end type="italics"/> where<lb/>in &longs;o many Students meet with commodious harbour, where <lb/>without expo&longs;ing them&longs;elves to the injuries of the air, with the <lb/>onely turning over of a few leaves, one may learn all the &longs;e<lb/>crets of Nature? Shall we di&longs;mantle that fort in which we are <lb/>&longs;afe from all ho&longs;tile a&longs;&longs;aults? But I pitie him no more than I do <lb/>that Gentleman who with great expence of time and trea&longs;ure, <lb/>and the help of many hundred arti&longs;ts, erects a very &longs;umptu<lb/>ous Pallace, and afterwards beholds it ready to fall, by rea&longs;on <lb/>of the bad foundation; but being extremely unwilling to &longs;ee <lb/>the Walls &longs;tript which are adorned with &longs;o many beautifull <lb/>Pictures; or to &longs;uffer the columns to fall, that uphold the &longs;tate<lb/>ly Galleries; or the gilded roofs, chimney-pieces, the freizes, <lb/>the corni&longs;hes of marble, with &longs;o much co&longs;t erected, to be rui<lb/>ned; goeth about with girders, props, &longs;hoars, buttera&longs;&longs;es, to pre<lb/>vent their &longs;ubver&longs;ion.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg125"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Declamation <lb/>of<emph.end type="italics"/> Simplicius.</s>

<s>SALV. But ala&longs;s, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> as yet fears no &longs;uch fall, and <lb/>I would undertake to &longs;ecure him from that mi&longs;chief at a far <lb/>le&longs;s charge. There is no danger that &longs;o great a multitude of <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg126"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;ubtle and wi&longs;e Philo&longs;ophers, &longs;hould &longs;uffer them&longs;elves to be <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Hector'd<emph.end type="italics"/> by one or two, who make a little blu&longs;tering; nay, <lb/>they will rather, without ever turning the points of their pens <lb/>again&longs;t them, by their &longs;ilence onely render them the object of <lb/>univer&longs;al &longs;corn and contempt. It is a fond conceit for any one <lb/>to think to introduce new Philo&longs;ophy, by reproving this or that <lb/>Author: it will be fir&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;ary to new-mold the brains of <lb/>men, and make them apt to di&longs;tingui&longs;h truth from fal&longs;hood. A <lb/>thing which onely God can do. But from one di&longs;cour&longs;e to another <lb/>whither are we &longs;tray'd? your memory mu&longs;t help to guide me into <lb/>the way again.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg126"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick Phi<lb/>lo&longs;ophy unchange<lb/>able.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I remember very well where we left. We were <lb/>upon the an&longs;wer of <emph type="italics"/>Anti-Tycho,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the objections again&longs;t the <lb/>immutability of the Heavens, among which you in&longs;erted this <lb/>of the Solar fpots, not &longs;poke of by him; and I believe you <lb/>intended to examine his an&longs;wer to the in&longs;tance of the New <lb/>Stars.</s>

<s>SALV. Now I remember the re&longs;t, and to proceed, Methinks <lb/>there are &longs;ome things in the an&longs;wer of <emph type="italics"/>Anti-Tycho,<emph.end type="italics"/> worthy of <lb/>reprehen&longs;ion. And fir&longs;t, if the two New Stars, which he can do <lb/>no le&longs;s than place in the uppermo&longs;t parts of the Heavens, and <lb/>which were of a long duration, but finally vani&longs;hed, give him no <lb/>ob&longs;truction in maintaining the inalterability of Heaven, in that <lb/>they were not certain parts thereof, nor mutations made in the <lb/>antient Stars, why doth he &longs;et him&longs;elf &longs;o vigorou&longs;ly and earne&longs;tly <lb/>again&longs;t the Comets, to bani&longs;h them by all ways from the C&oelig;le<lb/>&longs;tial Regions? Was it not enough that he could &longs;ay of them <lb/>the &longs;ame which he &longs;poke of the New &longs;tars? to wit, that in re<lb/>gard they were no certain parts of Heaven, nor mutations made <lb/>in any of the Stars, they could no wi&longs;e prejudice either Heaven, <lb/>or the Doctrine of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/>? Secondly, I am not very well &longs;atis<lb/>fied of his meaning; when he &longs;aith that the alterations that &longs;hould <lb/>be granted to be made in the Stars, would be de&longs;tructive to the <lb/>prerogative of Heaven; namely, its incorruptibility, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>this, becau&longs;e the Stars are C&oelig;le&longs;tial &longs;ub&longs;tances, as is manife&longs;t <lb/>by the con&longs;ent of every one; and yet is nothing troubled that <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg127"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the &longs;ame alterations &longs;hould be made ^{*} without the Stars in the re&longs;t <lb/>of the C&oelig;le&longs;tial expan&longs;ion. Doth he think that Heaven is no <lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial &longs;ub&longs;tance? I, for my part, did believe that the Stars <lb/>were called C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, by rea&longs;on that they were in Hea<lb/>ven, or for that they were made of the &longs;ub&longs;tance of Heaven; <lb/>and yet I thought that Heaven was more C&oelig;le&longs;tial than they; in <lb/>like &longs;ort, as nothing can be &longs;aid to be more Terre&longs;trial, or more <lb/>fiery than the Earth or Fire them&longs;elves. And again, in that he ne<lb/>ver made any mention of the Solar &longs;pots, which have been evi<lb/>dently demon&longs;trated to be produced, and di&longs;&longs;olved, and to be <lb/>neer the Sun, and to turn either with, or about the &longs;ame, I have <lb/>rea&longs;on to think that this Author probably did write more for others <lb/>plea&longs;ure, than for his own &longs;atisfaction; and this I affirm, fora&longs;<lb/>much as he having &longs;hewn him&longs;elf to be skilful in the Mathema<lb/>ticks, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible but that he &longs;hould have been convinced by <lb/>Demon&longs;trations, that tho&longs;e &longs;ub&longs;tances are of nece&longs;&longs;ity contigu<lb/>ous with the body of the Sun, and are &longs;o great generations and <lb/>corruptions, that none comparable to them, ever happen in the <lb/>Earth: And if &longs;uch, &longs;o many, and &longs;o frequent be made in the <lb/>very Globe of the Sun, which may with rea&longs;on be held one of the <lb/>noble&longs;t parts of Heaven, what &longs;hould make us think that others <lb/>may not happen in the other Orbs?<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg128"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg127"></margin.target>* Ex tra Stellas.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg128"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Generability and <lb/>alteration is a <lb/>greater perfection <lb/>in the Worlds bo<lb/>dies than the con<lb/>trary qualities.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I cannot without great admiration, nay more, deni<lb/>al of my under&longs;tanding, hear it to be attributed to natural bodies, <lb/>for a great honour and perfection that they are ^{*} impa&longs;&longs;ible, im<lb/>mutable, inalterable, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> And on the contrary, to hear it to </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg129"></arrow.to.target>

<pb pagenum="45"/>be e&longs;teemed a great imperfection to be alterable, generable, mu<lb/>table, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> It is my opinion that the Earth is very noble and ad<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg130"></arrow.to.target><lb/>mirable, by rea&longs;on of &longs;o many and &longs;o different alterations, mu<lb/>tations, generations, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which are ince&longs;&longs;antly made therein; <lb/>and if without being &longs;ubject to any alteration, it had been all <lb/>one va&longs;t heap of &longs;and, or a ma&longs;&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Ja&longs;per,<emph.end type="italics"/> or that in the time <lb/>of the Deluge, the waters freezing which covered it, it had <lb/>continued an immen&longs;e Globe of Chri&longs;tal, wherein nothing had <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg131"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ever grown, altered, or changed, I &longs;hould have e&longs;teemed it a <lb/>lump of no benefit to the World, full of idlene&longs;&longs;e, and in a <lb/>word &longs;uperfluous, and as if it had never been in nature; and <lb/>&longs;hould make the &longs;ame difference in it, as between a living and <lb/>dead creature: The like I &longs;ay of the <emph type="italics"/>Moon, Jupiter,<emph.end type="italics"/> and all the <lb/>other Globes of the World. But the more I dive into the con<lb/>&longs;ideration of the vanity of popular di&longs;cour&longs;es, the more empty <lb/>and &longs;imple I find them. And what greater folly can there be <lb/>imagined, than to call Jems, Silver and Gold pretious; and Earth <lb/>and dirt vile? For do not the&longs;e per&longs;ons con&longs;ider, that if there <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg132"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;hould be as great a &longs;carcity of Earth, as there is of Jewels and <lb/>pretious metals, there would be no Prince, but would gladly give <lb/>a heap of Diamonds and Rubies, and many Wedges of Gold, <lb/>to purcha&longs;e onely &longs;o much Earth as &longs;hould &longs;uffice to plant a Ge&longs;&longs;e<lb/>mine in a little pot, or to &longs;et therein a <emph type="italics"/>China Orange,<emph.end type="italics"/> that he might <lb/>&longs;ee it &longs;prout, grow up, and bring forth &longs;o goodly leaves, &longs;o odi<lb/>riferous flowers, and &longs;o delicate fruit? It is therefore &longs;carcity and <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg133"></arrow.to.target><lb/>plenty that make things e&longs;teemed and contemned by the vulgar; <lb/>who will &longs;ay that &longs;ame is a mo&longs;t beautiful Diamond, for that it <lb/>re&longs;embleth a cleer water, and yet will not part with it for ten <lb/>Tun of water: The&longs;e men that &longs;o extol incorruptibility, inalte<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg134"></arrow.to.target><lb/>rability, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;peak thus I believe out of the great de&longs;ire they <lb/>have to live long, and for fear of death; not confidering, that <lb/>if men had been immortal, they &longs;hould have had nothing to do <lb/>in the World. The&longs;e de&longs;erve to meet with a <emph type="italics"/>Medu&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/>'s head, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg135"></arrow.to.target><lb/>that would transform them into Statues of <emph type="italics"/>Dimond<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ja&longs;per,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that &longs;o they might become more perfect than they are.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg129"></margin.target>* Impatible.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg130"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Earth very <lb/>noble, by rea&longs;on of <lb/>the many mutati<lb/>ons made therein.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg131"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The carth unpro<lb/>&longs;itable and full of <lb/>idlene&longs;&longs;e, its alte<lb/>rations taken away<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg132"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Earth more <lb/>noble than Gold <lb/>and Jewels.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg133"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Scarcity and plen<lb/>ty enhan&longs;e and de<lb/>ba&longs;e the price of <lb/>things.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg134"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Incorruptibility e<lb/>&longs;teemed by the vul<lb/>gar out of their <lb/>fear of death.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg135"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The di&longs;paragers of <lb/>corraptibility de<lb/>&longs;erve to be turned <lb/>into Statua's.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. And it may be &longs;uch a <emph type="italics"/>Metamorpho&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> would not be al<lb/>together unprofitable to them; for I am of opinion that it is bet<lb/>ter not to di&longs;cour&longs;e at all, than to argue erroniou&longs;ly.</s>

<s>SIMPL. There is not the lea&longs;t que&longs;tion to be made, but that <lb/>the Earth is much more perfect, being as it is alterable, mutable, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> than if it had been a ma&longs;&longs;e of &longs;tone; yea although it were <lb/>one entire Diamond, mo&longs;t hard and impa&longs;&longs;ile. But look how mueh <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg136"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the&longs;e qualifications enoble the Earth, they render the Heavenly <lb/>bodies again on the other &longs;ide &longs;o much the more imperfect, in <lb/>which, &longs;uch conditions would be &longs;uperfluous; in regard that the

<pb pagenum="46"/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, namely, the Sun, Moon, and the other Stars, <lb/>which are ordained for no other u&longs;e but to &longs;erve the Earth, need <lb/>no other qualities for attaining of that end, &longs;ave onely tho&longs;e of <lb/>light and motion.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg136"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The C&oelig;le&longs;tial bo<lb/>dies de&longs;igned to <lb/>&longs;erve the Earth, <lb/>need no more but <lb/>motion and light.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. How? Will you affirm that nature hath produced and <lb/>de&longs;igned &longs;o many va&longs;t perfect and noble C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, impa&longs;<lb/>&longs;ible, immortal, and divine, to no other u&longs;e but to &longs;erve the pa&longs;<lb/>&longs;ible, frail, and mortal Earth? to &longs;erve that which you call the <lb/>dro&longs;&longs;e of the World, and &longs;ink of all uncleanne&longs;&longs;e? To what <lb/>purpo&longs;e were the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies made immortal, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> to &longs;erve a <lb/>frail, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> Take away this &longs;ub&longs;erviency to the Earth, and the in<lb/>numerable multitude of C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies become wholly unu&longs;e<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg137"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ful, and &longs;uperfluous, &longs;ince they neither have nor can have any <lb/>mutual operation betwixt them&longs;elves; becau&longs;e they are all unal<lb/>terable, immutable, impa&longs;&longs;ible: For if, for Example, the Moon <lb/>be impa&longs;&longs;ible, what influence can the Sun or any other Star have <lb/>upon her? it would doubtle&longs;&longs;e have far le&longs;&longs;e effect upon her, than <lb/>that of one who would with his looks or imagination, lignifie a <lb/>piece of Gold. Moreover, it &longs;eemeth to me, that whil&longs;t the C&oelig;<lb/>le&longs;tial bodies concurre to the generation and alteration of the <lb/>Earth, they them&longs;elves are al&longs;o of nece&longs;&longs;ity alterable; for other<lb/>wi&longs;e I cannot under&longs;tand how the application of the Sun or Moon <lb/>to the Earth, to effect production, &longs;hould be any other than to lay <lb/>a marble Statue by a Womans &longs;ide, and from that conjunction to <lb/>expect children.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg138"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg137"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Celestial bodies <lb/>want an inter<lb/>changeable opera<lb/>tion upon each o<lb/>ther.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg138"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Alterability, &c. <lb/>are not in the whole <lb/>Terre&longs;trial Globe, <lb/>but in &longs;ome of its <lb/>parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. Corruptibility, alteration, mutation, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> are not in <lb/>the whole Terre&longs;trial Globe, which as to its whole, is no le&longs;&longs;e eter<lb/>nal than the Sun or Moon, but it is generable and corruptible as to <lb/>its external parts; but yet it is al&longs;o true that likewi&longs;e in them ge<lb/>neration and corruption are perpetual, and as &longs;uch require the <lb/>heavenly eternal operations; and therefore it is nece&longs;&longs;ary that <lb/>the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies be eternal.</s>

<s>SAGR. All this is right; but if the corruptibility of the &longs;uper<lb/>ficial parts of the Earth be nowi&longs;e prejudicial to the eternity of <lb/>its whole Globe, yea, if their being generable, corruptible, alter<lb/>able, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> gain them great ornament and perfection; why can</s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg139"></arrow.to.target><lb/>not, and ought not you to admit alteration, generation, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> like<lb/>wi&longs;e in the external parts of the C&oelig;le&longs;tial Globes, adding to <lb/>them ornament, without taking from them perfection, or berea<lb/>ving them of action; yea rather encrea&longs;ing their effects, by grant<lb/>ing not onely that they all operate on the Earth, but that they mu<lb/>tually operate upon each other, and the Earth al&longs;o upon them <lb/>all?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg139"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies <lb/>alterable in their <lb/>outward parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. This cannot be, becau&longs;e the generations, mutations, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which we &longs;hould &longs;uppo&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Moon; would be vain <lb/>and u&longs;ele&longs;&longs;e, <emph type="italics"/>& natura nihil fru&longs;tra facit.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. And why &longs;hould they be vain and u&longs;ele&longs;&longs;e?</s>

<s>SIMPL. Becau&longs;e we cleerly &longs;ee, and feel with our hands, that <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg140"></arrow.to.target><lb/>all generations, corruptions, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> made in the Earth, are all ei<lb/>ther mediately or immediately directed to the u&longs;e, convenience, <lb/>and benefit of man; for the u&longs;e of man are hor&longs;es brought forth, <lb/>for the feeding of hor&longs;es, the Earth produceth gra&longs;&longs;e, and the <lb/>Clouds water it; for the u&longs;e and nouri&longs;hment of man, herbs, corn, <lb/>fruits, bea&longs;ts, birds, fi&longs;hes, are brought forth; and in &longs;um, if <lb/>we &longs;hould one by one dilligently examine and re&longs;olve all the&longs;e <lb/>things, we &longs;hould find the end to which they are all directed, to be <lb/>the nece&longs;&longs;ity, u&longs;e, convenience, and delight of man. Now of what <lb/>u&longs;e could the generations which we &longs;uppo&longs;e to be made in the <lb/>Moon or other Planets, ever be to mankind? unle&longs;&longs;e you &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;ay that there were al&longs;o men in the Moon, that might enjoy the <lb/>benefit thereof; a conceit either fabulous or impious.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg140"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The generations & <lb/>mutations happen<lb/>ing in the Earth, <lb/>are all for the good <lb/>of Man.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. That in the Moon or other Planets, there are genera<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg141"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ted either herbs, or plants, or animals, like to ours, or that there <lb/>are rains, winds, or thunders there, as about the Earth, I nei<lb/>ther know, nor believe, and much le&longs;&longs;e, that it is inhabited by <lb/>men: but yet I under&longs;tand not, becau&longs;e there are not genera<lb/>ted things like to ours, that therefore it nece&longs;&longs;arily followeth, <lb/>that no alteration is wrought therein, or that there may not be <lb/>other things that change, generate, and di&longs;&longs;olve, which are not <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg142"></arrow.to.target><lb/>onely different from ours, but exceedingly beyond our imagina<lb/>tion, and in a word, not to be thought of by us. And if, as I <lb/>am certain, that one born and brought up in a &longs;patious Forre&longs;t, <lb/>among&longs;t bea&longs;ts and birds, and that hath no knowledg at all of the <lb/>Element of Water, could never come to imagine another World <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg143"></arrow.to.target><lb/>to be in Nature, different from the Eatth, full of living crea<lb/>tures, which without legs or wings &longs;wiftly move, and not upon <lb/>the &longs;urface onely, as bea&longs;ts do upon the Earth, but in the very <lb/>bowels thereof; and not onely move, but al&longs;o &longs;tay them&longs;elves <lb/>and cea&longs;e to move at their plea&longs;ure, which birds cannot do in the <lb/>air; and that moreover men live therein, and build Palaces and <lb/>Cities, and have &longs;o great convenience in travailing, that without <lb/>the lea&longs;t trouble, they can go with their Family, Hou&longs;e, and <lb/>whole Cities, to places far remote, like as I &longs;ay, I am certain, <lb/>&longs;uch a per&longs;on, though of never &longs;o piercing an imagination, could <lb/>never fancy to him&longs;elf Fi&longs;hes, the Ocean, Ships, Fleets, <emph type="italics"/>Arma<lb/>do's<emph.end type="italics"/> at Sea; thus, and much more ea&longs;ily, may it happn, that in <lb/>the Moon, remote from us by &longs;o great a &longs;pace, and of a &longs;ub<lb/>&longs;tance perchance very different from the Earth, there may be mat<lb/>ters, and operations, not only wide off, but altogether beyond <lb/>all our imaginations, as being &longs;uch as have no re&longs;emblance to <lb/>ours, and therefore wholly inexcogitable, in regard, that what we

<pb pagenum="48"/>imagine to our &longs;elves, mu&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;arily be either a thing already <lb/>&longs;een, or a compo&longs;ition of things, or parts of things &longs;een at ano<lb/>ther time; for &longs;uch are the <emph type="italics"/>Sphinxes, Sirenes, Chim&oelig;ra's, Cen<lb/>taurs,<emph.end type="italics"/> &c.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg141"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Moon hath <lb/>no generatings of <lb/>things, like as we <lb/>have, nor is it in<lb/>habited by men.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg142"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>In the Moon may <lb/>be a generation of <lb/>things different <lb/>from ours.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg143"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>He that had not <lb/>heard of the Ele<lb/>ment of Water, <lb/>could never fancy <lb/>to him&longs;elf Ships <lb/>and Fi&longs;hes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. I have very often let my fancy ruminate upon the&longs;e &longs;pe<lb/>culations, and in the end, have thought that I had found &longs;ome <lb/>things that neither are nor can be in the Moon; but yet I <lb/>have not found therein any of tho&longs;e which I believe are, and may <lb/>be there, &longs;ave onely in a very general acceptation, namely, things <lb/>that adorn it by operating, moving and living; and perhaps in a way <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg144"></arrow.to.target><lb/>very different from ours; beholding and admiring the greatne&longs;s and <lb/>beauty of the World, and of its Maker and Ruler, and with <lb/>continual <emph type="italics"/>Encomiums<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;inging his pray&longs;es; and in &longs;umme (which is <lb/>that which I intend) doing what &longs;acred Writers &longs;o frequently af<lb/>firm, to wit, all the creatures making it their perpetual imploy<lb/>ment to laud God.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg144"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>There may be &longs;ub<lb/>&longs;tances in the <lb/>Moon very diffe<lb/>rent from ours.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. The&longs;e are the things, which &longs;peaking in general terms, <lb/>may be there; but I would gladly hear you in&longs;tance in &longs;uch as you <lb/>believe neither are nor can be there; which perchance may be <lb/>more particularly named.</s>

<s>SALV. Take notice <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus<emph.end type="italics"/> that this will be the third time <lb/>that we have unawares by running from one thing to another, lo&longs;t <lb/>our principal &longs;ubject; and if we continue the&longs;e digre&longs;&longs;ions, it <lb/>will be longere we come to a conclu&longs;ion of our di&longs;cour&longs;e; there<lb/>fore I &longs;hould judg it better to remit this, as al&longs;o &longs;uch other points, <lb/>to be decided on a particular occa&longs;ion.</s>

<s>SAGR. Since we are now got into the Moon, if you plea&longs;e, let <lb/>us di&longs;patch &longs;uch things as concern her, that &longs;o we be not forced to <lb/>&longs;uch another tedious journey.</s>

<s>SALV. It &longs;hall be as you would have it. And to begin with <lb/>things more general, I believe that the Lunar Globe is far diffe<lb/>rent from the Terre&longs;trial, though in &longs;ome things they agree. I will <lb/>recount fir&longs;t their re&longs;emblances, and next their differences. The <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg145"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Moon is manife&longs;tly like to the Earth in figure, which undoubtedly <lb/>is &longs;pherical, as may be nece&longs;&longs;arily concluded from the a&longs;pect of its <lb/>&longs;urface, which is perfectly Orbicular, and the manner of its re<lb/>ceiving the light of the Sun, from which, if its &longs;urface were flat, <lb/>it would come to be all in one and the &longs;ame time illuminated, and <lb/>likewi&longs;e again in another in&longs;tant of time ob&longs;cured, and not tho&longs;e <lb/>parts fir&longs;t, which are &longs;ituate towards the Sun, and the re&longs;t &longs;ucce&longs;<lb/>&longs;ively, &longs;o that in its oppo&longs;ition, and not till then, its whole <lb/>apparent circumference is enlightned; which would happen quite <lb/>contrary, if the vi&longs;ible &longs;urface were concave; namely, the illu<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg146"></arrow.to.target><lb/>mination would begin from the parts oppo&longs;ite or aver&longs;e to the Sun. <lb/>Secondly &longs;he is as the Earth, in her &longs;elf ob&longs;cure and opacous, by <lb/>which opacity it is enabled to receive, and reflect the light of the

<pb pagenum="49"/>Sun; which were it not &longs;o, it could not do. Thirdly, I hold its <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg147"></arrow.to.target><lb/>matter to be mo&longs;t den&longs;e and &longs;olid as the Earth is, which I clearly <lb/>argue from the unevenne&longs;s of its &longs;uperficies in mo&longs;t places, by means <lb/>of the many eminencies and cavities di&longs;covered therein by help of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>&longs;ele&longs;cope<emph.end type="italics"/>: of which eminencies there are many all over it, di<lb/>rectly re&longs;embling our mo&longs;t &longs;harp and craggy mountains, of which <lb/>you &longs;hall there perceive &longs;ome extend and run in ledges of an hun<lb/>dred miles long; others are contracted into rounder forms; and <lb/>there are al&longs;o many craggy, &longs;olitary, &longs;teep and cliffy rocks. But <lb/>that of which there are frequente&longs;t appearances, are certain Banks <lb/>(I u&longs;e this word, becau&longs;e I cannot thing of another that better ex<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;eth them) pretty high rai&longs;ed, which environ and inclo&longs;e fields <lb/>of &longs;everal bigne&longs;&longs;es, and form &longs;undry figures, but for the mo&longs;t part <lb/>circular; many of which have in the mid&longs;t a mount rai&longs;ed pretty <lb/>high, and &longs;ome few are repleni&longs;hed with a matter &longs;omewhat ob<lb/>&longs;cure, to wit, like to the great &longs;pots di&longs;cerned by the bare eye, and <lb/>the&longs;e are of the greate&longs;t magnitude; the number moreover of tho&longs;e <lb/>that are le&longs;&longs;er and le&longs;&longs;er is very great, and yet almo&longs;t all circular. <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg148"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Fourthly, like as the &longs;urface of our Globe is di&longs;tingui&longs;hed into two <lb/>principal parts, namely, into the Terre&longs;trial and Aquatick: &longs;o in <lb/>the Lunar &longs;urface we di&longs;cern a great di&longs;tinction of &longs;ome great fields <lb/>more re&longs;plendant, and &longs;ome le&longs;s: who&longs;e a&longs;pect makes me believe, <lb/>that that of the Earth would &longs;eem very like it, beheld by any one <lb/>from the Moon, or any other the like di&longs;tance, to be illuminated <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg149"></arrow.to.target><lb/>by the Sun: and the &longs;urface of the &longs;ea would appear more ob<lb/>&longs;cure, and that of the Earth more bright. Fifthly, like as we from <lb/>the Earth behold the Moon, one while all illuminated, another <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg150"></arrow.to.target><lb/>while half; &longs;ometimes more, &longs;ometimes le&longs;s; &longs;ometimes horned, <lb/>&longs;ometimes wholly invi&longs;ibly; namely, when its ju&longs;t under the Sun <lb/>beams; &longs;o that the parts which look towards the Earth are dark: <lb/>Thus in every re&longs;pect, one &longs;tanding in the Moon would &longs;ee the <lb/>illumination of the Earths &longs;urface by the Sun, with the &longs;ame <lb/>periods to an hair, and under the &longs;ame changes of figures. <lb/>Sixtly, -----</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg145"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The<emph.end type="italics"/> Fir&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>re&longs;em<lb/>blance between the <lb/>Moon and Earth; <lb/>which is that of <lb/>figure; is proved by <lb/>the manner of be<lb/>ing illuminated by <lb/>the Sun.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg146"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The<emph.end type="italics"/> Second <emph type="italics"/>con<lb/>formity is the <lb/>Moons being opa<lb/>cous as the Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg147"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Thirdly, The mat<lb/>ter of the Moon is <lb/>den&longs;e and mo ita<lb/>nous as the Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg148"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Fourthly, The <lb/>Moon is di&longs;tin<lb/>gui&longs;hed into two <lb/>different parts for <lb/>clarity and ob&longs;cu<lb/>rity, as the Terre<lb/>strial Globe into <lb/>Sea and Land.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg149"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;urface of the <lb/>Sea would &longs;hew at <lb/>a di&longs;tance more ob<lb/>&longs;oure than that of <lb/>the Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg150"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Fiftly, Muta<lb/>tion of &longs;igures in <lb/>the Earth, like to <lb/>tho&longs;e of the Moon, <lb/>and made with the <lb/>&longs;ame periods.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Stay a little, <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/>; That the illumination of <lb/>the Earth, as to the &longs;everal figures, would repre&longs;ent it &longs;elf to a per&longs;on <lb/>placed in the Moon, like in all things to that which we di&longs;cover in <lb/>the Moon, I under&longs;tand very well, but yet I cannot conceive how <lb/>it &longs;hall appear to be done in the &longs;ame period; &longs;eeing that that <lb/>which the Suns illumination doth in the Lunar &longs;uperficies in a <lb/>month, it doth in the Terre&longs;trial in twenty four hours.</s>

<s>SALV. Its true, the effect of the Sun about the illuminating <lb/>the&longs;e two bodies, and repleni&longs;hing with its &longs;plendor their whole <lb/>&longs;urfaces, is di&longs;patch'd in the Earth in a Natural day, and in the <lb/>Moon in a Month; but the variation of the figures in which the

<pb pagenum="50"/>illuminated parts of the Terre&longs;trial &longs;uperficies appear beheld from <lb/>the Moon, depends not on this alone, but on the divers a&longs;pects <lb/>which the Moon is &longs;till changing with the Sun; &longs;o that, if for in<lb/>&longs;tance, the Moon punctually followed the motion of the Sun, and <lb/>&longs;tood, for example, always in a direct line between it and the <lb/>Earth, in that a&longs;pect which we call Conjunction, it looking always <lb/>to the &longs;ame Hemi&longs;phere of the Earth which the Sun looks unto, <lb/>&longs;he would behold the &longs;ame all light: as on the contrary, if it &longs;hould <lb/>always &longs;tay in Oppo&longs;ition to the Sun, it would never behold the <lb/>Earth, of which the dark part would be continually turn'd towards <lb/>the Moon, and therefore invi&longs;ible. But when the Moon is in <lb/>Quadrature of the Sun, that half of the Terre&longs;trial Hemi&longs;phere ex<lb/>po&longs;ed to the &longs;ight of the Moon which is towards the Sun, is lumi<lb/>nous; and the other towards the contrary is ob&longs;cure: and there<lb/>fore the illuminated part of the Earth would repre&longs;ent it &longs;elf to the <lb/>Moon in a &longs;emi-circular figure.</s>

<s>SAGR. I clearly perceive all this, and under&longs;tand very well, <lb/>that the Moon departing from its Oppo&longs;ition to the Sun, where it <lb/>&longs;aw no part of the illumination of the Terre&longs;trial &longs;uperficies, and <lb/>approaching day by day nearer the Sun, &longs;he begins by little and <lb/>little to di&longs;cover &longs;ome part of the face of the illuminated Earth; <lb/>and that which appeareth of it &longs;hall re&longs;emble a thin &longs;ickle, in regard <lb/>the figure of the Earth is round: and the Moon thus acquiring by <lb/>its motion day by day greater proximity to the Sun, &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively <lb/>di&longs;covers more and more of the Terre&longs;trial Hemi&longs;phere enlightned, <lb/>&longs;o that at the Quadrature there is ju&longs;t half of it vi&longs;ible, in&longs;omuch <lb/>that we may &longs;ee the other part of her: continuing next to proceed <lb/>towards the Conjunction, it &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively di&longs;covers more and more <lb/>of its &longs;urface to be illuminated, and in fine, at the time of Conjun<lb/>ction &longs;eeth the whole Hemi&longs;phere enlightned. And in &longs;hort, I <lb/>very well conceive, that what befalls the Inhabitants of the Earth, <lb/>in beholding the changes of the Moon, would happen to him that <lb/>from the Moon &longs;hould ob&longs;erve the Earth; but in a contrary order, <lb/>namely, that when the Moon is to us at her full, and in Oppo&longs;ition <lb/>to the Sun, then the Earth would be in Conjunction with the Sun, <lb/>and wholly ob&longs;cure and invi&longs;ible; on the contrary, that po&longs;ition <lb/>which is to us a Conjunction of the Moon with the Sun, and for <lb/>that cau&longs;e a <emph type="italics"/>M<emph.end type="italics"/>oon &longs;ilent and un&longs;een, would be there an Oppo&longs;ition <lb/>of the Earth to the Sun, and, to &longs;o &longs;peak, <emph type="italics"/>Full Earth,<emph.end type="italics"/> to wit, all <lb/>enlightned. And la&longs;tly, look what part of the Lunar &longs;urface ap<lb/>pears to us from time to time illuminated, &longs;o much of the Earth <lb/>in the &longs;ame time &longs;hall you behold from the Moon to be ob&longs;cured: <lb/>and look how much of the Moon is to us deprived of light, &longs;o much <lb/>of the Earth is to the Moon illuminated. In one thing yet the&longs;e <lb/>mutual operations in my judgment &longs;eem to differ, and it is, that it

<pb pagenum="51"/>being &longs;uppo&longs;ed, and not granted, that &longs;ome one being placed in the <lb/>Moon to ob&longs;erve the Earth, he would every day &longs;ee the whole <lb/>Terre&longs;trial &longs;uperficies, by means of the Moons going about the <lb/>Earth in twenty four or twenty five hours; but we never &longs;ee but <lb/>half of the Moon, &longs;ince it revolves not in it &longs;elf, as it mu&longs;t do to <lb/>be &longs;een in every part of it.</s>

<s>SALV. So that this, befals not contrarily, namely, that her re<lb/>volving in her &longs;elf, is the cau&longs;e that we &longs;ee not the other half of <lb/>her, for &longs;o it would be nece&longs;&longs;ary it &longs;hould be, if &longs;he had the Epicy<lb/>cle. But what other difference have you behind, to exchange for <lb/>this which you have named?</s>

<s>SAGR. Let me &longs;ee; Well for the pre&longs;ent I cannot think of <lb/>any other.</s>

<s>SALV. And what if the Earth (as you have well noted) &longs;eeth <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg151"></arrow.to.target><lb/>no more than half the Moon, whereas from the Moon one may &longs;ee <lb/>all the Earth; and on the contrary, all the Earth &longs;eeth the Moon, and <lb/>but onely half of it &longs;eeth the Earth? For the inhabitants, to &longs;o &longs;peak, <lb/>of the &longs;uperior Hemi&longs;phere of the Moon, which is to us invi&longs;ible, <lb/>are deprived of the &longs;ight of the Earth: and the&longs;e haply are the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Anticthones.<emph.end type="italics"/> But here I remember a particular accident, newly <lb/>ob&longs;erved by our <emph type="italics"/>Academian,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Moon, from whch are gathered <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg152"></arrow.to.target><lb/>two nece&longs;&longs;ary con&longs;equences; one is, that we &longs;ee &longs;omewhat more <lb/>than half of the Moon; and the other is, that the motion of the <lb/>Moon hath exact concentricity with the Earth: and thus he finds <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ph&oelig;nomenon<emph.end type="italics"/> and ob&longs;ervation. When the Moon hath a cor<lb/>re&longs;pondence and natural &longs;ympathy with the Earth, towards which <lb/>it hath its a&longs;pect in &longs;uch a determinate part, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary that the <lb/>right line which conjoyns their centers, do pa&longs;&longs;e ever by the &longs;ame <lb/>point of the Moons &longs;uperficies; &longs;o that, who &longs;o &longs;hall from the cen<lb/>ter of the Earth behold the &longs;ame, &longs;hall alwayes &longs;ee the &longs;ame <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> or Face of the Moon punctually determined by one and <lb/>the &longs;ame circumference; But if a man be placed upon the Terre<lb/>&longs;trial &longs;urface, the ray which from his eye pa&longs;&longs;eth to the centre of the <lb/>Lunar Globe, will not pa&longs;s by the &longs;ame point of its &longs;uperficies, by <lb/>which the line pa&longs;&longs;eth that is drawn from the centre of the Earth <lb/>to that of the Moon, &longs;ave onely when it is vertical to him: but <lb/>the Moon being placed in the Ea&longs;t, or in the We&longs;t, the point of <lb/>incidence of the vi&longs;ual ray, is higher than that of the line which <lb/>conjoyns the centres; and therefore the ob&longs;erver may di&longs;cern <lb/>&longs;ome part of the Lunar Hemi&longs;phere towards the upper circumfe<lb/>rence, and alike part of the other is invi&longs;ible: they are di&longs;cerna<lb/>ble and undi&longs;cernable, in re&longs;pect of the Hemi&longs;phere beheld from <lb/>the true centre of the Earth: and becau&longs;e the part of the Moons <lb/>circumference, which is &longs;uperiour in its ri&longs;ing, is nethermo&longs;t in its <lb/>&longs;etting; therefore the difference of the &longs;aid &longs;uperiour and inferi

<pb pagenum="52"/>our parts mu&longs;t needs be very ob&longs;ervable; certain &longs;pots and other <lb/>notable things in tho&longs;e parts, being one while di&longs;cernable, and <lb/>another while not. A like variation may al&longs;o be ob&longs;erved towards <lb/>the North and South extremities of the &longs;ame <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> (or Surface) <lb/>according as the Moons po&longs;ition is in one or the other Section of <lb/>its Dragon; For, if it be North, &longs;ome of its parts towards the <lb/>North are hid, and &longs;ome of tho&longs;e parts towards the South are <lb/>di&longs;covered, and &longs;o on the contrary. Now that the&longs;e con&longs;equen<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg153"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ces are really true, is verified by the <emph type="italics"/>Tele&longs;cope,<emph.end type="italics"/> for there be in <lb/>the Moon two remarkable &longs;pots, one of which, when the Moon <lb/>is in the meridian, is &longs;ituate to the Northwe&longs;t, and the other is <lb/>almo&longs;t diametrically oppo&longs;ite unto it; and the fir&longs;t of the&longs;e is vi<lb/>&longs;ible even without the <emph type="italics"/>Tele&longs;cope<emph.end type="italics"/>; but the other is not. That to<lb/>wards the Northwe&longs;t is a rea&longs;onable great &longs;pot of oval figure, &longs;e<lb/>parated from the other great ones; the oppo&longs;ite one is le&longs;&longs;e, and <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;evered from the bigge&longs;t, and &longs;ituate in a very cleer field; in <lb/>both the&longs;e we may manife&longs;tly di&longs;cern the fore&longs;aid variations, and <lb/>&longs;ee them one after another; now neer the edge or limb of the <lb/>Lunar <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and anon remote, with &longs;o great difference that <lb/>the di&longs;tance betwixt the Northwe&longs;t and the circumference of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> is more than twice as great at one time, as at the other; <lb/>and as to the &longs;econd &longs;pot (becau&longs;e it is neerer to the circumfe<lb/>rence) &longs;uch mutation importeth more, than twice &longs;o much in the <lb/>former. Hence its manife&longs;t, that the Moon, as if it were drawn <lb/>by a magnetick vertue, con&longs;tantly beholds the Terre&longs;trial Globe <lb/>with one and the &longs;ame a&longs;pect, never deviating from the &longs;ame.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg151"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>All the Earth <lb/>&longs;eeth half onely of <lb/>the Moon, & the <lb/>half onely of the <lb/>Moon &longs;eeth all the <lb/>Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg152"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>From the Earth <lb/>we &longs;ee more than <lb/>half the Lunar <lb/>Globe.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg153"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Two &longs;pots in the <lb/>Moon, by which it <lb/>is perceived that <lb/>&longs;he hath respect to <lb/>the centre of the <lb/>Earth in her mo<lb/>tion.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Oh! when will there be an end put to the new ob<lb/>&longs;ervations aud di&longs;coveries of this admirable In&longs;trument?</s>

<s>SALV. If this &longs;ucceed according to the progre&longs;&longs;e of other great <lb/>inventions, it is to be hoped, that in proce&longs;&longs;e of time, one may <lb/>arrive to the &longs;ight of things, to us at pre&longs;ent not to be imagined. <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg154"></arrow.to.target><lb/>But returning to our fir&longs;t di&longs;cour&longs;e, I &longs;ay for the &longs;ixth re&longs;emblance <lb/>betwixt the Moon and Earth, that as the Moon for a great part <lb/>of time, &longs;upplies the want of the Suns light, and makes the <lb/>nights, by the reflection of its own, rea&longs;onable clear; &longs;o the <lb/>Earth, in recompence, affordeth it when it &longs;tands in mo&longs;t need, <lb/>by reflecting the Solar rayes, a very cleer illumination, and &longs;o <lb/>much, in my opinion, greater than that which cometh from her to <lb/>us, by how much the &longs;uperficies of the Earth is greater than that <lb/>of the Moon.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg154"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Sixthly, The <lb/>Earth and Moon <lb/>interchangeably do <lb/>illuminate.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. Hold there, <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/> hold there, and permit me the <lb/>plea&longs;ure of relating to you, how at this fir&longs;t hint I have penetrated <lb/>the cau&longs;e of an accident, which I have a thou&longs;and times thought <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg155"></arrow.to.target><lb/>upon, but could never find out. You would &longs;ay, that the imper<lb/>fect light which is &longs;een in the Moon, e&longs;pecially when it is horned,

<pb pagenum="53"/>comes from the reflection of the light of the Sun on the Superfi<lb/>cies of the Earth and Sea; and that light is more clear, by how <lb/>much the horns are le&longs;&longs;e, for then the luminous part of the Earth, <lb/>beheld by the Moon, is greater, according to that which was <lb/>a little before proved; to wit, that the luminous part of the Earth, <lb/>expo&longs;ed to the Moon, is alway as great as the ob&longs;cure part of <lb/>the Moon, that is vi&longs;ible to the Earth; whereupon, at &longs;uch time <lb/>as the Moon is &longs;harp-forked, and con&longs;equently its tenebrous part <lb/>great, great al&longs;o is the illuminated part of the Earth beheld from <lb/>the Moon, and its reflection of light &longs;o much the more potent.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg155"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Light reflected <lb/>from the Earth in<lb/>to the Moon.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. This is exactly the &longs;ame with what I was about to &longs;ay. <lb/>In a word, it is a great plea&longs;ure to &longs;peak with per&longs;ons judicious <lb/>and apprehen&longs;ive, and the rather to me, for that while&longs;t others <lb/>conver&longs;e and di&longs;cour&longs;e touching Axiomatical truths, I have ma<lb/>ny times creeping into my brain &longs;uch arduous Paradoxes, that <lb/>though I have a thou&longs;and times rehear&longs;ed this which you at the ve<lb/>ry fir&longs;t, have of your &longs;elf apprehended, yet could I never beat <lb/>it into mens brains.</s>

<s>SIMPL. If you mean by your not being able to per&longs;wade them <lb/>to it, that you could not make them under&longs;tand the &longs;ame, I <lb/>much wonder thereat, and am very confident that if they did <lb/>not under&longs;tand it by your demon&longs;tration (your way of expre&longs;&longs;ion, <lb/>being, in my judgment, very plain) they would very hardly have <lb/>apprehended it upon the explication of any other man; but if <lb/>you mean you have not per&longs;waded them, &longs;o as to make them be<lb/>lieve it, I wonder not, in the lea&longs;t, at this; for I confe&longs;&longs;e my <lb/>&longs;elf to be one of tho&longs;e who under&longs;tand your di&longs;cour&longs;es, but <lb/>am not &longs;atisfied therewith; for there are in this, and &longs;ome of <lb/>the other &longs;ix congruities, or re&longs;emblances, many difficulties, <lb/>which I &longs;hall in&longs;tance in, when you have gone through them <lb/>all.</s>

<s>SALV. The de&longs;ire I have to find out any truth, in the acqui&longs;t <lb/>whereof the objections of intelligent per&longs;ons (&longs;uch as your &longs;elf) <lb/>may much a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t me, will cau&longs;e me to be very brief in di&longs;patching <lb/>that which remains. For a &longs;eventh conformity, take their reci<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg156"></arrow.to.target><lb/>procal re&longs;pon&longs;ion as well to injuries, as favours; whereby the <lb/>Moon, which very often in the height of its illumination, by the <lb/>interpo&longs;ure of the Earth betwixt it and the Sun, is deprived of <lb/>light, and eclip&longs;ed, doth by way of revenge; in like manner, in<lb/>te<gap/>po&longs;e it &longs;elf between the Earth and the Sun, and with its &longs;hadow <lb/>ob&longs;cureth the Earth; and although the revenge be not an&longs;wer<lb/>able to the injury, for that the Moon often continueth, and <lb/>that for a rea&longs;onable long time, wholly immer&longs;ed in the Earths <lb/>&longs;hadow, but never was the Earth wholly, nor for any long time, <lb/>eclip&longs;ed by the Moon; yet, neverthele&longs;&longs;e, having re&longs;pect to the

<pb pagenum="54"/>&longs;malne&longs;&longs;e of the body of this, in compari&longs;on to the magnitude <lb/>of the other, it cannot be denied but that the <emph type="italics"/>will<emph.end type="italics"/> and as it <lb/>were <emph type="italics"/>valour<emph.end type="italics"/> of this, is very great. Thus much for their con<lb/>gruities or re&longs;emblances. It &longs;hould next follow that we di&longs;cour&longs;e <lb/>touching their di&longs;parity; but becau&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> will favour us <lb/>with his objections again&longs;t the former, its nece&longs;&longs;ary that we hear <lb/>and examine them, before we proceed any farther.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg156"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Seventhly, The <lb/>Earth and Moon <lb/>do mutually eclip&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. And the rather, becau&longs;e it is to be &longs;uppo&longs;ed that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> will not any wayes oppo&longs;e the di&longs;parities, and incon<lb/>gruities betwixt the Earth and Moon, &longs;ince that he accounts their <lb/>&longs;ub&longs;tances extremely different.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Among&longs;t the re&longs;emblances by you recited, in the pa<lb/>rallel you make betwixt the Earth and Moon, I find that I can <lb/>admit none confidently &longs;ave onely the fir&longs;t, and two others; I <lb/>grant the fir&longs;t, namely, the &longs;pherical figure; howbeit, even in <lb/>this there is &longs;ome kind of difference, for that I hold that of the <lb/>Moon to be very &longs;mooth and even, as a looking-gla&longs;&longs;e, where<lb/>as, we find and feel this of the Earth to be extraordinary montu<lb/>ous and rugged; but this belonging to the inequality of &longs;uperfi<lb/>cies, it &longs;hall be anon con&longs;idered, in another of tho&longs;e Re&longs;emblan<lb/>ces by you alledged; I &longs;hall therefore re&longs;erve what I have to &longs;ay <lb/>thereof, till I come to the con&longs;ideration of that. Of what you <lb/>affirm next, that the Moon &longs;eemeth, as you &longs;ay in your &longs;econd <lb/>Re&longs;emblance, opacous and ob&longs;cure in its &longs;elf, like the Earth; I <lb/>admit not any more than the fir&longs;t attribute of opacity, of which <lb/>the Eclip&longs;es of the Sun a&longs;&longs;ure me. For were the Moon tran&longs;pa<lb/>rent, the air in the total ob&longs;curation of the Sun, would not be<lb/>come &longs;o duski&longs;h, as at &longs;uch a time it is, but by means of the <lb/>tran&longs;parency of the body of the Moon, a refracted light would <lb/>pa&longs;&longs;e through it, as we &longs;ee it doth through the thicke&longs;t clouds. But <lb/>as to the ob&longs;curity, I believe not that the Moon is wholly depri<lb/>ved of light, as the Earth; nay, that clarity which is &longs;een in the <lb/>remainder of its <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus,<emph.end type="italics"/> over and above the &longs;mall cre&longs;cent en<lb/>lightened by the Sun, I repute to be its proper and natural light, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg157"></arrow.to.target><lb/>and not a reflection of the Earth, which I e&longs;teem unable, by <lb/>rea&longs;on of its a&longs;perity (craggine&longs;&longs;e) and ob&longs;curity, to reflect the <lb/>raies of the Sun. In the third Parallel I a&longs;&longs;ent unto you in one <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg158"></arrow.to.target><lb/>part, and di&longs;&longs;ent in another: I agree in judging the body of the <lb/>Moon to be mo&longs;t &longs;olid and hard, like the Earth, yea much more; <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg159"></arrow.to.target><lb/>for if from <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> we receive that the Heavens are impenetrable, <lb/>and the Stars the mo&longs;t den&longs;e parts of Heaven, it mu&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;arily <lb/>follow, that they are mo&longs;t &longs;olid and mo&longs;t impenetrable.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg157"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;econd clarity <lb/>of the Moon e<lb/>&longs;teemed to be its <lb/>native light.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg158"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Earth unable <lb/>to reflect the Suns <lb/>raies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg159"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;ub&longs;tance of <lb/>the Heavens impe<lb/>netrable, accord<lb/>ing to<emph.end type="italics"/> Ari&longs;totle.</s>

<s>SAGR. What excellent matter would the Heavens afford us for <lb/>to make Pallaces of, if we could procure a &longs;ub&longs;tance &longs;o hard and &longs;o <lb/>tran&longs;parent?</s>

<s>SALV. Rather how improper, for being by its tran&longs;parence, <lb/>wholly invi&longs;ible, a man would not be able without &longs;tumbling at <lb/>the thre&longs;holds, and breaking his head again&longs;t the Walls, to pa&longs;s <lb/>from room to room.</s>

<s>SAGR. This danger would not befall him, if it be true, as &longs;ome <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg160"></arrow.to.target><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Peripateticks<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ay, that it is intangible: and if one cannot <lb/>touch it, much le&longs;s can it hurt him.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg160"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;ubstance of <lb/>Heaven intangi<lb/>ble.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. This would not &longs;erve the turn, for though the matter <lb/>of the Heavens cannot be toucht, as wanting tangible qualities: <lb/>yet may it ea&longs;ily touch the elementary bodies; and to offend us <lb/>it is as &longs;ufficient that it &longs;trike us, nay wor&longs;e, than if we &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;trike it. But let us leave the&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Pallaces,<emph.end type="italics"/> or, to &longs;ay better, the&longs;e <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;tles<emph.end type="italics"/> in the air, and not interrupt <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. The que&longs;tion which you have &longs;o ca&longs;ually &longs;tarted, is one <lb/>of the mo&longs;t difficulty that is di&longs;puted in Philo&longs;ophy; and I have <lb/>on that &longs;ubject mo&longs;t excellent conceits of a very learned Doctor <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Padoua,<emph.end type="italics"/> but it is not now time to enter upon them. Therefore <lb/>returning to our purpo&longs;e, I &longs;ay that the Moon, in my opinion, is <lb/>much more &longs;olid than the Earth, but do not infer the &longs;ame, as you <lb/>do, from the craggine&longs;s and montuo&longs;ity of its &longs;uperficies; but <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg161"></arrow.to.target><lb/>rather from the contrary, namely, from its aptitude to receive (as <lb/>we &longs;ee it experimented in the harde&longs;t &longs;tones) a poli&longs;h and lu&longs;tre <lb/>exceeding that of the &longs;moothe&longs;t gla&longs;s, for &longs;uch nece&longs;&longs;arily mu&longs;t <lb/>its &longs;uperficies be, to render it apt to make &longs;o lively reflection of <lb/>the Suns rays. And for tho&longs;e appearances which you mention, <lb/>of Mountains, Cliffs, Hills, Valleys, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> they are all illu&longs;ions: <lb/>and I have been pre&longs;ent at certain publick di&longs;putes, where I have <lb/>heard it &longs;trongly maintained again&longs;t the&longs;e introducers of novelties, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg162"></arrow.to.target><lb/>that &longs;uch appearances proceed from nothing el&longs;e, but from the un<lb/>equal di&longs;tribution of the opacous and per&longs;picuous parts, of which <lb/>the Moon is inwardly and outwardly compo&longs;ed: as we &longs;ee it <lb/>often fall out in chry&longs;tal, amber, and many other precious &longs;tones <lb/>of perfect lu&longs;tre; in which by rea&longs;on of the opacity of &longs;ome parts, <lb/>and the tran&longs;parency of others, there doth appear &longs;everal conca<lb/>vities and prominencies. In the fourth re&longs;emblance, I grant, that <lb/>the &longs;uperficies of Terre&longs;trial Globe beheld from afar, would make <lb/>two different appearances, namely, one more clear, the other more <lb/>dark; but I believe that &longs;uch diver&longs;ity would &longs;ucceed quite con<lb/>trary to what you &longs;ay; that is, I hold that the &longs;urface of the wa<lb/>ter would appear lucid, becau&longs;e that it is &longs;mooth and tran&longs;parent; <lb/>and that of the Earth would appear ob&longs;cure, by rea&longs;on of its o<lb/>pacity and &longs;cabro&longs;ity, ill accommodated for reflecting the light of <lb/>the Sun. Concernïng the fifth compari&longs;on, I grant it wholly, and <lb/>am able, in ca&longs;e the Earth did &longs;hine as the Moon, to &longs;how the <lb/>&longs;ame to any one that &longs;hould from thence above behold it, repre

<pb pagenum="56"/>&longs;ented by figures an&longs;werable to tho&longs;e which we &longs;ee in the Moon: <lb/>I comprehend al&longs;o, how the period of its illumination and varia<lb/>tion of figure, would be monthly, albeit the Sun revolves round <lb/>about it in twenty four hours: and la&longs;tly, I do not &longs;cruple to <lb/>admit, that the half onely of the Moon &longs;eeth all the Earth, and <lb/>that all the Earth &longs;eeth but onely half of the Moon. For what <lb/>remains, I repute it mo&longs;t fal&longs;e, that the Moon can receive light <lb/>from the Earth, which is mo&longs;t ob&longs;cure, opacous, and utterly un<lb/>apt to reflect the Suns light, as the Moon doth reflect it to us: and <lb/>as I have &longs;aid, I hold that that light which we &longs;ee in the remain<lb/>der of the Moons face (the &longs;plendid cre&longs;cents &longs;ubducted) by the <lb/>illumination, is the proper and natural light of the Moon, and no <lb/>ea&longs;ie matter would induce me to believe otherwi&longs;e. The &longs;eventh, <lb/>touching the mutual Eclip&longs;es, may be al&longs;o admitted; howbeit <lb/>that is wont to be called the eclip&longs;e of the Sun, which you are <lb/>plea&longs;ed to phra&longs;e the eclip&longs;e of the Earth. And this is what <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>have at this time to &longs;ay in oppo&longs;ition to your &longs;even congruities <lb/>or re&longs;emblances, to which objections, if you are minded to make <lb/>any reply, <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hall willingly hear you.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg161"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;uperficies of <lb/>the Moon more <lb/>&longs;leek than any <lb/>Looking-glaß.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg162"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The eminencies <lb/>and cavities in the <lb/>Moon are illu&longs;ions <lb/>of its opacous and <lb/>perspicuous parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. If I have well apprehended what you have an&longs;wered, it <lb/>&longs;eems to me, that there &longs;till remains in controver&longs;ie between us, cer<lb/>tain conditions, which I made common betwixt the Moon & Earth, <lb/>and they are the&longs;e; You e&longs;teem the Moon to be &longs;mooth and poli&longs;ht, <lb/>as a Looking-gla&longs;s, and as &longs;uch, able to reflect the Suns light; and <lb/>contrarily, the Earth, by rea&longs;on of its montuo&longs;ity, unable to make <lb/>&longs;uch reflection: You yield the Moon to be &longs;olid and hard, and that <lb/>you argue from its being &longs;mooth and polite, and not from its being <lb/>montuous; and for its appearing montuous, you a&longs;&longs;ign as the <lb/>cau&longs;e, that it con&longs;i&longs;ts of parts more and le&longs;s opacous and per&longs;pi<lb/>cuous. And la&longs;tly, you e&longs;teem that &longs;econdary light, to be proper <lb/>to the <emph type="italics"/>M<emph.end type="italics"/>oon, and not reflected from the Earth; howbeit you <lb/>&longs;eem not to deny the &longs;ea, as being of a &longs;mooth &longs;urface, &longs;ome <lb/>kind of reflection. As to the convincing you of that error, that <lb/>the reflection of the <emph type="italics"/>M<emph.end type="italics"/>oon is made, as it were, like that of a <lb/>Looking-gla&longs;s, <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/> have &longs;mall hope, whil&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ee, that what hath <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg163"></arrow.to.target><lb/>been read in the ^{*} <emph type="italics"/>Saggiator<emph.end type="italics"/> and in the <emph type="italics"/>Solar Letters<emph.end type="italics"/> of our <emph type="italics"/>Com<lb/>mon Friend,<emph.end type="italics"/> hath profited nothing in your judgment, if haply <lb/>you have attentively read what he hath there written on this &longs;ub<lb/>ject.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg163"></margin.target>* <emph type="italics"/>Il Saggiatore, & <lb/>Lettere Solari,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>two Treati&longs;es of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Galilæus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/> have peru&longs;ed the &longs;ame &longs;o &longs;uperficially, according to <lb/>the &longs;mall time of lea&longs;ure allowed me from more &longs;olid &longs;tudies; <lb/>therefore, if you think you can, either by repeating &longs;ome of tho&longs;e <lb/>rea&longs;ons, or by alledging others, re&longs;olve me the&longs;e doubts, <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/> will <lb/>hearken to them attentively.</s>

<s>SALV. <emph type="italics"/>I<emph.end type="italics"/> will tell you what comes into my mind upon the

<pb pagenum="57"/>in&longs;tant, and its po&longs;&longs;ible it may be a commixtion of my own con<lb/>ceipts; and tho&longs;e which I have &longs;ometime read in the fore-&longs;aid <lb/>Books, by which I well remember, that I was then perfectly <lb/>&longs;atisfied, although the conclu&longs;ions, at fir&longs;t &longs;ight &longs;eem'd unto me <lb/>&longs;trange Paradoxes. We enquire <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> whether to the ma<lb/>king a reflection of light, like that which we receive from the <lb/>Moon, it be nece&longs;&longs;ary that the &longs;uperficies from whence the refle<lb/>ction commeth, be &longs;o &longs;mooth and polite, as the face of a Looking<lb/>Gla&longs;&longs;e, or whether a &longs;uperficies not &longs;mooth or poli&longs;ht, but rough <lb/>and uneven, be more apt for &longs;uch a purpo&longs;e. Now &longs;uppo&longs;ing <lb/>two reflections &longs;hould come unto us, one more bright, the other <lb/>le&longs;&longs;e, from two &longs;uperficies oppo&longs;ite unto us, I demand of you, <lb/>which of the two &longs;uperficies you think would repre&longs;ent it &longs;elf to <lb/>our &longs;ight, to be the cleare&longs;t, and which the ob&longs;cure&longs;t.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I am very confident, that that &longs;ame, which mo&longs;t for<lb/>cibly reflected the light upon me, would &longs;hew its &longs;elf in its a&longs;pect <lb/>the clearer, and the other darker.</s>

<s>SALV. Be plea&longs;ed to take that Gla&longs;&longs;e which hangs on yonder <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg164"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Wall, and let us go out into the Court-yard. Come <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Now hang the gla&longs;&longs;e yonder, again&longs;t that &longs;ame Wall, on which <lb/>the Sun &longs;hines, and now let us with-draw our &longs;elves into the &longs;hade. <lb/>See yonder two &longs;uperficies beaten by the Sun, namely, the Wall <lb/>and the Gla&longs;&longs;e. Tell me now which appears cleare&longs;t unto you, <lb/>that of the Wall or that of the Gla&longs;&longs;e? Why do you not an&longs;wer <lb/>me?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg164"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>It is proved at <lb/>large that the <lb/>Moons &longs;urface is <lb/>&longs;harp.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I leave the reply to <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> who made the que&longs;ti<lb/>on; but I, for my own part, am per&longs;waded upon this &longs;mall be<lb/>ginning of the experiment, that the Moon mu&longs;t be of a very un<lb/>poli&longs;ht &longs;urface.</s>

<s>SALV. What &longs;ay you <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> if you were to depaint that <lb/>Wall, and that Gla&longs;&longs;e fa&longs;tened unto it, where would you u&longs;e <lb/>your darke&longs;t colours, in de&longs;igning the Wall, or el&longs;e in painting <lb/>the Looking-Gla&longs;&longs;e.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Much the darker in depainting the Gla&longs;&longs;e.</s>

<s>SALV. Now if from the &longs;uperficies, which repre&longs;ents it &longs;elf <lb/>more clear, there proceedeth a more powerful reflection of light, <lb/>the Wall will more forcibly reflect the raies of the Sun, than the <lb/>Gla&longs;&longs;e.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Very well, Sir, have you ever a better experiment <lb/>than this? you have placed us where the Gla&longs;&longs;e doth not rever<lb/>berate upon us; but come along with me a little this way; how, <lb/>will you not &longs;tir?</s>

<s>SAGR. You perhaps &longs;eek the place of the reflection, which the <lb/>Gla&longs;&longs;e makth.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I do &longs;o.</s>

<s>SAGR. Why look you, there it is upon the oppo&longs;ite Wall, ju&longs;t <lb/>as big as the Gla&longs;&longs;e, and little le&longs;&longs;e bright than if the Sun had <lb/>directly &longs;hined upon it.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Come hither therefore, and &longs;ee from hence the &longs;ur<lb/>face of the Gla&longs;&longs;e, and tell me whether you think it more ob<lb/>&longs;cure than that of the Wall.</s>

<s>SAGR. Look on it your &longs;elf, for I have no mind at this time, <lb/>to dazle my eyes; and I know very well, without &longs;eeing it, <lb/>that it there appears as &longs;plendid and bright as the Sun it &longs;elf, or <lb/>little le&longs;&longs;e.</s>

<s>SIMPL. What &longs;ay you therefore, is the reflection of a Gla&longs;&longs;e <lb/>le&longs;&longs;e powerful than that of a Wall? I &longs;ee, that in this oppo&longs;ite <lb/>Wall, where the reflection of the other illuminated Wall comes, <lb/>together with that of the Gla&longs;&longs;e, this of the Gla&longs;&longs;e is much <lb/>clearer; and I &longs;ee likewi&longs;e, that, from this place where I &longs;tand, <lb/>the gla&longs;&longs;e it &longs;elf appears with much more lu&longs;tre than the Wall.</s>

<s>SALV. You have prevented me with your &longs;ubtlety; for I &longs;tood <lb/>in need of this very ob&longs;ervation to demon&longs;trate what remains. <lb/>You &longs;ee then the difference which happens betwixt the two refle<lb/>ctions made by the two &longs;uperficies of the Wall and Gla&longs;&longs;e, per<lb/>cu'&longs;t in the &longs;elf-&longs;ame manner, by the rayes of the Sun; and you <lb/>&longs;ee, how the reflection which comes from the Wall, diffu&longs;eth it <lb/>&longs;elf towards all the parts oppo&longs;ite to it, but that of the Gla&longs;&longs;e <lb/>goeth towards one part onely, not at all bigger than the Gla&longs;&longs;e <lb/>it &longs;elf: you &longs;ee likewi&longs;e, how the &longs;uperficies of the Wall, beheld <lb/>from what part &longs;oever, alwayes &longs;hews it &longs;elf of one and the &longs;ame <lb/>cleerne&longs;&longs;e, and every way, much clearer than that of the Gla&longs;&longs;e, <lb/>excepting only in that little place, on which the Gla&longs;&longs;es reflection <lb/>reverberates, for from thence indeed the Gla&longs;&longs;e appears much more <lb/>lucid than the Wall. By the&longs;e &longs;o &longs;en&longs;ible, and palpable experi<lb/>ments, my thinks one may &longs;oon come to know, whether the <lb/>reflection which the Moon &longs;ends upon us, proceed as from a <lb/>Gla&longs;&longs;e, or el&longs;e, as from a Wall, that is, from a &longs;mooth &longs;uperfi<lb/>cies, or a rugged.</s>

<s>SAGR. If I were in the Moon it &longs;elf, I think I could not with <lb/>my hands more plainly feel the unevenne&longs;&longs;e of its &longs;uperficies, than <lb/>I do now perceive it, by apprehending your di&longs;cour&longs;e. The Moon <lb/>beheld in any po&longs;ture, in re&longs;pect of the Sun and us, &longs;heweth us <lb/>its &longs;uperficies, touch't by the Suns rayes, alwayes equally clear; <lb/>an effect, which an&longs;wers to an hair that of the Wall, which be<lb/>held from what place &longs;oever, appeareth equally bright, and dif<lb/>fereth from the Gla&longs;&longs;e, which from one place onely appeareth lu<lb/>cid, and from all others ob&longs;cure. Moreover, the light which <lb/>cometh to me from the reflection of the Wall, is tollerable, <lb/>and weak, in compari&longs;on of that of the Gla&longs;&longs;e, which is little

<pb pagenum="59"/>le&longs;&longs;e forcible and offen&longs;ive to the &longs;ight, than that primary and <lb/>direct light of the Sun. And thus without trouble do we behold <lb/>the face of the Moon; which were it as a Gla&longs;&longs;e, it appearing to <lb/>us by rea&longs;on of its vicinity, as big as the Sun it &longs;elf, its &longs;plendor <lb/>would be ab&longs;olutely intollerable, and would &longs;eem as if we beheld <lb/>another Sun.</s>

<s>SALV. A&longs;cribe not, I be&longs;eech you <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus,<emph.end type="italics"/> more to my de<lb/>mon&longs;tration, than it produceth. I will oppo&longs;e you with an in&longs;tance, <lb/>which I &longs;ee not well how you can ea&longs;ily re&longs;olve. You in&longs;i&longs;t upon it <lb/>as a grand difference between the Moon and Gla&longs;&longs;e, that it emits <lb/>its reflection towards all parts equally, as doth the Wall; where<lb/>as the Gla&longs;&longs;e ca&longs;ts it upon one onely determinate place; and from <lb/>hence you conclude the Moon to be like to the Wall, and not to <lb/>the Gla&longs;&longs;e: But I mu&longs;t tell you, that that &longs;ame Gla&longs;&longs;e ca&longs;ts its <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg165"></arrow.to.target><lb/>reflection on one place onely, becau&longs;e its &longs;urface is flat, and the <lb/>reflex rayes being to depart at angles equal to tho&longs;e of the rayes <lb/>of incidence, it mu&longs;t follow that from a plane or flat &longs;uperficies, <lb/>they do depart unitedly towards the &longs;ame place; but in regard <lb/>that the &longs;uperficies of the Moon is not plain, but &longs;pherical, and <lb/>the incident rayes upon &longs;uch a &longs;uperficies, being to reflect them<lb/>&longs;elves at angles equal to tho&longs;e of the incidence towards all parts, <lb/>by means of the infinity of the inclinations which compo&longs;e the <lb/>&longs;pherical &longs;uperficies, therefore the Moon may &longs;end forth its reflecti<lb/>on every way; and there is no nece&longs;&longs;ity for its repercu&longs;&longs;ion upon one <lb/>place onely, as that Gla&longs;&longs;e which is flat.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg165"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Flat Looking<lb/>gla&longs;&longs;es ca&longs;t forth <lb/>the reflection to<lb/>wards but one <lb/>place, but the <lb/>&longs;pherical every <lb/>way.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. This is one of the very &longs;ame objections, which I in<lb/>tended to have made again&longs;t him.</s>

<s>SAGR. If this be one, you had need have more of them; yet <lb/>I tell you, that as to this fir&longs;t, it &longs;eems to me to make more a<lb/>gain&longs;t you, than for you.</s>

<s>SIMPL. You have pronounced as a thing manife&longs;t, that the refle<lb/>ction made by that Wall, is as cleer and lucid as that which the <lb/>Moon &longs;ends forth, and I e&longs;teem it nothing in compari&longs;on thereto. <lb/>“For, in this bu&longs;ine&longs;&longs;e of the illumination, its requi&longs;ite to re&longs;pect, <lb/>and to di&longs;tingui&longs;h the <emph type="italics"/>Sphere<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Activity<emph.end type="italics"/>; and who que&longs;tions <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg166"></arrow.to.target><lb/>but the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies have greater Spheres of activity, than <lb/>the&longs;e our elementary, frail, and mortal ones? and that Wall, <lb/>finally, what el&longs;e is it but a little ob&longs;cure Earth, unapt to <lb/>&longs;hine?”</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg166"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;phere of <lb/>Activity greater <lb/>in the C&oelig;le&longs;tial <lb/>bodies than in Ele<lb/>mentary.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>S<emph.end type="italics"/>AGR. And here al&longs;o I believe, that you very much deceive your <lb/>felf. But I come to the fir&longs;t objection moved by <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus<emph.end type="italics"/>; and <lb/>I con&longs;ider, that to make a body appear unto us luminous, it &longs;uf<lb/>ficeth not that the rayes of the illuminating body fall upon it, <lb/>but it is moreover requi&longs;ite that the reflex rayes arrive to our <lb/>eye; as is manife&longs;tly &longs;een in the example of that Gla&longs;&longs;e, upon

<pb pagenum="60"/>which, without que&longs;tion, the illuminating rayes of the Sun do <lb/>come; yet neverthele&longs;&longs;e, it appears not to us bright and &longs;hining, <lb/>unle&longs;&longs;e we &longs;et our eye in that particular place, where the refle<lb/>ction arriveth. Now let us con&longs;ider what would &longs;ucceed, were <lb/>the gla&longs;&longs;e of a &longs;pherical figure; for without doubt, we &longs;hould <lb/>find, that of the reflection made by the whole &longs;urface illumina<lb/>ted, that to be but a very &longs;mall part, which arriveth to the eye <lb/>of a particular beholder; by rea&longs;on that that is but an incon&longs;ide<lb/>rable particle of the whole &longs;pherical &longs;uperficies, the inclination <lb/>of which ca&longs;ts the ray to the particular place of the eye; whence <lb/>the part of the &longs;pherical &longs;uperficies, which &longs;hews it &longs;elf &longs;hining <lb/>to the eye, mu&longs;t needs be very &longs;mall; all the re&longs;t being repre<lb/>&longs;ented ob&longs;cure. So that were the Moon &longs;mooth, as a Looking<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg167"></arrow.to.target><lb/>gla&longs;&longs;e, a very &longs;mall part would be &longs;een by any particular eye to <lb/>be illu&longs;trated by the Sun, although its whole Hemi&longs;phere were ex<lb/>po&longs;ed to the Suns rayes; and the re&longs;t would appear to the eye of <lb/>the beholder as not illuminated, and therefore invi&longs;ible; and <lb/>finally, the whole Moon would be likewi&longs;e invi&longs;ible, for &longs;o much <lb/>as that particle, whence the reflection &longs;hould come, by rea&longs;on of <lb/>its &longs;malne&longs;&longs;e and remotene&longs;&longs;e, would be lo&longs;t. And as it would be <lb/>invi&longs;ible to the eye, &longs;o would it not afford any light; for it is al<lb/>together impo&longs;&longs;ible, that a bright body &longs;hould take away our <lb/>darkne&longs;&longs;e by its &longs;plendor, and we not to &longs;ee it.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg167"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Moon if it <lb/>were &longs;mooth, like a <lb/>&longs;pherical gla&longs;&longs;e, <lb/>would be invi&longs;ible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. Stay good <emph type="italics"/>Sagredus,<emph.end type="italics"/> for I &longs;ee &longs;ome emotions in <lb/>the face and eyes of <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> which are to me as indices that <lb/>he is not either very apprehen&longs;ive of, or &longs;atisfied with this which <lb/>you, with admirable proof, and ab&longs;olute truth have &longs;poken. <lb/>And yet I now call to mind, that I can by another experiment <lb/>remove all &longs;cruple. I have &longs;een above in a Chamber, a great <lb/>&longs;pherical Looking-gla&longs;&longs;e; let us &longs;end for it hither, and while&longs;t it <lb/>is in bringing, let <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> return to con&longs;ider, how great the <lb/>clarity is which cometh to the Wall here, under the penthou&longs;e, <lb/>from the reflection of the flat gla&longs;&longs;e.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I &longs;ee it is little le&longs;&longs;e &longs;hining, than if the Sun had di<lb/>rectly beat upon it.</s>

<s>SALV. So indeed it is. Now tell me, if taking away that &longs;mall <lb/>flat gla&longs;&longs;e, we &longs;hould put that great &longs;pherical one in the &longs;ame <lb/>place, what effect (think you) would its reflection have upon the <lb/>&longs;ame Wall?</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>S<emph.end type="italics"/>IMPL. I believe that it would eject upon it a far greater and <lb/>more diffu&longs;ed light.</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>S<emph.end type="italics"/>ALV. But if the illumination &longs;hould be nothing, or &longs;o <lb/>&longs;mall, that you would &longs;car&longs;e di&longs;cern it, what would you &longs;ay <lb/>then?</s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>S<emph.end type="italics"/>IMPL. When I have &longs;een the effect, I will bethink my &longs;elf <lb/>of an an&longs;wer.</s>

<s>SALV. See here is the gla&longs;&longs;e, which I would have to be placed <lb/>clo&longs;e to the other. But fir&longs;t let us go yonder towards the reflection <lb/>of that flat one, and attentively ob&longs;erve its clarity; &longs;ee how <lb/>bright it is here where it &longs;hines, and how di&longs;tinctly one may di&longs;cern <lb/>the&longs;e &longs;mall unevenne&longs;&longs;es in the Wall.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I have &longs;een and very well ob&longs;erved the &longs;ame, now place <lb/>the other gla&longs;&longs;e by the &longs;ide of the fir&longs;t.</s>

<s>SALV. See where it is. It was placed there a&longs;&longs;oon as you be<lb/>gan to look upon the Walls &longs;mall unevenne&longs;&longs;es, and you percei<lb/>ved it not, &longs;o great was the encrea&longs;e of the light all over the re&longs;t of <lb/>the Wall. Now take away the flat gla&longs;&longs;e. Behold now all refle<lb/>ction removed, though the great convex gla&longs;&longs;e &longs;till remaineth. <lb/>Remove this al&longs;o, and place it there again if you plea&longs;e, and you <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;ee no alteration of light in all the Wall. See here then de<lb/>mon&longs;trated to &longs;en&longs;e, that the reflection of the Sun, made upon a <lb/>&longs;pherical convex gla&longs;&longs;e, doth not &longs;en&longs;ibly illuminate the places neer <lb/>unto it. Now what &longs;ay you to this experiment?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I am afraid that there may be &longs;ome <emph type="italics"/>Leigerdemain,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>u&longs;ed in this affair; yet in beholding that gla&longs;&longs;e I &longs;ee it dart forth <lb/>a great &longs;plendor, which dazleth my eyes; and that which im<lb/>ports mo&longs;t of all, I &longs;ee it from what place &longs;oever I look upon it; <lb/>and I &longs;ee it go changing &longs;ituation upon the &longs;uperficies of the gla&longs;&longs;e, <lb/>which way &longs;oever I place my &longs;elf to look upon it; a nece&longs;&longs;ary ar<lb/>gument, that the light is livelily reflected towards every &longs;ide, and <lb/>con&longs;equently, as &longs;trongly upon all that Wall, as upon my eye.</s>

<s>SALV. Now you &longs;ee how cautiou&longs;ly and re&longs;ervedly you ought <lb/>to proceed in lending your a&longs;&longs;ent to that, which di&longs;cour&longs;e alone re<lb/>pre&longs;enteth to you. There is no doubt but that this which you &longs;ay, <lb/>carrieth with it probability enough, yet you may &longs;ee, how &longs;en&longs;i<lb/>ble experience proves the contrary.</s>

<s>SIMPL. How then doth this come to pa&longs;s?</s>

<s>SALV. I will deliver you my thoughts thereof, but I cannot <lb/>tell how you may be plea&longs;'d therewith. And fir&longs;t, that lively <lb/>&longs;plendor which you &longs;ee upon the gla&longs;s, and which you think occu<lb/>pieth a good part thereof, is nothing near &longs;o great, nay is very ex<lb/>ceeding &longs;mall; but its liveline&longs;s occa&longs;ioneth in your eye, (by means <lb/>of the reflection made on the humidity of the extream parts of the <lb/>eye-brows, which di&longs;tendeth upon the pupil) an adventitious irradi<lb/>ation, like to that blaze which we think we &longs;ee about the flame of <lb/>a candle placed at &longs;ome di&longs;tance; or if you will, you may <lb/>re&longs;emble it to the adventitious &longs;plendor of a &longs;tar; for if you &longs;hould <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg168"></arrow.to.target><lb/>compare the &longs;mall body <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> of the <emph type="italics"/>Canicula,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;een in the day time <lb/>with the <emph type="italics"/>Tele&longs;cope,<emph.end type="italics"/> when it is &longs;een without &longs;uch irradiation, with <lb/>the &longs;ame &longs;een by night by the eye it &longs;elf, you will doubtle&longs;s com<lb/>prehend that being irradiated, it appeareth above a thou&longs;and

<pb pagenum="62"/>times bigger than the naked and real body: and a like or greater <lb/>augmentation doth the image of the Sun make, which you &longs;ee in <lb/>that gla&longs;s. I &longs;ay greater, for that it is more lively than the &longs;tar, <lb/>as is manife&longs;t from our being able to behold the &longs;tar with much <lb/>le&longs;s offence, than this reflection of the gla&longs;s. The reverberation <lb/>therefore which is to di&longs;pere it &longs;elf all over this wall, cometh from <lb/>a &longs;mall part of that gla&longs;s, and that which even now came from <lb/>the whole flat gla&longs;s di&longs;per&longs;ed and re&longs;train'd it &longs;elf to a very &longs;mall <lb/>part of the &longs;aid wall. What wonder is it then, that the fir&longs;t re<lb/>flection very lively illuminates, and that this other is almo&longs;t im<lb/>perceptible?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg168"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;mall body of <lb/>the &longs;tars fringed <lb/>round about with <lb/>rays, appeareth ve<lb/>ry much biggerthan <lb/>plain and naked, <lb/>and in its native <lb/>clarity.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I find my &longs;elf more perplexed than ever, and there <lb/>pre&longs;ents it &longs;elf unto me the other difficulty, how it can be that <lb/>that wall, being of a matter &longs;o ob&longs;cure, and of a &longs;uperficies &longs;o un<lb/>poli&longs;h'd, &longs;hould be able to dart from it greater light, than a gla&longs;s <lb/>very &longs;mooth and polite.</s>

<s>SALV. Greater light it is not, but more univer&longs;al; for as to <lb/>the degree of brightne&longs;s, you &longs;ee that the reflection of that &longs;mall <lb/>flat gla&longs;s, where it beamed forth yonder under the &longs;hadow of the <lb/>penthou&longs;e, illuminateth very much; and the re&longs;t of the wall which <lb/>receiveth the reflection of the wall on which the gla&longs;s is placed, <lb/>is not in any great mea&longs;ure illuminated, as was the &longs;mall part on <lb/>which the reflection of the gla&longs;s fell. And if you would under<lb/>&longs;tand the whole of this bu&longs;ine&longs;s, you mu&longs;t con&longs;ider that the &longs;uper<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg169"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ficies of that wall's being rough, is the &longs;ame as if it were compo<lb/>&longs;ed of innumerable &longs;mall &longs;uperficies, di&longs;po&longs;ed according to in<lb/>numerable diver&longs;ities of inclinations: among&longs;t which it nece&longs;&longs;a<lb/>rily happens, that there are many di&longs;po&longs;ed to &longs;end forth their <lb/>reflex rays from them into &longs;uch a place, many others into another: <lb/>and in &longs;um, there is not any place to which there comes not very <lb/>many rays, reflected from very many &longs;mall &longs;uperficies, di&longs;per&longs;ed <lb/>throughout the whole &longs;uperficies of the rugged body, upon which <lb/>the rays of the Sun fall. From which it nece&longs;&longs;arily follow<lb/>eth, That upon any, what&longs;oever, part of any &longs;uperficies, <lb/>oppo&longs;ed to that which receiveth the primary incident rays, <lb/>there is produced reflex rays, and con&longs;equently illumi<lb/>nation. There doth al&longs;o follow thereupon, That the &longs;ame <lb/>body upon which the illuminating rays fall, beheld from <lb/>what&longs;oever place, appeareth all illuminated and &longs;hining: and <lb/>therefore the Moon, as being of a &longs;uperficies rugged and <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg170"></arrow.to.target><lb/>not &longs;mooth, beameth forth the light of the Sun on every <lb/>&longs;ide, and to all beholders appeareth equally lucid. But if <lb/>the &longs;urface of it, being &longs;pherical, were al&longs;o &longs;mooth as a gla&longs;s, it <lb/>would become wholly invi&longs;ible; fora&longs;much as that &longs;mall part, <lb/>from which the image of the Sun &longs;hould be reflected unto the eye

<pb pagenum="63"/>of a particular per&longs;on, by rea&longs;on of its great di&longs;tance would be in<lb/>vi&longs;ible, as I have &longs;aid before.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg169"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The reflex light <lb/>of uneven bodies, is <lb/>more univer&longs;al <lb/>than that of the <lb/>&longs;mooth, & why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg170"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Moon, if it <lb/>were &longs;mooth and <lb/>&longs;leek, would be in<lb/>vi&longs;ible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. I am very apprehen&longs;ive of your di&longs;cour&longs;e; yet me<lb/>thinks I am able to re&longs;olve the &longs;ame with very little trouble; and <lb/>ea&longs;ily to maintain, that the Moon is rotund and polite, and that it <lb/>reflects the Suns light unto us in manner of a gla&longs;s; nor there<lb/>fore ought the image of the Sun to be &longs;een in the middle of it, “for<lb/>a&longs;much as the &longs;pecies of the Sun it &longs;elf admits not its &longs;mall figure <lb/>to be &longs;een at &longs;o great a di&longs;tance, but the light produced by the <lb/>Sun may help us to conceive that it illuminateth the whole Lu<lb/>nar Body: a like effect we may &longs;ee in a plate gilded and well <lb/>polli&longs;h'd, which touch't by a luminous body, appeareth to him <lb/>that beholds it at &longs;ome di&longs;tance to be all &longs;hining; and onely near <lb/>at hand one may di&longs;cover in the middle of it the &longs;mall image of <lb/>the luminous body.”</s>

<s>SALV. Ingenuou&longs;ly confe&longs;&longs;ing my dullne&longs;s of apprehen&longs;ion, <lb/>I mu&longs;t tell you, that I under&longs;tand not any thing of this your di&longs;<lb/>cour&longs;e, &longs;ave onely what concerns the gilt plate: and if you permit <lb/>me to &longs;peak freely, I have a great conceit that you al&longs;o under&longs;tand <lb/>not the &longs;ame, but have learnt by heart tho&longs;e words written by &longs;ome <lb/>one out of a de&longs;ire of contradiction, and to &longs;hew him&longs;elf more intel<lb/>ligent than his adver&longs;ary; but it mu&longs;t be to tho&longs;e, which to appear <lb/>al&longs;o more wi&longs;e, applaud that which they do not under&longs;tand, and <lb/>entertain a greater conceit of per&longs;ons, the le&longs;s they are by them <lb/>under&longs;tood: and the writer him&longs;elf may be one of tho&longs;e (of which <lb/>there are many) who write what they do not under&longs;tand, and <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg171"></arrow.to.target><lb/>con&longs;equently under&longs;tand not what they write. Therefore, o<lb/>mitting the re&longs;t, I reply, as to the gilt plate, that if it be flat and <lb/>not very big, it may appear at a di&longs;tance very bright, whil&longs;t a great <lb/>light beameth upon it, but yet it mu&longs;t be when the eye is in a de<lb/>terminate line, namely in that of the reflex rays: and it will ap<lb/>pear the more &longs;hining, if it were <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> of &longs;ilver, by means of its <lb/>being burni&longs;hed, and apt through the great den&longs;ity of the metal, <lb/>to receive a perfect poli&longs;h. And though its &longs;uperficies, being very <lb/>well brightned, were not exactly plain, but &longs;hould have various in<lb/>clinations, yet then al&longs;o would its &longs;plendor be &longs;een many ways; <lb/>namely, from as many places as the various reflections, made by <lb/>the &longs;everal &longs;uperficies, do reach: for therefore are Diamonds <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg172"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ground to many &longs;ides, that &longs;o their plea&longs;ing lu&longs;tre might be beheld <lb/>from many places. But if the Plate were very big, though it &longs;hould <lb/>be all plain, yet would it not at a di&longs;tance appear all over &longs;hining: <lb/>and the better to expre&longs;s my &longs;elf, Let us &longs;uppo&longs;e a very large gilt <lb/>plate expo&longs;ed to the Sun, it will &longs;hew to an eye far di&longs;tant, the <lb/>image of the Sun, to occupy no more but a certain part of the &longs;aid <lb/>plate; to wit, that from whence the reflection of the incident

<pb pagenum="64"/>&longs;olar rays come: but it is true that by the vivacity of the light, the <lb/>&longs;aid image will appear fringed about with many rays, and &longs;o will <lb/>&longs;eem to occupie a far greater part of the plate, than really it doth. <lb/>And to &longs;hew that this is true, when you have noted the particular <lb/>place of the plate from whence the reflection cometh, and concei<lb/>ved likewi&longs;e how great the &longs;hining place appeared to you, cover the <lb/>greater part of that &longs;ame &longs;pace, leaving it only vi&longs;ible about the <lb/>mid&longs;t; and all this &longs;hall not any whit dimini&longs;h the apparent &longs;plen<lb/>dor to one that beholds it from afar; but you &longs;hall &longs;ee it largely <lb/>di&longs;pers'd upon the cloth or other matter, wherewith you covered <lb/>it. If therefore any one, by &longs;eeing from a good di&longs;tance a &longs;mall <lb/>gilt plate to be all over &longs;hining, &longs;hould imagine that the &longs;ame <lb/>would al&longs;o even in a plate as broad as the Moon, he is no le&longs;s de<lb/>ceived, than if he &longs;hould believe the Moon to be no bigger than <lb/>the bottom of a tub. If again the plate were turn'd into a &longs;phe<lb/>rical &longs;uperficies, the reflection would be &longs;een &longs;trong in but one &longs;ole <lb/>particle of it; but yet by rea&longs;on of its liveline&longs;s, it will appear <lb/>fringed about with many glittering rays: the re&longs;t of the Ball would <lb/>appear according as it was burni&longs;hed; and this al&longs;o onely then <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg173"></arrow.to.target><lb/>when it was not very much poli&longs;hed, for &longs;hould it be perfectly <lb/>brightned, it would appear ob&longs;cure. An example of this we <lb/>have dayly before our eyes in &longs;ilver ve&longs;&longs;els, which whil&longs;t they are <lb/>only boyl'd in the <emph type="italics"/>Argol<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Salt,<emph.end type="italics"/> they are all as white as &longs;now, and <lb/>do not reflect any image; but if they be in any part burni&longs;h'd, they <lb/>become in that place pre&longs;ently ob&longs;cure: and in them one may &longs;ee the <lb/>repre&longs;entation of any thing as in Looking-gla&longs;&longs;es. And that chan<lb/>to ob&longs;curity, proceeds from nothing el&longs;e but the &longs;moothing and <lb/>plaining of a fine grain, which made the &longs;uperficies of the &longs;ilver <lb/>rough, and yet &longs;uch, as that it reflected the light into all parts, <lb/>whereby it &longs;eemed from all parts equally illuminated: which <lb/>&longs;mall unevenne&longs;&longs;es, when they come to be exqui&longs;itely plained by <lb/>the burni&longs;h, &longs;o that the reflection of the rays of incidence are all <lb/>directed unto one determinate place; then, from that &longs;ame place, <lb/>the burni&longs;h'd part &longs;hall &longs;hew much more bright and &longs;hining than <lb/>the re&longs;t which is onely whitened by boyling; but from all other <lb/>places it looks very ob&longs;cure. And note, that the diver&longs;ity of <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg174"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;ights of looking upon burni&longs;h'd &longs;uperficies, occa&longs;ioneth &longs;uch <lb/>difference in appearances, that to imitate and repre&longs;ent in picture, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> a poli&longs;h'd Cuirace, one mu&longs;t couple black plains with white, <lb/>one &longs;ideways to the other, in tho&longs;e parts of the arms where the <lb/>light falleth equally.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg171"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Some write what <lb/>they under&longs;tand <lb/>not, and therefore <lb/>under&longs;tand not <lb/>what they write.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg172"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Diamonds ground <lb/>to divers &longs;ides, & <lb/>why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg173"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Silver burni&longs;hed <lb/>appears more ob<lb/>&longs;cuee, than the not <lb/>burni&longs;hed, & why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg174"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Burni&longs;h'd Steel <lb/>beheld from one <lb/>place appears very <lb/>bright, and from <lb/>another, very ob<lb/>&longs;cure.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. If therefore the&longs;e great Philo&longs;ophers would acquie&longs;e <lb/>in granting, that the Moon, <emph type="italics"/>Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> and the other Planets, were not <lb/>of &longs;o bright and &longs;mooth a &longs;urface as a Looking-gla&longs;s, but wanted <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;mall matter of it, namely, were as a &longs;ilver plate, onely boyled

<pb pagenum="65"/>white, but not burni&longs;hed; would this yet &longs;uffice to the making <lb/>of it vi&longs;ible, and apt for darting forth the light of the Sun?</s>

<s>SALV. It would &longs;uffice in part; but would not give a light &longs;o <lb/>&longs;trong, as it doth being mountainous, and in &longs;um, full of <lb/>eminencies and great cavities. But the&longs;e Philo&longs;ophers will never <lb/>yield it to be le&longs;&longs;e polite than a gla&longs;&longs;e; but far more, if more it <lb/>can be imagined; for they e&longs;teeming that to perfect bodies perfect <lb/>figures are mo&longs;t &longs;utable; it is nece&longs;&longs;ary, that the &longs;phericity of tho&longs;e <lb/>C&oelig;le&longs;tial Globes be mo&longs;t exact; be&longs;ides, that if they &longs;hould <lb/>grant me &longs;ome inequality, though never &longs;o &longs;mall, I would not <lb/>&longs;cruple to take any other greater; for that &longs;uch perfection con&longs;i&longs;t<lb/>ing in indivi&longs;ibles, an hair doth as much detract from its perfection <lb/>as a mountain.</s>

<s>SAGR. Here I meet with two difficulties, one is to know the <lb/>rea&longs;on why the greater inequality of &longs;uperficies maketh the &longs;tron<lb/>ger reflection of light; the other is, why the&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick<emph.end type="italics"/> Gen<lb/>tlemen are for this exact figure.</s>

<s>SALV. I will an&longs;wer to the fir&longs;t; and leave to <emph type="italics"/>Simplieius<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg175"></arrow.to.target><lb/>care of making reply to the &longs;econd. You mu&longs;t know therefore, <lb/>that the &longs;ame &longs;uperficies happen to be by the &longs;ame light more or le&longs;s <lb/>illuminated, according as the rayes of illumination fall upon them <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg176"></arrow.to.target><lb/>more or le&longs;&longs;e obliquely; &longs;o that the greate&longs;t illumination is where <lb/>the rayes are perpendicular. And &longs;ee, how I will prove it to your <lb/>&longs;en&longs;e. I bend this paper, &longs;o, that one part of it makes an angle <lb/>upon the other: and expo&longs;ing both the&longs;e parts to the reflection of <lb/>the light of that oppo&longs;ite Wall, you &longs;ee how this &longs;ide which re<lb/>ceiveth the rayes obliquely, is le&longs;&longs;e &longs;hining than this other, where <lb/>the reflection fals at right angles; and ob&longs;erve, that as I by <lb/>degrees receive the illumination more obliquely, it groweth <lb/>weaker.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg175"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The more rough <lb/>&longs;uperficies make <lb/>greater reflection <lb/>of light, than the <lb/>le&longs;s rough.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg176"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Perpendicular <lb/>rays illuminate <lb/>more than the ob<lb/>lique, and why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. I &longs;ee the effect, but comprehend not the cau&longs;e.</s>

<s>SALV. If you thought upon it but a minute of an hour, you <lb/>would find it; but that I may not wa&longs;te the time, &longs;ee a kind of <lb/>demon&longs;tration thereof in <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 7.</s>

<s>SAGR. The bare &longs;ight of this Figure hath fully &longs;atisfied me, <lb/>therefore proceed.</s>

<s>SIMPL. Pray you let me hear you out, for I am not of &longs;o <lb/>quick an apprehen&longs;ion.</s>

<s>SALV. Fancie to your &longs;elf, that all the paralel lines, which you <lb/>&longs;ee to depart from the terms A. B. are the rays which fall upon the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg177"></arrow.to.target><lb/>line C. D. at right angles: then incline the &longs;aid C. D. till it hang <lb/>as D. O. now do not you &longs;ee that a great part of tho&longs;e rays which <lb/>peirce C. D. pa&longs;s by without touching D. O? If therefore D. O. <lb/>be illuminated by fewer rays, it is very rea&longs;onable, that the light <lb/>received by it be more weak. Let us return now to the Moon,

<pb pagenum="66"/>which being of a &longs;pherical figure, if its &longs;uperficies were &longs;mooth, as <lb/>this paper, the parts of its hemi&longs;phere illuminated by the Sun, <lb/>which are towards its extremity, would receive much le&longs;s light, <lb/>than the middle parts; the rays falling upon them mo&longs;t obliquely, <lb/>and upon the&longs;e at right angles; whereupon at the time of full <lb/>Moon, when we &longs;ee almo&longs;t its whole Hemi&longs;phere illuminated, the <lb/>parts towards the mid&longs;t, would &longs;hew them&longs;elves to us with more <lb/>&longs;plendor, than tho&longs;e others towards the circumference: which is <lb/>not &longs;o in effect. Now the face of the Moon being repre&longs;ented <lb/>to me full of indifferent high mountains, do not you &longs;ee how their <lb/>tops and continuate ridges, being elevated above the convexity of <lb/>the perfect &longs;pherical &longs;uperficies, come to be expo&longs;ed to the view <lb/>of the Sun, and accommodated to receive its rays much le&longs;s ob<lb/>liquely, and con&longs;equently to appear as luminous as the re&longs;t?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg177"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The more oblique <lb/>Rayes illuminate <lb/>leß, and why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. All this I well perceive: and if there are &longs;uch moun<lb/>tains, its true, the Sun will dart upon them much more directly <lb/>than it would do upon the inclination of a polite &longs;uperficies: but <lb/>it is al&longs;o true, that betwixt tho&longs;e mountains all the valleys would <lb/>become ob&longs;cure, by rea&longs;on of the va&longs;t &longs;hadows, which in that <lb/>time would be ca&longs;t from the mountains, whereas the parts towards <lb/>the middle, though full of valleys and hills, by rea&longs;on they have <lb/>the Sun elevated, would appear without &longs;hadow, and therefore <lb/>more lucid by far than the extreme parts, which are no le&longs;s diffu<lb/>&longs;ed with &longs;hadow than light, and yet we can perceive no &longs;uch diffe<lb/>rence.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I was ruminating upon the like difficulty.</s>

<s>SALV. How much readier is <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> to apprehend the ob<lb/>jections which favour the opinions of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> than their &longs;oluti<lb/>ons? I have a kind of &longs;u&longs;pition, that he &longs;trives al&longs;o &longs;ometimes to <lb/>di&longs;&longs;emble them; and in the pre&longs;ent ca&longs;e, he being of him&longs;elf able <lb/>to hit upon the doubt, which yet is very ingenious, I cannot be<lb/>lieve but that he al&longs;o was advi&longs;'d of the an&longs;wer; wherefore I will <lb/>attempt to wre&longs;t the &longs;ame (as they &longs;ay) out of his mouth. There<lb/>fore tell me, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> do you think there can be any &longs;hadow, <lb/>where the rays of the Sun do &longs;hine?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I believe, nay I am certain that there cannot; for that <lb/>it being the grand luminary, which with its rays driveth away dark<lb/>ne&longs;s, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible any tenebro&longs;ity &longs;hould remain where it com<lb/>eth; moreover, we have the definition, that <emph type="italics"/>Tenebræ &longs;unt priva<lb/>tio luminis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. Therefore the Sun, beholding the Earth, Moon or o<lb/>ther opacous body, never &longs;eeth any of its &longs;hady parts, it not ha<lb/>ving any other eyes to &longs;ee with, &longs;ave its rays, the conveyers of <lb/>light: and con&longs;equently, one &longs;tanding in the Sun would never <lb/>&longs;ee any thing of umbrage, fora&longs;much as his vi&longs;ive rays would ever

<pb pagenum="67"/>go accompanied with tho&longs;e illuminating beams of the Sun.</s>

<s>SIMPL. This is true, without any contradiction.</s>

<s>SALV. But when the Moon is oppo&longs;ite to the Sun, what dif<lb/>ference is there between the tract of the rayes of your &longs;ight, and <lb/>that motion which the Suns rayes make?</s>

<s>SIMPL. Now I under&longs;tand you; for you would &longs;ay, that the <lb/>rayes of the &longs;ight and tho&longs;e of the Sun, moving by the &longs;ame lines, <lb/>we cannot perceive any of the ob&longs;cure valleys of the Moon. Be <lb/>plea&longs;ed to change this your opinion, that I have either &longs;imulation <lb/>or di&longs;&longs;imulation in me; for I prote&longs;t unto you, as I am a Gentle<lb/>man, that I did not gue&longs;&longs;e at this &longs;olution, nor &longs;hould I have <lb/>thought upon it, without your help, or without long &longs;tudy.</s>

<s>SAGR. The re&longs;olutions, which between you two have been <lb/>alledged touching this la&longs;t doubt, hath, to &longs;peak the truth, &longs;atisfi<lb/>ed me al&longs;o. But at the &longs;ame time this con&longs;ideration of the vi<lb/>fible rayes accompanying the rayes of the Sun, hath begotten in me <lb/>another &longs;cruple, about the other part, but I know not whether I <lb/>can expre&longs;&longs;e it right, or no: for it but ju&longs;t now comming into my <lb/>mind, I have not yet methodized it to my mind: but let us &longs;ee if <lb/>we can, all together, make it intelligible. There is no que&longs;tion, <lb/>but that the parts towards the circumference of that poli&longs;h't, but not <lb/>burni&longs;h't Hemi&longs;phere, which is illuminated by the Sun, receiving the <lb/>rayes obliquely, receive much fewer thereof, than the middle<lb/>mo&longs;t parts, which receive them directly. And its po&longs;&longs;ible, that a <lb/>tract or &longs;pace of <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> twenty degrees in breadth, and which is to<lb/>wards the extremity of the Hemi&longs;phere, may not receive more rays <lb/>than another towards the middle parts, of but four degree broad: <lb/>&longs;o that that doubtle&longs;s will be much more ob&longs;cure than this; and <lb/>&longs;uch it will appear to whoever &longs;hall behold them both in the face, <lb/>or (as I may &longs;ay) in their full magnitude. But if the eye of the <lb/>beholder were con&longs;tituted in &longs;uch a place, that the breadth of the <lb/>twenty degrees of the ob&longs;cure &longs;pace, appeared not to it longer <lb/>than one of four degrees, placed in the mid&longs;t of the Hemi&longs;phere, <lb/>I hold it not impo&longs;&longs;ible for it to appear to the &longs;aid beholder e<lb/>qually clear and lucid with the other; becau&longs;e, finally, between <lb/>two equal angles, to wit, of four degrees apiece, there come to <lb/>the eye the reflections of two equal numbers of rayes: namely, <lb/>tho&longs;e which are reflected from the middlemo&longs;t &longs;pace, four degrees <lb/>in breadth, and tho&longs;e reflected from the other of twenty degrees, <lb/>but &longs;een by compre&longs;&longs;ion, under the quantity of four degrees: and <lb/>&longs;uch a &longs;ituation &longs;hall the eye obtain, when it is placed between the <lb/>&longs;aid Hemi&longs;phere, and the body which illuminates it; for then the <lb/>&longs;ight and rayes move in the &longs;ame lines. It &longs;eemeth not impo&longs;&longs;ible <lb/>therefore, but that the Moon may be of a very equal &longs;uperficies; <lb/>and that neverthele&longs;&longs;e, it may appear when it is at the full, no le&longs;s

<pb pagenum="68"/>light in the extremities, than in the middle parts.</s>

<s>SALV. The doubt is ingenious and worthy of con&longs;ideration; <lb/>and as it but ju&longs;t now came into your mind unawares, &longs;o I will <lb/>like wi&longs;e an&longs;wer with what fir&longs;t comes into my thoughts, and it may <lb/>happily fall out, that by thinking more upon it, I may &longs;tumble <lb/>upon a better reply. But before, that I labyrinth my &longs;elf any far<lb/>ther, it would be nece&longs;&longs;ary, that we a&longs;&longs;ure our &longs;elves by &longs;ome ex<lb/>periment, whether your objection prove in effect, what it &longs;eemeth <lb/>to conclude in appearance; and therefore taking once more the <lb/>&longs;ame paper, and making it to incline, by bending a little part <lb/>thereof upon the remainder, let us try whether expo&longs;ing it to the <lb/>Sun, &longs;o that the rayes of light fall upon the le&longs;&longs;er part directly, <lb/>and upon the other obliquely; this which receiveth the rayes direct<lb/>ly appeareth more lucid; and &longs;ee here by manife&longs;t experience, <lb/>that it is notably more clear. Now if your objection be conclu&longs;ive, <lb/>it will follow, that &longs;tooping with our eye &longs;o, that in beholding <lb/>the other greater part, le&longs;s illuminated, in compre&longs;&longs;ion or fore<lb/>&longs;hortning, it appear unto us no bigger than the other, more &longs;hining; <lb/>and that con&longs;equently, it be not beheld at a greater angle than <lb/>that; it will nece&longs;&longs;arily en&longs;ue, I &longs;ay, that its light be encrea&longs;ed, &longs;o <lb/>that it do &longs;eem to us as bright as the other. See how I behold, and <lb/>look upon it &longs;o obliquely, that it appeareth to me narrower than <lb/>the other; but yet, notwith&longs;tanding its ob&longs;curity, doth not to <lb/>my perceiving, at all grow clearer. Try now if the &longs;ame &longs;ucceed <lb/>to you.</s>

<s>SAGR. I have look't upon it, and though I have &longs;tooped with <lb/>my eye, yet cannot I &longs;ee the &longs;aid &longs;uperficies encrea&longs;e in light or <lb/>clarity; nay me thinks it rather grows more dusky.</s>

<s>SALV. We are hitherto confident of the invalidity of the ob<lb/>jection; In the next place, as to the &longs;olution, I believe, that, by <lb/>rea&longs;on the Superficies of this paper is little le&longs;&longs;e than &longs;mooth, the <lb/>rayes are very few, which be reflected towards the point of inci<lb/>dence, in compari&longs;on of the multitude, which are reflected to<lb/>wards the oppo&longs;ite parts; and that of tho&longs;e few more and more <lb/>are lo&longs;t, the nearer the vi&longs;ive rayes approach to tho&longs;e lucid rayes <lb/>of incidence; and becau&longs;e it is not the incident rayes, but tho&longs;e <lb/>which are reflected to the eye, that make the object appear lu<lb/>minous; therefore, in &longs;tooping the eye, there is more lo&longs;t than got, <lb/>as you your &longs;elf confe&longs;&longs;e to have &longs;een in looking upon the ob&longs;cu<lb/>rer part of the paper.</s>

<s>SAGR. I re&longs;t &longs;atisfied with this experiment and rea&longs;on: It re<lb/>mains now, that <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> an&longs;wer to my other que&longs;tion, and tell <lb/>me what moves the <emph type="italics"/>Peripateticks<emph.end type="italics"/> to require this &longs;o exact rotundity <lb/>in the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies.</s>

<s>SIMPL. The C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies being ingenerable, inalterable, im

<pb pagenum="69"/>pa&longs;&longs;ible, immortal, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> they mu&longs;t needs be ab&longs;olutely perfect; and <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg178"></arrow.to.target><lb/>their being ab&longs;olute perfect, nece&longs;&longs;arily implies that there is in them <lb/>all kinds of perfection; and con&longs;equently, that their figure be al&longs;o <lb/>perfect, that is to &longs;ay, &longs;pherical; and ab&longs;olutely and perfectly <lb/>&longs;pherical, and not rough and irregular.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg178"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Perfect &longs;phericity <lb/>why a&longs;cribed to <lb/>C&oelig;lestial bodies, <lb/>by the<emph.end type="italics"/> Peripate<lb/>ticks.</s>

<s>SALV. And this incorruptibility, from whence do you prove <lb/>it?</s>

<s>SIMPL. Immediately by its freedom from contraries, and me<lb/>diately, by its &longs;imple circular motion.</s>

<s>SALV. So that; by what I gather from your di&longs;cour&longs;e, in ma<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg179"></arrow.to.target><lb/>king the e&longs;&longs;ence of the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies to be incorruptible, inal<lb/>terable, <emph type="italics"/>&c,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is no need of rotundity as a cau&longs;e, or requi<lb/>&longs;ite; for if this &longs;hould cau&longs;e inalterability, we might at our plea<lb/>&longs;ure make wood, wax, and other Elementary matters, incorrup<lb/>tible, by reducing them to a &longs;pherical figure.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg179"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Figure is not <lb/>the cau&longs;e of incor<lb/>ruptibility, but of <lb/>longer duration.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. And is it not manife&longs;t that a ball of Wood will better <lb/>and longer be preferved, than an oblong, or other angular fi<lb/>gure, made of a like quantity of the &longs;ame wood.</s>

<s>SALV. This is mo&longs;t certain, but yet it doth not of corruptible <lb/>become incorruptible, but &longs;till remains corruptible, though of a <lb/>much longer duration. Therefore you mu&longs;t note, that a thing cor<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg180"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ruptible, is capable of being more or le&longs;&longs;e &longs;uch, and we may <lb/>properly &longs;ay this is le&longs;&longs;e corruptible than that; as for example, the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ja&longs;per,<emph.end type="italics"/> than the <emph type="italics"/>Pietra Sirena<emph.end type="italics"/>; but incorruptibility admits not <lb/>of more, or le&longs;&longs;e, &longs;o as that it may be &longs;aid this is more incorrupti<lb/>ble than that, if both be incorruptible and eternal. The diver<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg181"></arrow.to.target><lb/>&longs;ity of figure therefore cannot operate: &longs;ave onely in matters ca<lb/>pable of more or le&longs;&longs;e duration; but in the eternal, which can<lb/>not be other than equally eternal, the operation of figure cea&longs;eth. <lb/>And therefore, &longs;ince the C&oelig;le&longs;tial matter is not incorruptible by <lb/>figure, but otherwayes no man needs to be &longs;o &longs;olicitous for this <lb/>perfect &longs;phericity; for if the matter be incorruptible, let it have <lb/>what figure it will, it &longs;hall be alwayes &longs;uch.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg180"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Corruptibility ad<lb/>mits of more or <lb/>le&longs;&longs;e; &longs;o doth noe <lb/>incorruptibiliiy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg181"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The perfection of <lb/>figure, operateth <lb/>in corruptible bo<lb/>dies, but not in the <lb/>eternal.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. But I am con&longs;idering another thing, and &longs;ay, that if <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg182"></arrow.to.target><lb/>we &longs;hould grant the &longs;pherical figure a faculty of conferring incor<lb/>ruptibility, all bodies of what&longs;oever figure, would be incorrupti<lb/>ble; fora&longs;much as if the rotund body be incorruptible, corrupti<lb/>bility would then &longs;ub&longs;i&longs;t in tho&longs;e parts which alter the perfect ro<lb/>tundity; as for in&longs;tance, there is in a <emph type="italics"/>Die<emph.end type="italics"/> a body perfectly round, <lb/>and, as &longs;uch, incorruptible; therefore it remaineth that tho&longs;e an<lb/>gles be corruptible which cover and hide the rotundity; &longs;o that <lb/>the mo&longs;t that could happen, would be, that tho&longs;e angles, and <lb/>(to &longs;o &longs;peak) excre&longs;cencies, would corrupt. But if we proceed to a <lb/>more inward con&longs;ideration, that in tho&longs;e parts al&longs;o towards the <lb/>angles, there are compri&longs;ed other le&longs;&longs;er bals of the &longs;ame matter;

<pb pagenum="70"/>and therefore they al&longs;o, as being round, mu&longs;t be al&longs;o incorrup<lb/>tible; and likewife in the remainders, which environ the&longs;e eight <lb/>le&longs;&longs;er Spheres, a man may under&longs;tand that there are others: &longs;o <lb/>that in the end, re&longs;olving the whole <emph type="italics"/>Die<emph.end type="italics"/> into innumerable balls, <lb/>it mu&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;arily be granted incorruptible. And the &longs;ame di&longs;<lb/>cour&longs;e and re&longs;olution may be made in all other figures.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg182"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>If the &longs;pherical fi<lb/>gure conferreth e<lb/>ternity, all bodies <lb/>would be eternal.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. Your method in making the conclu&longs;ion, for if <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>round Chry&longs;tal were, by rea&longs;on of its figure, incorruptible; namely, <lb/>received from thence a faculy of re&longs;i&longs;ting all internal and external <lb/>alterations, we &longs;hould not find, that the joyning to it other Chry<lb/>&longs;tal, and reducing it <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> into a Cube, would any whit alter it <lb/>within, or without; &longs;o as that it would thereupon become le&longs;&longs;e <lb/>apt to re&longs;i&longs;t the new ambient, made of the &longs;ame matter, than it <lb/>was to re&longs;i&longs;t the other, of a matter different; and e&longs;pecially, if <lb/>it be true, that corruption is generated by contraries, as <emph type="italics"/>Ari<lb/>&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;aith; and with what can you enclo&longs;e that ball of Cry&longs;tal, <lb/>that is le&longs;&longs;e contrary to it, than Cry&longs;tal it &longs;elf? But we are not a<lb/>ware how time flies away; and it will be too late before we come <lb/>to an end of our di&longs;pute, if we &longs;hould make &longs;o long di&longs;cour&longs;es, <lb/>upon every particular; be&longs;ides our memories are &longs;o confounded <lb/>in the multiplicity of notions, that I can very hardly recal to <lb/>mind the Propot&longs;iions, which I propo&longs;ed in order to <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for our con&longs;ideration.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I very well remember them: And as to this particular <lb/>que&longs;tion of the montuo&longs;ity of the Moon, there yet remains un<lb/>an&longs;wered that which I have alledged, as the cau&longs;e, (and which <lb/>may very well &longs;erve for a &longs;olution) of that <emph type="italics"/>Phænomenon,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;aying, <lb/>that it is an illu&longs;ion proceeding from the parts of the Moon, be<lb/>ing unequally opacous, and per&longs;picuous.</s>

<s>SAGR. Even now, when <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> a&longs;cribed the apparent Pro<lb/>tnberancies or unevenne&longs;&longs;es of the Moon (according to the opinion <lb/>of a certain <emph type="italics"/>Peripatetick<emph.end type="italics"/> his friend) to the diver&longs;ly opacous, and <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg183"></arrow.to.target><lb/>per&longs;picuous parts of the &longs;aid Moon, conformable to which the like <lb/>illu&longs;ions are &longs;een in Cry&longs;tal, and Jems of divers kinds, I bethought <lb/>my &longs;elf of a matter much more commodious for the repre&longs;enting <lb/>&longs;uch effects; which is &longs;uch, that I verily believe, that that Philo&longs;o<lb/>pher would give any price for it; and it is the mother of Pearl, which <lb/>is wrought into divers figures, and though it be brought to an ex<lb/>treme evenne&longs;&longs;e, yet it &longs;eemeth to the eye in &longs;everal parts, &longs;o vari<lb/>ou&longs;ly hollow and knotty, that we can &longs;carce credit our feeling of <lb/>their evenne&longs;&longs;e.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg183"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Mother of Pearl <lb/>accommodated to <lb/>imitate the appa<lb/>rent unevenne&longs;&longs;es <lb/>of the Moons &longs;ur<lb/>face.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. This invention is truly ingenious; and that which hath <lb/>not been done already, may be done in time to come; and if <lb/>there have been produced other Jems, and Cry&longs;tals, which have <lb/>nothing to do with the illu&longs;ions of the mother of Pearl, the&longs;e may

<pb pagenum="71"/>be produced al&longs;o; in the mean time, that I may not prevent any <lb/>one, I will &longs;uppre&longs;&longs;e the an&longs;wer which might be given, and onely <lb/>for this time betake my &longs;elf to &longs;atisfie the objections brought by <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Simplicius.<emph.end type="italics"/> I &longs;ay therefore, that this rea&longs;on of yours is too ge<lb/>neral, and as you apply it not to all the appearances one by one; <lb/>which are &longs;een in the Moon, and for which my &longs;elf and others <lb/>are induced to hold it mountainous, I believe you will not find <lb/>any one that will be &longs;atisfied with &longs;uch a doctrine; nor can I think, <lb/>that either you, or the Author him&longs;elf, find in it any greater <lb/>quietude, than in any other thing wide from the purpo&longs;e. Of the <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg184"></arrow.to.target><lb/>very many &longs;everal appearances which are &longs;een night by night in <lb/>the cour&longs;e of Moon, you cannot imitate &longs;o much as one, by making <lb/>a Ball at your choice, more or le&longs;s opacous and per&longs;picuous, and <lb/>that is of a polite &longs;uperficies; whereas on the contrary, one may <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg185"></arrow.to.target><lb/>make Balls of any &longs;olid matter what&longs;oever, that is not tran&longs;parent, <lb/>which onely with eminencies and cavities, and by receiving the il<lb/>lumination &longs;everal ways, &longs;hall repre&longs;ent the &longs;ame appearances and <lb/>mutations to an hair, which from hour to hour are di&longs;covered in <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg186"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the Moon. In them you &longs;hall &longs;ee the ledges of Hills expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Suns light, to be very &longs;hining, and after them the projections <lb/>of their &longs;hadows very ob&longs;cure; you &longs;hall &longs;ee them greater and le&longs;s, <lb/>according as the &longs;aid eminencies &longs;hall be more or le&longs;s di&longs;tant from <lb/>the confines which di&longs;tingui&longs;h the parts of the Moon illuminated, <lb/>from the ob&longs;cure: you &longs;hall &longs;ee the &longs;ame term and confine, not <lb/>equally diftended, as it would be if the Ball were poli&longs;h'd, but <lb/>craggie and rugged. You &longs;hall &longs;ee beyond the &longs;ame term, in the <lb/>dark parts of the Moon many bright prominencies, and di&longs;tinct <lb/>from the re&longs;t of the illuminations: you &longs;hall &longs;ee the &longs;hadows a<lb/>fore&longs;aid, according as the illumination gradually ri&longs;eth, to demi<lb/>ni&longs;h by degrees, till they wholly di&longs;appear; nor are there any of <lb/>them to be &longs;een when the whole Hemi&longs;phere is enlightned. A<lb/>gain on the contrary, in the lights pa&longs;&longs;age towards the other He<lb/>mi&longs;phere of the Moon, you &longs;hall again ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame eminen<lb/>cies that were marked, and you &longs;hall &longs;ee the projections of their <lb/>&longs;hadows to be made a contrary way, and to decrea&longs;e by degrees: <lb/>of which things, once more I &longs;ay, you cannot &longs;hew me &longs;o much as <lb/>one in yours that are opacous and per&longs;picuous.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg184"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The apparent un<lb/>evenne&longs;&longs;es of the <lb/>Moon cannot be i<lb/>mitated by way of <lb/>more and le&longs;s opa<lb/>city & per&longs;picuity.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg185"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The various a<lb/>&longs;pects of the Moon, <lb/>imitable with any <lb/>opacous matter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg186"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Various appear an<lb/>ces from which the <lb/>Moons montuo&longs;ity <lb/>is argued.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. One of them certainly he may imitate, namely, that of <lb/>the Full-Moon, when by rea&longs;on of its being all illuminated, there <lb/>is not to be &longs;een either &longs;hadow, or other thing, which receiveth <lb/>any alteration from its eminencies and cavities. But I be&longs;eech <lb/>you, <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus,<emph.end type="italics"/> let us &longs;pend no more time on this Argument, for <lb/>a per&longs;on that hath had but the patience to make ob&longs;ervation of but <lb/>one or two Lunations, and is not &longs;atisfied with this mo&longs;t &longs;en&longs;ible <lb/>truth, may well be adjudged void of all judgment; and upon

<pb pagenum="72"/>&longs;uch why &longs;hould we throw away our time and breath in vain?</s>

<s>SIMPI. I mu&longs;t confe&longs;s I have not made the ob&longs;ervations, for <lb/>that I never had &longs;o much curio&longs;ity, or the In&longs;truments proper for <lb/>the bu&longs;ine&longs;s; but I will not fail to do it. In the mean time, we <lb/>may leave this que&longs;tion in &longs;u&longs;pen&longs;e, and pa&longs;s to that point which <lb/>follows, producing the motives inducing you to think that the <lb/>Earth may reflect the light of the Sun no le&longs;s forceably than the <lb/>Moon, for it &longs;eems to me &longs;o ob&longs;cure and opacous, that I judg &longs;uch <lb/>an effect altogether impo&longs;&longs;ible.</s>

<s>SALV. The cau&longs;e for which you repute the Earth unapt for <lb/>illumination, may rather evince the contrary: And would it not <lb/>be &longs;trange, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> if I &longs;hould apprehend your di&longs;cour&longs;es bet<lb/>ter than you your &longs;elf?</s>

<s>SIMPL. Whether I argue well or ill, it may be, that you may <lb/>better under&longs;tand the &longs;ame than I; but be it ill or well that I <lb/>di&longs;cour&longs;e, I &longs;hall never believe that you can penetrate what I mean <lb/>better than I my &longs;elf.</s>

<s>SALV. Well, I will make you believe the &longs;ame pre&longs;ently. Tell <lb/>me a little, when the Moon is near the Full, &longs;o that it may be &longs;een <lb/>by day, and al&longs;o at midnight, at what do you think it more &longs;plen<lb/>did, by day or by night?</s>

<s>SIMPL. By night, without all compari&longs;on. And methinks <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg187"></arrow.to.target><lb/>the Moon re&longs;embleth that pillar of Clouds and pillar of Fire, <lb/>which guided the <emph type="italics"/>I&longs;raelites<emph.end type="italics"/>; which at the pre&longs;ence of the Sun, <lb/>appeared like a Cloud, but in the night was very glorious. Thus <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg188"></arrow.to.target><lb/>I have by day ob&longs;erved the Moon amid&longs;t certain &longs;mall Clouds, <lb/>ju&longs;t as if one of them had been coloured white, but by night it <lb/>&longs;hines with much &longs;plendor.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg187"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Moon ap<lb/>pears brighter by <lb/>night than by day.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg188"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Moon be<lb/>held in the day <lb/>time, is like to a <lb/>little cloud.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. So that if you had never happened to &longs;ee the Moon, <lb/>&longs;ave onely in the day time, you would not have thought it more <lb/>&longs;hining than one of tho&longs;e Clouds.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I verily believe I &longs;hould not.</s>

<s>SALV. Tell me now; do you believe that the Moon is really <lb/>more &longs;hining in the night than day, or that by &longs;ome accident it <lb/>&longs;eemeth &longs;o?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I am of opinion, that it re&longs;plends in it &longs;elf as much in <lb/>the day as night, but that its light appears greater by night, be<lb/>cau&longs;e we behold it in the dark mantle of Heaven; and in the day <lb/>time, the whole Atmo&longs;phere being very clear, &longs;o that &longs;he little <lb/>exceedeth it in lu&longs;tre, &longs;he &longs;eems to us much le&longs;s bright.</s>

<s>SALV. Now tell me; have you ever at midnight &longs;een the Ter<lb/>re&longs;trial Globe illuminated by the Sun?</s>

<s>SIMPL. This &longs;eemeth to me a que&longs;tion not to be ask'd, unle&longs;s <lb/>in je&longs;t, or of &longs;ome per&longs;on known to be altogether void of &longs;en&longs;e.</s>

<s>SALV. No, no; I e&longs;teem you to be a very rational man, and

<pb pagenum="73"/>do ask the que&longs;tion &longs;eriou&longs;ly; and therefore an&longs;wer me: and if <lb/>afterwards you &longs;hall think that I &longs;peak impertinently, I will be <lb/>content to be the &longs;en&longs;ele&longs;s man: for he is much more a fool who <lb/>interrogates &longs;imply, than he to whom the que&longs;tion is put.</s>

<s>SIMPL. If then you do not think me altogether &longs;imple, take <lb/>it for granted that I have an&longs;wered you already, and &longs;aid, that it <lb/>is impo&longs;&longs;ible, that one that is upon the Earth, as we are, &longs;hould &longs;ee <lb/>by night that part of the Earth where it is day, namely, that is il<lb/>luminated by the Sun.</s>

<s>SALV. Therefore you have never &longs;een the Earth enlightned, <lb/>&longs;ave onely by day; but you &longs;ee the Moon to &longs;hine al&longs;o in the <lb/>dead of night. And this is the cau&longs;e, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> which makes <lb/>you believe that the Earth doth not &longs;hine like the Moon; but if <lb/>you could &longs;ee the Earth illuminated, whil&longs;t you were in &longs;ome dark <lb/>place, like our night, you would &longs;ee it &longs;hine brighter than the <lb/>Moon. Now if you de&longs;ire that the compari&longs;on may proceed <lb/>well, you mu&longs;t compare the light of the Earth, with that of the <lb/>Moon &longs;een in the day time, and not with the &longs;ame by night: for <lb/>it is not in our power to &longs;ee the Earth illuminated, &longs;ave onely in <lb/>the day. Is it not &longs;o?</s>

<s>SIMPL. So it ought to be.</s>

<s>SALV. And fora&longs;much as you your &longs;elf have already confe&longs;&longs;ed <lb/>to have &longs;een the Moon by day among &longs;ome little white Clouds, <lb/>and very nearly, as to its a&longs;pect, re&longs;embling one of them; you did <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg189"></arrow.to.target><lb/>thereby grant, that tho&longs;e Clouds, which yet are Elementary <lb/>matters, are as apt to receive illumination, as the Moon, yea <lb/>more, if you will but call to mind that you have &longs;ometimes &longs;een <lb/>&longs;ome Clouds of va&longs;t greatne&longs;s, and as perfect white as the Snow; <lb/>and there is no que&longs;tion, but that if &longs;uch a Cloud could be con<lb/>tinued &longs;o luminous in the deep of night, it would illuminate the <lb/>places near about it, more than an hundred Moons. If therefore <lb/>we were a&longs;&longs;ured that the Earth is illuminated by the Sun, like one <lb/>of tho&longs;e Clouds, it would be undubitable, but that it would be no <lb/>le&longs;s &longs;hining than the Moon. But of this there is no que&longs;tion to <lb/>be made, in regard we &longs;ee tho&longs;e very Clouds in the ab&longs;ence of <lb/>the Sun, to remain by night, as ob&longs;cure as the Earth: and that <lb/>which is more, there is not any one of us, but hath &longs;een many <lb/>times &longs;ome &longs;uch Clouds low, and far off, and que&longs;tioned whether <lb/>they were Clouds or Mountains: an evident &longs;ign that the Moun<lb/>tains are no le&longs;s luminous than tho&longs;e Clouds.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg190"></arrow.to.target></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg189"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Clouds are no le&longs;s <lb/>apt than the Moon <lb/>to be illuminated <lb/>by the Sun.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg190"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>A wall illumina<lb/>ted by the Sun, <lb/>compared to the <lb/>Moon &longs;hineth no <lb/>le&longs;s than it.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. But what needs more di&longs;cour&longs;e? See yonder the Moon <lb/>is ri&longs;en, and more than half of it illuminated; &longs;ee there that wall, <lb/>on which the Sun &longs;hineth; retire a little this way, &longs;o that you &longs;ee <lb/>the Moon &longs;ideways with the wall: look now; which of them <lb/>&longs;hews more lucid? Do not you &longs;ee, that if there is any advantage,

<pb pagenum="74"/>the wall hath it? The Sun &longs;hineth on that wall; from thence it </s>

<s>

<arrow.to.target n="marg191"></arrow.to.target><lb/>is reverberated upon the wall of the Hall, from thence it's refle<lb/>cted upon that chamber, &longs;o that it falls on it at the third reflection: <lb/>and I am very certain, that there is in that place more light, than <lb/>if the Moons light had directly faln upon it.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg191"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The third re&longs;le<lb/>ction of a Wall illu<lb/>minates more than <lb/>the fir&longs;t of the <lb/>Moon.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. But this I cannot believe; for the illumination of the <lb/>Moon, e&longs;pecially when it is at the full, is very great.</s>

<s>SAGR. It &longs;eemeth great by rea&longs;on of the circumjacent dark <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg192"></arrow.to.target><lb/>places; but ab&longs;olutely it is not much, and is le&longs;s than that of the <lb/>twilight half an hour after the Sun is &longs;et; which is manife&longs;t, be<lb/>cau&longs;e you &longs;ee not the &longs;hadows of the bodies illuminated by the <lb/>Moon till then, to begin to be di&longs;tingui&longs;hed on the Earth. Whe<lb/>ther, again, that third reflection upon that chamber, illuminates <lb/>more than the fir&longs;t of the Moon, may be known by going thether, <lb/>and reading a Book, and afterwards &longs;tanding there in the night <lb/>by the Moons light, which will &longs;hew by which of them lights one <lb/>may read more or le&longs;s plainly, but I believe without further tryal, <lb/>that one &longs;hould &longs;ee le&longs;s di&longs;tinctly by this later.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg192"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The light of the <lb/>Moon weaker than <lb/>that of the twi<lb/>light.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. Now, <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius,<emph.end type="italics"/> (if haply you be &longs;atisfied) you may <lb/>conceive, as you your &longs;elf know very well, that the Earth doth <lb/>&longs;hine no le&longs;s than the Moon; and the only remembring you of &longs;ome <lb/>things, which you knew of your &longs;elf, and learn'd not of me, hath <lb/>a&longs;&longs;ured you thereof: for I taught you not that the Moon &longs;hews <lb/>lighter by night than by day, but you under&longs;tood it of your &longs;elf; <lb/>as al&longs;o you could tell me that a little Cloud appeareth as lucid as <lb/>the Moon: you knew al&longs;o, that the illumination of the Earth can<lb/>not be &longs;een by night; and in a word, you knew all this, without <lb/>knowing that you knew it. So that you have no rea&longs;on to be &longs;cru<lb/>pulous of granting, that the dark part of the Earth may illuminate <lb/>the dark part of the Moon, with no le&longs;s a light than that where<lb/>with the Moon illuminates the ob&longs;curities of the night, yea rather <lb/>&longs;o much the greater, ina&longs;much as the Earth is forty times bigger <lb/>than the Moon.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I mu&longs;t confe&longs;s that I did believe, that that &longs;econdary <lb/>light had been the natural light of the Moon.</s>

<s>SALV. And this al&longs;o you know of your &longs;elf, and perceive not <lb/>that you know it. Tell me, do not you know without teaching, <lb/>that the Moon &longs;hews it &longs;elf more bright by night than by day, in <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg193"></arrow.to.target><lb/>re&longs;pect of the ob&longs;curity of the &longs;pace of the ambient? and con&longs;e<lb/>quently, do you not know <emph type="italics"/>in genere,<emph.end type="italics"/> that every bright body &longs;hews <lb/>the clearer, by how much the ambient is ob&longs;curer?</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg193"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Luminous bodies <lb/>appear the brighter <lb/>in an ob&longs;curer<emph.end type="italics"/> am<lb/>bient.</s>

<s>SIMPL. This I know very well.</s>

<s>SALV. When the Moon is horned, and that &longs;econdary light <lb/>&longs;eemeth to you very bright, is it not ever nigh the Sun, and con<lb/>&longs;equently, in the light of the <emph type="italics"/>crepu&longs;culum,<emph.end type="italics"/> (twilight?)</s>

<s>SIMPL. It is &longs;o; and I have oftentimes wi&longs;h'd that the Air <lb/>would grow thicker, that I might be able to &longs;ee that &longs;ame light <lb/>more plainly; but it ever di&longs;appeared before dark night.</s>

<s>SALV. You know then very certainly, that in the depth of <lb/>night, that light would be more con&longs;picuous.</s>

<s>SIMPL. I do &longs;o; and al&longs;o more than that, if one could but <lb/>take away the great light of the cre&longs;cent illuminated by the Sun, <lb/>the pre&longs;ence of which much ob&longs;cureth the other le&longs;&longs;er.</s>

<s>SALV. Why, doth it not &longs;ometimes come to pa&longs;s, that one may <lb/>in a very dark night &longs;ee the whole face of the Moon, without be<lb/>ing at all illuminated by the Sun?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I know not whether this ever happeneth, &longs;ave onely <lb/>in the total Ecclip&longs;es of the Moon.</s>

<s>SALV. Why, at that time this its light would appear very <lb/>clear, being in a mo&longs;t ob&longs;cure <emph type="italics"/>medium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and not darkned by the <lb/>clarity of the luminous cre&longs;cents: but in that po&longs;ition, how light <lb/>did it appear to you?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I have &longs;ometimes &longs;een it of the colour of bra&longs;s, and a <lb/>little whiti&longs;h; but at other times it hath been &longs;o ob&longs;cure, that I <lb/>have wholly lo&longs;t the &longs;ight of it.</s>

<s>SALV. How then can that light be &longs;o natural, which you &longs;ee &longs;o <lb/>cleer in the clo&longs;e of the twilight, notwith&longs;tanding the impediment <lb/>of the great and contiguous &longs;plendor of the cre&longs;cents; and which <lb/>again, in the more ob&longs;cure time of night, all other light removed, <lb/>appears not at all?</s>

<s>SIMPL. I have heard of &longs;ome that believed that &longs;ame light to <lb/>be participated to the&longs;e cre&longs;cents from the other Stars, and in par<lb/>ticular from <emph type="italics"/>Venus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Moons neighbour.</s>

<s>SALV. And this likewi&longs;e is a vanity; becau&longs;e in the time of <lb/>its total ob&longs;curation, it ought to appear more &longs;hining than ever; <lb/>for you cannot &longs;ay, that the &longs;hadow of the Earth intercepts the <lb/>&longs;ight of <emph type="italics"/>Venus,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the other Stars. But to &longs;ay true, it is not at <lb/>that in&longs;tant wholly deprived thereof, for that the Terre&longs;trial He<lb/>mi&longs;phere, which in that time looketh towards the Moon, is that <lb/>where it is night, that is, an intire privation of the light of the Sun. <lb/>And if you but diligently ob&longs;erve, you will very &longs;en&longs;ibly perceive, <lb/>that like as the Moon, when it is &longs;harp-horned, doth give very little <lb/>light to the Earth; and according as in her the parts illumi<lb/>nated by the Suns light do encrea&longs;e: &longs;o likewi&longs;e the &longs;plendor to <lb/>our &longs;eeming encrea&longs;eth, which from her is reflected towards us; <lb/>thus the Moon, whil&longs;t it is &longs;harp-forked, and that by being between <lb/>the Sun and the Earth, it di&longs;covereth a very great part of the Ter<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg194"></arrow.to.target><lb/>re&longs;trial Hemi&longs;phere illuminated, appeareth very clear: and depart<lb/>ing from the Sun, and pa&longs;&longs;ing towards the ^{*}Quadrature, you <lb/>may &longs;ee the &longs;aid light by degrees to grow dim; and after the

<pb pagenum="76"/>Quadrature, the &longs;ame appears very weak, becau&longs;e it continually <lb/>lo&longs;eth more and more of the view of the luminous part of the <lb/>Earth: and yet it &longs;hould &longs;ucceed quite contrary, if that light were <lb/>its own, or communicated to it from the Stars; for then we &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;ee it in the depth of night, and in &longs;o very dark an ambient.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg194"></margin.target>*<emph type="italics"/>By the Moons two<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Quadratures <emph type="italics"/>you <lb/>are to under&longs;tand <lb/>its fir&longs;t and last <lb/>quarters, as A<lb/>&longs;trologers call them<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. Stay a little; for I ju&longs;t now remember, that I have <lb/>read in a little modern tract, full of many novelties; “That this <lb/>&longs;econdary light is not derived from the Stars, nor innate in the <lb/>Moon, and lea&longs;t of all communicated by the Earth, but that it is <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg195"></arrow.to.target><lb/>received from the &longs;ame illumination of the Sun, which, the &longs;ub<lb/>&longs;tance of the Lunar Globe being &longs;omewhat tran&longs;parent, pene<lb/>trateth thorow all its body; but more livelily illuminateth the <lb/>&longs;uperficies of the Hemi&longs;phere expo&longs;ed to the rays of the Sun: <lb/>and its pro&longs;undity imbuing, and (as I may &longs;ay) &longs;wallowing that <lb/>light, after the manner of a cloud or chry&longs;tal, tran&longs;mits it, and <lb/>renders it vi&longs;ibly lucid. And this (if I remember aright) he <lb/>proveth by Authority, Experience and Rea&longs;on; citing <emph type="italics"/>Cleomedes, <lb/>Vitellion, Macrobius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and a certain other modern Author: and <lb/>adding, That it is &longs;een by experience to &longs;hine mo&longs;t in the days <lb/>neare&longs;t the Conjunction, that is, when it is horned, and is chiefly <lb/>bright about its limb. And he farther writes, That in the Solar <lb/>Ecclip&longs;es, when it is under the <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Sun, it may be &longs;een <lb/>tran&longs;lucid, and more e&longs;pecially towards its utmo&longs;t Circle. And <lb/>in the next place, for Arguments, as I think, he &longs;aith, That it not <lb/>being able to derive that light either from the Earth, or from the <lb/>Stars, or from it &longs;elf, it nece&longs;&longs;arily follows, that it cometh from <lb/>the Sun. Be&longs;ides that, if you do but grant this &longs;uppo&longs;ition, one <lb/>may ea&longs;ily give convenient rea&longs;ons for all the particulars that <lb/>occur. For the rea&longs;on why that &longs;ecundary light &longs;hews more <lb/>lively towards the outmo&longs;t limb, is, the &longs;hortne&longs;s of the &longs;pace <lb/>that the Suns rays hath to penetrate, in regard that of the lines <lb/>which pa&longs;s through a circle, the greate&longs;t is that which pa&longs;&longs;eth <lb/>through the centre, and of the re&longs;t, tho&longs;e which are farthe&longs;t from <lb/>it, are always le&longs;s than tho&longs;e that are nearer. From the &longs;ame <lb/>principle, he &longs;aith, may be &longs;hewn why the &longs;aid light doth not <lb/>much dimini&longs;h. And la&longs;tly, by this way the cau&longs;e is a&longs;&longs;igned <lb/>whence it comes, that that &longs;ame more &longs;hining circle about the <lb/>utmo&longs;t edge of the Moon, is &longs;een at the time of the Solar Ec<lb/>clip&longs;e, in that part which lyeth ju&longs;t under the <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Sun, <lb/>but not in that which is be&longs;ide the <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/>: which happeneth <lb/>becau&longs;e the rays of the Sun pa&longs;s directly to our eye, through the <lb/>parts of the Moon underneath: but as for the parts which are <lb/>be&longs;ides it, they fall be&longs;ides the eye.”</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg195"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;econdary <lb/>light of the Moon <lb/>cau&longs;ed by the Sun, <lb/>according to &longs;ome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. If this Philo&longs;opher had been the fir&longs;t Author of this o<lb/>pinion, I would not wonder that he &longs;hould be &longs;o affectionate to it,

<pb pagenum="77"/>as to have received it for truth; but borrowing it from others, I <lb/>cannot find any rea&longs;on &longs;ufficient to excu&longs;e him for not perceiving <lb/>its fallacies; and e&longs;pecially after he had heard the true cau&longs;e of <lb/>that effect, and had it in his power to &longs;atisfie him&longs;elf by a thou&longs;and <lb/>experiments, and manife&longs;t circum&longs;tances, that the &longs;ame proceeded <lb/>from the reflection of the Earth, and from nothing el&longs;e: and the more <lb/>this &longs;peculation makes &longs;omething to be de&longs;ired, in the judgment of <lb/>this Author, and of all tho&longs;e who give no credit to it: &longs;o much the <lb/>more doth their not having under&longs;tood and remembred it, excu&longs;e <lb/>tho&longs;e more rece&longs;s Antients, who, I am very certain, did they now <lb/>under&longs;tand it, would without the lea&longs;t repugnance admit thereof. <lb/>And if I may freely tell you what I think, I cannot believe but <lb/>that this <emph type="italics"/>Modern<emph.end type="italics"/> doth in his heart believe it; but I rather think, <lb/>that the conceit he &longs;hould not be the fir&longs;t Author thereof, did a <lb/>little move him to endeavour to &longs;uppre&longs;&longs;e it, or to di&longs;parage it at <lb/>lea&longs;t among&longs;t the &longs;imple, who&longs;e number we know to be very <lb/>great; and many there are, who much more affect the nume<lb/>rous applauds of the people, than the approbation of a few not <lb/>vulgar judgments.</s>

<s>SAGR. Hold good <emph type="italics"/>Salviatus,<emph.end type="italics"/> for me thinks, I &longs;ee that you <lb/>go not the way to hit the true mark in this your di&longs;cour&longs;e, for the&longs;e <lb/>that ^{*} confound all propriety, know al&longs;o how to make them&longs;elves <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg196"></arrow.to.target><lb/>Authors of others inventions, provided they be not &longs;o &longs;tale, <lb/>and publick in the Schools and Market-places, as that they are more <lb/>then notorious to every one.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg196"></margin.target>* Tendono le pare<lb/>te al commune.</s>

<s>SALV. Ha! well aimed, you blame me for roving from the <lb/>point in hand; but what have you to do with Schools and Mar<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg197"></arrow.to.target><lb/>kets? Is it not all one whether opinions and inventions be new to <lb/>men, or the men new to them? If you ^{*} contend about the e<lb/>&longs;teem of the Founders of Sciences, which in all times do &longs;tart up, <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg198"></arrow.to.target><lb/>you may make your &longs;elf their inventor, even to the Alphabet it <lb/>&longs;elf, and &longs;o gain admiration among&longs;t that illiterate rabble; and <lb/>though in proce&longs;&longs;e of time your craft &longs;hould be perceived, that <lb/>would but little prejudice your de&longs;igne; for that others would <lb/>&longs;ucceed them in maintaining the number of your fautors; but let <lb/>us return to prove to <emph type="italics"/>Simplicius<emph.end type="italics"/> the invalidity of the rea&longs;ons of his <lb/>modern Author, in which there are &longs;everal fal&longs;ities, incon&longs;equen<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg199"></arrow.to.target><lb/>cies, and incredible Paradoxes. And fir&longs;t, it is fal&longs;e that this &longs;e<lb/>condary light is clearer about the utmo&longs;t limb than in the middle <lb/>parts, &longs;o as to form, as it were, a ring or circle more bright than <lb/>the re&longs;t of its &longs;pace or contence. True it is, indeed, that looking <lb/>on the Moon at the time of twilight, at fir&longs;t &longs;ight there is the re<lb/>&longs;emblance of &longs;uch a circle, but by an illu&longs;ion ari&longs;ing from the di<lb/>ver&longs;ity of confines that bound the Moons <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which are con<lb/>fu&longs;ed by means of this &longs;econdary light; fora&longs;much as on the part

<pb pagenum="78"/>towards the Sun it is bounded by the lucid horns of the Moon, <lb/>and on the other part, its confining term is the ob&longs;cure tract of the <lb/>twilight; who&longs;e relation makes us think the candor of the Moons <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> to be &longs;o much the clearer; the which happens to be ob<lb/>fu&longs;cated in the oppo&longs;ite part, by the greater clarity of the cre&longs;<lb/>cents; but if this modern Author had e&longs;&longs;aied to make an inter<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg200"></arrow.to.target><lb/>po&longs;ition between the eye and the primary &longs;plendor, by the ridg of <lb/>&longs;ome hou&longs;e, or &longs;ome other &longs;creen, &longs;o as to have left vi&longs;ible only <lb/>the gro&longs;e of the Moon, the horns excluded, he might have &longs;een <lb/>it all alike luminous.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg197"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>Its all one whe<lb/>ther opinions be <lb/>new to men, or men <lb/>new to opinions.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg198"></margin.target>* <emph type="italics"/>Conte&longs;tare<emph.end type="italics"/> fal&longs;ly <lb/>rendered in the <lb/>Latine Tran&longs;lation <lb/><emph type="italics"/>content are.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg199"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The &longs;econdary <lb/>light of the Moon <lb/>appears in form of <lb/>a Ring, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, bright in the <lb/>extreme circumfe<lb/>rence, and not in <lb/>the mid&longs;t, and why.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg200"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The may to ob<lb/>&longs;erve the &longs;econda<lb/>ry light of the <lb/>Moon.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL, I think, now I remember, that he writes of his <lb/>making u&longs;e of &longs;uch another Artifice, to hide from us the fal&longs;e <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Incidum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. Oh! how is this (as I believed) inadvertency of his, <lb/>changed into a lie, bordering on ra&longs;hne&longs;&longs;e; for that every one <lb/>may frequently make proof of the contrary. That in the next <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg201"></arrow.to.target><lb/>place, at the Suns Eclip&longs;e, the Moons <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;een otherwayes <lb/>than by privation, I much doubt, and &longs;pecially when the E<lb/>clip&longs;e is not total, as tho&longs;e mu&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;arily have been, which <lb/>were ob&longs;erved by the Author; but if al&longs;o he &longs;hould have di&longs;cove<lb/>red &longs;omewhat of light, this contradicts not, rather favoureth our <lb/>opinion; for that at &longs;uch a time, the whole Terre&longs;trial Hemi<lb/>&longs;phere illuminated by the Sun, is oppo&longs;ite to the Moon, &longs;o that <lb/>although the Moons &longs;hadow doth ob&longs;cure a part thereof, yet this <lb/>is very &longs;mall in compari&longs;on of that which remains illuminated. <lb/>That which he farther adds, that in this ca&longs;e, the part of the <lb/>limb, lying under the Sun, doth appear very lucid, but that <lb/>which lyeth be&longs;ides it, not &longs;o; and that to proceed from the co<lb/>ming of the &longs;olar rayes directly through that part to the eye, but <lb/>not through this, is really one of tho&longs;e fopperies, which di&longs;co <lb/>ver the other fictions, of him which relates them: For if it be <lb/>requi&longs;ite to the making a &longs;econdary light vi&longs;ible in the lunar <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;<lb/>cus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the rayes of the Sun came directly through it to our <lb/>eyes, doth not this pitiful Philo&longs;opher perceive, that we &longs;hould ne<lb/>ver &longs;ee this &longs;ame &longs;econdary light, &longs;ave onely at the Eclip&longs;e of the <lb/>Sun? And if a part onely of the Moon, far le&longs;&longs;e than half a de<lb/>gree, by being remote from the Suns <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;cus,<emph.end type="italics"/> can deflect or de<lb/>viate the rayes of the Sun, &longs;o that they arrive not at our eye; <lb/>what &longs;hall it do when it is di&longs;tant twenty or thirty degrees, as it is <lb/>at its fir&longs;t apparition? and what cour&longs;e &longs;hall the rayes of the Sun <lb/>keep, which are to pa&longs;&longs;e thorow the body of the Moon, that <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg202"></arrow.to.target><lb/>they may find out our eye? This man doth go &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively con&longs;i<lb/>dering what things ought to be, that they may &longs;erve his purpo&longs;e, <lb/>but doth not gradually proceed, accommodating his conceits to <lb/>the things, as really they are. As for in&longs;tance, to make the light

<pb pagenum="79"/>of the Sun capable to penetrate the &longs;ub&longs;tance of the Moon, he <lb/>makes her in part diaphanous, as is <emph type="italics"/>v. g.<emph.end type="italics"/> the tran&longs;parence of a cloud, <lb/>or cry&longs;tal: but I know not what he would think of &longs;uch a tran<lb/>&longs;parency, in ca&longs;e the &longs;olar rayes were to pa&longs;&longs;e a depth of clouds <lb/>of above two thou&longs;and miles; but let it be &longs;uppo&longs;ed that he <lb/>&longs;hould boldly an&longs;wer, that might well be in the C&oelig;le&longs;tial, which <lb/>are quite other things from the&longs;e our Elementary, impure, and <lb/>feculent bodies; and let us convict his error by &longs;uch wayes, as <lb/>admit him no reply, or (to &longs;ay better) &longs;ubter-fuge. If he will <lb/>maintain, that the &longs;ub&longs;tance of the Moon is diaphanous, he <lb/>mu&longs;t &longs;ay that it is &longs;o, while&longs;t that the rayes of the Sun are to pe<lb/>netrate its whole profundity, that is, more than two thou&longs;and <lb/>miles; but that if you oppo&longs;e unto them onely one mile, or <lb/>le&longs;&longs;e, they &longs;hould no more penetrate that, than they penetrate <lb/>one of our mountains.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg201"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Moons<emph.end type="italics"/> Dif<lb/>cus <emph type="italics"/>in a &longs;olar E<lb/>clip&longs;e can be &longs;een <lb/>onely by privation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s><margin.target id="marg202"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Author of the <lb/>Book of conclu&longs;i<lb/>ons, accommodates <lb/>the things to his <lb/>purpo&longs;es, and not <lb/>his purpo&longs;es to the <lb/>things.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SAGR. You put me in mind of a man, who would have &longs;old <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg203"></arrow.to.target><lb/>me a &longs;ecret how to corre&longs;pond, by means of a certain &longs;ympathy of <lb/>magnetick needles, with one, that &longs;hould be two or three thou<lb/>&longs;and miles di&longs;tant; and I telling him, that I would willingly buy <lb/>the &longs;ame, but that I de&longs;ired fir&longs;t to &longs;ee the experiment thereof, <lb/>and that it did &longs;uffice me to make it, I being in one Chamber, and <lb/>he in the next, he an&longs;wered me, that in &longs;o &longs;mall a di&longs;tance one <lb/>could not &longs;o well perceive the operation; whereupon I turn'd him <lb/>going, telling him, that I had no mind, at that time, to take a <lb/>journey unto <emph type="italics"/>Grand Cairo,<emph.end type="italics"/> or to <emph type="italics"/>Mu&longs;covy,<emph.end type="italics"/> to make the experi<lb/>ment; but that, if he would go him&longs;elf, I would perform the <lb/>other part, &longs;taying in <emph type="italics"/>Venice.<emph.end type="italics"/> But let us hear whither the dedu<lb/>ction of our Author tendeth, and what nece&longs;&longs;ity there is, that he <lb/>mu&longs;t grant the matter of the Moon to be mo&longs;t perforable by the <lb/>rayes of the Sun, in a depth of two thou&longs;and miles, but more <lb/>opacous than one of our mountains, in a thickne&longs;&longs;e of one mile <lb/>onely.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg203"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>A je&longs;t put upon one <lb/>that would &longs;ell a <lb/>certain &longs;ecret for <lb/>holding corre&longs;pon<lb/>dency with a per&longs;on <lb/>a thou&longs;and miles <lb/>off<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SALV. The very mountains of the Moon them&longs;elves are a <lb/>proof thereof, which percu&longs;&longs;ed on one &longs;ide of the Sun, do ca&longs;t <lb/>on the contrary &longs;ide very dark &longs;hadows, terminate, and more di<lb/>&longs;tinct by much, than the &longs;hadows of ours; but had the&longs;e moun<lb/>tains been diaphanous, we could never have come to the know<lb/>ledg of any unevenne&longs;&longs;e in the &longs;uperficies of the Moon, nor have <lb/>&longs;een tho&longs;e luminous montuo&longs;ities di&longs;tingui&longs;hed by the terms which <lb/>&longs;eparate the lucid parts from the dark: much le&longs;&longs;e, &longs;hould we &longs;ee <lb/>this &longs;ame term &longs;o di&longs;tinct, if it were true, that the Suns light did <lb/>penetrate the whole thickne&longs;&longs;e of the Moon; yea rather, accord<lb/>ing to the Authors own words, we &longs;hould of nece&longs;&longs;ity di&longs;cern the <lb/>pa&longs;&longs;age, and confine, between the part of the Sun &longs;een, and the <lb/>part not &longs;een, to be very confu&longs;ed, and mixt with light and

<pb pagenum="80"/>darkne&longs;&longs;e; for that that matter which admits the pa&longs;&longs;age of the <lb/>Suns rayes thorow a &longs;pace of two thou&longs;and miles, mu&longs;t needs be <lb/>&longs;o tran&longs;parent, that it would very weakly re&longs;i&longs;t them in a hun<lb/>dredth, or le&longs;&longs;er part of that thickne&longs;&longs;e; neverthele&longs;&longs;e, the term <lb/>which &longs;eparateth the part illuminated from the ob&longs;cure, is inci<lb/>dent, and as di&longs;tinct, as white is di&longs;tinct from black; and e<lb/>&longs;pecially where the Section pa&longs;&longs;eth through the part of the Moon, <lb/>that is naturally more clear and montanous; but where the old <lb/>&longs;pots do part, which are certain plains, that by means of their <lb/>&longs;pherical inclination, receive the rayes of the Sun obliquely, <lb/>there the term is not &longs;o di&longs;tinct, by rea&longs;on of the more dimme il<lb/>lumination. That, la&longs;tly, which he &longs;aith, how that the &longs;econdary <lb/>light doth not dimini&longs;h and langui&longs;h, according as the Moon en<lb/>crea&longs;eth, but con&longs;erveth it &longs;elf continually in the &longs;ame efficacy; <lb/>is mo&longs;t fal&longs;e; nay it is hardly &longs;een in the quadrature, when, on <lb/>the contrary, it &longs;hould appear more &longs;plendid, and be vi&longs;ible after <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>crepu&longs;culum<emph.end type="italics"/> in the dark of night. Let us conclude therefore, <lb/>that the Earths reflection is very &longs;trong upon the Moon; and that, <lb/>which you ought more to e&longs;teem, we may deduce from thence an<lb/>other admirable congruity between the Moon and Earth; name<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="marg204"></arrow.to.target><lb/>ly, that if it be true, the Planets operate upon the Earth by their <lb/>motion and light, the Earth may probably be no le&longs;&longs;e potent in <lb/>operating reciprocally upon them with the &longs;ame light, and perad<lb/>venture, motion al&longs;o. And though it &longs;hould not move, yet may <lb/>it retain the &longs;ame operation; becau&longs;e, as it hath been proved al<lb/>ready, the action of the light is the &longs;elf &longs;ame, I mean of the light <lb/>of the Sun reflected; and motion doth nothing, &longs;ave only vary <lb/>the a&longs;pects, which fall out in the &longs;ame manner, whether we make <lb/>the Earth move, and the Sun &longs;tand &longs;till, or the contrary.</s>

<s><margin.target id="marg204"></margin.target><emph type="italics"/>The Earth may re<lb/>ciprocally operate <lb/>upon C&oelig;le&longs;tial bo<lb/>dies, with its light.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>SIMPL. None of the Philo&longs;ophers are found to have &longs;aid, that <lb/>the&longs;e inferiour bodies operate on the C&oelig;le&longs;tial, nay, <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> af<lb/>firmes the direct contrary.</s>

<s>SALV. <emph type="italics"/>Aristotle<emph.end type="italics"/> and the re&longs;t, who knew not that the Earth and <lb/>Moon mutually illuminated each other, are to be excu&longs;ed; but <lb/>they would ju&longs;tly de&longs;erve our cen&longs;ure, if while&longs;t they de&longs;ire that <lb/>we &longs;hould grant and believe with them, that the Moon operateth <lb/>upon the Earth with light, they &longs;hould deny to us, who have <lb/>taught them that the Earth illuminates the Moon, the operation <lb/>the Earth hath on the Moon.</s>

<s>SIMPL. In &longs;hort, I find in my &longs;elf a great unwillingne&longs;&longs;e to <lb/>admit this commerce, which you would per&longs;wade me to be be<lb/>twixt the Earth and Moon, placing it, as we &longs;ay, among&longs;t the <lb/>number of the Stars; for if there were nothing el&longs;e, the great <lb/>&longs;eparation and di&longs;tance between it and the C&oelig;le&longs;tial bodies, doth <lb/>in my opinion nece&longs;&longs;arily conclude a va&longs;t di&longs;parity between them.</s>