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| <!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "/usr/share/sgml/archimedes/sys/archimedes.dtd" ><archimedes> <info> <author>Agricola, Georgius</author> <title>De re metallica</title> <date>1912</date> | <!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd" ><archimedes> <info> <author>Agricola, Georgius</author> <title>De re metallica</title> <date>1912</date> |
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| <place>London</place> <editor></editor> <publisher></publisher> <translator></translator> <lang>en</lang> <chunk unit="page*">page</chunk><locator>0000000002</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb/><p type="head"> | <place>London</place> <editor></editor> <publisher></publisher> <translator></translator> <lang>en</lang> <chunk unit="page*">page</chunk><locator>0000000002</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb/><p type="head"> |
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| <s>When the half-dozen most important of the ancient works bearing <lb/>upon science have been translated by those of some scientific experience, <lb/>such questions will, no doubt, be properly settled.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>When the half-dozen most important of the ancient works bearing <lb/>upon science have been translated by those of some scientific experience, <lb/>such questions will, no doubt, be properly settled.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>We need make no apologies for <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca.<emph.end type="italics"/> During 180 years <lb/>it was not superseded as the text-book and guide to miners and metallurgists, <lb/>for until Schlüter's great work on metallurgy in 1738 it had no equal. </s> | <s>We need make no apologies for <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> During 180 years <lb/>it was not superseded as the text-book and guide to miners and metallurgists, <lb/>for until Schlüter's great work on metallurgy in 1738 it had no equal. </s> |
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| <s>That <lb/>it passed through some ten editions in three languages at a period when the <lb/>printing of such a volume was no ordinary undertaking, is in itself sufficient <lb/>evidence of the importance in which it was held, and is a record that no other <lb/>volume upon the same subjects has equalled since. </s> | <s>That <lb/>it passed through some ten editions in three languages at a period when the <lb/>printing of such a volume was no ordinary undertaking, is in itself sufficient <lb/>evidence of the importance in which it was held, and is a record that no other <lb/>volume upon the same subjects has equalled since. </s> |
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| <s>His <lb/>real name was Georg Bauer (“peasant”), and it was probably Latinized by <lb/>his teachers, as was the custom of the time. </s> | <s>His <lb/>real name was Georg Bauer (“peasant”), and it was probably Latinized by <lb/>his teachers, as was the custom of the time. </s> |
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| <s>His own brother, in receipts <pb pagenum="vi"/>preserved in the archives of the Zwickau Town Council, calls himself “Bauer,” <lb/>and in them refers to his brother “Agricola.” He entered the University of <lb/>Leipsic at the age of twenty, and after about three and one-half years' attendance <lb/>there gained the degree of <emph type="italics"/>Baccalaureus Artíum.<emph.end type="italics"/> In 1518 he became Vice­<lb/>Principal of the Municipal School at Zwickau, where he taught Greek and Latin. <lb/></s> | <s>His own brother, in receipts <pb pagenum="vi"/>preserved in the archives of the Zwickau Town Council, calls himself “Bauer,” <lb/>and in them refers to his brother “Agricola.” He entered the University of <lb/>Leipsic at the age of twenty, and after about three and one-half years' attendance <lb/>there gained the degree of <emph type="italics"/>Baccalaureus Artíum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In 1518 he became Vice­<lb/>Principal of the Municipal School at Zwickau, where he taught Greek and Latin. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>In 1520 he became Principal, and among his assistants was Johannes Förster, <lb/>better known as Luther's collaborator in the translation of the Bible. </s> | <s>In 1520 he became Principal, and among his assistants was Johannes Förster, <lb/>better known as Luther's collaborator in the translation of the Bible. </s> |
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| <s>Accord­<lb/>ing to Agricola's own statement<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/>, he spent all the time not required for his <lb/>medical duties in visiting the mines and smelters, in reading up in the Greek and <lb/>Latin authors all references to mining, and in association with the most learned <lb/>among the mining folk. </s> | <s>Accord­<lb/>ing to Agricola's own statement<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/>, he spent all the time not required for his <lb/>medical duties in visiting the mines and smelters, in reading up in the Greek and <lb/>Latin authors all references to mining, and in association with the most learned <lb/>among the mining folk. </s> |
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| <s>Among these was one Lorenz Berman, whom Agricola <lb/>afterward set up as the “learned miner” in his dialogue <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/> This <lb/>book was first published by Froben at Basel in 1530, and was a sort of <lb/>catechism on mineralogy, mining terms, and mining lore. </s> | <s>Among these was one Lorenz Berman, whom Agricola <lb/>afterward set up as the “learned miner” in his dialogue <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This <lb/>book was first published by Froben at Basel in 1530, and was a sort of <lb/>catechism on mineralogy, mining terms, and mining lore. </s> |
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| <s>The book was <lb/>apparently first submitted to the great Erasmus, and the publication arranged <lb/>by him, a warm letter of approval by him appearing at the beginning of the <lb/>book<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s> | <s>The book was <lb/>apparently first submitted to the great Erasmus, and the publication arranged <lb/>by him, a warm letter of approval by him appearing at the beginning of the <lb/>book<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s> |
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| <s>I will now return to the art of mining.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>I will now return to the art of mining.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Since no authors have written of this art in its entirety, and since <lb/>foreign nations and races do not understand our tongue, and, if they did <lb/>understand it, would be able to learn only a small part of the art through the <lb/>works of those authors whom we do possess, I have written these twelve books <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> Of these, the first book contains the arguments which may <lb/>be used against this art, and against metals and the mines, and what can be <lb/>said in their favour. </s> | <s>Since no authors have written of this art in its entirety, and since <lb/>foreign nations and races do not understand our tongue, and, if they did <lb/>understand it, would be able to learn only a small part of the art through the <lb/>works of those authors whom we do possess, I have written these twelve books <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Of these, the first book contains the arguments which may <lb/>be used against this art, and against metals and the mines, and what can be <lb/>said in their favour. </s> |
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| <s>The second book describes the miner, and branches into <pb pagenum="xxx"/>a discourse on the finding of veins. </s> | <s>The second book describes the miner, and branches into <pb pagenum="xxx"/>a discourse on the finding of veins. </s> |
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| <s>One kind is <lb/>enclosed on the sides with its outlet and entrance open; another has either <lb/>its entrance or its outlet open and the rest of it is closed in; both of these are <lb/>properly called valleys. </s> | <s>One kind is <lb/>enclosed on the sides with its outlet and entrance open; another has either <lb/>its entrance or its outlet open and the rest of it is closed in; both of these are <lb/>properly called valleys. </s> |
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| <s>There is a third variety which is surrounded on all <lb/>sides by mountains, and these are called <emph type="italics"/>convalles.<emph.end type="italics"/> Some valleys again, <lb/>have recesses, and others have none; one is wide, another narrow; one <lb/>is long, another short; yet another kind is not higher than the neighbouring <lb/>plain, and others are lower than the surrounding flat country. </s> | <s>There is a third variety which is surrounded on all <lb/>sides by mountains, and these are called <emph type="italics"/>convalles.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Some valleys again, <lb/>have recesses, and others have none; one is wide, another narrow; one <lb/>is long, another short; yet another kind is not higher than the neighbouring <lb/>plain, and others are lower than the surrounding flat country. </s> |
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| <s>But the <lb/>miner does not dig in those surrounded on all sides by mountains, nor in those <lb/>that are open, unless there be a low plain close at hand, or unless a vein <lb/>of metal descending from the mountains should extend into the valley. <lb/></s> | <s>But the <lb/>miner does not dig in those surrounded on all sides by mountains, nor in those <lb/>that are open, unless there be a low plain close at hand, or unless a vein <lb/>of metal descending from the mountains should extend into the valley. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Another kind, unlike the <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> neither ascend to the surface <lb/>of the earth nor descend, but lying under the ground, expand over a large <lb/>area; and on that account I call them “<emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/>”</s></p><figure></figure><pb pagenum="46"/><p type="main"> | <s>Another kind, unlike the <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> neither ascend to the surface <lb/>of the earth nor descend, but lying under the ground, expand over a large <lb/>area; and on that account I call them “<emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/>”</s></p><figure></figure><pb pagenum="46"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Another occupies a large extent of space in length and width; there­<lb/>fore I usually call it “<emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata,<emph.end type="italics"/>” for it is nothing else than an accumu­<lb/>lation of some certain kind of mineral, as I have described in the book <pb pagenum="47"/>entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Subterraneorum Ortu et Causís.<emph.end type="italics"/> It occasionally happens, <lb/>though it is unusual and rare, that several accumulations of this kind are <lb/>found in one place, each one or more fathoms in depth and four or five in <pb pagenum="48"/>width, and one is distant from another two, three, or more fathoms. </s> | <s>Another occupies a large extent of space in length and width; there­<lb/>fore I usually call it “<emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata,<emph.end type="italics"/>” for it is nothing else than an accumu­<lb/>lation of some certain kind of mineral, as I have described in the book <pb pagenum="47"/>entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Subterraneorum Ortu et Causís.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> It occasionally happens, <lb/>though it is unusual and rare, that several accumulations of this kind are <lb/>found in one place, each one or more fathoms in depth and four or five in <pb pagenum="48"/>width, and one is distant from another two, three, or more fathoms. </s> |
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| <s>When <lb/>the excavation of these accumulations begins, they at first appear in the <lb/>shape of a disc; then they open out wider; finally from each of such </s></p><pb pagenum="49"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>When <lb/>the excavation of these accumulations begins, they at first appear in the <lb/>shape of a disc; then they open out wider; finally from each of such </s></p><pb pagenum="49"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A, B, C, D—THE MOUNTAIN. E, F, G, H, I, K—<emph type="italics"/>Vena cumulata.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>accumulations is usually formed a “<emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata.<emph.end type="italics"/>”</s></p><pb pagenum="50"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>A, B, C, D—THE MOUNTAIN. E, F, G, H, I, K—<emph type="italics"/>Vena cumulata.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>accumulations is usually formed a “<emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata.<emph.end type="italics"/>”</s></p><pb pagenum="50"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> B—<emph type="italics"/>Intervenium.<emph.end type="italics"/> C—ANOTHER <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>A—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> B—<emph type="italics"/>Intervenium.<emph.end type="italics"/> C—ANOTHER <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A & B—<emph type="italics"/>Venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/> C—<emph type="italics"/>Intervenium.<emph.end type="italics"/> D & E—OTHER <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="51"/><p type="main"> | <s>A & B—<emph type="italics"/>Venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> C—<emph type="italics"/>Intervenium.<emph.end type="italics"/> D & E—OTHER <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="51"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The space between two veins is called an <emph type="italics"/>interveníum;<emph.end type="italics"/> this interval <lb/>between the veins, if it is between <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> is entirely hidden under­<lb/>ground. </s> | <s>The space between two veins is called an <emph type="italics"/>interveníum;<emph.end type="italics"/> this interval <lb/>between the veins, if it is between <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> is entirely hidden under­<lb/>ground. </s> |
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| <s>But in other places where there are <lb/>very wide veins, the widths of a cubit, or a foot, or half a foot, are said to be <lb/>narrow; at Cremnitz, for instance, there is a certain vein which measures <lb/>in one place fifteen fathoms in width, in another eighteen, and in another <lb/>twenty; the truth of this statement is vouched for by the inhabitants.</s></p><pb pagenum="53"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>But in other places where there are <lb/>very wide veins, the widths of a cubit, or a foot, or half a foot, are said to be <lb/>narrow; at Cremnitz, for instance, there is a certain vein which measures <lb/>in one place fifteen fathoms in width, in another eighteen, and in another <lb/>twenty; the truth of this statement is vouched for by the inhabitants.</s></p><pb pagenum="53"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—WIDE <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> B—NARROW <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A—WIDE <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> B—NARROW <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Venae dilatatae,<emph.end type="italics"/> in truth, differ also in thickness, for some are one fathom <lb/>thick, others two, or even more; some are a cubit thick, some a foot, some <lb/>only half a foot; and all these are usually called thick veins. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Venae dilatatae,<emph.end type="italics"/> in truth, differ also in thickness, for some are one fathom <lb/>thick, others two, or even more; some are a cubit thick, some a foot, some <lb/>only half a foot; and all these are usually called thick veins. </s> |
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| <s>Some on the <lb/>other hand, are but a palm thick, some three digits, some two, some one; <lb/>these are called thin veins.</s></p><pb pagenum="54"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>Some on the <lb/>other hand, are but a palm thick, some three digits, some two, some one; <lb/>these are called thin veins.</s></p><pb pagenum="54"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—THIN <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/> B—THICK <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="caption"> | <s>A—THIN <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> B—THICK <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="caption"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Venae profundae<emph.end type="italics"/> vary in direction; for some run from east to west.</s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Venae profundae<emph.end type="italics"/> vary in direction; for some run from east to west.</s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>In the same way, from the rock seams we can determine <lb/>veins running south and north, or the reverse, and likewise to the <lb/>subordinate directions and their intermediates.</s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>In the same way, from the rock seams we can determine <lb/>veins running south and north, or the reverse, and likewise to the <lb/>subordinate directions and their intermediates.</s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A, B—<emph type="italics"/>Venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/> C—<emph type="italics"/>Seams in the Rocks.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A, B—<emph type="italics"/>Venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> C—<emph type="italics"/>Seams in the Rocks.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Further, as regards the question of direction of a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/> one <lb/>runs straight from one quarter of the earth to that quarter which is opposite, <lb/>while another one runs in a curve, in which case it may happen that a vein <lb/>proceeding from the east does not turn to the quarter opposite, which is the <lb/>west, but twists itself and turns to the south or the north.</s></p><pb pagenum="61"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>Further, as regards the question of direction of a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/> one <lb/>runs straight from one quarter of the earth to that quarter which is opposite, <lb/>while another one runs in a curve, in which case it may happen that a vein <lb/>proceeding from the east does not turn to the quarter opposite, which is the <lb/>west, but twists itself and turns to the south or the north.</s></p><pb pagenum="61"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—STRAIGHT <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> B—CURVED <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/> [should be <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/>(?)].</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A—STRAIGHT <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> B—CURVED <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/> [should be <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/>(?)].</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Similarly some <emph type="italics"/>venae dílatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> are horizontal, some are inclined, and <lb/>some are curved.</s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>Similarly some <emph type="italics"/>venae dílatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> are horizontal, some are inclined, and <lb/>some are curved.</s></p><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—HORIZONTAL <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/> B—INCLINED <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/> C—CURVED <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="62"/><p type="main"> | <s>A—HORIZONTAL <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> B—INCLINED <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/> C—CURVED <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="62"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Also the veins which we call <emph type="italics"/>profundae<emph.end type="italics"/> differ in the manner in which <lb/>they descend into the depths of the earth; for some are vertical (A), some are <lb/>inclined and sloping (B), others crooked<gap/> (C).</s></p><figure></figure><p type="main"> | <s>Also the veins which we call <emph type="italics"/>profundae<emph.end type="italics"/> differ in the manner in which <lb/>they descend into the depths of the earth; for some are vertical (A), some are <lb/>inclined and sloping (B), others crooked<gap/> (C).</s></p><figure></figure><p type="main"> |
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| <s>But enough of <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> their junctions and divisions. </s> | <s>But enough of <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> their junctions and divisions. </s> |
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| <s>Now <lb/>we come to <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/> A <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> may either cross a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or join with it, or it may be cut by a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/> and be divided into parts.</s></p><pb pagenum="68"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>Now <lb/>we come to <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> A <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> may either cross a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or join with it, or it may be cut by a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/> and be divided into parts.</s></p><pb pagenum="68"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A, C—<emph type="italics"/>Vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> CROSSING A <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> B—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> D, E—<emph type="italics"/>Vena <lb/>dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> WHICH JUNCTIONS WITH A <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> F—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> G—<emph type="italics"/>Vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>H, I—ITS DIVIDED PARTS. K—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/> WHICH DIVIDES THE <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A, C—<emph type="italics"/>Vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> CROSSING A <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> B—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> D, E—<emph type="italics"/>Vena <lb/>dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> WHICH JUNCTIONS WITH A <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> F—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> G—<emph type="italics"/>Vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>H, I—ITS DIVIDED PARTS. K—<emph type="italics"/>Vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/> WHICH DIVIDES THE <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Finally, a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/> has a “beginning” (<emph type="italics"/>origo<emph.end type="italics"/>), an “end” (<emph type="italics"/>finis<emph.end type="italics"/>), a <lb/>“head” (<emph type="italics"/>caput<emph.end type="italics"/>), and a “tail” (<emph type="italics"/>cauda<emph.end type="italics"/>). That part whence it takes its rise <lb/>is said to be its “beginning,” that in which it terminates the “end.” Its <lb/>“head”<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/> is that part which emerges into daylight; its “tail” that part <lb/>which is hidden in the earth. </s> | <s>Finally, a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/> has a “beginning” (<emph type="italics"/>origo<emph.end type="italics"/>), an “end” (<emph type="italics"/>finis<emph.end type="italics"/>), a <lb/>“head” (<emph type="italics"/>caput<emph.end type="italics"/>), and a “tail” (<emph type="italics"/>cauda<emph.end type="italics"/>). That part whence it takes its rise <lb/>is said to be its “beginning,” that in which it terminates the “end.” Its <lb/>“head”<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/> is that part which emerges into daylight; its “tail” that part <lb/>which is hidden in the earth. </s> |
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| <s>Also in another way, the head accords with the footwall and the tail <lb/>with the hangingwall, for if the footwall is toward the south, the vein <lb/>extends its head into the light toward the south; and the hangingwall, <lb/>because it is always opposite to the footwall, is then toward the north. <lb/></s> | <s>Also in another way, the head accords with the footwall and the tail <lb/>with the hangingwall, for if the footwall is toward the south, the vein <lb/>extends its head into the light toward the south; and the hangingwall, <lb/>because it is always opposite to the footwall, is then toward the north. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Consequently the vein extends its tail toward the north if it is an inclined <lb/><emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> Similarly, we can determine with regard to east and west <lb/>and the subordinate and their intermediate directions. </s> | <s>Consequently the vein extends its tail toward the north if it is an inclined <lb/><emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Similarly, we can determine with regard to east and west <lb/>and the subordinate and their intermediate directions. </s> |
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| <s>A <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which descends into the earth may be either vertical, inclined, or crooked, <lb/>the footwall of an inclined vein is easily distinguished from the hangingwall, <lb/>but it is not so with a vertical vein; and again, the footwall of a crooked <lb/>vein is inverted and changed into the hangingwall, and contrariwise the <lb/>hangingwall is twisted into the footwall, but very many of these crooked <lb/>veins may be turned back to vertical or inclined ones.</s></p><pb pagenum="69"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>A <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which descends into the earth may be either vertical, inclined, or crooked, <lb/>the footwall of an inclined vein is easily distinguished from the hangingwall, <lb/>but it is not so with a vertical vein; and again, the footwall of a crooked <lb/>vein is inverted and changed into the hangingwall, and contrariwise the <lb/>hangingwall is twisted into the footwall, but very many of these crooked <lb/>veins may be turned back to vertical or inclined ones.</s></p><pb pagenum="69"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—THE “BEGINNING.” B—THE “END.” C—THE “HEAD.” D—THE “TAIL.” <lb/>E—TRANSVERSE VEIN.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A—THE “BEGINNING.” B—THE “END.” C—THE “HEAD.” D—THE “TAIL.” <lb/>E—TRANSVERSE VEIN.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>A <emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata<emph.end type="italics"/> has a “beginning,” an “end,” a “head,” and a <lb/>“tail,” just as a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/> Moreover, a <emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata,<emph.end type="italics"/> and likewise <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> are often cut through by a transverse <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A <emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata<emph.end type="italics"/> has a “beginning,” an “end,” a “head,” and a <lb/>“tail,” just as a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Moreover, a <emph type="italics"/>vena cumulata,<emph.end type="italics"/> and likewise <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> are often cut through by a transverse <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Stringers (<emph type="italics"/>fibrae<emph.end type="italics"/>)<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/>, which are little veins, are classified into <emph type="italics"/>fibrae trans­<lb/>versae, fibrae obliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> which cut the vein obliquely, <emph type="italics"/>fibrae sociae, <lb/>fibrae dilatatae,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>fibrae incumbentes.<emph.end type="italics"/> The <emph type="italics"/>fibra transversa<emph.end type="italics"/> crosses <lb/>the vein; the <emph type="italics"/>fibra obliqua<emph.end type="italics"/> crosses the vein obliquely; the <emph type="italics"/>fibra socia<emph.end type="italics"/> joins <lb/>with the vein itself; the <emph type="italics"/>fibra dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> like the <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> penetrates <lb/>through it; but the <emph type="italics"/>fibra dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> as well as the <emph type="italics"/>fibra profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/> is usually <lb/>found associated with a vein.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Stringers (<emph type="italics"/>fibrae<emph.end type="italics"/>)<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/>, which are little veins, are classified into <emph type="italics"/>fibrae trans­<lb/>versae, fibrae obliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> which cut the vein obliquely, <emph type="italics"/>fibrae sociae, <lb/>fibrae dilatatae,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>fibrae incumbentes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>fibra transversa<emph.end type="italics"/> crosses <lb/>the vein; the <emph type="italics"/>fibra obliqua<emph.end type="italics"/> crosses the vein obliquely; the <emph type="italics"/>fibra socia<emph.end type="italics"/> joins <lb/>with the vein itself; the <emph type="italics"/>fibra dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> like the <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> penetrates <lb/>through it; but the <emph type="italics"/>fibra dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> as well as the <emph type="italics"/>fibra profunda,<emph.end type="italics"/> is usually <lb/>found associated with a vein.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The <emph type="italics"/>fibra incumbens<emph.end type="italics"/> does not descend as deeply into the earth as the <lb/>other stringers, but lies on the vein, as it were, from the surface to the <lb/>hangingwall or footwall, from which it is named <emph type="italics"/>Subdialis.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The <emph type="italics"/>fibra incumbens<emph.end type="italics"/> does not descend as deeply into the earth as the <lb/>other stringers, but lies on the vein, as it were, from the surface to the <lb/>hangingwall or footwall, from which it is named <emph type="italics"/>Subdialis.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>So much for the shape of meers <lb/>and their dimensions in the case of a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>So much for the shape of meers <lb/>and their dimensions in the case of a <emph type="italics"/>vena profunda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>I now come to the case of <emph type="italics"/>venae dílatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/> The boundaries of the areas <pb pagenum="84"/>on such veins are not all measured by one method. </s> | <s>I now come to the case of <emph type="italics"/>venae dílatatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The boundaries of the areas <pb pagenum="84"/>on such veins are not all measured by one method. </s> |
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| <s>For in some places the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister<emph.end type="italics"/> gives them shapes similar to the shapes of the meers on <emph type="italics"/>venae <lb/>profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which case the head-meer is composed of three double <lb/>measures, and the area of every other mine of two measures, as I have <pb pagenum="85"/>explained more fully above. </s> | <s>For in some places the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister<emph.end type="italics"/> gives them shapes similar to the shapes of the meers on <emph type="italics"/>venae <lb/>profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which case the head-meer is composed of three double <lb/>measures, and the area of every other mine of two measures, as I have <pb pagenum="85"/>explained more fully above. </s> |
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| <s>I have spoken of tunnels; I will now speak about the division of owner­<lb/>ship in mines and tunnels. </s> | <s>I have spoken of tunnels; I will now speak about the division of owner­<lb/>ship in mines and tunnels. </s> |
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| <s>One owner is allowed to possess and to work <lb/>one, two, three, or more whole meers, or similarly one or more separate <lb/>tunnels, provided he conforms to the decrees of the laws relating to <lb/>metals, and to the orders of the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister.<emph.end type="italics"/> And because he alone pro­<lb/>vides the expenditure of money on the mines, if they yield metal he alone <lb/>obtains the product from them. </s> | <s>One owner is allowed to possess and to work <lb/>one, two, three, or more whole meers, or similarly one or more separate <lb/>tunnels, provided he conforms to the decrees of the laws relating to <lb/>metals, and to the orders of the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And because he alone pro­<lb/>vides the expenditure of money on the mines, if they yield metal he alone <lb/>obtains the product from them. </s> |
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| <s>But when large and frequent expenditures <lb/>are necessary in mining, he to whom the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster<emph.end type="italics"/> first gave the right <pb pagenum="90"/>often admits others to share with him, and they join with him in forming a <lb/>company, and they each lay out a part of the expense and share with him <lb/>the profit or loss of the mine. </s> | <s>But when large and frequent expenditures <lb/>are necessary in mining, he to whom the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster<emph.end type="italics"/> first gave the right <pb pagenum="90"/>often admits others to share with him, and they join with him in forming a <lb/>company, and they each lay out a part of the expense and share with him <lb/>the profit or loss of the mine. </s> |
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| <s>Formerly, unless such restoration had been sanctioned by the approval of <lb/>the owners of one hundred shares, those who had been proscribed were not <lb/>restored to their former position.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Formerly, unless such restoration had been sanctioned by the approval of <lb/>the owners of one hundred shares, those who had been proscribed were not <lb/>restored to their former position.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The procedure in suits relating to shares was formerly as follows: he <lb/>who instituted a suit and took legal proceedings against another in respect <lb/>of the shares, used to make a formal charge against the accused possessor <lb/>before the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster.<emph.end type="italics"/> This was done either at his house or in some public <lb/>place or at the mines, once each day for three days if the shares belonged to <lb/>an old mine, and three times in eight days if they belonged to a head­<lb/>meer. </s> | <s>The procedure in suits relating to shares was formerly as follows: he <lb/>who instituted a suit and took legal proceedings against another in respect <lb/>of the shares, used to make a formal charge against the accused possessor <lb/>before the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This was done either at his house or in some public <lb/>place or at the mines, once each day for three days if the shares belonged to <lb/>an old mine, and three times in eight days if they belonged to a head­<lb/>meer. </s> |
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| <s>But if he could not find the possessor of the shares in these places, it <lb/>was valid and effectual to make the accusation against him at the house of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster.<emph.end type="italics"/> When, however, he made the charge for the third time, he <lb/>used to bring with him a notary, whom the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister<emph.end type="italics"/> would interrogate: <lb/>“Have I earned the fee?” and who would respond: “You have earned <lb/>it”; thereupon the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster<emph.end type="italics"/> would give the right over the shares to him <lb/>who made the accusation, and the accuser in turn would pay down the <lb/>customary fee to the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister.<emph.end type="italics"/> After these proceedings, if the man whom <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster<emph.end type="italics"/> had deprived of his shares dwelt in the city, one of the <lb/>proprietors of the mine or of the head-mine was sent to him to acquaint him <lb/>with the facts, but if he dwelt elsewhere proclamation was made in some <lb/>public place, or at the mine, openly and in a loud voice in the hearing of <lb/>numbers of miners. </s> | <s>But if he could not find the possessor of the shares in these places, it <lb/>was valid and effectual to make the accusation against him at the house of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> When, however, he made the charge for the third time, he <lb/>used to bring with him a notary, whom the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister<emph.end type="italics"/> would interrogate: <lb/>“Have I earned the fee?” and who would respond: “You have earned <lb/>it”; thereupon the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster<emph.end type="italics"/> would give the right over the shares to him <lb/>who made the accusation, and the accuser in turn would pay down the <lb/>customary fee to the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> After these proceedings, if the man whom <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster<emph.end type="italics"/> had deprived of his shares dwelt in the city, one of the <lb/>proprietors of the mine or of the head-mine was sent to him to acquaint him <lb/>with the facts, but if he dwelt elsewhere proclamation was made in some <lb/>public place, or at the mine, openly and in a loud voice in the hearing of <lb/>numbers of miners. </s> |
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| <s>Nowadays a date is defined for the one who is answer­<lb/>able for the debt of shares or money, and information is given the accused <lb/>by an official if he is near at hand, or if he is absent, a letter is sent him; <lb/>nor is the right over his shares taken from anyone for the space of one and <lb/>a half months. </s> | <s>Nowadays a date is defined for the one who is answer­<lb/>able for the debt of shares or money, and information is given the accused <lb/>by an official if he is near at hand, or if he is absent, a letter is sent him; <lb/>nor is the right over his shares taken from anyone for the space of one and <lb/>a half months. </s> |
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| <s>Now the laws which relate to mining permit a manager to have <lb/>charge of more than one mine, but in the case of mines yielding gold or <lb/>silver, to have charge of only two. </s> | <s>Now the laws which relate to mining permit a manager to have <lb/>charge of more than one mine, but in the case of mines yielding gold or <lb/>silver, to have charge of only two. </s> |
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| <s>If, however, several mines following the <lb/>head-mine begin to produce metal, he remains in charge of these others until <lb/>he is freed from the duty of looking after them by the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister.<emph.end type="italics"/> Last of <lb/>all, the manager, the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the two Jurors, in agreement <lb/>with the owners, settle the remuneration for the labourers. </s> | <s>If, however, several mines following the <lb/>head-mine begin to produce metal, he remains in charge of these others until <lb/>he is freed from the duty of looking after them by the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeister.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Last of <lb/>all, the manager, the <emph type="italics"/>Bergmeíster,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the two Jurors, in agreement <lb/>with the owners, settle the remuneration for the labourers. </s> |
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| <s>Enough of the <lb/>duties and occupation of the manager.</s></p><pb pagenum="99"/><p type="main"> | <s>Enough of the <lb/>duties and occupation of the manager.</s></p><pb pagenum="99"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>This then, <lb/>generally speaking, is the method by which everything relating to the <lb/>timbering of shafts, tunnels, and drifts is carried out.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>This then, <lb/>generally speaking, is the method by which everything relating to the <lb/>timbering of shafts, tunnels, and drifts is carried out.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>All that I have hitherto written is in part peculiar to <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and in part common to all kinds of veins; of what follows, part is specially <lb/>applicable to <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae,<emph.end type="italics"/> part to <emph type="italics"/>venae cumulatae.<emph.end type="italics"/> But first I will <lb/>describe how <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> should be mined. </s> | <s>All that I have hitherto written is in part peculiar to <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and in part common to all kinds of veins; of what follows, part is specially <lb/>applicable to <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae,<emph.end type="italics"/> part to <emph type="italics"/>venae cumulatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But first I will <lb/>describe how <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> should be mined. </s> |
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| <s>Where torrents, rivers, or <lb/>streams have by inundations washed away part of the slope of a mountain or <lb/>a hill, and have disclosed a <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> a tunnel should be driven first straight <lb/>and narrow, and then wider, for nearly all the vein should be hewn away; and <lb/>when this tunnel has been driven further, a shaft which supplies air should be <lb/>sunk in the mountain or hill, and through it from time to time the ore, earth, <lb/>and rock can be drawn up at less expense than if they be drawn out through the <lb/>very great length of the tunnel; and even in those places to which the tunnel <lb/>does not yet reach, miners dig shafts in order to open a <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>they conjecture must lie beneath the soil. </s> | <s>Where torrents, rivers, or <lb/>streams have by inundations washed away part of the slope of a mountain or <lb/>a hill, and have disclosed a <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata,<emph.end type="italics"/> a tunnel should be driven first straight <lb/>and narrow, and then wider, for nearly all the vein should be hewn away; and <lb/>when this tunnel has been driven further, a shaft which supplies air should be <lb/>sunk in the mountain or hill, and through it from time to time the ore, earth, <lb/>and rock can be drawn up at less expense than if they be drawn out through the <lb/>very great length of the tunnel; and even in those places to which the tunnel <lb/>does not yet reach, miners dig shafts in order to open a <emph type="italics"/>vena dilatata<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>they conjecture must lie beneath the soil. </s> |
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| <s>Moreover, the materials which are dug out <lb/>and which are devoid of metal are removed in bowls, and are thrown back, <lb/>thus once more filling the caverns.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Moreover, the materials which are dug out <lb/>and which are devoid of metal are removed in bowls, and are thrown back, <lb/>thus once more filling the caverns.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Next, as to <emph type="italics"/>venæ cumulatæ.<emph.end type="italics"/> These are dug by a somewhat different <lb/>method, for when one of these shows some metal at the top of the ground, <lb/>first of all one shaft is sunk; then, if it is worth while, around this one many <lb/>shafts are sunk and tunnels are driven into the mountain. </s> | <s>Next, as to <emph type="italics"/>venæ cumulatæ.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> These are dug by a somewhat different <lb/>method, for when one of these shows some metal at the top of the ground, <lb/>first of all one shaft is sunk; then, if it is worth while, around this one many <lb/>shafts are sunk and tunnels are driven into the mountain. </s> |
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| <s>If a torrent or <lb/>spring has torn fragments of metal from such a vein, a tunnel is first driven <lb/>into the mountain or hill for the purpose of searching for the ore; then <lb/>when it is found, a vertical shaft is sunk in it. </s> | <s>If a torrent or <lb/>spring has torn fragments of metal from such a vein, a tunnel is first driven <lb/>into the mountain or hill for the purpose of searching for the ore; then <lb/>when it is found, a vertical shaft is sunk in it. </s> |
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| <s>And eleven years ago, part <lb/>of the mountain of Altenberg, which had been excavated, became loose and <lb/>sank, and suddenly crushed six miners; it also swallowed up a hut and one <lb/>mother and her little boy. </s> | <s>And eleven years ago, part <lb/>of the mountain of Altenberg, which had been excavated, became loose and <lb/>sank, and suddenly crushed six miners; it also swallowed up a hut and one <lb/>mother and her little boy. </s> |
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| <s>But this generally occurs in those mountains <lb/>which contain <emph type="italics"/>venae cumulatae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Therefore, miners should leave numerous <lb/>arches under the mountains which need support, or provide underpinning. <lb/></s> | <s>But this generally occurs in those mountains <lb/>which contain <emph type="italics"/>venae cumulatae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Therefore, miners should leave numerous <lb/>arches under the mountains which need support, or provide underpinning. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Falling pieces of rock also injure their limbs, and to prevent this from hap­<lb/>pening, miners should protect the shafts, tunnels, and drifts.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Falling pieces of rock also injure their limbs, and to prevent this from hap­<lb/>pening, miners should protect the shafts, tunnels, and drifts.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>In some of our mines, however, though in very few, there are other <lb/>pernicious pests. </s> | <s>In some of our mines, however, though in very few, there are other <lb/>pernicious pests. </s> |
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| <s>These are demons of ferocious aspect, about which I have <lb/>spoken in my book <emph type="italics"/>De Animantibus Subterraneis.<emph.end type="italics"/> Demons of this kind <lb/>are expelled and put to flight by prayer and fasting.<emph type="sup"/>26<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>These are demons of ferocious aspect, about which I have <lb/>spoken in my book <emph type="italics"/>De Animantibus Subterraneis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Demons of this kind <lb/>are expelled and put to flight by prayer and fasting.<emph type="sup"/>26<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Some of these evils, as well as certain other things, are the reason why <lb/>pits are occasionally abandoned. </s> | <s>Some of these evils, as well as certain other things, are the reason why <lb/>pits are occasionally abandoned. </s> |
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| <s>But to return <lb/>to the assay of copper. </s> | <s>But to return <lb/>to the assay of copper. </s> |
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| <s>When the copper has been prepared by these <lb/>methods, if it is free of lead and iron, and rich in silver, to each <emph type="italics"/>centumpon­<lb/>díum<emph.end type="italics"/> (lesser weights) add one and a half <emph type="italics"/>unciae<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead (larger weights). If, <lb/>however, the copper contains some lead, add one <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead; if it contains <lb/>iron, add two <emph type="italics"/>unciae.<emph.end type="italics"/> First put the lead into a cupel, and after it begins <lb/>to smoke, add the copper; the fire generally consumes the copper, together <lb/>with the lead, in about one hour and a quarter. </s> | <s>When the copper has been prepared by these <lb/>methods, if it is free of lead and iron, and rich in silver, to each <emph type="italics"/>centumpon­<lb/>díum<emph.end type="italics"/> (lesser weights) add one and a half <emph type="italics"/>unciae<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead (larger weights). If, <lb/>however, the copper contains some lead, add one <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead; if it contains <lb/>iron, add two <emph type="italics"/>unciae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> First put the lead into a cupel, and after it begins <lb/>to smoke, add the copper; the fire generally consumes the copper, together <lb/>with the lead, in about one hour and a quarter. </s> |
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| <s>When this is done, the silver <pb pagenum="251"/>will be found in the bottom of the cupel. </s> | <s>When this is done, the silver <pb pagenum="251"/>will be found in the bottom of the cupel. </s> |
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| <s>The lesser weights correspond <lb/>proportionately to the larger weights, and both of them are used, not <lb/>only by mining people, but by coiners also. </s> | <s>The lesser weights correspond <lb/>proportionately to the larger weights, and both of them are used, not <lb/>only by mining people, but by coiners also. </s> |
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| <s>The needles are made in <lb/>accordance with the lesser weights, and each set corresponds to a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which, in our own vocabulary, is called a <emph type="italics"/>mark.<emph.end type="italics"/> The <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is employed <lb/>by those who coin gold, is divided into twenty-four double <emph type="italics"/>sextulae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/><pb pagenum="254"/>are now called after the Greek name <emph type="italics"/>ceratía;<emph.end type="italics"/> and each double <emph type="italics"/>sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> is <lb/>divided into four <emph type="italics"/>semi-sextulae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which are called <emph type="italics"/>granas;<emph.end type="italics"/> and each <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextula<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>is divided into three units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, of which each unit is called <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>grenlín.<emph.end type="italics"/> If we made the needles to be each four <emph type="italics"/>síliquae,<emph.end type="italics"/> there would be <lb/>two hundred and eighty-eight in a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> but if each were made to be a <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextula<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or a double <emph type="italics"/>scripula,<emph.end type="italics"/> then there would be ninety-six in a <emph type="italics"/>bes.<emph.end type="italics"/> By these two <lb/>methods too many needles would be made, and the majority of them, by reason <lb/>of the small difference in the proportion of the gold, would indicate nothing, <lb/>therefore it is advisable to make them each of a double <emph type="italics"/>sextula;<emph.end type="italics"/> in this way <lb/>twenty-four needles are made, of which the first is made of twenty-three <lb/><emph type="italics"/>duellae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver and one of gold. </s> | <s>The needles are made in <lb/>accordance with the lesser weights, and each set corresponds to a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which, in our own vocabulary, is called a <emph type="italics"/>mark.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is employed <lb/>by those who coin gold, is divided into twenty-four double <emph type="italics"/>sextulae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/><pb pagenum="254"/>are now called after the Greek name <emph type="italics"/>ceratía;<emph.end type="italics"/> and each double <emph type="italics"/>sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> is <lb/>divided into four <emph type="italics"/>semi-sextulae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which are called <emph type="italics"/>granas;<emph.end type="italics"/> and each <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextula<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>is divided into three units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, of which each unit is called <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>grenlín.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> If we made the needles to be each four <emph type="italics"/>síliquae,<emph.end type="italics"/> there would be <lb/>two hundred and eighty-eight in a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> but if each were made to be a <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextula<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or a double <emph type="italics"/>scripula,<emph.end type="italics"/> then there would be ninety-six in a <emph type="italics"/>bes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> By these two <lb/>methods too many needles would be made, and the majority of them, by reason <lb/>of the small difference in the proportion of the gold, would indicate nothing, <lb/>therefore it is advisable to make them each of a double <emph type="italics"/>sextula;<emph.end type="italics"/> in this way <lb/>twenty-four needles are made, of which the first is made of twenty-three <lb/><emph type="italics"/>duellae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver and one of gold. </s> |
| | |
| <s>Fannius is our authority that the Ancients <lb/>called the double <emph type="italics"/>sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> a <emph type="italics"/>duella.<emph.end type="italics"/> When a bar of silver is rubbed on the <lb/>touchstone and colours it just as this needle does, it contains one <emph type="italics"/>duella<emph.end type="italics"/> of gold. <lb/></s> | <s>Fannius is our authority that the Ancients <lb/>called the double <emph type="italics"/>sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> a <emph type="italics"/>duella.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> When a bar of silver is rubbed on the <lb/>touchstone and colours it just as this needle does, it contains one <emph type="italics"/>duella<emph.end type="italics"/> of gold. <lb/></s> |
| | |
| <s>In this manner we determine by the other needles what proportion of gold <lb/>there is, or when the gold exceeds the silver in weight, what proportion of <lb/>silver.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>In this manner we determine by the other needles what proportion of gold <lb/>there is, or when the gold exceeds the silver in weight, what proportion of <lb/>silver.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| |
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| <s>The <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> by <lb/>which we weigh the silver is divided in two different ways. </s> | <s>The <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> by <lb/>which we weigh the silver is divided in two different ways. </s> |
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| <s>It is either <lb/>divided twelve times, into units of five <emph type="italics"/>drachmae<emph.end type="italics"/> and one <emph type="italics"/>scrípulum<emph.end type="italics"/> each, <pb pagenum="259"/>which the ordinary people call <emph type="italics"/>nummi<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>41<emph.end type="sup"/>; each of these units we again divide <lb/>into twenty-four units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, which the same ordinary people <lb/>call a <emph type="italics"/>grenlin;<emph.end type="italics"/> or else the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into sixteen <emph type="italics"/>semunciae<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>are called <emph type="italics"/>loths,<emph.end type="italics"/> each of which is again divided into eighteen units of four <lb/><emph type="italics"/>silíquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, which they call <emph type="italics"/>grenlín.<emph.end type="italics"/> Or else the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into <lb/>sixteen <emph type="italics"/>semuncíae,<emph.end type="italics"/> of which each is divided into four <emph type="italics"/>drachmae,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>each <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> into four <emph type="italics"/>pfennige.<emph.end type="italics"/> Needles are made in accordance with <lb/>each method of dividing the <emph type="italics"/>bes.<emph.end type="italics"/> According to the first method, to the <lb/>number of twenty-four half <emph type="italics"/>nummí;<emph.end type="italics"/> according to the second method, to the <lb/>number of thirty-one half <emph type="italics"/>semuncíae,<emph.end type="italics"/> that is to say a <emph type="italics"/>sícílícus;<emph.end type="italics"/> for if the <lb/>needles were made to the number of the smaller weights, the number of <lb/>needles would again be too large, and not a few of them, by reason of the <lb/>small difference in proportion of silver or copper, would have no significance. <lb/></s> | <s>It is either <lb/>divided twelve times, into units of five <emph type="italics"/>drachmae<emph.end type="italics"/> and one <emph type="italics"/>scrípulum<emph.end type="italics"/> each, <pb pagenum="259"/>which the ordinary people call <emph type="italics"/>nummi<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>41<emph.end type="sup"/>; each of these units we again divide <lb/>into twenty-four units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, which the same ordinary people <lb/>call a <emph type="italics"/>grenlin;<emph.end type="italics"/> or else the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into sixteen <emph type="italics"/>semunciae<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>are called <emph type="italics"/>loths,<emph.end type="italics"/> each of which is again divided into eighteen units of four <lb/><emph type="italics"/>silíquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, which they call <emph type="italics"/>grenlín.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Or else the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into <lb/>sixteen <emph type="italics"/>semuncíae,<emph.end type="italics"/> of which each is divided into four <emph type="italics"/>drachmae,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>each <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> into four <emph type="italics"/>pfennige.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Needles are made in accordance with <lb/>each method of dividing the <emph type="italics"/>bes.<emph.end type="italics"/> According to the first method, to the <lb/>number of twenty-four half <emph type="italics"/>nummí;<emph.end type="italics"/> according to the second method, to the <lb/>number of thirty-one half <emph type="italics"/>semuncíae,<emph.end type="italics"/> that is to say a <emph type="italics"/>sícílícus;<emph.end type="italics"/> for if the <lb/>needles were made to the number of the smaller weights, the number of <lb/>needles would again be too large, and not a few of them, by reason of the <lb/>small difference in proportion of silver or copper, would have no significance. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>We test both bars and coined money composed of silver and copper by both <lb/>scales. </s> | <s>We test both bars and coined money composed of silver and copper by both <lb/>scales. </s> |
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| |
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| <s>The fourteenth is the last, for the proportionate weights which correspond <lb/>with a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> and half a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> are not used. </s> | <s>The fourteenth is the last, for the proportionate weights which correspond <lb/>with a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> and half a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> are not used. </s> |
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| <s>On all these weights of <lb/>the lesser scale, are written the numbers of <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>semunciae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Some <pb pagenum="262"/>copper assayers divide both the lesser and greater scale weights into divisions <lb/>of a different scale. </s> | <s>On all these weights of <lb/>the lesser scale, are written the numbers of <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>semunciae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Some <pb pagenum="262"/>copper assayers divide both the lesser and greater scale weights into divisions <lb/>of a different scale. </s> |
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| <s>Their largest weight of the greater scale weighs one <lb/>hundred and twelve <emph type="italics"/>líbrae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is the first unit of measurement.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Their largest weight of the greater scale weighs one <lb/>hundred and twelve <emph type="italics"/>líbrae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is the first unit of measurement.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| |
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| <s>As for the <emph type="italics"/>selíbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the lesser weights, which our people, as I have often <lb/>said, call a <emph type="italics"/>mark,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the Romans call a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> coiners who coin gold, divide it <lb/>just like the greater weights scale, into twenty-four units of two <emph type="italics"/>sextulae<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>each, and each unit of two <emph type="italics"/>sextulae<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into four <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextulae<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>each <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> into three units of four <emph type="italics"/>síliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each. </s> | <s>As for the <emph type="italics"/>selíbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the lesser weights, which our people, as I have often <lb/>said, call a <emph type="italics"/>mark,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the Romans call a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> coiners who coin gold, divide it <lb/>just like the greater weights scale, into twenty-four units of two <emph type="italics"/>sextulae<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>each, and each unit of two <emph type="italics"/>sextulae<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into four <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextulae<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>each <emph type="italics"/>semí-sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> into three units of four <emph type="italics"/>síliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each. </s> |
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| <s>Some also divide <lb/>the separate units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> into four individual <emph type="italics"/>síliquae,<emph.end type="italics"/> but most, <lb/>omitting the <emph type="italics"/>semi-sextulae,<emph.end type="italics"/> then divide the double <emph type="italics"/>sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> into twelve units of <lb/>four <emph type="italics"/>sílíquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, and do not divide these into four individual <emph type="italics"/>siliquae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Thus <lb/>the first and greatest unit of measurement, which is the <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> weighs twenty­<lb/>four double <emph type="italics"/>sextulae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="263"/><p type="main"> | <s>Some also divide <lb/>the separate units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> into four individual <emph type="italics"/>síliquae,<emph.end type="italics"/> but most, <lb/>omitting the <emph type="italics"/>semi-sextulae,<emph.end type="italics"/> then divide the double <emph type="italics"/>sextula<emph.end type="italics"/> into twelve units of <lb/>four <emph type="italics"/>sílíquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, and do not divide these into four individual <emph type="italics"/>siliquae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Thus <lb/>the first and greatest unit of measurement, which is the <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> weighs twenty­<lb/>four double <emph type="italics"/>sextulae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="263"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The 2nd = 12 double <emph type="italics"/>sextulae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The 2nd = 12 double <emph type="italics"/>sextulae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| |
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| <s>The 10th = 1 units of 4 <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The 10th = 1 units of 4 <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The coiners of Nuremberg who mint silver, divide the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> into sixteen <emph type="italics"/>sem­<lb/>uncíae,<emph.end type="italics"/> but divide the <emph type="italics"/>semuncía<emph.end type="italics"/> into four <emph type="italics"/>drachmae,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> into <lb/>four <emph type="italics"/>pfenníge.<emph.end type="italics"/> They employ nine weights.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The coiners of Nuremberg who mint silver, divide the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> into sixteen <emph type="italics"/>sem­<lb/>uncíae,<emph.end type="italics"/> but divide the <emph type="italics"/>semuncía<emph.end type="italics"/> into four <emph type="italics"/>drachmae,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> into <lb/>four <emph type="italics"/>pfenníge.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They employ nine weights.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The 1st = 16 <emph type="italics"/>semuncíae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The 1st = 16 <emph type="italics"/>semuncíae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| |
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| <s>the 9th weight = 1 <emph type="italics"/>pfenníg<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>the 9th weight = 1 <emph type="italics"/>pfenníg<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The men of Cologne and Antwerp<emph type="sup"/>43<emph.end type="sup"/> divide the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> into twelve units of <lb/>five <emph type="italics"/>drachmae<emph.end type="italics"/> and one <emph type="italics"/>scrípulum,<emph.end type="italics"/> which weights they call <emph type="italics"/>nummi.<emph.end type="italics"/> Each <lb/>of these they again divide into twenty-four units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, <lb/>which they call <emph type="italics"/>grenlíns.<emph.end type="italics"/> They have ten weights, of which</s></p><pb pagenum="264"/><p type="main"> | <s>The men of Cologne and Antwerp<emph type="sup"/>43<emph.end type="sup"/> divide the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> into twelve units of <lb/>five <emph type="italics"/>drachmae<emph.end type="italics"/> and one <emph type="italics"/>scrípulum,<emph.end type="italics"/> which weights they call <emph type="italics"/>nummi.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Each <lb/>of these they again divide into twenty-four units of four <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each, <lb/>which they call <emph type="italics"/>grenlíns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They have ten weights, of which</s></p><pb pagenum="264"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>the 1st = 12 <emph type="italics"/>nummi<emph.end type="italics"/> = 1 <emph type="italics"/>bes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>the 1st = 12 <emph type="italics"/>nummi<emph.end type="italics"/> = 1 <emph type="italics"/>bes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| |
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| <s>the 10th = 1 units of 4 <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>the 10th = 1 units of 4 <emph type="italics"/>siliquae<emph.end type="italics"/> each.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>And so with them, just as with our own people, the <emph type="italics"/>mark<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into <lb/>two hundred and eighty-eight <emph type="italics"/>grenlíns,<emph.end type="italics"/> and by the people of Nuremberg it is <lb/>divided into two hundred and fifty-six <emph type="italics"/>pfennige.<emph.end type="italics"/> Lastly, the Venetians divide <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> into eight <emph type="italics"/>unciae.<emph.end type="italics"/> The <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> into four <emph type="italics"/>sicilici,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>sicilicus<emph.end type="italics"/> into <lb/>thirty-six <emph type="italics"/>siliquae.<emph.end type="italics"/> They make twelve weights, which they use whenever they <lb/>wish to assay alloys of silver and copper. </s> | <s>And so with them, just as with our own people, the <emph type="italics"/>mark<emph.end type="italics"/> is divided into <lb/>two hundred and eighty-eight <emph type="italics"/>grenlíns,<emph.end type="italics"/> and by the people of Nuremberg it is <lb/>divided into two hundred and fifty-six <emph type="italics"/>pfennige.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Lastly, the Venetians divide <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> into eight <emph type="italics"/>unciae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> into four <emph type="italics"/>sicilici,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>sicilicus<emph.end type="italics"/> into <lb/>thirty-six <emph type="italics"/>siliquae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They make twelve weights, which they use whenever they <lb/>wish to assay alloys of silver and copper. </s> |
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| <s>Of these</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Of these</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The first revolving one differs from the next only <lb/>in its driving wheel, which is closed in and turned by men treading it, or by <lb/>horses, which are placed inside, or by asses, or even by strong goats; the <lb/>eyes of these beasts are covered by linen bands. </s> | <s>The first revolving one differs from the next only <lb/>in its driving wheel, which is closed in and turned by men treading it, or by <lb/>horses, which are placed inside, or by asses, or even by strong goats; the <lb/>eyes of these beasts are covered by linen bands. </s> |
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| <s>The second mill, both <lb/>when pushed and turned round, differs from the two above by having an <lb/>upright axle in the place of the horizontal one; this axle has at its lower end <lb/>a disc, which two workmen turn by treading back its cleats with their feet, <lb/>though frequently one man sustains all the labour; or sometimes there <lb/>projects from the axle a pole which is turned by a horse or an ass, for which <lb/>reason it is called an <emph type="italics"/>asinaria.<emph.end type="italics"/> The toothed drum which is at the upper end <lb/>of the axle turns the drum which is made of rundles, and together with it the <lb/>millstone.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The second mill, both <lb/>when pushed and turned round, differs from the two above by having an <lb/>upright axle in the place of the horizontal one; this axle has at its lower end <lb/>a disc, which two workmen turn by treading back its cleats with their feet, <lb/>though frequently one man sustains all the labour; or sometimes there <lb/>projects from the axle a pole which is turned by a horse or an ass, for which <lb/>reason it is called an <emph type="italics"/>asinaria.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The toothed drum which is at the upper end <lb/>of the axle turns the drum which is made of rundles, and together with it the <lb/>millstone.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The third mill is turned round and round, and not pushed by hand; but <lb/>between this and the others there is a great distinction, for the lower <lb/>millstone is so shaped at the top that it can hold within it the upper mill­<lb/>stone, which revolves around an iron axle; this axle is fastened in the <lb/>centre of the lower stone and passes through the upper stone. </s> | <s>The third mill is turned round and round, and not pushed by hand; but <lb/>between this and the others there is a great distinction, for the lower <lb/>millstone is so shaped at the top that it can hold within it the upper mill­<lb/>stone, which revolves around an iron axle; this axle is fastened in the <lb/>centre of the lower stone and passes through the upper stone. </s> |
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| <s>Or a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the same crude gold, crushed up, is <lb/>mixed together with half a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>stíbium<emph.end type="italics"/> likewise crushed, and put <lb/>into a crucible with half an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper filings, and heated until they <lb/>melt, then a sixth part of granulated lead is thrown into the same crucible. <lb/></s> | <s>Or a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the same crude gold, crushed up, is <lb/>mixed together with half a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>stíbium<emph.end type="italics"/> likewise crushed, and put <lb/>into a crucible with half an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper filings, and heated until they <lb/>melt, then a sixth part of granulated lead is thrown into the same crucible. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>As soon as the mixture emits an odour, iron-filings are added to it, or if these <lb/>are not at hand, iron hammer-scales, for both of these break the strength of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>stíbíum.<emph.end type="italics"/> When the fire consumes it, not alone with it is some strength <lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>stíbíum<emph.end type="italics"/> consumed, but some particles of gold and also of silver, if it <lb/>be mixed with the gold<emph type="sup"/>29<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s> | <s>As soon as the mixture emits an odour, iron-filings are added to it, or if these <lb/>are not at hand, iron hammer-scales, for both of these break the strength of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>stíbíum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> When the fire consumes it, not alone with it is some strength <lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>stíbíum<emph.end type="italics"/> consumed, but some particles of gold and also of silver, if it <lb/>be mixed with the gold<emph type="sup"/>29<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s> |
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| <s>When the button has been taken out of the <lb/>crucible and cooled, it is melted in a cupel, first until the antimony is exhaled, <lb/>and thereafter until the lead is separated from it.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>When the button has been taken out of the <lb/>crucible and cooled, it is melted in a cupel, first until the antimony is exhaled, <lb/>and thereafter until the lead is separated from it.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>When cooled and crushed, it is washed, <lb/>then to it is added a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, a third of copper filings, a sixth of litharge, <lb/>and it is likewise heated again until it melts. </s> | <s>When cooled and crushed, it is washed, <lb/>then to it is added a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, a third of copper filings, a sixth of litharge, <lb/>and it is likewise heated again until it melts. </s> |
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| <s>After the button has been <lb/>purged of slag, it is put into the cupel, and the gold and silver are separated <lb/>from the lead; the gold is parted from the silver with <emph type="italics"/>aqua valens.<emph.end type="italics"/> Or else <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the powder prepared from such metalliferous concentrates, <lb/>a quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper filings, and two <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of that second powder<emph type="sup"/>32<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>which fuses ores, are heated until they melt. </s> | <s>After the button has been <lb/>purged of slag, it is put into the cupel, and the gold and silver are separated <lb/>from the lead; the gold is parted from the silver with <emph type="italics"/>aqua valens.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Or else <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the powder prepared from such metalliferous concentrates, <lb/>a quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper filings, and two <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of that second powder<emph type="sup"/>32<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>which fuses ores, are heated until they melt. </s> |
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| <s>The mixture when cooled is again <lb/>reduced to powder, roasted and washed, and in this manner a blue powder is <lb/>obtained. </s> | <s>The mixture when cooled is again <lb/>reduced to powder, roasted and washed, and in this manner a blue powder is <lb/>obtained. </s> |
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| <s>In a similar manner earths which contain <lb/>little silver are mixed with the same; but if pyrites and <emph type="italics"/>cadmia<emph.end type="italics"/> are not <lb/>available to the smelter, he smelts such silver ores and earths with litharge, <lb/>hearth-lead, slags, and stones which easily melt in the fire. </s> | <s>In a similar manner earths which contain <lb/>little silver are mixed with the same; but if pyrites and <emph type="italics"/>cadmia<emph.end type="italics"/> are not <lb/>available to the smelter, he smelts such silver ores and earths with litharge, <lb/>hearth-lead, slags, and stones which easily melt in the fire. </s> |
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| <s>The concentrates<emph type="sup"/>39<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>originating from the washing of <emph type="italics"/>rudis<emph.end type="italics"/> silver, after first being roasted<emph type="sup"/>40<emph.end type="sup"/> until <lb/>they melt, are smelted with mixed litharge and hearth-lead, or else, after <lb/>being moistened with water, they are smelted with cakes made from pyrites <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>cadmia.<emph.end type="italics"/> By neither of these methods do (the concentrates) fall <lb/>back in the furnace, or fly out of it, driven by the blast of the bellows and the <lb/>agitation of the fire. </s> | <s>The concentrates<emph type="sup"/>39<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>originating from the washing of <emph type="italics"/>rudis<emph.end type="italics"/> silver, after first being roasted<emph type="sup"/>40<emph.end type="sup"/> until <lb/>they melt, are smelted with mixed litharge and hearth-lead, or else, after <lb/>being moistened with water, they are smelted with cakes made from pyrites <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>cadmia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> By neither of these methods do (the concentrates) fall <lb/>back in the furnace, or fly out of it, driven by the blast of the bellows and the <lb/>agitation of the fire. </s> |
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| <s>If the concentrates originated from galena they are <lb/>smelted with it after having been roasted; and if from pyrites, then with <lb/>pyrites.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>If the concentrates originated from galena they are <lb/>smelted with it after having been roasted; and if from pyrites, then with <lb/>pyrites.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>But I will begin with <lb/>gold.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>But I will begin with <lb/>gold.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Gold is parted from silver, or likewise the latter from the former, whether <lb/>it be mixed by nature or by art, by means of <emph type="italics"/>aqua valens<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/>, and by powders <lb/>which consist of almost the same things as this <emph type="italics"/>aqua.<emph.end type="italics"/> In order to preserve the <lb/>sequence, I will first speak of the ingredients of which this <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> is made, then <lb/>of the method of making it, then of the manner in which gold is parted from <lb/>silver or silver from gold. </s> | <s>Gold is parted from silver, or likewise the latter from the former, whether <lb/>it be mixed by nature or by art, by means of <emph type="italics"/>aqua valens<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/>, and by powders <lb/>which consist of almost the same things as this <emph type="italics"/>aqua.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In order to preserve the <lb/>sequence, I will first speak of the ingredients of which this <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> is made, then <lb/>of the method of making it, then of the manner in which gold is parted from <lb/>silver or silver from gold. </s> |
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| <s>Almost all these ingredients contain vitriol or <lb/>alum, which, by themselves, but much more when joined with saltpetre, are <lb/>powerful to part silver from gold. </s> | <s>Almost all these ingredients contain vitriol or <lb/>alum, which, by themselves, but much more when joined with saltpetre, are <lb/>powerful to part silver from gold. </s> |
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| <s>For each <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> there is poured over it one-sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of spring or river water, as to which, since this pertains to all these com­<lb/>pounds, it is sufficient to have mentioned once for all. </s> | <s>For each <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> there is poured over it one-sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of spring or river water, as to which, since this pertains to all these com­<lb/>pounds, it is sufficient to have mentioned once for all. </s> |
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| <s>The second com­<lb/>position is made from one <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of each of the following, artificial orpiment, <lb/>vitriol, lime, alum, ash which the dyers of wool use, one quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of verdigris, and one and a half <emph type="italics"/>unciae<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>stibium.<emph.end type="italics"/> The third consists of three <lb/><emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of vitriol, one of saltpetre, half a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of asbestos, and half a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>baked bricks. </s> | <s>The second com­<lb/>position is made from one <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of each of the following, artificial orpiment, <lb/>vitriol, lime, alum, ash which the dyers of wool use, one quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of verdigris, and one and a half <emph type="italics"/>unciae<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>stibium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The third consists of three <lb/><emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of vitriol, one of saltpetre, half a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of asbestos, and half a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>baked bricks. </s> |
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| <s>The fourth consists of one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of saltpetre, one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of alum, <lb/>and half a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of sal-ammoniac.<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The fourth consists of one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of saltpetre, one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of alum, <lb/>and half a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of sal-ammoniac.<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The operculum is likewise made of glass, <lb/>and is closely joined to the ampulla with linen, cemented with wheat flour <lb/>and white of egg moistened with water, and then lute free from salt is spread <lb/>over that part of it. </s> | <s>The operculum is likewise made of glass, <lb/>and is closely joined to the ampulla with linen, cemented with wheat flour <lb/>and white of egg moistened with water, and then lute free from salt is spread <lb/>over that part of it. </s> |
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| <s>In a similar way the spout of the operculum is joined <lb/>by linen covered with lute to another glass ampulla which receives the distilled <lb/><emph type="italics"/>aqua.<emph.end type="italics"/> A kind of thin iron nail or small wooden peg, a little thicker than a <lb/>needle, is fixed in this joint, in order that when air seems necessary to the <lb/>artificer distilling by this process he can pull it out; this is necessary when <lb/>too much of the vapour has been driven into the upper part. </s> | <s>In a similar way the spout of the operculum is joined <lb/>by linen covered with lute to another glass ampulla which receives the distilled <lb/><emph type="italics"/>aqua.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> A kind of thin iron nail or small wooden peg, a little thicker than a <lb/>needle, is fixed in this joint, in order that when air seems necessary to the <lb/>artificer distilling by this process he can pull it out; this is necessary when <lb/>too much of the vapour has been driven into the upper part. </s> |
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| <s>The four air­<lb/>holes which, as I have said, are on the top of the furnace beside the large <lb/>hole on which the ampulla is placed, are likewise covered with lute.<lb/></s></p><pb pagenum="442"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>The four air­<lb/>holes which, as I have said, are on the top of the furnace beside the large <lb/>hole on which the ampulla is placed, are likewise covered with lute.<lb/></s></p><pb pagenum="442"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>The ampulla is covered with a bladder or with waxed <lb/>linen, lest the contents exhale. </s> | <s>The ampulla is covered with a bladder or with waxed <lb/>linen, lest the contents exhale. </s> |
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| <s>Then it is heated until the silver is dissolved, <lb/>the indication of which is the bubbling of the <emph type="italics"/>aqua.<emph.end type="italics"/> The gold remains in the <lb/>bottom, of a blackish colour, and the silver mixed with the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> floats above. <lb/></s> | <s>Then it is heated until the silver is dissolved, <lb/>the indication of which is the bubbling of the <emph type="italics"/>aqua.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The gold remains in the <lb/>bottom, of a blackish colour, and the silver mixed with the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> floats above. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Some pour the latter into a copper bowl and pour into it cold water, which <lb/>immediately congeals the silver; this they take out and dry, having poured <lb/>off the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s> | <s>Some pour the latter into a copper bowl and pour into it cold water, which <lb/>immediately congeals the silver; this they take out and dry, having poured <lb/>off the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s> |
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| <s>But no method is approved by us which loses the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> used to part <lb/>gold from silver, for it might be used again<emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/>.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>But no method is approved by us which loses the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> used to part <lb/>gold from silver, for it might be used again<emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/>.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>A glass ampulla, which bulges up inside at the bottom like a cone, is <lb/>covered on the lower part of the outside with lute in the way explained above, <lb/>and into it is put silver bullion weighing three and a half Roman <emph type="italics"/>librae.<emph.end type="italics"/> The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> which parts the one from the other is poured into it, and the ampulla is <lb/>placed in sand contained in an earthen vessel, or in a box, that it may be <lb/>warmed with a gentle fire. </s> | <s>A glass ampulla, which bulges up inside at the bottom like a cone, is <lb/>covered on the lower part of the outside with lute in the way explained above, <lb/>and into it is put silver bullion weighing three and a half Roman <emph type="italics"/>librae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> which parts the one from the other is poured into it, and the ampulla is <lb/>placed in sand contained in an earthen vessel, or in a box, that it may be <lb/>warmed with a gentle fire. </s> |
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| <s>Lest the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> should be exhaled, the top of the <lb/>ampulla is plastered on all sides with lute, and it is covered with a glass <lb/>operculum, under whose spout is placed another ampulla which receives the <lb/>distilled drops; this receiver is likewise arranged in a box containing sand. <lb/></s> | <s>Lest the <emph type="italics"/>aqua<emph.end type="italics"/> should be exhaled, the top of the <lb/>ampulla is plastered on all sides with lute, and it is covered with a glass <lb/>operculum, under whose spout is placed another ampulla which receives the <lb/>distilled drops; this receiver is likewise arranged in a box containing sand. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Although minute particles of gold appear to scintillate in the regulus <lb/>of copper and silver, yet if all that are in a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> do not weigh as much as a <lb/>single sesterce, then the sulphur has satisfactorily parted the gold from the <pb pagenum="451"/>silver; but if it should weigh a sesterce or more, then the regulus is thrown <lb/>back again into the earthen crucible, and it is not advantageous to add sulphur, <lb/>but only a little copper and powder, by which method a gold lump is again <lb/>made to settle at the bottom; and this one is added to the other button which <lb/>is not rich in gold.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Although minute particles of gold appear to scintillate in the regulus <lb/>of copper and silver, yet if all that are in a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> do not weigh as much as a <lb/>single sesterce, then the sulphur has satisfactorily parted the gold from the <pb pagenum="451"/>silver; but if it should weigh a sesterce or more, then the regulus is thrown <lb/>back again into the earthen crucible, and it is not advantageous to add sulphur, <lb/>but only a little copper and powder, by which method a gold lump is again <lb/>made to settle at the bottom; and this one is added to the other button which <lb/>is not rich in gold.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>When gold is parted from sixty-six <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, the silver, copper, <lb/>and sulphur regulus weighs one hundred and thirty-two <emph type="italics"/>librae.<emph.end type="italics"/> To separate <lb/>the copper from the silver we require five hundred <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, more or <lb/>less, with which the regulus is melted in the second furnace. </s> | <s>When gold is parted from sixty-six <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, the silver, copper, <lb/>and sulphur regulus weighs one hundred and thirty-two <emph type="italics"/>librae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> To separate <lb/>the copper from the silver we require five hundred <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, more or <lb/>less, with which the regulus is melted in the second furnace. </s> |
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| <s>In this <lb/>manner litharge and hearth-lead are made, which are re-smelted in the first <lb/>furnace. </s> | <s>In this <lb/>manner litharge and hearth-lead are made, which are re-smelted in the first <lb/>furnace. </s> |
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| <s>The gold which remains is re-heated <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>stibium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and when this is exhaled the gold is heated for the third time <lb/>in a cupel with a fourth part of lead, and then quenched.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The gold which remains is re-heated <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>stibium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and when this is exhaled the gold is heated for the third time <lb/>in a cupel with a fourth part of lead, and then quenched.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The fourth method is to melt one and a third <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper <lb/>with a sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, and to pour it into another crucible smeared on <lb/>the inside with tallow or gypsum; and to this is added a powder consisting of <lb/>half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> each of prepared sulphur, verdigris, and saltpetre, and an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and a half of <emph type="italics"/>sal coctus.<emph.end type="italics"/> The fifth method consists of placing in a crucible <lb/>one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper and two <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of granulated lead, with one and a half <lb/><emph type="italics"/>unciae<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>sal-artificíosus;<emph.end type="italics"/> they are at first heated over a gentle fire and then <lb/>over a fiercer one. </s> | <s>The fourth method is to melt one and a third <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper <lb/>with a sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, and to pour it into another crucible smeared on <lb/>the inside with tallow or gypsum; and to this is added a powder consisting of <lb/>half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> each of prepared sulphur, verdigris, and saltpetre, and an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and a half of <emph type="italics"/>sal coctus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The fifth method consists of placing in a crucible <lb/>one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper and two <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of granulated lead, with one and a half <lb/><emph type="italics"/>unciae<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>sal-artificíosus;<emph.end type="italics"/> they are at first heated over a gentle fire and then <lb/>over a fiercer one. </s> |
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| <s>The sixth method consists in heating together a <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>the copper and one-sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> each of sulphur, salt, and <emph type="italics"/>stibium.<emph.end type="italics"/> The <lb/>seventh method consists of heating together a <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper and one-sixth <lb/>each of iron scales and filings, salt, <emph type="italics"/>stibium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and glass-galls. </s> | <s>The sixth method consists in heating together a <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>the copper and one-sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> each of sulphur, salt, and <emph type="italics"/>stibium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/>seventh method consists of heating together a <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper and one-sixth <lb/>each of iron scales and filings, salt, <emph type="italics"/>stibium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and glass-galls. </s> |
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| <s>The eighth <lb/>method consists of heating together one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper, one and a half <lb/><emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of sulphur, half a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of verdigris, and a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of refined salt. </s> | <s>The eighth <lb/>method consists of heating together one <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of the copper, one and a half <lb/><emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> of sulphur, half a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of verdigris, and a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> of refined salt. </s> |
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| <s>To this is again to be added as great a weight <pb pagenum="506"/>of de-silverized lead, or of litharge, as will make it possible to obtain from that <lb/>alloy a liquation cake containing two and a quarter <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, <lb/>in which manner in four of these cakes there will be three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>copper and nine <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead. </s> | <s>To this is again to be added as great a weight <pb pagenum="506"/>of de-silverized lead, or of litharge, as will make it possible to obtain from that <lb/>alloy a liquation cake containing two and a quarter <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, <lb/>in which manner in four of these cakes there will be three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>copper and nine <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead. </s> |
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| <s>The lead which liquates from these <lb/>cakes weighs seven <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia,<emph.end type="italics"/> in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which there is <lb/>a quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver and a little more than a <emph type="italics"/>sícílícus.<emph.end type="italics"/> About seven <lb/><emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver remain in the exhausted liquation cakes and in the liquation <lb/>thorns, if we may be allowed to make common the old name (<emph type="italics"/>spínae<emph.end type="italics"/>=thorns) <lb/>and bestow it upon a new substance. </s> | <s>The lead which liquates from these <lb/>cakes weighs seven <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia,<emph.end type="italics"/> in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which there is <lb/>a quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver and a little more than a <emph type="italics"/>sícílícus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> About seven <lb/><emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver remain in the exhausted liquation cakes and in the liquation <lb/>thorns, if we may be allowed to make common the old name (<emph type="italics"/>spínae<emph.end type="italics"/>=thorns) <lb/>and bestow it upon a new substance. </s> |
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| <s>If in three-quarters of a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of copper there is less than three-quarters of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, or three-quarters <lb/>and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía,<emph.end type="italics"/> then as much rich lead must be added as will produce one <lb/>of the proportions of silver in the copper-lead alloy above mentioned; this <lb/>is the “third” alloy. </s> | <s>If in three-quarters of a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of copper there is less than three-quarters of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, or three-quarters <lb/>and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía,<emph.end type="italics"/> then as much rich lead must be added as will produce one <lb/>of the proportions of silver in the copper-lead alloy above mentioned; this <lb/>is the “third” alloy. </s> |
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| <s>In this practical manner lead is alloyed with copper in which there is but <lb/>a moderate portion of silver. </s> | <s>In this practical manner lead is alloyed with copper in which there is but <lb/>a moderate portion of silver. </s> |
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| <s>If, however, there is much silver in it, as, for <lb/>instance, two <emph type="italics"/>líbrae,<emph.end type="italics"/> or two <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium,<emph.end type="italics"/>—which <lb/>weighs one hundred and thirty-three and a third <emph type="italics"/>líbrae,<emph.end type="italics"/> or one hundred and <lb/>forty-six <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/>—then the foreman of the works adds to a <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of such copper three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of which there is a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, or a third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí­<lb/>uncía.<emph.end type="italics"/> In this manner three liquation cakes are made, which contain <lb/>altogether three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper and nine <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead.<emph type="sup"/>14<emph.end type="sup"/> The <lb/>lead, when it has been liquated from the copper, weighs seven <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/>—if the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper contain two <lb/><emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and the lead contain a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/>—there will be a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and a sixth and more than a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; while in the exhausted <lb/>liquation cakes, and in the liquation thorns, there remains a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="510"/>If a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper contains two <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and <lb/>the lead a third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía,<emph.end type="italics"/> there will be in each liquation <lb/>cake one and a half <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and a little more than a <emph type="italics"/>sicilicus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of silver. </s> | <s>If, however, there is much silver in it, as, for <lb/>instance, two <emph type="italics"/>líbrae,<emph.end type="italics"/> or two <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium,<emph.end type="italics"/>—which <lb/>weighs one hundred and thirty-three and a third <emph type="italics"/>líbrae,<emph.end type="italics"/> or one hundred and <lb/>forty-six <emph type="italics"/>librae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>bes,<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/>—then the foreman of the works adds to a <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of such copper three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of which there is a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, or a third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí­<lb/>uncía.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In this manner three liquation cakes are made, which contain <lb/>altogether three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper and nine <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead.<emph type="sup"/>14<emph.end type="sup"/> The <lb/>lead, when it has been liquated from the copper, weighs seven <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/>—if the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper contain two <lb/><emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and the lead contain a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/>—there will be a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and a sixth and more than a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; while in the exhausted <lb/>liquation cakes, and in the liquation thorns, there remains a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="510"/>If a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper contains two <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>bes<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and <lb/>the lead a third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía,<emph.end type="italics"/> there will be in each liquation <lb/>cake one and a half <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and a little more than a <emph type="italics"/>sicilicus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of silver. </s> |
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| <s>In the exhausted liquation cakes there remain a third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and a <emph type="italics"/>semi-uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>In the exhausted liquation cakes there remain a third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and a <emph type="italics"/>semi-uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>For example, if in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>copper not yet re-melted, there is a quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semi-uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, <lb/>then the thirty-eight <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> that are smelted together must contain a <lb/>total of eleven <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver. </s> | <s>For example, if in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>copper not yet re-melted, there is a quarter of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semi-uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, <lb/>then the thirty-eight <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> that are smelted together must contain a <lb/>total of eleven <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver. </s> |
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| <s>Since from fifteen <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of re-melted copper there was a total of four and a third <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semi-uncia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of silver, there remain only two and a third <emph type="italics"/>librae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Thus there is left in the <lb/>“bottoms,” weighing twenty-three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> a total of eight and three­<lb/>quarter <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver. </s> | <s>Since from fifteen <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of re-melted copper there was a total of four and a third <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semi-uncia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of silver, there remain only two and a third <emph type="italics"/>librae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Thus there is left in the <lb/>“bottoms,” weighing twenty-three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> a total of eight and three­<lb/>quarter <emph type="italics"/>líbrae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver. </s> |
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| <s>Therefore, each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of this contains a <lb/>third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <emph type="italics"/>drachma,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the twenty-third part of a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; from such copper it is profitable to separate the silver. <lb/></s> | <s>Therefore, each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of this contains a <lb/>third of a <emph type="italics"/>libra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <emph type="italics"/>drachma,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the twenty-third part of a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; from such copper it is profitable to separate the silver. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>The “tops” are subsequently melted <lb/>in the blast furnace, and re-melted in the refining furnace, in order that <lb/>red copper shall be made<emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/>; and the “tops” from this are again smelted in <lb/>the blast furnace, and then again in the refining furnace, that therefrom <pb pagenum="512"/>shall be made <emph type="italics"/>caldaríum<emph.end type="italics"/> copper. </s> | <s>The “tops” are subsequently melted <lb/>in the blast furnace, and re-melted in the refining furnace, in order that <lb/>red copper shall be made<emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/>; and the “tops” from this are again smelted in <lb/>the blast furnace, and then again in the refining furnace, that therefrom <pb pagenum="512"/>shall be made <emph type="italics"/>caldaríum<emph.end type="italics"/> copper. </s> |
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| <s>But when the copper, yellow or red or <emph type="italics"/>caldar­<lb/>íum<emph.end type="italics"/> is re-smelted in the refining furnace, forty <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> are placed in <lb/>it, and from it they make at least twenty, and at most thirty-five, <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondía.<emph.end type="italics"/> About twenty-two <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of exhausted liquation cakes and <lb/>ten of yellow copper and eight of red, are simultaneously placed in this latter <lb/>furnace and smelted, in order that they may be made into refined copper.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>But when the copper, yellow or red or <emph type="italics"/>caldar­<lb/>íum<emph.end type="italics"/> is re-smelted in the refining furnace, forty <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> are placed in <lb/>it, and from it they make at least twenty, and at most thirty-five, <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondía.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> About twenty-two <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of exhausted liquation cakes and <lb/>ten of yellow copper and eight of red, are simultaneously placed in this latter <lb/>furnace and smelted, in order that they may be made into refined copper.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The copper “bottoms” are alloyed in three different ways with lead.<emph type="sup"/>17<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>First, five-eights of a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper and two and three­<lb/>quarters <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead are taken; and since one liquation cake is made <lb/>from this, therefore two and a half <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper and eleven <emph type="italics"/>cen­<lb/>tumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead make four liquation cakes. </s> | <s>The copper “bottoms” are alloyed in three different ways with lead.<emph type="sup"/>17<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>First, five-eights of a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper and two and three­<lb/>quarters <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead are taken; and since one liquation cake is made <lb/>from this, therefore two and a half <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper and eleven <emph type="italics"/>cen­<lb/>tumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead make four liquation cakes. </s> |
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| <s>In each single <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, after it has been <lb/>liquated from the copper, there is an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, which alloy <lb/>we call “poor” argentiferous lead, because it contains but little silver. </s> | <s>In each single <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, after it has been <lb/>liquated from the copper, there is an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, which alloy <lb/>we call “poor” argentiferous lead, because it contains but little silver. </s> |
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| <s>But <lb/>as five cakes of that kind are placed together in the furnace, they liquate <lb/>from them usually as much as nine and three-quarters <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of poor <pb pagenum="513"/>argentiferous lead, in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which there is an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, or a total of ten <emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> less four <emph type="italics"/>drachmae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Of the liquation <lb/>thorns there remain three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which <lb/>there are three <emph type="italics"/>sícilící<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; and there remain four <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>exhausted liquation cakes, each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which contains a <emph type="italics"/>semí­<lb/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> or four and a half <emph type="italics"/>drachmae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Inasmuch as in a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper <lb/>“bottoms” there is a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, in five of those <lb/>cakes there must be more than one and a half <emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> and half a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>silver.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>But <lb/>as five cakes of that kind are placed together in the furnace, they liquate <lb/>from them usually as much as nine and three-quarters <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of poor <pb pagenum="513"/>argentiferous lead, in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which there is an <emph type="italics"/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, or a total of ten <emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> less four <emph type="italics"/>drachmae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Of the liquation <lb/>thorns there remain three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> in each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which <lb/>there are three <emph type="italics"/>sícilící<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; and there remain four <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>exhausted liquation cakes, each <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of which contains a <emph type="italics"/>semí­<lb/>uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> or four and a half <emph type="italics"/>drachmae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Inasmuch as in a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper <lb/>“bottoms” there is a third of a <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>semí-uncía<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, in five of those <lb/>cakes there must be more than one and a half <emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> and half a <emph type="italics"/>drachma<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>silver.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Then, again, from another two and a half <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper <lb/>“bottoms,” together with eleven <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, four liquation cakes <lb/>are made. </s> | <s>Then, again, from another two and a half <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of copper <lb/>“bottoms,” together with eleven <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead, four liquation cakes <lb/>are made. </s> |
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| <s>If there is in the works plenty of litharge, it <lb/>is substituted for the de-silverized lead. </s> | <s>If there is in the works plenty of litharge, it <lb/>is substituted for the de-silverized lead. </s> |
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| <s>One and a half <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>litharge and hearth-lead is added to the same weight of primary thorns, <lb/>and half a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of thorns which have their origin from liquation <lb/>cakes composed of thorns twice re-melted by the same method (tertiary <lb/>thorns), and a fourth part of a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of thorns which are pro­<lb/><pb pagenum="540"/>duced when the exhausted liquation cakes are “dried.” By both methods <lb/>one single liquation cake is made from three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia.<emph.end type="italics"/> In this manner <lb/>the smelter makes every day fifteen liquation cakes, more or less; he takes <lb/>great care that the metallic substances, from which the first liquation cake is <lb/>made, flow down properly and in due order into the fore-hearth, before the <lb/>material of which the subsequent cake is to be made. </s> | <s>One and a half <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>litharge and hearth-lead is added to the same weight of primary thorns, <lb/>and half a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of thorns which have their origin from liquation <lb/>cakes composed of thorns twice re-melted by the same method (tertiary <lb/>thorns), and a fourth part of a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondíum<emph.end type="italics"/> of thorns which are pro­<lb/><pb pagenum="540"/>duced when the exhausted liquation cakes are “dried.” By both methods <lb/>one single liquation cake is made from three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In this manner <lb/>the smelter makes every day fifteen liquation cakes, more or less; he takes <lb/>great care that the metallic substances, from which the first liquation cake is <lb/>made, flow down properly and in due order into the fore-hearth, before the <lb/>material of which the subsequent cake is to be made. </s> |
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| <s>Five of these liquation <lb/>cakes are put simultaneously into the furnace in which silver-lead is liquated <lb/>from copper, they weigh almost fourteen <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the “slags” <lb/>made therefrom usually weigh quite a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium.<emph.end type="italics"/> In all the liquation <lb/>cakes together there is usually one <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> and nearly two <emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and <lb/>in the silver-lead which drips from those cakes, and weighs seven and a half <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is in each an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> and a half of silver. </s> | <s>Five of these liquation <lb/>cakes are put simultaneously into the furnace in which silver-lead is liquated <lb/>from copper, they weigh almost fourteen <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the “slags” <lb/>made therefrom usually weigh quite a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In all the liquation <lb/>cakes together there is usually one <emph type="italics"/>líbra<emph.end type="italics"/> and nearly two <emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and <lb/>in the silver-lead which drips from those cakes, and weighs seven and a half <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondía,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is in each an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> and a half of silver. </s> |
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| <s>In each of the <lb/>three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of liquation thorns there is almost an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and <lb/>in the two <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> and a quarter of exhausted liquation cakes there <lb/>is altogether one and a half <emph type="italics"/>unciae;<emph.end type="italics"/> yet this varies greatly for each variety of <lb/>thorns, for in the thorns produced from primary liquation cakes made of <lb/>copper and lead when silver-lead is liquated from the copper, and those <lb/>produced in “drying” the exhausted liquation cakes, there are almost two <lb/><emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; in the others not quite an <emph type="italics"/>uncía.<emph.end type="italics"/> There are other thorns <lb/>besides, of which I will speak a little further on.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>In each of the <lb/>three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of liquation thorns there is almost an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver, and <lb/>in the two <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> and a quarter of exhausted liquation cakes there <lb/>is altogether one and a half <emph type="italics"/>unciae;<emph.end type="italics"/> yet this varies greatly for each variety of <lb/>thorns, for in the thorns produced from primary liquation cakes made of <lb/>copper and lead when silver-lead is liquated from the copper, and those <lb/>produced in “drying” the exhausted liquation cakes, there are almost two <lb/><emph type="italics"/>uncíae<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver; in the others not quite an <emph type="italics"/>uncía.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> There are other thorns <lb/>besides, of which I will speak a little further on.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Those in the Carpathian Mountains who make liquation cakes from the <lb/>copper “bottoms” which remain after the upper part of the copper is <lb/>divided from the lower, in the furnace similar to an oven, produce thorns when <lb/>the poor or mediocre silver-lead is liquated from the copper. </s> | <s>Those in the Carpathian Mountains who make liquation cakes from the <lb/>copper “bottoms” which remain after the upper part of the copper is <lb/>divided from the lower, in the furnace similar to an oven, produce thorns when <lb/>the poor or mediocre silver-lead is liquated from the copper. </s> |
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| <s>Such liquation cakes should <lb/>weigh up to three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia,<emph.end type="italics"/> in each of which there is half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>silver. </s> | <s>Such liquation cakes should <lb/>weigh up to three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia,<emph.end type="italics"/> in each of which there is half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>silver. </s> |
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| <s>Five cakes are placed at the same time in the furnace in which <lb/>argentiferous lead is liquated from copper, and from these are made lead <lb/>which contains half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver to the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium.<emph.end type="italics"/> The exhausted <lb/>liquation cakes are laid upon the other baser exhausted liquation cakes, from <lb/>both of which yellow copper is made. </s> | <s>Five cakes are placed at the same time in the furnace in which <lb/>argentiferous lead is liquated from copper, and from these are made lead <lb/>which contains half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver to the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The exhausted <lb/>liquation cakes are laid upon the other baser exhausted liquation cakes, from <lb/>both of which yellow copper is made. </s> |
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| <s>The base thorns thus obtained are <lb/>re-melted with a few baser “slags,” after having been sprinkled with con­<lb/>centrates from furnace accretions and other material, and in this manner six <lb/>or seven liquation cakes are made, each of which weighs some two <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondia.<emph.end type="italics"/> Five of these are placed at the same time in the furnace in which <lb/>silver-lead is liquated from copper; these drip three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>lead, each of which contains half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver. </s> | <s>The base thorns thus obtained are <lb/>re-melted with a few baser “slags,” after having been sprinkled with con­<lb/>centrates from furnace accretions and other material, and in this manner six <lb/>or seven liquation cakes are made, each of which weighs some two <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Five of these are placed at the same time in the furnace in which <lb/>silver-lead is liquated from copper; these drip three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>lead, each of which contains half an <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver. </s> |
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| <s>The basest thorns <lb/>thus produced should be re-melted with only a little “slag.” The copper <lb/>alloyed with lead, which flows down from the furnace into the fore­<lb/>hearth, is poured out with a ladle into oblong copper moulds; these cakes <lb/>are “dried” with base exhausted liquation cakes. </s> | <s>The basest thorns <lb/>thus produced should be re-melted with only a little “slag.” The copper <lb/>alloyed with lead, which flows down from the furnace into the fore­<lb/>hearth, is poured out with a ladle into oblong copper moulds; these cakes <lb/>are “dried” with base exhausted liquation cakes. </s> |
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| <s>The “first” alloy consists of two <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead melted out of thorns, litharge, and thorns made <lb/>from hearth-lead, and of half a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> each of lead collected in <lb/>the furnace in which exhausted liquation cakes are “dried,” and of copper <lb/><emph type="italics"/>mínutum,<emph.end type="italics"/> and from these are made liquation cakes; the task of the smelter is <lb/>finished when he has made forty liquation cakes of this kind. </s> | <s>The “first” alloy consists of two <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead melted out of thorns, litharge, and thorns made <lb/>from hearth-lead, and of half a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> each of lead collected in <lb/>the furnace in which exhausted liquation cakes are “dried,” and of copper <lb/><emph type="italics"/>mínutum,<emph.end type="italics"/> and from these are made liquation cakes; the task of the smelter is <lb/>finished when he has made forty liquation cakes of this kind. </s> |
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| <s>The <lb/>“second” alloy consists of two <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of litharge, of one and a <lb/>quarter <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of de-silverized lead or lead from “slags,” and of half <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead made from thorns, and of as much copper <emph type="italics"/>minutum.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The “third” alloy consists of three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of litharge and of half a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> each of de-silverized lead, of lead made from thorns, and of <lb/>copper <emph type="italics"/>mínutum contusum.<emph.end type="italics"/> Liquation cakes are made from all these alloys; the <lb/>task of the smelters is finished when they have made thirty cakes.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The <lb/>“second” alloy consists of two <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of litharge, of one and a <lb/>quarter <emph type="italics"/>centumpondia<emph.end type="italics"/> of de-silverized lead or lead from “slags,” and of half <lb/>a <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead made from thorns, and of as much copper <emph type="italics"/>minutum.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The “third” alloy consists of three <emph type="italics"/>centumpondía<emph.end type="italics"/> of litharge and of half a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> each of de-silverized lead, of lead made from thorns, and of <lb/>copper <emph type="italics"/>mínutum contusum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Liquation cakes are made from all these alloys; the <lb/>task of the smelters is finished when they have made thirty cakes.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>The process by which cakes are made among the Tyrolese, from which <lb/>they separate the silver-lead, I have explained in Book IX.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The process by which cakes are made among the Tyrolese, from which <lb/>they separate the silver-lead, I have explained in Book IX.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>In the same manner as sea-water or salt-water is poured into salt-pits <lb/>and evaporated by the heat of the sun and changed into salt, so the <emph type="italics"/>nítrous<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Nile is led into <emph type="italics"/>nítrum<emph.end type="italics"/> pits and evaporated by the heat of the sun and con­<lb/></s></p><pb pagenum="559"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>In the same manner as sea-water or salt-water is poured into salt-pits <lb/>and evaporated by the heat of the sun and changed into salt, so the <emph type="italics"/>nítrous<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Nile is led into <emph type="italics"/>nítrum<emph.end type="italics"/> pits and evaporated by the heat of the sun and con­<lb/></s></p><pb pagenum="559"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—NILE. B—NITRUM-PITS, SUCH AS I CONJECTURE THEM TO BE.<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>verted into <emph type="italics"/>nítrum.<emph.end type="italics"/> Just as the sea, in flowing of its own will over the soil <lb/>of this same Egypt, is changed into salt, so also the Nile, when it overflows <lb/>in the dog days, is converted into <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> when it flows into the <emph type="italics"/>nítrum<emph.end type="italics"/> pits. <lb/></s> | <s>A—NILE. B—NITRUM-PITS, SUCH AS I CONJECTURE THEM TO BE.<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>verted into <emph type="italics"/>nítrum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Just as the sea, in flowing of its own will over the soil <lb/>of this same Egypt, is changed into salt, so also the Nile, when it overflows <lb/>in the dog days, is converted into <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> when it flows into the <emph type="italics"/>nítrum<emph.end type="italics"/> pits. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>The solution from which <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> is produced is obtained from fresh water <lb/>percolating through <emph type="italics"/>nitrous<emph.end type="italics"/> earth, in the same manner as lye is made from <lb/>fresh water percolating through ashes of oak or hard oak. </s> | <s>The solution from which <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> is produced is obtained from fresh water <lb/>percolating through <emph type="italics"/>nitrous<emph.end type="italics"/> earth, in the same manner as lye is made from <lb/>fresh water percolating through ashes of oak or hard oak. </s> |
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| <s>Both solutions <lb/>are taken out of vats and poured into rectangular copper caldrons, and are <lb/>boiled until at last they condense into <emph type="italics"/>nitrum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="560"/><p type="main"> | <s>Both solutions <lb/>are taken out of vats and poured into rectangular copper caldrons, and are <lb/>boiled until at last they condense into <emph type="italics"/>nitrum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb pagenum="560"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Native as well as manufactured <emph type="italics"/>nítrum<emph.end type="italics"/> is mixed in vats with urine <lb/>and boiled in the same caldrons; the decoction is poured into vats in which <lb/>are copper wires, and, adhering to them, it hardens and becomes <emph type="italics"/>chrysocolla,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which the Moors call <emph type="italics"/>borax.<emph.end type="italics"/> Formerly <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> was compounded with <lb/>Cyprian verdigris, and ground with Cyprian copper in Cyprian mortars, as <lb/>Pliny writes. </s> | <s>Native as well as manufactured <emph type="italics"/>nítrum<emph.end type="italics"/> is mixed in vats with urine <lb/>and boiled in the same caldrons; the decoction is poured into vats in which <lb/>are copper wires, and, adhering to them, it hardens and becomes <emph type="italics"/>chrysocolla,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which the Moors call <emph type="italics"/>borax.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Formerly <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> was compounded with <lb/>Cyprian verdigris, and ground with Cyprian copper in Cyprian mortars, as <lb/>Pliny writes. </s> |
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| <s>Some <emph type="italics"/>chrysocolla<emph.end type="italics"/> is made of rock-alum and sal-ammoniac.<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><pb pagenum="561"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> | <s>Some <emph type="italics"/>chrysocolla<emph.end type="italics"/> is made of rock-alum and sal-ammoniac.<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><pb pagenum="561"/><figure></figure><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>A—CALDRON. B—TANK. C—CROSS-BARS. D—ROPES. E—LITTLE STONES.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A—CALDRON. B—TANK. C—CROSS-BARS. D—ROPES. E—LITTLE STONES.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>By the third method vitriol is made out of <emph type="italics"/>melanteria<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>sory.<emph.end type="italics"/> If <lb/>the mines give an abundant supply of <emph type="italics"/>melanteria<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>sory,<emph.end type="italics"/> it is better to <lb/>reject the <emph type="italics"/>chalcítís,<emph.end type="italics"/> and especially the <emph type="italics"/>mísy,<emph.end type="italics"/> for from these the vitriol is impure, <lb/>particularly from the <emph type="italics"/>misy.<emph.end type="italics"/> These materials having been dug and thrown <lb/>into the tanks, they are first dissolved with water; then, in order to recover <lb/>the pyrites from which copper is not rarely smelted and which forms a sedi­<lb/>ment at the bottom of the tanks, the solution is transferred to other vats, <lb/>which are nine feet wide and three feet deep. </s> | <s>By the third method vitriol is made out of <emph type="italics"/>melanteria<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>sory.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> If <lb/>the mines give an abundant supply of <emph type="italics"/>melanteria<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>sory,<emph.end type="italics"/> it is better to <lb/>reject the <emph type="italics"/>chalcítís,<emph.end type="italics"/> and especially the <emph type="italics"/>mísy,<emph.end type="italics"/> for from these the vitriol is impure, <lb/>particularly from the <emph type="italics"/>misy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> These materials having been dug and thrown <lb/>into the tanks, they are first dissolved with water; then, in order to recover <lb/>the pyrites from which copper is not rarely smelted and which forms a sedi­<lb/>ment at the bottom of the tanks, the solution is transferred to other vats, <lb/>which are nine feet wide and three feet deep. </s> |
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| <s>Twigs and wood which float <lb/>on the surface are lifted out with a broom made of twigs, and afterward all the <lb/>sediment settles at the bottom of this vat. </s> | <s>Twigs and wood which float <lb/>on the surface are lifted out with a broom made of twigs, and afterward all the <lb/>sediment settles at the bottom of this vat. </s> |
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| <s>Yet there are some who give to this latter, and not to the <lb/>former, the second place. </s> | <s>Yet there are some who give to this latter, and not to the <lb/>former, the second place. </s> |
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| <s>One part of coarse or fine sand made from fusible <lb/>stones should be mixed with two parts of soda or of rock-salt or of herb <lb/>salts, to which are added minute particles of <emph type="italics"/>magnes.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/> It is true that in our <pb pagenum="586"/>day, as much as in ancient times, there exists the belief in the singular <lb/>power of the latter to attract to itself the vitreous liquid just as it does iron, <lb/>and by attracting it to purify and transform green or yellow into white; and <lb/>afterward fire consumes the <emph type="italics"/>magnes.<emph.end type="italics"/> When the said juices are not to be had, <lb/>two parts of the ashes of oak or holmoak, or of hard oak or Turkey oak, <lb/>or if these be not available, of beech or pine, are mixed with one part <lb/>of coarse or fine sand, and a small quantity of salt is added, made from salt <lb/>water or sea-water, and a small particle of <emph type="italics"/>magnes;<emph.end type="italics"/> but these make a less <lb/>white and translucent glass. </s> | <s>One part of coarse or fine sand made from fusible <lb/>stones should be mixed with two parts of soda or of rock-salt or of herb <lb/>salts, to which are added minute particles of <emph type="italics"/>magnes.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/> It is true that in our <pb pagenum="586"/>day, as much as in ancient times, there exists the belief in the singular <lb/>power of the latter to attract to itself the vitreous liquid just as it does iron, <lb/>and by attracting it to purify and transform green or yellow into white; and <lb/>afterward fire consumes the <emph type="italics"/>magnes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> When the said juices are not to be had, <lb/>two parts of the ashes of oak or holmoak, or of hard oak or Turkey oak, <lb/>or if these be not available, of beech or pine, are mixed with one part <lb/>of coarse or fine sand, and a small quantity of salt is added, made from salt <lb/>water or sea-water, and a small particle of <emph type="italics"/>magnes;<emph.end type="italics"/> but these make a less <lb/>white and translucent glass. </s> |
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| <s>The ashes should be made from old trees, of <lb/>which the trunk at a height of six feet is hollowed out and fire is put in, and <lb/>thus the whole tree is consumed and converted into ashes. </s> | <s>The ashes should be made from old trees, of <lb/>which the trunk at a height of six feet is hollowed out and fire is put in, and <lb/>thus the whole tree is consumed and converted into ashes. </s> |
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| <s>Before proceeding with the bibliographical detail, we consider it desirable <lb/>to review briefly the most important of the author's works on subjects related <lb/>to mining.</s></p><pb pagenum="594"/><p type="main"> | <s>Before proceeding with the bibliographical detail, we consider it desirable <lb/>to review briefly the most important of the author's works on subjects related <lb/>to mining.</s></p><pb pagenum="594"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossílium.<emph.end type="italics"/> This is the most important work of Agricola, <lb/>excepting <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> It has always been printed in combination with <lb/>other works, and first appeared at Basel, 1546. This edition was considerably <lb/>revised by the author, the amended edition being that of 1558, which we have <lb/>used in giving references. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossílium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This is the most important work of Agricola, <lb/>excepting <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> It has always been printed in combination with <lb/>other works, and first appeared at Basel, 1546. This edition was considerably <lb/>revised by the author, the amended edition being that of 1558, which we have <lb/>used in giving references. </s> |
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| <s>The work comprises ten “books” of a total of <lb/>217 folio pages. </s> | <s>The work comprises ten “books” of a total of <lb/>217 folio pages. </s> |
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| <s>Book I. is devoted to mineral characteristics—colour, brilliance, taste, <lb/>shape, hardness, etc., and to the classification of minerals; Book II., <lb/>“earths”—clay, Lemnian earth, chalk, ochre, etc.; Book III., “solidified <lb/>juices”—salt, <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> (soda and potash), saltpetre, alum, vitriol, chrysocolla, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>caeruleum<emph.end type="italics"/> (part azurite), orpiment, realgar, and sulphur; Book IV., camphor, <lb/>bitumen, coal, bituminous shales, amber; Book V., lodestone, bloodstone, <lb/>gypsum, talc, asbestos, mica, calamine, various fossils, geodes, emery, touch­<lb/>stones, pumice, fluorspar, and quartz; Book VI., gems and precious stones; <lb/>Book VII., “rocks”—marble, serpentine, onyx, alabaster, limestone, etc.; <lb/>Book VIII., metals—gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, lead, tin, antimony, <lb/>bismuth, iron, and alloys, such as electrum, brass, etc.; Book IX., various <lb/>furnace operations, such as making brass, gilding, tinning, and products such <lb/>as slags, furnace accretions, <emph type="italics"/>pompholyx<emph.end type="italics"/> (zinc oxide), copper flowers, litharge, <lb/>hearth-lead, verdigris, white-lead, red-lead, etc.; Book X., “compounds,” <lb/>embracing the description of a number of recognisable silver, copper, lead, <lb/>quicksilver, iron, tin, antimony, and zinc minerals, many of which we set <lb/>out more fully in Note 8, page 108.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Book I. is devoted to mineral characteristics—colour, brilliance, taste, <lb/>shape, hardness, etc., and to the classification of minerals; Book II., <lb/>“earths”—clay, Lemnian earth, chalk, ochre, etc.; Book III., “solidified <lb/>juices”—salt, <emph type="italics"/>nitrum<emph.end type="italics"/> (soda and potash), saltpetre, alum, vitriol, chrysocolla, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>caeruleum<emph.end type="italics"/> (part azurite), orpiment, realgar, and sulphur; Book IV., camphor, <lb/>bitumen, coal, bituminous shales, amber; Book V., lodestone, bloodstone, <lb/>gypsum, talc, asbestos, mica, calamine, various fossils, geodes, emery, touch­<lb/>stones, pumice, fluorspar, and quartz; Book VI., gems and precious stones; <lb/>Book VII., “rocks”—marble, serpentine, onyx, alabaster, limestone, etc.; <lb/>Book VIII., metals—gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, lead, tin, antimony, <lb/>bismuth, iron, and alloys, such as electrum, brass, etc.; Book IX., various <lb/>furnace operations, such as making brass, gilding, tinning, and products such <lb/>as slags, furnace accretions, <emph type="italics"/>pompholyx<emph.end type="italics"/> (zinc oxide), copper flowers, litharge, <lb/>hearth-lead, verdigris, white-lead, red-lead, etc.; Book X., “compounds,” <lb/>embracing the description of a number of recognisable silver, copper, lead, <lb/>quicksilver, iron, tin, antimony, and zinc minerals, many of which we set <lb/>out more fully in Note 8, page 108.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis Subterraneorum.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work also has always been <lb/>published in company with others. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis Subterraneorum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work also has always been <lb/>published in company with others. </s> |
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| <s>The first edition was printed at Basel, <lb/><pb pagenum="595"/>1546; the second at Basel, 1558, which, being the edition revised and added to <lb/>by the author, has been used by us for reference. </s> | <s>The first edition was printed at Basel, <lb/><pb pagenum="595"/>1546; the second at Basel, 1558, which, being the edition revised and added to <lb/>by the author, has been used by us for reference. </s> |
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| <s>It involves a large amount of what now appears fruitless tilting at the Peripa­<lb/>tetics and the alchemists; but nevertheless, embracing, as Agricola did, the <lb/>fundamental Aristotelian elements, he must needs find in these same ele­<lb/>ments and their subordinate binary combinations cause for every variation in <lb/>external character.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>It involves a large amount of what now appears fruitless tilting at the Peripa­<lb/>tetics and the alchemists; but nevertheless, embracing, as Agricola did, the <lb/>fundamental Aristotelian elements, he must needs find in these same ele­<lb/>ments and their subordinate binary combinations cause for every variation in <lb/>external character.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/> This, Agricola's first work in relation to mining, was appa­<lb/>rently first published at Basel, 1530. The work is in the form of a dialogue <lb/>between “Bermannus,” who is described as a miner, mineralogist, and “a <lb/>student of mathematics and poetry,” and “Nicolaus Ancon” and “Johannes <lb/>Neavius,” both scholars and physicians. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This, Agricola's first work in relation to mining, was appa­<lb/>rently first published at Basel, 1530. The work is in the form of a dialogue <lb/>between “Bermannus,” who is described as a miner, mineralogist, and “a <lb/>student of mathematics and poetry,” and “Nicolaus Ancon” and “Johannes <lb/>Neavius,” both scholars and physicians. </s> |
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| <s>Ancon is supposed to be of philoso­<lb/>phical turn of mind and a student of Moorish literature, Naevius to be par­<lb/>ticularly learned in the writings of Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen, etc. </s> | <s>Ancon is supposed to be of philoso­<lb/>phical turn of mind and a student of Moorish literature, Naevius to be par­<lb/>ticularly learned in the writings of Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen, etc. </s> |
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| <s>In the <lb/>revised collection of collateral works published in 1558, the author makes <lb/>many important changes and adds some new material, but some of the later <lb/>editions were made from the unrevised older texts.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>In the <lb/>revised collection of collateral works published in 1558, the author makes <lb/>many important changes and adds some new material, but some of the later <lb/>editions were made from the unrevised older texts.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Rerum Metallícarum Interpretatío.<emph.end type="italics"/> This list of German equivalents <lb/>for Latin mineralogical terms was prepared by Agricola himself, and first <lb/>appears in the 1546 collection of <emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis, De Natura Fossilium,<emph.end type="italics"/> etc., <lb/>being repeated in all subsequent publications of these works. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Rerum Metallícarum Interpretatío.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This list of German equivalents <lb/>for Latin mineralogical terms was prepared by Agricola himself, and first <lb/>appears in the 1546 collection of <emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis, De Natura Fossilium,<emph.end type="italics"/> etc., <lb/>being repeated in all subsequent publications of these works. </s> |
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| <s>It consists of <lb/>some 500 Latin mineralogical and metallurgical terms, many of which are of <lb/>Agricola's own coinage. </s> | <s>It consists of <lb/>some 500 Latin mineralogical and metallurgical terms, many of which are of <lb/>Agricola's own coinage. </s> |
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| <s>It is of great help in translation and of great value <lb/>in the study of mineralogic nomenclature.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>It is of great help in translation and of great value <lb/>in the study of mineralogic nomenclature.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Mensuris et Ponderibus.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work is devoted to a discussion of the <lb/>Greek and Roman weights and measures, with some correlation to those used <lb/>in Saxony. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Mensuris et Ponderibus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work is devoted to a discussion of the <lb/>Greek and Roman weights and measures, with some correlation to those used <lb/>in Saxony. </s> |
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| <s>It is a careful work still much referred to by students of these <lb/>subjects. </s> | <s>It is a careful work still much referred to by students of these <lb/>subjects. </s> |
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| <s>The first edition was published at Paris in 1533, and in the 1550 <lb/>edition at Basel appears, for the first time, <emph type="italics"/>De Precío Metallorum et Monetís.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The first edition was published at Paris in 1533, and in the 1550 <lb/>edition at Basel appears, for the first time, <emph type="italics"/>De Precío Metallorum et Monetís.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novís Metallís.<emph.end type="italics"/> This short work comprises 31 folio <lb/>pages, and first appears in the 1546 collection of collateral works. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novís Metallís.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This short work comprises 31 folio <lb/>pages, and first appears in the 1546 collection of collateral works. </s> |
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| <s>It consists <lb/>mainly of historical and geographical references to the occurrence of metals <lb/>and mines, culled from the Greek and Latin classics, together with some <lb/>information as to the history of the mines in Central Europe. </s> | <s>It consists <lb/>mainly of historical and geographical references to the occurrence of metals <lb/>and mines, culled from the Greek and Latin classics, together with some <lb/>information as to the history of the mines in Central Europe. </s> |
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| <s>We <lb/>have incorporated some of this information in the footnotes.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>We <lb/>have incorporated some of this information in the footnotes.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Animantibus Subterraneis.<emph.end type="italics"/> This short work was first printed in <lb/>Basel, 1549, and consists of one chapter of 23 folio pages. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Animantibus Subterraneis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This short work was first printed in <lb/>Basel, 1549, and consists of one chapter of 23 folio pages. </s> |
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| <s>Practically the whole <lb/>is devoted to the discussion of various animals who at least a portion of their <lb/>time live underground, such as hibernating, cave-dwelling, and burrowing <lb/>animals, together with cave-dwelling birds, lizards, crocodiles, serpents, <lb/>etc. </s> | <s>Practically the whole <lb/>is devoted to the discussion of various animals who at least a portion of their <lb/>time live underground, such as hibernating, cave-dwelling, and burrowing <lb/>animals, together with cave-dwelling birds, lizards, crocodiles, serpents, <lb/>etc. </s> |
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| <s>This we <lb/>reproduce in the footnote on page 217.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>This we <lb/>reproduce in the footnote on page 217.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work of four books, <lb/>comprising 83 folio pages, first appears in the 1546 collection. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work of four books, <lb/>comprising 83 folio pages, first appears in the 1546 collection. </s> |
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| <s>As the title <lb/>indicates, the discussion is upon the substances which flow from the earth, <lb/>such as water, bitumen, gases, etc. </s> | <s>As the title <lb/>indicates, the discussion is upon the substances which flow from the earth, <lb/>such as water, bitumen, gases, etc. </s> |
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| <s>(Froben's mark).</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>(Froben's mark).</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Basileae in aedibus Frobenianis Anno.<emph.end type="italics"/> MDXXX.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Basileae in aedibus Frobenianis Anno.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> MDXXX.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Bound with this edition is (p. </s> | <s>Bound with this edition is (p. </s> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Georgii Agricolae medici Bermannus, sive de metallica ab accurata autoris recognitione <lb/>et emendatione nunc primum editus cum nomenclalura rerum metallicarum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Georgii Agricolae medici Bermannus, sive de metallica ab accurata autoris recognitione <lb/>et emendatione nunc primum editus cum nomenclalura rerum metallicarum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Eorum Lipsiae In officina Valentini Papae Anno.<emph.end type="italics"/> MDXLVI.</s></p><p type="head"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Eorum Lipsiae In officina Valentini Papae Anno.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> MDXLVI.</s></p><p type="head"> |
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| <s>*1546 (folio):</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>*1546 (folio):</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>Et del Illustriss. </s> | <s>Et del Illustriss. </s> |
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| <s>Senato Veneto per <lb/>anni.<emph.end type="italics"/> XX.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Senato Veneto per <lb/>anni.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> XX.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>(Colophon). <emph type="italics"/>In Vinegia per Michele Tramezzino,<emph.end type="italics"/> MDL.</s></p><p type="head"> | <s>(Colophon). <emph type="italics"/>In Vinegia per Michele Tramezzino,<emph.end type="italics"/> MDL.</s></p><p type="head"> |
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| <s>III.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s>III.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Basileae.<emph.end type="italics"/> Froben. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Basileae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Froben. </s> |
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| <s>MDL. <emph type="italics"/>Cum privilegio Imp. </s> | <s>MDL. <emph type="italics"/>Cum privilegio Imp. </s> |
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| <s>Folio 538 pages and preface, glossary and index amounting to 86 pages. </s> | <s>Folio 538 pages and preface, glossary and index amounting to 86 pages. </s> |
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| <s>This is the <lb/>first edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> We reproduce this title-page on page XIX.</s></p><pb pagenum="601"/><p type="head"> | <s>This is the <lb/>first edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We reproduce this title-page on page XIX.</s></p><pb pagenum="601"/><p type="head"> |
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| <s>*1557 (folio):</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>*1557 (folio):</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>It is always possible that such prints do exist and have escaped <lb/>our search.</s></p><pb pagenum="603"/><p type="main"> | <s>It is always possible that such prints do exist and have escaped <lb/>our search.</s></p><pb pagenum="603"/><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> Leupold, Richter, Schmid, van der Linden, Mercklinus and Eloy <lb/>give an 8vo edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> without illustrations, Schweinfurt, 1607. We have <lb/>found no trace of this print. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Leupold, Richter, Schmid, van der Linden, Mercklinus and Eloy <lb/>give an 8vo edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> without illustrations, Schweinfurt, 1607. We have <lb/>found no trace of this print. </s> |
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| <s>Leupold, van der Linden, Richter, Schmid and Eloy mention <lb/>an 8vo edition, Wittenberg, 1614. It is our belief that this refers to the 1612 Wittenberg <lb/>edition of the selected works, which contains a somewhat similar title referring in reality <lb/>to <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was and is still continually confused with <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> Ferguson <lb/>mentions a German edition, Schweinfurt, 8vo, 1687. We can find no trace of this; it may <lb/>refer to the 1607 Schweinfurt edition mentioned above.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Leupold, van der Linden, Richter, Schmid and Eloy mention <lb/>an 8vo edition, Wittenberg, 1614. It is our belief that this refers to the 1612 Wittenberg <lb/>edition of the selected works, which contains a somewhat similar title referring in reality <lb/>to <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was and is still continually confused with <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Ferguson <lb/>mentions a German edition, Schweinfurt, 8vo, 1687. We can find no trace of this; it may <lb/>refer to the 1607 Schweinfurt edition mentioned above.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossilium.<emph.end type="italics"/> Leupold and Gatter refer to a folio edition of 1550. This was <lb/>probably an error for either the 1546 or the 1558 editions. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossilium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Leupold and Gatter refer to a folio edition of 1550. This was <lb/>probably an error for either the 1546 or the 1558 editions. </s> |
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| <s>Watt refers to an edition of 1561 <lb/>combined with <emph type="italics"/>De Medicatis Fonlibus.<emph.end type="italics"/> We find no trace of such edition, nor even that the <lb/>latter work was ever actually printed. </s> | <s>Watt refers to an edition of 1561 <lb/>combined with <emph type="italics"/>De Medicatis Fonlibus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We find no trace of such edition, nor even that the <lb/>latter work was ever actually printed. </s> |
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| <s>He also refers to an edition of 1614 and one of 1621, <lb/>this probably being an error for the 1612 edition of the subsidiary works and the <emph type="italics"/>De Re <lb/>Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> of 1621. Leupold also refers to an edition of 1622, this probably being an error for <lb/>1612.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>He also refers to an edition of 1614 and one of 1621, <lb/>this probably being an error for the 1612 edition of the subsidiary works and the <emph type="italics"/>De Re <lb/>Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> of 1621. Leupold also refers to an edition of 1622, this probably being an error for <lb/>1612.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis.<emph.end type="italics"/> Albinus, Hofmann, Jacobi, Schmid, Richter, and Reuss mention <lb/>an edition of 1544. This we believe to be an error in giving the date of the dedication instead <lb/>of that of the publication (1546). Albinus and Ferguson give an edition of 1555, which date <lb/>is, we believe, an error for 1558. Ferguson gives an edition of the Italian translation as <lb/>1559; we believe this should be 1550. Draud gives an edition of 1621; probably this <lb/>should be 1612.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Albinus, Hofmann, Jacobi, Schmid, Richter, and Reuss mention <lb/>an edition of 1544. This we believe to be an error in giving the date of the dedication instead <lb/>of that of the publication (1546). Albinus and Ferguson give an edition of 1555, which date <lb/>is, we believe, an error for 1558. Ferguson gives an edition of the Italian translation as <lb/>1559; we believe this should be 1550. Draud gives an edition of 1621; probably this <lb/>should be 1612.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/> Albinus, Schmid, Reuss, Richter, and Weinart give the first edition as <lb/>1528. We have been unable to learn of any actual copy of that date, and it is our belief that <lb/>the date is taken from the dedication instead of from the publication, and should be 1530. <lb/>Leupold, Schmid, and Reuss give an edition by Froben in 1549; we have been unable to <lb/>confirm this. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Albinus, Schmid, Reuss, Richter, and Weinart give the first edition as <lb/>1528. We have been unable to learn of any actual copy of that date, and it is our belief that <lb/>the date is taken from the dedication instead of from the publication, and should be 1530. <lb/>Leupold, Schmid, and Reuss give an edition by Froben in 1549; we have been unable to <lb/>confirm this. </s> |
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| <s>Leupold also gives an edition of 1550 (folio), and Jöcher gives an edition of <lb/>Geneva 1561 (folio); we have also been unable to find this, and believe the latter to be a <lb/>confusion with the <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> of 1561, as it is unlikely that <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus<emph.end type="italics"/> would be pub­<lb/>lished by itself in folio. </s> | <s>Leupold also gives an edition of 1550 (folio), and Jöcher gives an edition of <lb/>Geneva 1561 (folio); we have also been unable to find this, and believe the latter to be a <lb/>confusion with the <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> of 1561, as it is unlikely that <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus<emph.end type="italics"/> would be pub­<lb/>lished by itself in folio. </s> |
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| <s>We have found no trace of this edition elsewhere.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>We have found no trace of this edition elsewhere.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Mensuris et Ponderibus.<emph.end type="italics"/> Albinus and Schmid mention an edition of 1539, and one <lb/>of 1550. The Biographie Universelle, Paris, gives one of 1553, and Leupold one of 1714, all <lb/>of which we have been unable to find. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Mensuris et Ponderibus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Albinus and Schmid mention an edition of 1539, and one <lb/>of 1550. The Biographie Universelle, Paris, gives one of 1553, and Leupold one of 1714, all <lb/>of which we have been unable to find. </s> |
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| <s>An epitome of this work was published at various <lb/>times, sometimes in connection with editions of Vitruvius; so far as we are aware on the <lb/>following dates, 1552, 1585, 1586, 1829. There also appear extracts in relation to liquid <lb/>measures in works entitled <emph type="italics"/>Vocabula rei numariae ponderum et mensurarum,<emph.end type="italics"/> etc. </s> | <s>An epitome of this work was published at various <lb/>times, sometimes in connection with editions of Vitruvius; so far as we are aware on the <lb/>following dates, 1552, 1585, 1586, 1829. There also appear extracts in relation to liquid <lb/>measures in works entitled <emph type="italics"/>Vocabula rei numariae ponderum et mensurarum,<emph.end type="italics"/> etc. </s> |
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| <s>Paul Eber <lb/>and Caspar Peucer, <emph type="italics"/>Lipsiae,<emph.end type="italics"/> 1549, and in same Wittenberg, 1552.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Paul Eber <lb/>and Caspar Peucer, <emph type="italics"/>Lipsiae,<emph.end type="italics"/> 1549, and in same Wittenberg, 1552.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis Metallis.<emph.end type="italics"/> Watt gives an edition, Basel, 1530, and Paris, 1541; <lb/>we believe this is incorrect and refers to <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/> Reuss mentions a folio print of Basel, <lb/>1550. We consider this very unlikely.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis Metallis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Watt gives an edition, Basel, 1530, and Paris, 1541; <lb/>we believe this is incorrect and refers to <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Reuss mentions a folio print of Basel, <lb/>1550. We consider this very unlikely.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra.<emph.end type="italics"/> Albinus, Hofmann, Schmid, Jacobi, <lb/>Richter, Reuss, and Weinart give an edition of 1545. We believe this is again the dedication <lb/>instead of the publication date (1546).</s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Natura eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Albinus, Hofmann, Schmid, Jacobi, <lb/>Richter, Reuss, and Weinart give an edition of 1545. We believe this is again the dedication <lb/>instead of the publication date (1546).</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Animantibus Subterraneis.<emph.end type="italics"/> Van der Linden gives an edition at Schweinfurt, <lb/>8vo, 1607. Although we have been unable to find a copy, this slightly confirms the <lb/>possibility of an octavo edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> of this date, as they were usually published <lb/>together. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Animantibus Subterraneis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Van der Linden gives an edition at Schweinfurt, <lb/>8vo, 1607. Although we have been unable to find a copy, this slightly confirms the <lb/>possibility of an octavo edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> of this date, as they were usually published <lb/>together. </s> |
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| <s>Leupold gives assurance that he handled an octavo edition of Wittenberg, 1612, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>cum notis Johann Sigfridi.<emph.end type="italics"/> We think he confused this with <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus sive de re metallica<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of that date and place. </s> | <s>Leupold gives assurance that he handled an octavo edition of Wittenberg, 1612, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>cum notis Johann Sigfridi.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We think he confused this with <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus sive de re metallica<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>of that date and place. </s> |
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| <s>Schmid, Richter, and Draud all refer to an edition similarly annotated, <lb/>Leipzig, 1613, 8vo. </s> | <s>Schmid, Richter, and Draud all refer to an edition similarly annotated, <lb/>Leipzig, 1613, 8vo. </s> |
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| <s>So far as we know the following are the unpublished or lost works.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>So far as we know the following are the unpublished or lost works.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Jure et Legibus Metallicis.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work on mining law is mentioned at the end of <lb/>Book IV. of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> and it is referred to by others apparently from that source. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Jure et Legibus Metallicis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work on mining law is mentioned at the end of <lb/>Book IV. of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> and it is referred to by others apparently from that source. </s> |
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| <s>We <lb/>have been unable to find any evidence that it was ever published.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>We <lb/>have been unable to find any evidence that it was ever published.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Varia temperie sive Constitutione Aeris.<emph.end type="italics"/> In a letter<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/> to Johann Naevius, Agricola <lb/>refers to having a work in hand of this title.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Varia temperie sive Constitutione Aeris.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In a letter<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/> to Johann Naevius, Agricola <lb/>refers to having a work in hand of this title.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Metallis et Machinis.<emph.end type="italics"/> Hofmann<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/> states that a work of this title by Agricola, dated <lb/>Basel 1543, was sold to someone in America by a Frankfort-on-Main bookseller in 1896. <lb/>This is apparently the only reference to it that we know of, and it is possibly a confusion of <lb/>titles or a “separate” of some chapters from <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Metallis et Machinis.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Hofmann<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/> states that a work of this title by Agricola, dated <lb/>Basel 1543, was sold to someone in America by a Frankfort-on-Main bookseller in 1896. <lb/>This is apparently the only reference to it that we know of, and it is possibly a confusion of <lb/>titles or a “separate” of some chapters from <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Ortu Metallorum Defensio ad Jacobum Scheckium.<emph.end type="italics"/> Referred to by Fabricius in a <lb/>letter<emph type="sup"/>9<emph.end type="sup"/> to Meurer. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Ortu Metallorum Defensio ad Jacobum Scheckium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Referred to by Fabricius in a <lb/>letter<emph type="sup"/>9<emph.end type="sup"/> to Meurer. </s> |
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| <s>If published was probably only a tract.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>If published was probably only a tract.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Terrae Motu.<emph.end type="italics"/> In a letter<emph type="sup"/>10<emph.end type="sup"/> from Agricola to Meurer (Jan. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Terrae Motu.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In a letter<emph type="sup"/>10<emph.end type="sup"/> from Agricola to Meurer (Jan. </s> |
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| <s>1, 1544) is some reference <lb/>which might indicate that he was formulating a work on earthquakes under this title, or <lb/>perhaps may be only incidental to the portions of <emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis<emph.end type="italics"/> dealing with this subject.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>1, 1544) is some reference <lb/>which might indicate that he was formulating a work on earthquakes under this title, or <lb/>perhaps may be only incidental to the portions of <emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causis<emph.end type="italics"/> dealing with this subject.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Commentariorum in quibus utriusque linguae scriptorum locos difficiles de rebus <lb/>subterraneis explicat, Libri VI.<emph.end type="italics"/> Agricola apparently partially completed a work under some <lb/>such title as this, which was to embrace chapters entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Methodis<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>De Demonstratione.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The main object seems to have been a commentary on the terms and passages in the classics <lb/>relating to mining, mineralogy, etc. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Commentariorum in quibus utriusque linguae scriptorum locos difficiles de rebus <lb/>subterraneis explicat, Libri VI.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Agricola apparently partially completed a work under some <lb/>such title as this, which was to embrace chapters entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Methodis<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>De Demonstratione.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The main object seems to have been a commentary on the terms and passages in the classics <lb/>relating to mining, mineralogy, etc. </s> |
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| <s>It is mentioned in the Preface of <emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis <lb/>Metallis,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in a letter<emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/> from one of Froben's firm to Agricola in 1548, where it is suggested <lb/>that Agricola should defer sending his new commentaries until the following spring. </s> | <s>It is mentioned in the Preface of <emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis <lb/>Metallis,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in a letter<emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/> from one of Froben's firm to Agricola in 1548, where it is suggested <lb/>that Agricola should defer sending his new commentaries until the following spring. </s> |
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| <s>WRITINGS NOT RELATED TO MINING, INCLUDING LOST OR UNPUBLISHED <lb/>WORKS.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>WRITINGS NOT RELATED TO MINING, INCLUDING LOST OR UNPUBLISHED <lb/>WORKS.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Latin Grammar.<emph.end type="italics"/> This was probably the first of Agricola's publications, the full title <lb/>to which is <emph type="italics"/>Georgii Agricolae Glaucii Libellus de prima ac simplici institutione grammatica. <lb/></s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Latin Grammar.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This was probably the first of Agricola's publications, the full title <lb/>to which is <emph type="italics"/>Georgii Agricolae Glaucii Libellus de prima ac simplici institutione grammatica. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Excusum Lipsiae in Officina Melchioris Lottheri. </s> | <s>Excusum Lipsiae in Officina Melchioris Lottheri. </s> |
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| <s>Anno<emph.end type="italics"/> MDXX. (4to), 24 folios.<emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/> There is <lb/>some reason to believe that Agricola also published a Greek grammar, for there is a letter<emph type="sup"/>17<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>from Agricola dated March 18th, 1522, in which Henicus Camitianus is requested to send a <lb/>copy to Stephan Roth.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Anno<emph.end type="italics"/> MDXX. (4to), 24 folios.<emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/> There is <lb/>some reason to believe that Agricola also published a Greek grammar, for there is a letter<emph type="sup"/>17<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>from Agricola dated March 18th, 1522, in which Henicus Camitianus is requested to send a <lb/>copy to Stephan Roth.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Theological Tracts.<emph.end type="italics"/> There are preserved in the Zwickau Rathsschul Library<emph type="sup"/>18<emph.end type="sup"/> copies <lb/>by Stephan Roth of two tracts, the one entitled, <emph type="italics"/>Deum non esse auctorem Peccati,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>other. <emph type="italics"/>Religioso patri Petri Fontano, sacre theologie Doctori eximio Georgius Agricola salutem <lb/>dicit in Christo.<emph.end type="italics"/> The former was written from Leipzig in 1522, and the latter, although <lb/>not dated, is assigned to the same period. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Theological Tracts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> There are preserved in the Zwickau Rathsschul Library<emph type="sup"/>18<emph.end type="sup"/> copies <lb/>by Stephan Roth of two tracts, the one entitled, <emph type="italics"/>Deum non esse auctorem Peccati,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>other. <emph type="italics"/>Religioso patri Petri Fontano, sacre theologie Doctori eximio Georgius Agricola salutem <lb/>dicit in Christo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The former was written from Leipzig in 1522, and the latter, although <lb/>not dated, is assigned to the same period. </s> |
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| <s>Both are printed in <emph type="italics"/>Zwei theologische Abhandlungen <lb/>des Georg Agricola,<emph.end type="italics"/> an article by Otto Clemen, <emph type="italics"/>Neuen Archiv für Sächsische Geschichte,<emph.end type="italics"/> etc., <lb/>Dresden, 1900. There is some reason (from a letter of Fabricius to Melanchthon, Dec. </s> | <s>Both are printed in <emph type="italics"/>Zwei theologische Abhandlungen <lb/>des Georg Agricola,<emph.end type="italics"/> an article by Otto Clemen, <emph type="italics"/>Neuen Archiv für Sächsische Geschichte,<emph.end type="italics"/> etc., <lb/>Dresden, 1900. There is some reason (from a letter of Fabricius to Melanchthon, Dec. </s> |
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| <s>There is no further trace of it.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>There is no further trace of it.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Galen.<emph.end type="italics"/> Agricola appears to have been joint author with Andreas Asulanus and J. B. <lb/></s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Galen.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Agricola appears to have been joint author with Andreas Asulanus and J. B. <lb/></s> |
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| <s>Opizo of a revision of this well-known Greek work. </s> | <s>Opizo of a revision of this well-known Greek work. </s> |
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| <s>Agricola's name is mentioned in a prefatory <lb/>letter to Opizo by Asulanus.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>Agricola's name is mentioned in a prefatory <lb/>letter to Opizo by Asulanus.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Bello adversus Turcam.<emph.end type="italics"/> This political tract, directed against the Turks, was written in <lb/>Latin and first printed by Froben, Basel, 1528. It was translated into German apparently <lb/>by Agricola's friend Laurenz Berman, and published under the title <emph type="italics"/>Oration Anrede Und <lb/>Vormanunge . . . . widder den Türcken<emph.end type="italics"/> by Frederich Peypus, Nuremberg, in 1531 <lb/>(8vo), and either in 1530 or 1531 by Wolfgang Stöckel, Dresden, 4to. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Bello adversus Turcam.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This political tract, directed against the Turks, was written in <lb/>Latin and first printed by Froben, Basel, 1528. It was translated into German apparently <lb/>by Agricola's friend Laurenz Berman, and published under the title <emph type="italics"/>Oration Anrede Und <lb/>Vormanunge . . . . widder den Türcken<emph.end type="italics"/> by Frederich Peypus, Nuremberg, in 1531 <lb/>(8vo), and either in 1530 or 1531 by Wolfgang Stöckel, Dresden, 4to. </s> |
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| <s>It was again printed <lb/>in Latin by Froben, Basel, 1538, 4to; by H. Grosius, Leipzig, 1594, 8vo; it was included <lb/>among other works published on the same subject by Nicholas Reusnerus, Leipzig, 1595; <lb/>by Michael Lantzenberger, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1597, 4to. </s> | <s>It was again printed <lb/>in Latin by Froben, Basel, 1538, 4to; by H. Grosius, Leipzig, 1594, 8vo; it was included <lb/>among other works published on the same subject by Nicholas Reusnerus, Leipzig, 1595; <lb/>by Michael Lantzenberger, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1597, 4to. </s> |
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| <s>There is another <lb/>work on the subject, or a revision by the author mentioned by Albinus<emph type="sup"/>19<emph.end type="sup"/> as having been, <lb/>after Agricola's death, sent to Froben by George Fabricius to be printed; nothing further <lb/>appears in this matter however.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>There is another <lb/>work on the subject, or a revision by the author mentioned by Albinus<emph type="sup"/>19<emph.end type="sup"/> as having been, <lb/>after Agricola's death, sent to Froben by George Fabricius to be printed; nothing further <lb/>appears in this matter however.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Peste.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work on the Plague appears to have been first printed by Froben, <lb/>Basel, 1554, 8vo. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Peste.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work on the Plague appears to have been first printed by Froben, <lb/>Basel, 1554, 8vo. </s> |
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| <s>The work was republished at Schweinfurt, 1607, and at Augsburg in <lb/>1614, under various editors. </s> | <s>The work was republished at Schweinfurt, 1607, and at Augsburg in <lb/>1614, under various editors. </s> |
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| <s>It would appear from Albinus<emph type="sup"/>20<emph.end type="sup"/> that the work was revised by <lb/>Agricola and in Froben's hands for publication after the author's death.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>It would appear from Albinus<emph type="sup"/>20<emph.end type="sup"/> that the work was revised by <lb/>Agricola and in Froben's hands for publication after the author's death.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Medicatis Fontibus.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work is referred to by Agricola himself in <emph type="italics"/>De Natura <lb/>Eorum,<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>21<emph.end type="sup"/> in the prefatory letter in <emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis Metallis;<emph.end type="italics"/> and Albinus<emph type="sup"/>22<emph.end type="sup"/> quotes a <lb/>letter of Agricola to Sebastian Munster on the subject. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Medicatis Fontibus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work is referred to by Agricola himself in <emph type="italics"/>De Natura <lb/>Eorum,<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>21<emph.end type="sup"/> in the prefatory letter in <emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis Metallis;<emph.end type="italics"/> and Albinus<emph type="sup"/>22<emph.end type="sup"/> quotes a <lb/>letter of Agricola to Sebastian Munster on the subject. </s> |
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| <s>Albinus states (<emph type="italics"/>Bergchronik,<emph.end type="italics"/> p. </s> | <s>Albinus states (<emph type="italics"/>Bergchronik,<emph.end type="italics"/> p. </s> |
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| <s>193) <lb/>that to his knowledge it had not yet been published. </s> | <s>193) <lb/>that to his knowledge it had not yet been published. </s> |
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| <s>Conrad Gesner, in his work <emph type="italics"/>Excerp­<lb/>torum et observationum de Thermis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is reprinted in <emph type="italics"/>De Balneis,<emph.end type="italics"/> Venice, 1553, after <lb/>Agricola's <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Eorum,<emph.end type="italics"/> states<emph type="sup"/>23<emph.end type="sup"/> concerning Agricola <emph type="italics"/>in libris quos de medicatis fontibus <lb/>instituerit copiosus se dicturum pollicetur.<emph.end type="italics"/> Watts mentions it as having been published in 1549, <lb/>1561, 1614, and 1621. He, however, apparently confuses it with <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Eorum.<emph.end type="italics"/> We <lb/>are unable to state whether it was ever printed or not. </s> | <s>Conrad Gesner, in his work <emph type="italics"/>Excerp­<lb/>torum et observationum de Thermis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is reprinted in <emph type="italics"/>De Balneis,<emph.end type="italics"/> Venice, 1553, after <lb/>Agricola's <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Eorum,<emph.end type="italics"/> states<emph type="sup"/>23<emph.end type="sup"/> concerning Agricola <emph type="italics"/>in libris quos de medicatis fontibus <lb/>instituerit copiosus se dicturum pollicetur.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Watts mentions it as having been published in 1549, <lb/>1561, 1614, and 1621. He, however, apparently confuses it with <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Eorum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We <lb/>are unable to state whether it was ever printed or not. </s> |
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| <s>A note of inquiry to the principal <lb/>libraries in Germany gave a negative result.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>A note of inquiry to the principal <lb/>libraries in Germany gave a negative result.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>De Putredine solidas partes humani corporis corrumpente.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work, according to <lb/>Albinus was received by Fabricius a year after Agricola's death, but whether it was published <lb/>or not is uncertain.<emph type="sup"/>24<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> | <s><emph type="italics"/>De Putredine solidas partes humani corporis corrumpente.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work, according to <lb/>Albinus was received by Fabricius a year after Agricola's death, but whether it was published <lb/>or not is uncertain.<emph type="sup"/>24<emph.end type="sup"/></s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Castigationes in Hippocratem et Galenum.<emph.end type="italics"/> This work is referred to by Agricola in the <lb/>preface of <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and Albinus<emph type="sup"/>25<emph.end type="sup"/> mentions several letters referring to the preparation <lb/>of the work. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Castigationes in Hippocratem et Galenum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> This work is referred to by Agricola in the <lb/>preface of <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and Albinus<emph type="sup"/>25<emph.end type="sup"/> mentions several letters referring to the preparation <lb/>of the work. </s> |
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| <s>There is no evidence of publication.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>There is no evidence of publication.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Typographia Mysnae et Toringiae.<emph.end type="italics"/> It seems from Agricola's letter<emph type="sup"/>26<emph.end type="sup"/> to Munster that <lb/>Agricola prepared some sort of a work on the history of Saxony and of the Royal Family <lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="606"/>thereof at the command of the Elector and sent it to him when finished, but it was never <lb/>published as written by Agricola. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Typographia Mysnae et Toringiae.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> It seems from Agricola's letter<emph type="sup"/>26<emph.end type="sup"/> to Munster that <lb/>Agricola prepared some sort of a work on the history of Saxony and of the Royal Family <lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="606"/>thereof at the command of the Elector and sent it to him when finished, but it was never <lb/>published as written by Agricola. </s> |
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| <s>Albinus, Hofmann, and Struve give some details of letters <lb/>in reference to it. </s> | <s>Albinus, Hofmann, and Struve give some details of letters <lb/>in reference to it. </s> |
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| <s>However, there is little doubt that <lb/>a great number of works attributed to him, especially upon alchemy, are spurious. </s> | <s>However, there is little doubt that <lb/>a great number of works attributed to him, especially upon alchemy, are spurious. </s> |
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| <s>He <lb/>covered a wide range of theology, logic, alchemy, and natural science, and of the latter the <lb/>following works which concern our subject are considered genuine:—<emph type="italics"/>De Rebus Metallicis et <lb/>Mineralibus, De Generatione et Corruptione,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>De Meteoris.<emph.end type="italics"/> They are little more than <lb/>compilations and expositions of the classics muddled with the writings of the Arabs, and in <lb/>general an attempt to conciliate the Peripatetic and Alchemistic schools. </s> | <s>He <lb/>covered a wide range of theology, logic, alchemy, and natural science, and of the latter the <lb/>following works which concern our subject are considered genuine:—<emph type="italics"/>De Rebus Metallicis et <lb/>Mineralibus, De Generatione et Corruptione,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>De Meteoris.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They are little more than <lb/>compilations and expositions of the classics muddled with the writings of the Arabs, and in <lb/>general an attempt to conciliate the Peripatetic and Alchemistic schools. </s> |
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| <s>His position in the <lb/>history of science has been greatly over-estimated. </s> | <s>His position in the <lb/>history of science has been greatly over-estimated. </s> |
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| <s>The three works mentioned, however, represent such a <pb pagenum="610"/>stride of advance over anything previous, that they merit careful consideration.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The three works mentioned, however, represent such a <pb pagenum="610"/>stride of advance over anything previous, that they merit careful consideration.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlin.<emph.end type="italics"/> Under this title we frequently refer to a little booklet on <lb/>veins and ores, published at the beginning of the 16th century. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Under this title we frequently refer to a little booklet on <lb/>veins and ores, published at the beginning of the 16th century. </s> |
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| <s>The title page of our copy is <lb/>as below:—</s></p><p type="caption"> | <s>The title page of our copy is <lb/>as below:—</s></p><p type="caption"> |
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| <s>Although the little books of <lb/>this title are all anonymous, we are convinced, largely from the statement in the Preface of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> that one Calbus of Freiberg was the original author of this work. </s> | <s>Although the little books of <lb/>this title are all anonymous, we are convinced, largely from the statement in the Preface of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> that one Calbus of Freiberg was the original author of this work. </s> |
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| <s>Agricola <lb/>says: “Two books have been written in our tongue: the one on the assaying of mineral sub­<lb/>stances and metals, somewhat confused, whose author is unknown; the other ‘On Veins’, <lb/>of which Pandulfus Anglus is also said to have written, <emph type="italics"/>although the German book was written <lb/>by Calbus of Freiberg, a well-known doctor; but neither of them accomplished the task he had <lb/>begun.<emph.end type="italics"/>” He again refers to Calbus at the end of Book III.<emph type="sup"/>2<emph.end type="sup"/> of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> and gives <lb/>an almost verbatim quotation from the <emph type="italics"/>Nützlich Bergbüchlin.<emph.end type="italics"/> Jacobi<emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/> says: “Calbus <lb/>Fribergius, so called by Agricola himself, is certainly no other than the Freiberg doctor, <lb/>Rühlein von C(K)albe.” There are also certain internal evidences that support Agricola's <lb/>statement, for the work was evidently written in Meissen, and the statement of Agricola that <lb/>the book was unfinished is borne out by a short dialogue at the end of the earlier editions, <lb/>designed to introduce further discussion. </s> | <s>Agricola <lb/>says: “Two books have been written in our tongue: the one on the assaying of mineral sub­<lb/>stances and metals, somewhat confused, whose author is unknown; the other ‘On Veins’, <lb/>of which Pandulfus Anglus is also said to have written, <emph type="italics"/>although the German book was written <lb/>by Calbus of Freiberg, a well-known doctor; but neither of them accomplished the task he had <lb/>begun.<emph.end type="italics"/>” He again refers to Calbus at the end of Book III.<emph type="sup"/>2<emph.end type="sup"/> of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> and gives <lb/>an almost verbatim quotation from the <emph type="italics"/>Nützlich Bergbüchlin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Jacobi<emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/> says: “Calbus <lb/>Fribergius, so called by Agricola himself, is certainly no other than the Freiberg doctor, <lb/>Rühlein von C(K)albe.” There are also certain internal evidences that support Agricola's <lb/>statement, for the work was evidently written in Meissen, and the statement of Agricola that <lb/>the book was unfinished is borne out by a short dialogue at the end of the earlier editions, <lb/>designed to introduce further discussion. </s> |
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| <s>Calbus (or Dr. </s> | <s>Calbus (or Dr. </s> |
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| <s>“The iron veins with good hanging-and foot­<lb/>walls are not to be despised, especially if their strike be from east to west, their dip to the <lb/>south, the foot-wall and outcrop to the north, then if the ironstone is followed down, the <lb/>vein usually reveals gold or other valuable ore”. </s> | <s>“The iron veins with good hanging-and foot­<lb/>walls are not to be despised, especially if their strike be from east to west, their dip to the <lb/>south, the foot-wall and outcrop to the north, then if the ironstone is followed down, the <lb/>vein usually reveals gold or other valuable ore”. </s> |
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| <s>Lead ore is found in <emph type="italics"/>schwebenden gang<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>stehenden gang.<emph.end type="italics"/> Quicksilver, like other ore, is sometimes found in brown earth, and <lb/>sometimes, again, in caves where it has run out like water. </s> | <s>Lead ore is found in <emph type="italics"/>schwebenden gang<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>stehenden gang.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Quicksilver, like other ore, is sometimes found in brown earth, and <lb/>sometimes, again, in caves where it has run out like water. </s> |
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| <s>The classification of veins is the <lb/>same as in <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/> The book generally, however, seems to have raised Agricola's <lb/>opposition, for the quotations are given in order to be demolished.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The classification of veins is the <lb/>same as in <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/> The book generally, however, seems to have raised Agricola's <lb/>opposition, for the quotations are given in order to be demolished.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein.<emph.end type="italics"/> Agricola refers in the Preface of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> to a work in German <lb/>on assaying and refining metals, and it is our belief that it was to some one of the little assay <lb/>books published early in the 16th century. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Agricola refers in the Preface of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> to a work in German <lb/>on assaying and refining metals, and it is our belief that it was to some one of the little assay <lb/>books published early in the 16th century. </s> |
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| <s>There are several of them, seemingly revised <lb/>editions of each other; in the early ones no author's name appears, although among the <lb/>later editions various names appear on the title page. </s> | <s>There are several of them, seemingly revised <lb/>editions of each other; in the early ones no author's name appears, although among the <lb/>later editions various names appear on the title page. </s> |
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| <s>The following is a list of these booklets so far as we have been able to discover actual <lb/>copies:—<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table6"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table6"></table.target><row><cell><emph type="italics"/>Date.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Place.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Publisher.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Title (Short).<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Author.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>Un-known</cell><cell>Unknown</cell><cell>Unknown</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>(Undated; but catalogue of British Museum suggests Augsburg, 1510.)</cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>1524</cell><cell>Magdeburg</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchleyn tzu Gotteslob<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1531</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Unknown</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbuch aller Sachsischer Ertze<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1533</cell><cell>Frankfurt a. Meyn</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Bergwerck und Probierbüch-lein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1534</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Heinrich Stey-ner, 8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1546</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Ditto, ditto</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1549</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Ditto, ditto</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1564</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Math. Francke, 4to</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Zach. Lochner</cell></row><row><cell>1573</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbuch<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Sam. Zimmermann</cell></row><row><cell>1574</cell><cell>Franckfurt a. Meyn</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1578</cell><cell>Ditto</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein Fremde und subtile Kunst<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Cyriacus Schreittmann</cell></row><row><cell>1580</cell><cell>Ditto</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1595</cell><cell>Ditto</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1607</cell><cell>Dresden</cell><cell>4to</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Metallische Probier Kunst<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Bericht vom Ursprung und Erkenntniss der Metallis-chen erze<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>C. C. Schindler</cell></row><row><cell>1669</cell><cell>Amsterdam</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1678</cell><cell>Leipzig</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1689</cell><cell>Leipzig</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1695</cell><cell>Nürnberg</cell><cell>12mo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Deutliche Vorstellung der Pro-bier Kunst<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1744</cell><cell>Lübeck</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Neu-eröffnete Probier Buch<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1755</cell><cell>Frankfurt and Leipzig</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Scheid-Künstler . . . alle Ertz und Metalle . . . probiren<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1782</cell><cell>Rotenburg an der Fulde</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbuch aus Erfahrung aufgesetzt<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>K. A. Scheidt</cell></row></table><p type="main"> | <s>The following is a list of these booklets so far as we have been able to discover actual <lb/>copies:—<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table6"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table6"></table.target><row><cell><emph type="italics"/>Date.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Place.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Publisher.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Title (Short).<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Author.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>Un-known</cell><cell>Unknown</cell><cell>Unknown</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>(Undated; but catalogue of British Museum suggests Augsburg, 1510.)</cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>1524</cell><cell>Magdeburg</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchleyn tzu Gotteslob<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1531</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Unknown</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbuch aller Sachsischer Ertze<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1533</cell><cell>Frankfurt a. Meyn</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Bergwerck und Probierbüch-lein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1534</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Heinrich Stey-ner, 8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1546</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Ditto, ditto</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1549</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Ditto, ditto</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1564</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>Math. Francke, 4to</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Zach. Lochner</cell></row><row><cell>1573</cell><cell>Augsburg</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probirbuch<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Sam. Zimmermann</cell></row><row><cell>1574</cell><cell>Franckfurt a. Meyn</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1578</cell><cell>Ditto</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein Fremde und subtile Kunst<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Cyriacus Schreittmann</cell></row><row><cell>1580</cell><cell>Ditto</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1595</cell><cell>Ditto</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1607</cell><cell>Dresden</cell><cell>4to</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Metallische Probier Kunst<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Bericht vom Ursprung und Erkenntniss der Metallis-chen erze<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>C. C. Schindler</cell></row><row><cell>1669</cell><cell>Amsterdam</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1678</cell><cell>Leipzig</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1689</cell><cell>Leipzig</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein darinn gründ-licher Bericht<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Modestin Fachs</cell></row><row><cell>1695</cell><cell>Nürnberg</cell><cell>12mo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Deutliche Vorstellung der Pro-bier Kunst<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1744</cell><cell>Lübeck</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Neu-eröffnete Probier Buch<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1755</cell><cell>Frankfurt and Leipzig</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Scheid-Künstler . . . alle Ertz und Metalle . . . probiren<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>Anon.</cell></row><row><cell>1782</cell><cell>Rotenburg an der Fulde</cell><cell>8vo.</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Probierbuch aus Erfahrung aufgesetzt<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>K. A. Scheidt</cell></row></table><p type="main"> |
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| <s>As mentioned under the <emph type="italics"/>Nützlich Bergbüchlein,<emph.end type="italics"/> our copy of that work, printed in 1533, <lb/>contains only a portion of the <emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein.<emph.end type="italics"/> Ferguson<emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/> mentions an edition of 1608, and the <lb/>Freiberg School of Mines Catalogue gives also Frankfort, 1608, and Nürnberg, 1706. The <lb/>British Museum copy of earliest date, like the title page reproduced, contains no date. </s> | <s>As mentioned under the <emph type="italics"/>Nützlich Bergbüchlein,<emph.end type="italics"/> our copy of that work, printed in 1533, <lb/>contains only a portion of the <emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Ferguson<emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/> mentions an edition of 1608, and the <lb/>Freiberg School of Mines Catalogue gives also Frankfort, 1608, and Nürnberg, 1706. The <lb/>British Museum copy of earliest date, like the title page reproduced, contains no date. </s> |
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| <s>The <lb/>title page woodcut, however, in the Museum copy is referred from that above, possibly indi­<lb/>cating an earlier date of the Museum copy.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>The <lb/>title page woodcut, however, in the Museum copy is referred from that above, possibly indi­<lb/>cating an earlier date of the Museum copy.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>He has nothing of con­<lb/>sequence to say on mining, and dismisses concentration with a few words. </s> | <s>He has nothing of con­<lb/>sequence to say on mining, and dismisses concentration with a few words. </s> |
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| <s>Upon assaying <lb/>his work is not so useful as the <emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein.<emph.end type="italics"/> On ore smelting he describes the reduction <lb/>of iron and lead ores and cupriferous silver or gold ores with lead. </s> | <s>Upon assaying <lb/>his work is not so useful as the <emph type="italics"/>Probierbüchlein.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> On ore smelting he describes the reduction <lb/>of iron and lead ores and cupriferous silver or gold ores with lead. </s> |
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| <s>He gives the barest <lb/>description of a blast furnace, but adds an interesting account of a <emph type="italics"/>reverbero<emph.end type="italics"/> furnace. </s> | <s>He gives the barest <lb/>description of a blast furnace, but adds an interesting account of a <emph type="italics"/>reverbero<emph.end type="italics"/> furnace. </s> |
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| <s>His descriptions <lb/>are far inferior to Agricola's; they do not compass anything like the same range of metal­<lb/>lurgy, and betray the lack of a logical mind.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>His descriptions <lb/>are far inferior to Agricola's; they do not compass anything like the same range of metal­<lb/>lurgy, and betray the lack of a logical mind.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s><emph type="italics"/>Other works.<emph.end type="italics"/> There are several works devoted to mineralogy, dating from the fifteenth <lb/>and early sixteenth centuries, which were, no doubt, available to Agricola in the compilation of <lb/>his <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossilium.<emph.end type="italics"/> They are, however, practically all compiled from the jeweller's point <lb/>of view rather than from that of the miner. </s> | <s><emph type="italics"/>Other works.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> There are several works devoted to mineralogy, dating from the fifteenth <lb/>and early sixteenth centuries, which were, no doubt, available to Agricola in the compilation of <lb/>his <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossilium.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They are, however, practically all compiled from the jeweller's point <lb/>of view rather than from that of the miner. </s> |
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| <s>Among them we may mention the poem on <lb/>precious stones by Marbodaeus, an author who lived from 1035 to 1123, but which was first <lb/>printed at Vienna in 1511; <emph type="italics"/>Speculum Lapidum,<emph.end type="italics"/> a work on precious stones, by Camilli Leonardi, <lb/>first printed in Venice in 1502. A work of wider interest to mineralogists is that by Christoph <lb/>Entzelt (or Enzelius, Encelio, Encelius, as it is variously given), entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and first printed in 1551. The work is five years later than <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossilium,<emph.end type="italics"/> but contains <lb/>much new material and was available to Agricola prior to his revised editions.</s></p><figure></figure><pb/><p type="head"> | <s>Among them we may mention the poem on <lb/>precious stones by Marbodaeus, an author who lived from 1035 to 1123, but which was first <lb/>printed at Vienna in 1511; <emph type="italics"/>Speculum Lapidum,<emph.end type="italics"/> a work on precious stones, by Camilli Leonardi, <lb/>first printed in Venice in 1502. A work of wider interest to mineralogists is that by Christoph <lb/>Entzelt (or Enzelius, Encelio, Encelius, as it is variously given), entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and first printed in 1551. The work is five years later than <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossilium,<emph.end type="italics"/> but contains <lb/>much new material and was available to Agricola prior to his revised editions.</s></p><figure></figure><pb/><p type="head"> |
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| <s>However, on p. </s> | <s>However, on p. </s> |
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| <s>509 he makes the direct statement <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> weighs 146 <emph type="italics"/>librae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which would be about the correct weight if the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> referred to was a <emph type="italics"/>centner.<emph.end type="italics"/> If we take an example such as “each <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead contains one <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver”, and reduce it according to purely lingual equiva­<lb/>lents, we should find that it runs 24.3 Troy ounces per short ton, on the basis of Roman <lb/>values, and 18.25 ounces per short ton, on the basis of old German. </s> | <s>509 he makes the direct statement <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> weighs 146 <emph type="italics"/>librae,<emph.end type="italics"/> which would be about the correct weight if the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>centumpondium<emph.end type="italics"/> referred to was a <emph type="italics"/>centner.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> If we take an example such as “each <emph type="italics"/>centum­<lb/>pondium<emph.end type="italics"/> of lead contains one <emph type="italics"/>uncia<emph.end type="italics"/> of silver”, and reduce it according to purely lingual equiva­<lb/>lents, we should find that it runs 24.3 Troy ounces per short ton, on the basis of Roman <lb/>values, and 18.25 ounces per short ton, on the basis of old German. </s> |
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| <s>If we were to trans­<lb/>late these into English lingual equivalents of one ounce per hundredweight, then the value <lb/>would be 17.9 ounces per short ton.</s></p><p type="main"> | <s>If we were to trans­<lb/>late these into English lingual equivalents of one ounce per hundredweight, then the value <lb/>would be 17.9 ounces per short ton.</s></p><p type="main"> |
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| <s>We have introduced into the footnotes such reductions to the English scale as we <lb/>considered would interest readers. </s> | <s>We have introduced into the footnotes such reductions to the English scale as we <lb/>considered would interest readers. </s> |
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| <s>We have, however, digressed from the rule in two cases, <lb/>in the adoption of “foot” for the Latin <emph type="italics"/>pes,<emph.end type="italics"/> and “fathom” for <emph type="italics"/>passus.<emph.end type="italics"/> Apart from the fact <lb/>that these were not cases where accuracy is involved, Agricola himself explains (p. </s> | <s>We have, however, digressed from the rule in two cases, <lb/>in the adoption of “foot” for the Latin <emph type="italics"/>pes,<emph.end type="italics"/> and “fathom” for <emph type="italics"/>passus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Apart from the fact <lb/>that these were not cases where accuracy is involved, Agricola himself explains (p. </s> |
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| <s>77) <lb/>that he means the German values for these particular terms, which, fortunately, fairly closely <lb/>approximate to the English. </s> | <s>77) <lb/>that he means the German values for these particular terms, which, fortunately, fairly closely <lb/>approximate to the English. </s> |
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