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<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd" ><archimedes> <info> <author>Agricola, Georgius</author> <title>De re metallica</title> <date>1912</date>

<!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd" >

<author>Agricola, Georgius </author>

<title>De re metallica</title>

<place>Basel</place>

<cvs_file>agric_remet_01_la_1556</cvs_file>

<cvs_version/>

</info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb/>

<s>GEORGII AGRICOLAE <lb/>DE RE METALLICA LIBRI XII<28> QVI<lb/>bus Officia, In&longs;trumenta, Machinæ, ac omnia denique ad Metalli<lb/>cam &longs;pectantia, non modo luculenti&longs;&longs;imè de&longs;cribuntur, &longs;ed & per <lb/>effigies, &longs;uis locis in&longs;ertas, adiunctis Latinis, Germanicisque appel<lb/>lationibus ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clarius tradi non po&longs;&longs;int.</s>

<place>London</place> <editor></editor> <publisher></publisher> <translator></translator> <lang>en</lang> <chunk unit="page*">page</chunk><locator>0000000002</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb/>

<s>EIVSDEM <lb/>DE ANIMANTIBVS SVBTERRANEIS Liber, ab Autore re<lb/>cognitus: cum Indicibus diuer&longs;is, quicquid in opere tractatum e&longs;t, <lb/>pulchrè demon&longs;trantibus.</s><figure/>

<s>GEORGIUS AGRICOLA</s>

<s>BASILEAE M<28> D<28> LVI<28></s>

<s>Cum Priuilegio Imperatoris in annos v. <lb/>& Galliarum Regis ad Sexennium.</s>

<s>Henry par la grace de Dieu roy de France.</s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>ux<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>reuo&longs;t de<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>aris,<emph.end type="italics"/> B<emph type="italics"/>ailly de<emph.end type="italics"/> R<emph type="italics"/>oen,<emph.end type="italics"/> S<emph type="italics"/>ene&longs;chaulx de<emph.end type="italics"/> L<emph type="italics"/>yon,<emph.end type="italics"/> T<emph type="italics"/>holo&longs;e, &<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>oictou.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> E<emph type="italics"/>t à tous noz autres <lb/>iu&longs;ticiers & officiers ou à leurs lieutenans &longs;alut.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> R<emph type="italics"/>eceue auons <expan abbr="l'h&utilde;ble">l'humble</expan> &longs;upplicacion de noz amys & feaulx<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>I<emph type="italics"/>ero&longs;me<emph.end type="italics"/> F<emph type="italics"/>robenne &<emph.end type="italics"/> N<emph type="italics"/>icolas l'<emph.end type="italics"/>E<emph type="italics"/>ue&longs;que <expan abbr="marchãs">marchans</expan>, libraires, & bourgeoys de la uille de<emph.end type="italics"/> B<emph type="italics"/>asle, l'un des can <lb/>tons de noz alliez con&longs;ederez & bons <expan abbr="cõperes">comperes</expan> les<emph.end type="italics"/> S<emph type="italics"/>ouy&longs;&longs;es, contenant quilz auroyent recounert plu&longs;ieurs <lb/>liures non encores uenz & entre autres un intitulé<emph.end type="italics"/> GEORGII AGRICOLAE <emph type="italics"/>opera omnia,<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>our <lb/>lequel liure recouurer & imprimer il leur à conuenu & conuiendra faire des grans fraiz & de&longs;pens, & <lb/>doubtent que les libraires & imprimeurs, ne facent &longs;i to&longs;t que le&longs;dicts expo&longs;ans <expan abbr="aurõt">auront</expan> publié ledict liure ice <lb/>luy imprimer, qui &longs;eroit leur o&longs;ter tout moyen de &longs;e pouuoyr r'embour&longs;er de leur&longs;dicts fraiz & mi&longs;es, <lb/>& de receuoir le fruict quilz e&longs;perent de leur labeur.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> A <emph type="italics"/>ce&longs;te cau&longs;e ilz nous ont humblement requis leur uon <lb/>loir &longs;urce pouruo<gap/> de nostre remede <expan abbr="cõuenable">conuenable</expan>.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> PARQVO Y <emph type="italics"/>nous ce con&longs;ideré, noulant fauo<lb/>rablement traicter le&longs;dicts expo&longs;ans en ce&longs;t endroit,<emph.end type="italics"/> A <emph type="italics"/>iceulx <expan abbr="auõs">auons</expan> permis & octroye, permettons & octroy <lb/>ons par ces pre&longs;entes noulons & nous plai&longs;t de noz grace &longs;peciale, plaine pui&longs;&longs;ance & auctorite<emph.end type="italics"/> R<emph type="italics"/>oyal, <lb/>qu'ilz pui&longs;&longs;ent & leur loy&longs;e imprimer, oufaire imprimer, & mettre en uente le liure de&longs;u&longs;dict &longs;ans ce que <lb/>pendant & durant le temps & terme de &longs;ix ans en&longs;uyuans, à compter du iour & datte que ledict liure &longs;er<gap/><lb/>achcué d'imprimer, nul autre libraire ou imprime<gap/> de no&longs;dicts<emph.end type="italics"/> R<emph type="italics"/>oyaume, pays, terres & &longs;eigneuries de no <lb/>stre obei&longs;&longs;ance pui&longs;&longs;ent imprimer, ou faire imprimer, ny en partie ny entier, ne mettre, ne expo&longs;er en uente <lb/>&longs;ans le congé & permißion de&longs;dicts expo&longs;ans.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> E<emph type="italics"/>t ce &longs;ur pein <gap/> <expan abbr="cõfi&longs;cation">confi&longs;cation</expan> dudict liure, & d'amende arbi <lb/>traire à nous à applicquer.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> SI VOVS MANDONS, <emph type="italics"/>& à cha&longs;cun de uous, &longs;i <expan abbr="cõme">comme</expan> à luy appar<lb/>tiendra que de noz pre&longs;entes permißion, &conceßion, & octroy, & de leffect & contenu en icelles.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> V<emph type="italics"/>ous fai <lb/>ctes, permettez & &longs;ouffrez le&longs;dicts expo&longs;ans iouyr & u&longs;er plainement & pai&longs;iblement &longs;ans en ce le met<lb/>tre ou donner, ne &longs;ouffrir e&longs;tre faict, mis, ou donné aucun empe&longs;chement au contraire, lequel &longs;i faict, mis, <lb/>ou donné leur eftoyent faictes, mettre incontinent & &longs;ans delay à plaine & entiere deliurance au premier <lb/>e&longs;tat & deu,<emph.end type="italics"/> C<emph type="italics"/>ar tel est nostre plai&longs;ir.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> N<emph type="italics"/>onob&longs;tant quelzconques lettres à ce contraire.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> D<emph type="italics"/>onné à<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>aris <lb/>le<emph.end type="italics"/> XVIII. <emph type="italics"/>iour de<emph.end type="italics"/> F<emph type="italics"/>eurier, l'<emph.end type="italics"/>A<emph type="italics"/>n mil cinq cens cinquante troys, & de no&longs;tre<emph.end type="italics"/> R<emph type="italics"/>egne le &longs;eptie&longs;me.<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>P<emph type="italics"/>ar le<emph.end type="italics"/> R<emph type="italics"/>oy en &longs;on con&longs;eil<emph.end type="italics"/></s><pb/>

<s>ILLVSTRISS<39> ET POTEN<lb/>TISS<28> SAXONIAE DVCIBVS, LAND<lb/>grauijs Toringiæ, Marchionibus Mi&longs;enæ, Comitibus Palatinis <lb/>Saxoniæ, Burggrauijs Aldeburgi & Magdeburgi, Comiti<lb/>bus Brenæ, dominis terræ Plei&longs;en&longs;is, MAVRICIO &longs;acri <lb/>Imperij Archimar&longs;chalco & Electori, atque eius fra<lb/>tri AVGVSTO, GEORGIVS Agri<lb/>cola S. D.</s>

<s>Cvm saepenvmero, illu&longs;tri&longs;&longs;imi Principes, to <lb/>tius rei Metallicæ, ut Moderatus Columella Ru&longs;ti <lb/>cæ, magnitudinem, <expan abbr="tanquã">tanquam</expan> alicuius corporis gran <lb/><expan abbr="ditat&etilde;">ditatem</expan>, <expan abbr="cõ&longs;idera&longs;&longs;em">con&longs;idera&longs;&longs;em</expan>: uel &longs;ingulas eius partes, qua&longs;i <lb/>illius corporis membra, <expan abbr="numerãdo">numerando</expan> percen&longs;ui&longs;&longs;em: <lb/>ueritus &longs;um, ne uita prius me deficeret, quàm uni<lb/>uer&longs;am percipere po&longs;&longs;em, nedum literis <expan abbr="cõ&longs;ecrare">con&longs;ecrare</expan>: <lb/>nam quàm longe lateque hæc pateat, quot & quan<lb/>tarum artium, &longs;i non magna, at aliquantula cogni<lb/>tio metallicis ad eam <expan abbr="tractãdam">tractandam</expan> nece&longs;&longs;aria &longs;it, ex his no&longs;tris libris qui&longs;que in<lb/>telliget. </s>

<s>Tamet&longs;i uerò res Metallica &longs;it ampli&longs;&longs;ima, nec ulla ex parte à Græ<lb/>eis & Latinis &longs;criptoribus, qui extant, ab&longs;oluta, perdifficiles habeat explica<lb/>tus: tamen quia ueterrima e&longs;t, & <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan> generi maximè nece&longs;&longs;aria, atque fru <lb/>ctuo&longs;i&longs;&longs;ima, non debere à nobis negligi uidebatur. </s>

<s>Etenim Agricultura &longs;ci<lb/>entiarum nulla &longs;ine dubitatione uetu&longs;tior, tamen hacres Metallica e&longs;t anti<lb/>quior, uel &longs;altem æqualis & coæua: nemo enim omnium mortalium <expan abbr="unquã">unquam</expan> <lb/>ab&longs;que in&longs;trumentis agrum coluit. </s>

<s>Ea uerò, ut etiam reliquarum <expan abbr="arti&utilde;">artium</expan>, <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> <lb/>omne opus e&longs;t in faciendo; <expan abbr="in&longs;trum&etilde;ta">in&longs;trumenta</expan> aut ex metallis facta &longs;unt, aut &longs;ine me <lb/>tallis non potuerunt confici: qua de cau&longs;a res metallica hominibus etiam e&longs;t <lb/>maxime nece&longs;&longs;aria. </s>

<s>Nam cùm hi paucis i&longs;tiu&longs;modi artibus carere po&longs;&longs;int, ea <lb/>rumque maximus &longs;it numerus, nulla &longs;ine in&longs;trumentis quicquam efficit: tum <lb/>omnium rerum, quibus magnæ diuitiæ bona & hone&longs;ta ratione acquirun<lb/>tur, nihil e&longs;t arte metallica utilius: ex agris enim bene cultis (ut alias res omit <lb/>tam) fructus capimus uberrimos, &longs;ed uberiores ex fodinis. </s>

<s>Certe una fodi<lb/>na &longs;æpe multo maiores utilitatis fructus nobis præbet, quàm agri plurimi: <lb/>quocirca ex omnium ferè &longs;eculorum memoria cogno&longs;cimus, complures ex <lb/>metallis diuites factos e&longs;&longs;e, & eadem <expan abbr="multor&utilde;">multorum</expan> regum fortunas amplifica&longs;&longs;e: <lb/>&longs;ed de his nunc plura non dicam: quod eos locos in primo libro, partim hui <lb/>us operis, partim alterius, in&longs;cripti De ueteribus & nouis metallis, tractaue<lb/>rim, ac ea, quæ contra metalla & ip&longs;os metallicos <expan abbr="dic&utilde;tur">dicuntur</expan>, refelle<gap/>. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quan-quã">Quan<lb/>quam</expan> <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> res ru&longs;tica, cum qua metallicam libenter confero, uarie <gap/> e&longs;&longs;e <lb/>diffu&longs;a, tamen in multo plures, quàm hæc no&longs;tra, partes <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> di&longs;tri<gap/>ur<gap/>nec <lb/>tam facile præcepta huius à me tradi po&longs;&longs;unt, quàm Columella illius <gap/>di<lb/>dit: quod ip&longs;e <expan abbr="cõplures">complures</expan> rei ru&longs;ticæ &longs;criptores, quos &longs;equeretur, in manibus <pb/>habuit: nempe Græcos plus quinquaginta, quos etiam Marcus Varro re<lb/>cen&longs;et: Latinos plus decem, quos ip&longs;e Columella commemorat: ego &longs;olum <lb/>C. </s>

<s>Plinium Secundum, quem &longs;equar, habeam: qui tamen perpaucas ra<lb/>tiones uenarum effodiendarum, & metallorum conficiendorum exponit: <lb/>res enim metallica tantum abe&longs;t, ut uniuer&longs;a &longs;it tractata ab aliquo &longs;criptore, <lb/>ut neij quidem, qui di&longs;per&longs;e &longs;crip&longs;erunt alius alia de re, &longs;ingulas eius partes <lb/>ab&longs;oluerint: quinetiam eorum magna e&longs;t paucitas: &longs;iquidem &longs;olus ex Græ<lb/>cis omnibus Strato Lamp&longs;acenus Theophra&longs;ti &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;or librum unum De <lb/>machinis metallicis edidit: ni&longs;i forte Philonis poetæ metallicus aliquam ar<lb/>tis particulam &longs;it complexus: nam Pherecrates in com&oelig;diam, in&longs;criptione <lb/><expan abbr="&longs;imil&etilde;">&longs;imilem</expan>, metallicos &longs;eruos aut ad metalla damnatos uidetur introduxi&longs;&longs;e: ex <lb/>Latinis autem Plinius, ut iam dixi, tradidit pauculas laborandi rationes: qui <lb/>bus nouos &longs;criptores, quale&longs;cunque &longs;int, oportet annumerare: nemo enim iu <lb/>&longs;ta reprehen&longs;ione poterit carere, qui eos, quorum &longs;criptis, et&longs;i paucis, utitur, <lb/>debita laude fraudat. </s>

<s>No&longs;tra quidem lingua duo libri &longs;cripti &longs;unt: alter De <lb/>materiæ metallicæ & metallorum experimento, admodum confu&longs;us, cuius <lb/>operis <expan abbr="par&etilde;s">parens</expan> ignoratur: alter De uenis, de quibus etiam Pandulfus Anglus <lb/>&longs;crip&longs;i&longs;&longs;e fertur: &longs;ed librum Germanicum confecit Calbus Fribergius, non <lb/>ignobilis medicus: uerum uenter eam, quam &longs;ump&longs;it, partem ab&longs;oluit. </s>

<s>Nu<lb/>per uerò Vannocius Biringuccius Senen&longs;is, homo di&longs;ertus, & <expan abbr="multar&utilde;">multarum</expan> re<lb/>rum peritus, uulgari Italorum &longs;ermone tractauit locum De metallis funden <lb/>dis, &longs;eparandis, agglutinandis. </s>

<s>Rationem autem <expan abbr="quarundã">quarundam</expan> uenarum exco<lb/>quendarum breuiter per&longs;trinxit: quorundam &longs;uccorum <expan abbr="conficiendor&utilde;">conficiendorum</expan> pla <lb/>nius expo&longs;uit: quibus legendis renouaui memoriam <expan abbr="eor&utilde;">eorum</expan>, quos uidi quon<lb/>dam in Italia confici: reliquas res omnes, de quibus &longs;cribo, aut pror&longs;us non <lb/>attigit, aut leuiter. </s>

<s>Hoc libro Franci&longs;cus Badoarius, patricius Venetus, uir &longs;a <lb/>ne prudens & grauis, me donauit: quod tunc &longs;e facturum recepit, cùm pro<lb/>ximo &longs;uperiore anno FERDINANDVM regem, ad quem legatus à Vene<lb/>tis mi&longs;&longs;us erat, &longs;ecutus Mariebergi e&longs;&longs;et: plura &longs;criptores de re metallica lite<lb/>ris manda&longs;&longs;e non comperio: quapropter, etiam&longs;i Stratonis liber extaret, ex <lb/>his partibus non dimidium artis metallicæ corpus confici po&longs;&longs;et. </s>

<s>Quo <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> <lb/>minus multi &longs;unt qui de re Metallica &longs;crip&longs;erunt, eò magis mihi mi<gap/>um ui<lb/>detur tot chymi&longs;tas extiti&longs;&longs;e, qui <expan abbr="cõpo&longs;uerint">compo&longs;uerint</expan> artificium de metallis alijs in <lb/>alia mutandis: multos Hermolaus Barbarus, homo dignitate generis & gra <lb/>dus, ac omni doctrina ornatus, nominatim protulit: ego plures proferam, <lb/>&longs;ed in&longs;ignes tantum, delectum enim &longs;eruabo: itaque <foreign lang="greek">xumeutika\</foreign> &longs;crip&longs;it O&longs;tha <lb/>nes, Hermes, Chanes, Zo&longs;imus Alexandrinus ad <expan abbr="&longs;oror&etilde;">&longs;ororem</expan> Theo&longs;ebiam, O<lb/>lympiodorus item Alexandrinus, Agathodæmon, Democritus, <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> Abde<lb/>rites ille, &longs;ed alter, ne&longs;cio qui: Orus Chry&longs;orichites, Pebichius, Comerius, Io <lb/>annes, Apuleius, Peta&longs;ius, Pelagius, Africanus, Theophilus, Syne&longs;ius, Ste<lb/>phanus ad Heracleum Cæ&longs;arem, Heliodorus ad <expan abbr="Theodo&longs;i&utilde;">Theodo&longs;ium</expan>, Geberus, Cal <lb/>lides Rachaidibus, Veradianus, Rodianus, Canides, Merlinus, <expan abbr="Raim&utilde;dus">Raimundus</expan> <lb/>Lulius, Arnaldus Villonouanus, Augu&longs;tinus Pantheus Venetus: f&oelig;minæ <lb/>tres, Cleopatra, uirgo Taphnutia, Maria Iudæa: atque hi chymi&longs;tæ omnes o<lb/>rationera &longs;olutam u&longs;urparunt: præter Ioannem Aurelium Augurellum Ari <pb/>minen&longs;em, qui&longs;olus uerba uer&longs;u inclu&longs;it. </s>

<s>Sunt alij multi de hacre libri, &longs;ed <lb/>omnes ob&longs;curi: quod &longs;criptores i&longs;ti res alienis, non proprijs uocabulis no<lb/>minent: & quod alij alijs atque alijs uocabulis, à &longs;e confictis, utantur, cum res <lb/>non mutent. </s>

<s>I&longs;ti magi&longs;tri &longs;uis di&longs;cipulis uias tradunt, quibus progre&longs;&longs;i uilia <lb/>metalla uarijs modis cocta corrumpant, & <expan abbr="quodãmodo">quodammodo</expan> in primam rerum <lb/>materiam reducant, eaque rationeid, quod in ip&longs;is redundat, auferant: quod <lb/>deficit, compleant: atque precio&longs;a, hoc e&longs;t aurum & argentum, ex eis confici<lb/>ant, quæ in catillis aut catinis perdurent, hæc facere po&longs;&longs;int necne po&longs;&longs;int, <lb/>non decerno: quia enim tot &longs;criptores omni nobis a&longs;&longs;cueratione affirmant <lb/>&longs;e eò perueni&longs;&longs;e, quò cur&longs;um &longs;uum dirigebant, eis fides e&longs;&longs;e uidetur adhiben <lb/>da: quia nullos ex hac arte quondam diuites e&longs;&longs;e factos &longs;criptum legimus, <lb/>nec nunc fieri uidemus, cùm tot ubiuis gentium fuerint, & &longs;int chymi&longs;tæ, o<lb/>mnesque omnes indu&longs;triæ neruos dies noctesque contendant, ut maximos au <lb/>ri & argenti aceruos con&longs;truere po&longs;&longs;int, res in dubium uocatur: &longs;ed ut ea fue <lb/>rit &longs;criptorum indiligentia, ut nomina magi&longs;trorum, qui ex hoc opificio ma <lb/>gnam pecuniam <expan abbr="cõ&longs;ecuti">con&longs;ecuti</expan> &longs;unt, memoriæ non tradiderint, certe di&longs;cipuli de<lb/>creta eorum uel non cogno&longs;cunt, uel cognita non &longs;eruant. </s>

<s>Nam &longs;i ea perci<lb/>perent, cùm tam multi fuerint, & &longs;int: oppida iamdiu auro & argento reple<lb/>ui&longs;&longs;ent: quorum uanitatem etiam libri declarant, in quibus Platonis & Ari<lb/>&longs;totelis, aliorumque philo&longs;ophorum nomina in&longs;cribunt, ut i&longs;tæ glorio&longs;æ in<lb/>&longs;criptiones &longs;pecie doctrinæ uiris &longs;implicibus imponant. </s>

<s>E&longs;t alterum genus <lb/>chymi&longs;tarum, quod uilium metallorum &longs;ub&longs;tantiam non immutat, &longs;ed ip&longs;a <lb/>uel auri uel argenti colore tingit, & noua forma induit: ut ca uideantur e&longs;&longs;e <lb/>quæ <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> &longs;unt: qua forma ignis calore de eis, tanque aliena ue&longs;te detracta in &longs;u<lb/>am redeunt &longs;peciem: qui, quia decipiunt, <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> &longs;olum &longs;ummo in odio &longs;unt, <gap/><lb/>eorum fraus capite plectitur. </s>

<s>Nec minus fraudem capitalem admittit term <lb/>chymi&longs;tarum genus: quod auri uel argenti particulam, in aliquo carbon<gap/><lb/>clu&longs;am, in catinum conijciens fingit &longs;e additamentis, quæ uim eliciendi<gap/><lb/>beant, admi&longs;tis conficere uel aurum ex auripigmento, uel argentum ex pi<gap/><lb/>bo candido &longs;imilibusque. </s>

<s>Verùm de arte chymica, &longs;i modo ars e&longs;t, aliàs plu<lb/>ramunc ad metallicam reuertar: quoniam eam integram nulli &longs;crip<gap/><lb/>ris mandarunt, ac exteræ nationes & gentes no&longs;tram linguam non intelij<lb/>gunt, & &longs;i eam intelligerent, exiguam artis partem ex no&longs;tris i&longs;tis &longs;criptori<lb/>bus po&longs;&longs;ent di&longs;cere, hos duodecim libros Dere metallica con&longs;crip&longs;i: quo <lb/>rum PRIMVS habet ea quæ contra hanc <expan abbr="art&etilde;">artem</expan> & metalla atque metallicos, uel <lb/>abij&longs;dem dici po&longs;&longs;unt: SECVNDVS metallicum informat, & .n &longs;ermonem, <lb/>qui haberi &longs;olet de uenis inueniendis, dilabitur. </s>

<s>TERTIVS e&longs;t de uenis & <lb/>fibris, eorumque <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;&longs;uris">commi&longs;&longs;uris</expan>. </s>

<s>QVARTVS explicat rationem <gap/>imetiendi ue<lb/>nas, atque etiam expromit officia metallica. </s>

<s>QVINTVS fo&longs;&longs;ionem uenarum <lb/>& artem men&longs;oris docet. </s>

<s>SEXTVS de&longs;cribit in&longs;trumenta & machinas me <lb/>tallicas. </s>

<s>SEPTIMVS e&longs;t de experimento uenarum. </s>

<s>OCTAVVS præcipit <lb/>de opificio uenæ urendæ, contundendæ, lauandæ, torrendæ. </s>

<s>NONVS ex<lb/>coquendarum uenarum rationem exponit. </s>

<s>DECIMVS rei metallicæ &longs;tudi <lb/>o&longs;os in&longs;truit ad munus di&longs;cernendi <expan abbr="arg&etilde;tum">argentum</expan> ab auro, atque plumbum ab co<lb/>dem & argento. </s>

<s>VNDECIMVS tradit uias &longs;eparandi argentum ab ære. <pb/>DVODECIMVS dat præcepta conficiendi &longs;alis, nitri, aluminis, <expan abbr="atram&etilde;ti">atramenti</expan> &longs;u<lb/>torij, &longs;ulfuris, bituminis, uitri. </s>

<s>Hoc autem munus &longs;u&longs;ceptum, ut propter mul <lb/>titudinem rerum <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> expleuerim, certe explere conatus &longs;um: nam in eo mul <lb/>tum operæ & laboris in&longs;ump&longs;i, aliquem etiam &longs;umptum impendi: etenim <lb/>uenas, in&longs;trumenta, ua&longs;a, canales, machinas, fornaces, non modo de&longs;crip&longs;i, <lb/>&longs;ed etiam mercede conduxi pictores ad earum effigies exprimendas: ne res, <lb/>quæ uerbis &longs;ignificantur, ignotæ aut huius ætatis hominibus aut po&longs;teris <lb/>percipiendi difficultatem afferant: ut nobis non pauca uocabula afferre &longs;o<lb/>lent, quæ ueteres (quia res erant omnibus notæ) nuda ab enodatione <expan abbr="pro-dider&utilde;t">pro<lb/>diderunt</expan>: &longs;ed &longs;it &longs;ane id à me prætermi&longs;&longs;um, quod nec ip&longs;e uidi, neque legi, nec <lb/>ex hominibus fide dignis cognoui: id profecto quod non uel uidi, uel <expan abbr="lect&utilde;">lectum</expan> <lb/>aut auditum expendi, non e&longs;t &longs;criptum: &longs;iue uerò præcipio ea, quæ fieri de<lb/>beant, &longs;iue narro, quæ fieri &longs;oleant, nec quæ fiunt improbo, eadem docendi <lb/>ratio <expan abbr="c&etilde;&longs;eri">cen&longs;eri</expan> debet. </s>

<s>Verùm quò magis ars metallica abhorret ab omni &longs;ermo <lb/>nis <expan abbr="elegãtia">elegantia</expan>, eò minus hi mei libri &longs;unt politi: certe res, in quibus ars illa uer<lb/>&longs;atur, interdum nominibus carent, uel quod nouæ &longs;int, uel quod, etiam&longs;i ue <lb/>teres, nominum, quibus uocabantur, memoria interierit: quare nece&longs;&longs;itate, <lb/>cui uenia datur, coactus qua&longs;dam &longs;ignificaui pluribus uerbis coniunctis, <lb/><expan abbr="qua&longs;dã">qua&longs;dam</expan> notaui nouis, quod genus &longs;unt, inge&longs;tor, di&longs;cretor, lotor, excoctor: <lb/>qua&longs;dam ueteribus uerbis de&longs;ignaui, quale e&longs;t ci&longs;ium. </s>

<s>Etenim cùm Nonius <lb/>Marcellus &longs;cribat, uehiculi biroti genus e&longs;&longs;e: eo uocabulo nominare con&longs;ue <lb/>ui paruum uehiculum, cui unica e&longs;t rotula: quæ nomina &longs;i quis non proba<lb/>uerit, is rebus i&longs;tis aut imponat magis propria, aut proferat ueterum literis <lb/>u&longs;itata. </s>

<s>Hi autem libri, principes illu&longs;tri&longs;&longs;imi, multis de cau&longs;is in ue&longs;tro no<lb/>mine apparent, &longs;ed maxime quod uobis metalla &longs;int fructuo&longs;i&longs;&longs;ima: <expan abbr="nã">nam</expan> cum <lb/>maiores ue&longs;tri ex amplis earum & diuitibus regionibus uberes redituum <lb/>fructus ceperint: item uectigalium, quæ peregrini ex uijs pen&longs;itant, incolæ <lb/>ex decumis: tamen multo uberiores ex metallis ceperunt, ex quibus quoque<lb/>non pauca oppida nobilia orta &longs;unt, Fribergum &longs;cilicet, Annebergum, Ma <lb/>riebergum, Snebergum, <expan abbr="Gair&utilde;">Gairum</expan>, Aldebergum, ut alia omittam: quin, &longs;i quid <lb/>ego &longs;entio, maiores diuitiæ nunc etiam in monto&longs;is ue&longs;trarum <expan abbr="region&utilde;">regionum</expan> lo<lb/>cis &longs;ub terra latent, quàm &longs;upra <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan> exi&longs;tant & appareant. </s>

<s>Valete, Kemp<lb/>nicij Hermundurorum Cal. Decembris, Anno M. D. L.</s>

<pb/>

<s>GEORGIVS FABRICIVS IN LI<lb/>bros Metallicos GEORGII AGRICOLAE phi<lb/>lo&longs;ophi præ&longs;tanti&longs;&longs;imi.</s>

<s>AD LECTOREM.</s>

<s>Si iuuatignita cogno&longs;cere fronte Chimæram, <lb/>Semicanem nympham, &longs;emibouemque uirum:</s>

<s>Si centum capitum Titanem, totque ferentem <lb/>Sublimem manibus tela cruenta Gygen:</s>

<s>Si iuuat Ætneum penetrare Cyclopis in antrum, <lb/>Atque alios, Vates quos peperere, metus:</s>

<s>Nunc placcat mecum doctos euoluere libros, <lb/>Ingenium AGRICOLAE quos dedit acre tibi.</s>

<s>Non hic uana tenet &longs;u&longs;pen&longs;am fabula mentem: <lb/>Sed precium, utilitas multa, legentis erit.</s>

<s>Quidquid terra &longs;inu, gremioque recondidit imo, <lb/>Omne tibi multis eruit antè libris:</s>

<s>Siue fluens &longs;uperas ultro nitatur in oras, <lb/>Inueniat facilem &longs;eu magis arte uiam.</s>

<s>Perpetui proprijs manant de fontibus amnes, <lb/>E&longs;t grauis Albuneæ &longs;ponte Mephitis odor.</s>

<s>Lethales &longs;unt &longs;ponte &longs;crobes Dicæarchidis oræ, <lb/>Et micat è media conditus ignis humo.</s>

<s>Plana Nari&longs;corum cùm tellus ar&longs;it in agro, <lb/>Ter curua nondum falce re&longs;ecta Ceres.</s>

<s>Nec dedit hoc damnum pa&longs;tor, nec Iuppiterigne: <lb/>Vulcani per &longs;e ruperat ira &longs;olum.</s>

<s>Terrifico aura foras erumpens, incita motu, <lb/>Sæpe facit montes, antè ubi plana uiæ e&longs;t.</s>

<s>Hæc ab&longs;tru&longs;a cauis, imoque incognita fundo, <lb/>Cognita natura &longs;æpe fuere duce.</s>

<s>Arte hominum, in lucem ueniunt quoque multa, manuque<lb/>Terræ multiplices effodiuntur opes.</s>

<s>Lydia &longs;ic nitrum profert, Islandia &longs;ulfur, <lb/>Ac modò Tyrrhenus mittit alumen ager.</s>

<s>Succina, quâ tri&longs;ido &longs;ubit æquor Vi&longs;tula cornu, <lb/>Pi&longs;cantur Codano corpora &longs;erua &longs;inu.</s>

<s>Quid memorem regum precio&longs;a in&longs;ignia gemmas, <lb/>Marmoraque excel&longs;is &longs;tructa &longs;ub a&longs;tra iugis?</s>

<s>Nil lapides, nil &longs;axa moror: &longs;unt pulchra metalla, <lb/>Cr&oelig;&longs;e tuis opibus clara, Mydaque tuis,</s>

<s>Quæque acer Macedo terra Creneide fodit, <lb/>Nomine permutans nomina pri&longs;ca &longs;uo.</s>

<s>At nunc non ullis cedit GERMANIA terris, <pb/>Terra ferax hominum, terraque diues opum.</s>

<s>Hic auri in uenis locupletibus aura refulget, <lb/>Non alio me&longs;&longs;is carior ulla loco.</s>

<s>Auricomum extulerit felix Campania ramum, <lb/>Nec fructu nobis deficiente cadit.</s>

<s>Eruit argenti &longs;olidas hoc tempore ma&longs;&longs;as <lb/>Fo&longs;&longs;or, de proprijs armaque miles agris.</s>

<s>Ignotum Graijs e&longs;t He&longs;perijsque metallum, <lb/>Quod Bi&longs;emutum lingua paterna uocat.</s>

<s>Candidius nigro, &longs;ed plumbo nigrius albo, <lb/>No&longs;tra quoque hoc uena diuite fundit humus.</s>

<s>Funditur in tormenta, corus cum imitantia fulmen, <lb/>Æs, inque ho&longs;tiles ferrea ma&longs;&longs;a domos.</s>

<s>Scribuntur plumbo libri: quis credidit antè <lb/>Quàm mirandam artem Teutonis ora dedit?</s>

<s>Nec tamen hoc alijs, aut illa petuntur ab oris, <lb/>Eruta Germano cuncta metalla &longs;olo.</s>

<s>Sed quid ego hæc repeto, monumentis tradita claris <lb/>AGRICOLAE, quæ nunc docta per ora uolant?</s>

<s>Hic cau&longs;&longs;is ortus, & formas uiribus addit, <lb/>Et quærenda quibus &longs;int meliora locis.</s>

<s>Quæ &longs;i mente prius legi&longs;ti candidus æqua: <lb/>Da reliquis quoque nunc tempora pauca libris.</s>

<s>Vtilitas &longs;equitur cultorem: crede, uoluptas <lb/>Non iucunda minor, rara legentis, erit.</s>

<s>Iudicioque prius ne quis malè damnet iniquo, <lb/>Quæ &longs;unt auctoris munera mira Dei:</s>

<s>Eripit ip&longs;e &longs;uis primùm tela ho&longs;tibus, inque<lb/>Mittentis torquet &longs;picula rapta caput.</s>

<s>Fertur equo latro, uehitur pirata triremi: <lb/>Ergo necandus equus, nec fabricanda ratis?</s>

<s>Vi&longs;ceribus terræ lateant ab&longs;tru&longs;a metalla, <lb/>Vti opibus ne&longs;cit quòd mala turba &longs;uis?</s>

<s>Qui&longs;quis es, aut doctis pareto monentibus, aut te <lb/>Inter habere bonos ne fateare locum.</s>

<s>Se non in prærupta metallicus abijcit audax, <lb/>Vt quondam immi&longs;&longs;o Curtius acer equo:</s>

<s>Sed prius edi&longs;cit, quæ &longs;unt no&longs;cenda perito, <lb/>Quodque facit, multa doctus ab arte facit.</s>

<s>Vtque gubernator &longs;eruat cum &longs;idere uentos: <lb/>Sic minimè dubijs utitur ille notis.</s>

<s>Ia&longs;ides nauim, currus regit arte Meti&longs;cus: <lb/>Fo&longs;&longs;or opus peragit nec minus arte &longs;uum.</s>

<s>Indagat uenæ &longs;pacium, numerumque, modumque, <lb/>Siue obliqua &longs;uum, rectaúe tendat iter.</s><pb/>

<s>Pa&longs;tor ut explorat quæ terra &longs;it apta colenti, <lb/>Quæ bene lanigeras, quæ malè pa&longs;cat oues.</s>

<s>En terræ intentus, quid uincula linea tendit? </s>

<s><lb/>Fungitur officio iam Ptolemæe tuo.</s>

<s>Vtque &longs;uæ inucnit men&longs;uram iuraque uenæ, <lb/>In uarios operas diuidit inde uiros.</s>

<s>Iamque aggre&longs;&longs;us opus, uiden'ut mouet omne quod ob&longs;tat, <lb/>A&longs;&longs;idua ut uer&longs;at &longs;trenuus arma manu?</s>

<s>Ne tibi &longs;urde&longs;cant ferri tinnitibus aures, <lb/>Ad grauiora ideo con&longs;picienda ueni.</s>

<s>In&longs;truit ecce &longs;uis nunc artibus ille minores: <lb/>Sedulitas nulli non opero&longs;a loco.</s>

<s>Metiri docet hic uenæ &longs;paciumque modumque, <lb/>Vtque regat po&longs;itis finibus arua lapis,</s>

<s>Ne quis transmi&longs;&longs;o uiolentus limite pergens, <lb/>Non &longs;ibi conce&longs;&longs;as, in &longs;ua uertat, opes.</s>

<s>Hic docet in&longs;trumenta, quibus Plutonia regna <lb/>Tutus adit, &longs;axi permeat atque uias.</s>

<s>Quanta (uides) &longs;olidas expugnet machina terras: <lb/>Machina non ullo tempore ui&longs;a prius.</s>

<s>Cede nouis, nulla non inclyta laude uetu&longs;tas, <lb/>Po&longs;teritas meritis e&longs;t quoque grata tuis.</s>

<s>Tum quia Germano &longs;unt hæc inuenta &longs;ub axe, <lb/>Si quis es, inuidiæ contrahe uela tuæ.</s>

<s>Au&longs;onis ora tumet bellis, terra Attica cultu, <lb/>Germanum infractus tollit ad a&longs;tra labor.</s>

<s>Nec tamen ingenio &longs;olet infeliciter uti, <lb/>Mite gerat Ph&oelig;bi, &longs;eu graue Martis opus.</s>

<s>Tempus ade&longs;t, &longs;tructis uenarum montibus, igne <lb/>Explorare, u&longs;um quem &longs;ibi uena ferat.</s>

<s>Non labor ingenio caret hic, non copia fructu, <lb/>E&longs;t adaperta bonæ prima fene&longs;tra &longs;pei.</s>

<s>Ergo in&longs;tat porrò grauiores ferre labores, <lb/>Intentas operi nec remouere manus.</s>

<s>Vrere &longs;iue locus po&longs;cat, &longs;eu tundere uenas, <lb/>Siue lauare lacu præter euntis aquæ.</s>

<s>Seu flammis iterum modicis torrere nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t, <lb/>Excoquere aut fa&longs;tis ignibus omne malum,</s>

<s>Cùm fluit æs riuis, auri argentique metallum, <lb/>Spes animo fo&longs;&longs;or uix capit ip&longs;e &longs;uas.</s>

<s>Argentum cupidus fuluo &longs;ecernit ab auro, <lb/>Et plumbi lentam demit utrique moram.</s>

<s>Separat argentum, lucri &longs;tudio&longs;us, ab ære, <lb/>Seruatis, linquens deteriora, bonis.</s><pb/>

<s>Quæ &longs;i cuncta uelim tenui percurrere uer&longs;u, <lb/>Ante alium reuehat Memnonis orta diem.</s>

<s>Po&longs;tremus labor e&longs;t, concretos di&longs;cere &longs;uccos, <lb/>Quos fert innumeris Teutona terra locis.</s>

<s>Quo &longs;al, quo nitrum, quo pacto fiat alumen, <lb/>V&longs;ibus artificis cùm parat illa manus:</s>

<s>Nec non chalcantum, fulfur, fluidumque bitumen, <lb/>Ma&longs;&longs;aque quo uitri lenta dolanda modo.</s>

<s>Su&longs;cipit hæc hominum mirandos cura labores, <lb/>Pauperiem u&longs;queadeo ferre famemque graue e&longs;t,</s>

<s>Tantus amor uictum paruis extundere natis, <lb/>Et patriæ ciuem non dare uelle malum.</s>

<s>Nec manet in terræ fo&longs;&longs;oris mer&longs;a latebris <lb/>Mens, &longs;ed fert domino uota precesque Deo.</s>

<s>Munificæ expectat, &longs;pe plenus, munera dextræ, <lb/>Extollens animum lætus ad a&longs;tra &longs;uum.</s>

<s>Diuitias CHRISTVS dat noticiamque fruendi, <lb/>Cui memori grates pectore &longs;emper agit.</s>

<s>Hoc quoque laudati quondam fecere Philippi, <lb/>Qui uirtutis habent cum pietate decus.</s>

<s>Huc oculos, huc flecte animum, &longs;uaui&longs;&longs;ime Lector, <lb/>Auctoremque pia no&longs;cito mente Deum.</s>

<s>AGRICOLAE hinc optans opero&longs;o fau&longs;ta labori, <lb/>Laudibus eximij candidus e&longs;to uiri.</s>

<s>Ille &longs;uum extollit patriæ cum nomine nomen, <lb/>Et uir in ore frequens po&longs;teritatis erit.</s>

<s>Cuncta cadunt letho, &longs;tudij monumenta uigebunt, <lb/>Purpurei donec lumina &longs;olis erunt.<lb/></s><pb pagenum="1"/>

<s>GEORGII AGRICO<lb/>LAE DE RE METALLICA <lb/>LIBER PRIMVS.</s>

<s>Mvlti habent hanc opinionem, rem metallicam <lb/>fortuitum quiddam e&longs;&longs;e, & &longs;ordidum opus, atque<lb/>omnino eiu&longs;modi <expan abbr="negoti&utilde;">negotium</expan> quod non tam artis <lb/>indigeat quàm laboris. </s>

<s>Sed mihi, cum &longs;ingulas <lb/>eius partes animo, & cogitatione percurro, res <lb/>uidetur longe aliter &longs;e habere. </s>

<s>Siquidem me<lb/>tallicus &longs;it oportet &longs;uæ artis periti&longs;simus, ut pri <lb/>mo &longs;ciat, qui mons, qui collis, quæue ualle&longs;tris <lb/>aut campe&longs;tris po&longs;itio utiliter fodi po&longs;sit, aut re<lb/>cu&longs;et fo&longs;sionem. </s>

<s>Deinde uenæ, fibræ, commi&longs;&longs;uræque &longs;axorum ip&longs;i pate<lb/>ant. </s>

<s>Mox perno&longs;cat multiplices uaria&longs;que &longs;pecies <expan abbr="terrar&utilde;">terrarum</expan>, &longs;uccorum, gem<lb/>marum, lapidum, <expan abbr="marmor&utilde;">marmorum</expan>, &longs;axorum, metallorum, mi&longs;torum: tum habe<lb/>at cognitam omnem omnis operis &longs;ub terra faciendi rationem. </s>

<s>Nota de<lb/>nique ip&longs;i &longs;int artificia materiæ experiendæ, & parandæ ad excoctionem, <lb/>quæ etiam ip&longs;a e&longs;t admodum diuer&longs;a. </s>

<s>Nam aliam exigit <expan abbr="aur&utilde;">aurum</expan> & <expan abbr="argent&utilde;">argentum</expan>, <lb/>aliam æs, aliam argentum <expan abbr="uiu&utilde;">uiuum</expan>, aliam ferrum, aliam <expan abbr="plumb&utilde;">plumbum</expan>, & in eo ip&longs;o <lb/>di&longs;similem candidum ac <expan abbr="cinere&utilde;">cinereum</expan> uel nigrum. </s>

<s>Quamuis autem ars &longs;uccos <lb/>liquidos coquendi ad &longs;pi&longs;situdinem e&longs;&longs;e &longs;ecreta à metallica po&longs;sit uideri, <lb/>tamen quia ijdem &longs;ucci effodiuntur etiam in terra den&longs;ati, aut excoquun<lb/>tur ex quibu&longs;dam <expan abbr="terrar&utilde;">terrarum</expan> lapidúmue generibus, quæ metallici effodiunt, <lb/>& quorum quædam metallis non carent, ab ea &longs;cparari non debet, quæ <lb/>excoctio <expan abbr="iter&utilde;">iterum</expan> non e&longs;t &longs;implex, etenim alia e&longs;t &longs;alis, alia nitri, alia aluminis, <lb/>alia atramenti &longs;utorij, alia &longs;ulfuris, alia bituminis. </s>

<s>Metallicus præterea &longs;it <lb/>oportet multarum <expan abbr="arti&utilde;">artium</expan> & di&longs;ciplinarum non ignarus: Primo Philo&longs;o<lb/>phiæ, ut <expan abbr="&longs;ubterraneor&utilde;">&longs;ubterraneorum</expan> ortus & cau&longs;as, naturasque no&longs;cat: Nam ad fodien<lb/>das uenas faciliore & <expan abbr="cõmodiore">commodiore</expan> uia perueniet, & ex effo&longs;is uberiores ca<lb/>piet fructus. </s>

<s>Secundo Medicinæ, ut fo&longs;&longs;oribus & alijs operarijs proui<lb/>dere po&longs;sit, ne in morbos, quibus præ cæteris urgentur, incidant: aut &longs;i <lb/>inciderint, uel ip&longs;e eis curationes adhibere, uel ut medici adhibeant cura<lb/>re. </s>

<s>Tertio A&longs;tronomiæ, ut cogno&longs;cat c&oelig;li partes, atque ex eis <expan abbr="uenar&utilde;">uenarum</expan> ex<lb/>ten&longs;iones iudicet. </s>

<s>Quarto <expan abbr="Men&longs;urar&utilde;">Men&longs;urarum</expan> di&longs;ciplinæ, ut et metiri queat, quàm <lb/>alte fodiendus &longs;it puteus, ut pertineat ad <expan abbr="cunicul&utilde;">cuniculum</expan> u&longs;que qui eò agitur, & <lb/>certos cuique fodinæ, præ&longs;ertim in profundo, <expan abbr="cõ&longs;tituere">con&longs;tituere</expan> fines terminosque. </s>

<s><lb/>Tum <expan abbr="numeror&utilde;">numerorum</expan> di&longs;ciplinæ &longs;it intelligens, ut &longs;umptus, qui in machinas & <lb/>fo&longs;siones habendi &longs;unt, ad calculos reuocare po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Deinde Architectu<lb/>ræ, ut diuer&longs;as machinas &longs;ub&longs;tructione&longs;que ip&longs;e fabricari, uel magis fabri<lb/>candi rationem alijs explicare queat. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tea Picturæ, ut <expan abbr="machinar&utilde;">machinarum</expan> ex<lb/>empla deformare po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tremo Iuris, maxime metallici &longs;it peritus, ut <lb/>& alteri nihil &longs;urripiat, & &longs;ibi petat non <expan abbr="iniqu&utilde;">iniquum</expan>, munu&longs;que alijs de iure re<lb/>&longs;pondendi &longs;u&longs;tineat. </s>

<s>Itaque nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t ut is, cui placent certæ rationes & <pb pagenum="2"/>præcepta rei metallicæ hos aliosque no&longs;tros libros &longs;tudio&longs;e diligenterque le <lb/>gat, aut de quaque re con&longs;ulat experientes metallicos, &longs;ed paucos inueni<lb/>et gnaros totius artis. </s>

<s>Etenim plerunque alius fodiendi <expan abbr="ration&etilde;">rationem</expan> tenet: alius <lb/>percepit &longs;cientiam lauandi, alius arte excoquendi confidit: alius di&longs;cipli<lb/>nam terræ metiendæ occultat: alius artificio&longs;e fabricatur machinas: alius <lb/>denique iuris metallici peritus e&longs;t. </s>

<s>At nos ut <expan abbr="inueniendor&utilde;">inueniendorum</expan> & <expan abbr="cõficiendo-rum">conficiendo<lb/>rum</expan> metallorum &longs;cientiam non perfecerimus, hominibus certè &longs;tudio&longs;is <lb/>ad eam <expan abbr="percipi&etilde;dam">percipiendam</expan> magnum afferemus <expan abbr="adiument&utilde;">adiumentum</expan>. </s>

<s>Verum accedamus <lb/>ad in&longs;titutam rationem.</s>

<s>Cvm &longs;emper fuerit inter homines &longs;umma de metallis di&longs;&longs;en&longs;io, quod <lb/>alij eis <expan abbr="præconi&utilde;">præconium</expan> tribuerent, alij ea grauiter uituperarent, ui&longs;um mihi <lb/>e&longs;t, antequam metallica præcepta tradam, ueritatis inue&longs;tigandæ cau&longs;a <lb/>rem ip&longs;am diligenter expendere. </s>

<s>Ordiar autem ab utilitatis quæ&longs;tione, <lb/>quæ duplex e&longs;t, aut enim quæritur, utilis nec ne &longs;it ars metallica his qui <lb/>uer&longs;antur in eius &longs;tudio: aut reliquis hominibus utilis ne &longs;it, an inutilis. </s>

<s><lb/>Qui metallicam cen&longs;ent inutilem e&longs;&longs;e his, qui &longs;uum &longs;tudium in ip&longs;a collo<lb/>cant, aiunt primo uix <expan abbr="cente&longs;im&utilde;">cente&longs;imum</expan> quemque fodientem metalla, uel id genus <lb/>alia, fructus ex ea re capere. </s>

<s>Sed metallicos, quia omnes &longs;uas opes certas <lb/>& bene con&longs;titutas <expan abbr="committ&utilde;t">committunt</expan> dubiæ & lubricæ fortunæ, plerunque &longs;pe <lb/>falli, &longs;umptibusque & iacturis exhau&longs;tos <expan abbr="amari&longs;simã">amari&longs;simam</expan> tandem uitam, & mi<lb/>&longs;errimam degere. </s>

<s>Verum i&longs;ti non uident <expan abbr="quant&utilde;">quantum</expan> di&longs;tet doctus & u&longs;u pe<lb/>ritus metallicus ab artis ignaro atque imperito, hic &longs;ine ullo delectu & di&longs;<lb/>crimine fodit uenas, ille eas experitur atque tentat: Sed quia inuenit uel ni<lb/>mis angu&longs;tas & duras, uellaxas & putres, ex eo colligit ip&longs;as utiliter fodi <lb/>non po&longs;&longs;e: itaque fodit &longs;electas tantum: quid igitur mirum? </s>

<s>rerum <expan abbr="metalli-car&utilde;">metalli<lb/>carum</expan> imperitum damnum facere? </s>

<s>peritum uero fructus ex fo&longs;sione cape<lb/>re uberrimos? </s>

<s>Contingit idem agricolis. </s>

<s>Nam qui terram arant, <expan abbr="&longs;iccã">&longs;iccam</expan> pa <lb/><gap/>iter & den&longs;am & macram, eique mandant &longs;emina, <expan abbr="tantã">tantam</expan> non faciunt me&longs;<lb/>&longs;em, quantam hi qui &longs;olum pingue ac putre colunt, & in eo faciunt <expan abbr="&longs;em&etilde;-tem">&longs;emen<lb/>tem</expan>. </s>

<s>Cum autem multo plures metallici &longs;int artis imperiti quàm periti, fit <lb/>ut metallorum fo&longs;sio perpaucis emolumento &longs;it, <expan abbr="detriment&utilde;">detrimentum</expan> afferat mul<lb/>tis. </s>

<s>Siquidem uulgus <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan>, quod e&longs;t cognitionis uenarum rude ig <lb/>narumque, non raro & operam & <expan abbr="ole&utilde;">oleum</expan> perdit. </s>

<s>Id enim magna ex parte &longs;o<lb/>let accurrere ad metalla, cum uel propter <expan abbr="magn&utilde;">magnum</expan> & graue æs <expan abbr="alien&utilde;">alienum</expan>, quo <lb/>&longs;e ob&longs;trinxit, <expan abbr="mercaturã">mercaturam</expan> depo&longs;uerit, uel laboris <expan abbr="cõmutandi">commutandi</expan> gratia relique<lb/>rit falcem & aratrum. </s>

<s>Quamobrem &longs;i quando incidit in uenas <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan> <lb/>aliorúmue fo&longs;silium f&oelig;cundas, id bona magis fortuna accidit, quàm ali<lb/>qua &longs;ubtili animaduer&longs;ione. </s>

<s>Quod autem metallica multos auxerit diui<lb/>tijs ex hi&longs;torijs intelligimus, etenim inter &longs;criptores antiquos con&longs;tat ali<lb/>quot re&longs;pub. </s>

<s>florentes, nonnullos reges, plurimos homines priuatos ex <lb/>metallis eorúmue ramentis diuites e&longs;&longs;e factos. </s>

<s>Quam rem multis claris & <lb/>illu&longs;tribus exemplis u&longs;us, in primo libro De ueteribus & nouis metallis <lb/>in&longs;cripto dilataui atque explicaui, ex quibus exemplis apparet metallicam <lb/>&longs;uis cultoribus e&longs;&longs;e utili&longs;simam. </s>

<s>Dein de ijdem reprehen&longs;ores dicunt me<lb/>tallicæ <expan abbr="quæ&longs;t&utilde;">quæ&longs;tum</expan> minime e&longs;&longs;e &longs;tabilem, magni&longs;que laudibus efferunt agricul<pb pagenum="3"/>turam. </s>

<s>Quàm autem uere hoc dicant non uideo: cum argentaria metalla <lb/>Fribergi ad annos iam <expan abbr="quadring&etilde;tos">quadringentos</expan> inexhau&longs;ta durent, plumbaria Go&longs;e <lb/>lariæ ad &longs;excentos, quorum utrunque ex annalium monumentis conquiri <lb/>pote&longs;t: Schemnicij uero & Cremnicij communia argenti et auri ad octin <lb/>gentos, quod antiqui&longs;sima <expan abbr="incolar&utilde;">incolarum</expan> priuilegia loquuntur. </s>

<s>Sed dicunt <lb/>&longs;ingularum fodinarum quæ&longs;tum &longs;tabilem non e&longs;&longs;e qua&longs;i uero metallicus <lb/>uni fodinæ aut &longs;it aut addictus e&longs;&longs;e debeat, ac non multi <expan abbr="cõmuniter">communiter</expan> im<lb/>pen&longs;as faciant in metalla: aut peritus artis non fodiat <expan abbr="alterã">alteram</expan> uenam, &longs;i pri<lb/>oris fortuna eius uotis amplius non <expan abbr="re&longs;põderit">re&longs;ponderit</expan>: attamen Schonbergij me <lb/>talli, quod Fribergi e&longs;t, quæ&longs;tus &longs;upra hominis ætatem &longs;tabilis <expan abbr="permã&longs;it">perman&longs;it</expan>. </s>

<s><lb/>Verum mihi <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> e&longs;t in animo derogare aliquid de dignitate agriculturæ, <lb/>minusque &longs;tabilem <expan abbr="quæ&longs;t&utilde;">quæ&longs;tum</expan> metallicorum e&longs;&longs;e, non libenter modo, &longs;ed <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> <lb/>&longs;emper fatebor, quod uenæ tandem de&longs;inant effundere metalla, cum agri <lb/>in <expan abbr="perpetu&utilde;">perpetuum</expan> efferre fruges &longs;oleant. </s>

<s>Sed metallicorum quæ&longs;tus quo minus <lb/>e&longs;t &longs;tabilis, eò e&longs;t uberior, ut inita ratione quod &longs;tabilitati dee&longs;t, ubertate <lb/>reperiatur æquari: Etenim fodinæ plumbariæ quæ&longs;tus annuus cum fru<lb/>ctibus agri optimi <expan abbr="cõparatus">comparatus</expan>, ip&longs;is triplus aut <expan abbr="minim&utilde;">minimum</expan> duplus e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Quot <lb/>ergo partibus antecedit ei&longs;dem fructibus quæ&longs;tus <expan abbr="arg&etilde;tariæ">argentariæ</expan> uel aurariæ <lb/>uenæ? </s>

<s>Quocirca uere ac &longs;cite Xenophon &longs;crip&longs;it de <expan abbr="Athenien&longs;i&utilde;">Athenien&longs;ium</expan> argen<lb/>tarijs metallis. </s>

<s>E&longs;t terra in qua, &longs;i <expan abbr="&longs;ement&etilde;">&longs;ementem</expan> feceris, non fundit fruges, &longs;i ue<lb/>ro eam foderis, multo plures alit, quàm &longs;i fruges ferret. </s>

<s>Habeant igitur <lb/>&longs;ibi agricolæ uberes campos colantque colles fertiles <expan abbr="frug&utilde;">frugum</expan> gratia: metalli<lb/>cis ualles tenebrico&longs;as <expan abbr="relinquãt">relinquant</expan>, & montes &longs;teriles, ut ex ip&longs;is eruant <expan abbr="g&etilde;-mas">gen<lb/>mas</expan> & metalla, non precia modo frugum, &longs;ed rerum <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> quæ uendun <lb/>tur. </s>

<s>Tum dicunt periculo&longs;um e&longs;&longs;e metallicæ operam dare, quod metallo<lb/>rum fo&longs;&longs;ores interimantur modo ab aere pe&longs;tifero, quem &longs;piritu ducunt, <lb/>modo haurientes puluerem pulmones <expan abbr="exulcerãtem">exulcerantem</expan>, macie extabe&longs;cant: <lb/>modo intereant, ruinis montium oppre&longs;si: nunc uero de &longs;calis in puteos <lb/>delap&longs;i brachia, crura, ceruices frangant, <expan abbr="null&utilde;">nullum</expan> autem utilitatis fructum <lb/>tanti æ&longs;timare debere, ut propter eius <expan abbr="magnitudin&etilde;">magnitudinem</expan> &longs;alus hominis & uita <lb/>ad ducatur in <expan abbr="maxim&utilde;">maximum</expan> quodque periculum & extremum di&longs;crimen. </s>

<s>Hæc <lb/>quidem fateor <expan abbr="perquã">perquam</expan> grauia e&longs;&longs;e atque adeo plena terroris & periculi, ut <lb/>ip&longs;orum <expan abbr="uitandor&utilde;">uitandorum</expan> cau&longs;a cen&longs;erem metalla <expan abbr="fodi&etilde;da">fodienda</expan> non e&longs;&longs;e, &longs;i uel &longs;æpius <lb/>in ea incurrerent <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan> fo&longs;&longs;ores, uel ab eis &longs;ibi nulla <expan abbr="ratiõe">ratione</expan> cauere po&longs; <lb/>&longs;ent. </s>

<s>Qui enim non potior e&longs;&longs;et uiuendi ratio, quam uel uniuer&longs;a <expan abbr="po&longs;sid&etilde;-di">po&longs;siden<lb/>di</expan>, nedum metalla? </s>

<s>quanque qui &longs;ic perit, po&longs;sidet quidem nulla, &longs;ed ea re<lb/>linquit hæredi. </s>

<s>Cum autem raro eiusmodi accidant, & improuidis dun<lb/>taxat fo&longs;&longs;oribus, metallicos non ab&longs;terrent à fo&longs;sione <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan>, ut nec à <lb/>&longs;uo artificio fabros materiarios ab&longs;terret unus aliquis ex ip&longs;is, qui, quia <lb/>incaute egit, ab alto ædificio delap&longs;us <expan abbr="animã">animam</expan> efflauit. </s>

<s>I&longs;ta re&longs;pondi ad &longs;in<lb/>gula, quæ mihi obijcere &longs;olent hi, qui uociferantur rem <expan abbr="metallicã">metallicam</expan> &longs;uis cul<lb/>toribus e&longs;&longs;e inutilem, cum quod &longs;umptus impendant ad <expan abbr="incert&utilde;">incertum</expan> ca&longs;um, <lb/>tum quod ip&longs;a <expan abbr="cõmutabilis">commutabilis</expan> &longs;it & pernicio&longs;a. </s>

<s>Nunc uenio ad eos qui e<lb/>andem cæteris hominibus utilem non e&longs;&longs;e aiunt, quia &longs;cilicet metalla & <lb/>gemmæ, & reliqua fo&longs;silium genera ip&longs;is inutilia &longs;int. </s>

<s>Quod contendunt <pb pagenum="4"/>partim probare argumentis, & exemplis, partim conuitio à nobis extor<lb/>quere: utuntur autem primo his <expan abbr="argum&etilde;tis">argumentis</expan>. </s>

<s>Terra non occultat & ab o<lb/>culis remouet ea quæ <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan> generi utilia &longs;unt & nece&longs;&longs;aria, &longs;ed ut bene<lb/>fica benignaque mater maxima largitate fundit ex &longs;e&longs;e, & in a&longs;pectum lu<lb/>cemque profert herbas, legumina, fruges, fructus <expan abbr="arbor&utilde;">arborum</expan>: at fo&longs;silia in pro<lb/>fundo penitus ab&longs;trudit, eruenda igitur non &longs;unt. </s>

<s>Quia uero ip&longs;a eruunt <lb/>homines &longs;celerati, quos ut poetæ loquuntur, ferrea i&longs;ta ætas progignit, <lb/>Ouidius eam audaciam merito in&longs;equitur his uer&longs;ibus.</s>

<s>Nec tantum &longs;egetes alimentaque debita diues</s>

<s>Po&longs;cebatur humus, &longs;ed itum e&longs;t in ui&longs;cera terræ,</s>

<s>Qua&longs;que recondiderat, Stygijsque admouerat undis,</s>

<s>Effodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum.</s>

<s>Iamque nocens ferrum ferroque nocentius aurum</s>

<s>Prodierat, prodit bellum.</s>

<s>Alterum eorum argumentum e&longs;t: Metalla nullum utilitatis <expan abbr="fruct&utilde;">fructum</expan> ho <lb/>mini præbent, eaigitur &longs;crutari non debemus. </s>

<s>Cum enim homo con&longs;ter <lb/>ex animo & corpore, <expan abbr="neutr&utilde;">neutrum</expan> eget fo&longs;silibus: animi nanque pa&longs;tus &longs;uaui&longs;si<lb/>mus e&longs;t contemplatio naturæ, optimarum artium di&longs;ciplinarumque co<lb/>gnitio, perceptio uirtutum, in quibus optimis rebus &longs;i &longs;e exerceat &longs;atu<lb/>ratus bonarum <expan abbr="cognition&utilde;">cognitionum</expan> epulis nullius rei de&longs;iderio tenetur. </s>

<s>Corporis <lb/>uero natura quamuis uictu ue&longs;tituque nece&longs;&longs;ario <expan abbr="cõtenta">contenta</expan> &longs;it, fruges tamen <lb/>terræ atque diuer&longs;i generis animantes, ip&longs;i <expan abbr="&longs;uppeditãt">&longs;uppeditant</expan> mirabilem cibi & po<lb/>tionis copiam, qua <expan abbr="cõmodi&longs;sime">commodi&longs;sime</expan> alitur, auge&longs;cit, uitam ad multum tem<lb/>poris producit. </s>

<s>Linum autem & lana multorumque <expan abbr="animali&utilde;">animalium</expan> pelles cor<lb/>pori <expan abbr="ue&longs;tit&utilde;">ue&longs;titum</expan> dant copio&longs;um et parabilem ac minime carum, delicatum ue<lb/>ro nec difficilem inuentu arborum lanugo, quod &longs;ericum appellatur, & <lb/><expan abbr="bõbicis">bombicis</expan> telæ, ut nihil pror&longs;us ip&longs;i opus &longs;it metallis penitus in terra abdi<lb/>tis & <expan abbr="maxiã">maxiam</expan> ex parte precio&longs;is. </s>

<s>Quare quod ab Euripide dictum e&longs;t ferunt <lb/>probari in omni doctorum hominum c&oelig;tu, atque id merito &longs;emper in ore <lb/>habui&longs;&longs;e Socratem.</s>

<s>Non opera &longs;unt argentea atque purpura</s>

<s>Vitæ hominum, &longs;ed magis trag&oelig;dis u&longs;ui.</s>

<s>Laudant etiam hoc Timocreontis Rodij: Vtinam cæce Plute nec in ter <lb/>ra, nec in mari, nec in <expan abbr="cõtinente">continente</expan> appareres, &longs;ed habitares in Tartaro & A<lb/>charonte, ex te enim omnia oriuntur mala quæ &longs;ubeunt homines. </s>

<s>Ad c&oelig; <lb/>lum laud<gap/>bus extollunt uer&longs;us Phocylidis.</s>

<s>Aurum atque argentum damno e&longs;t mortalibus, aurum</s>

<s>Dux &longs;celerum, uitæ pe&longs;tis, rerumque ruina,</s>

<s>O utinam clades non delectabilis e&longs;&longs;es,</s>

<s>Te propter fiunt raptus, homicidia, pugnæ,</s>

<s>Fratribus infen&longs;i fratres, nati&longs;que parentes,</s>

<s>Placet præterea eis illud Naumachij: <lb/>argentum puluis & aurum.</s>

<s>Puluis areno&longs;o pelagi quicunque lapilli</s>

<s>Littore quique iacent fluuiorum margine &longs;par&longs;i.</s><pb pagenum="5"/>

<s>Contra uituperant hos Euripidis uer&longs;us.</s>

<s>Plutus deus &longs;apientibus, &longs;unt cætera</s>

<s>Nugæ, &longs;imulque uerborum præ&longs;tigiæ.</s>

<s>Item hos Theognidis,Te pulcherrime & ò placidi&longs;sime Plute deorum <lb/>Dum teneam, po&longs;sum uel malus e&longs;&longs;e bonus.</s>

<s>In&longs;ectantur <expan abbr="Ari&longs;todem&utilde;">Ari&longs;todemum</expan> Spartanum quod dixerit: pecuniæ uir, pau<lb/>per nullus neque bonus e&longs;t, neque honoratus. </s>

<s>Reprehendunt hæc Timo<lb/>clis carmina.</s>

<s>Argentum & anima & &longs;anguis e&longs;t mortalibus..</s>

<s>Cuius &longs;ibi qui non conge&longs;sit copiam,</s>

<s>Vagatur ille uiuos inter mortuus.</s>

<s>Accu&longs;ant denique Menandrum quod &longs;crip&longs;erit.</s>

<s>Epicharmus e&longs;&longs;e prædicat Deos, aquam,</s>

<s>Vento&longs;que & ignem, terram, &longs;olem, &longs;ydera.</s>

<s>At ip&longs;e iudico e&longs;&longs;e Deos utiles</s>

<s>Aurum argentumque no&longs;trum, nanque &longs;i domi</s>

<s>Ponens tuæ locaueris hos, quicquid uoles</s>

<s>Petas licet, tibi contingent omnia:</s>

<s>Ager, domus, &longs;eruique & opera argentea,</s>

<s>Nec non amici, iudices, te&longs;tes, modo</s>

<s>Largire, nam deos mini&longs;tros po&longs;sides.</s>

<s>Hæc præterea premunt argumenta, <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan> fo&longs;sionibus agri <expan abbr="ua&longs;tã">ua&longs;tam</expan> <lb/>tur, quo circa quondam Italiæ <expan abbr="caut&utilde;">cautum</expan> e&longs;t lege, ne quis <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan> cau&longs;a ter <lb/>ram foderet, & agros illos uberrimos, ac uineta oliuetaque <expan abbr="corr&utilde;peret">corrumperet</expan>, &longs;yl<lb/>uæ & nemora &longs;ucciduntur, nam lignis infinitis opus e&longs;t ad <expan abbr="&longs;ub&longs;tructiões">&longs;ub&longs;tructiones</expan>, <lb/>ad machinas, ad metalla excoquenda. </s>

<s>Syluis autem & nemoribus &longs;ucci&longs;is <lb/>exterminantur uolucres & be&longs;tiæ, <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> pleræque homini cibus &longs;unt lau<lb/>tus & &longs;uauis. </s>

<s>Venæ metallicæ lauantur, quæ lotura, quia uenenis inficit <lb/>riuos & fluuios, pi&longs;ces aut necat, aut ex eis abigit. </s>

<s>Cum igitur incolæ re<lb/>gionum propter agrorum, &longs;yluarum, nemorum, riuorum, <expan abbr="flumin&utilde;">fluminum</expan> ua&longs;ti<lb/>tatem incurrant in magnam difficultatem rerum, quæ &longs;uppeditant ad ui<lb/>ctum, parandarum: propter lignorum <expan abbr="inopiã">inopiam</expan> maiorem impen&longs;am faciant <lb/>in ædificia extruenda, palàm ante oculos <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> e&longs;t, plus in fo&longs;sione detri <lb/>menti e&longs;&longs;e, quàm in metallis emolumenti, quæ fo&longs;sione <expan abbr="pari&utilde;tur">pariuntur</expan>. </s>

<s>Deinde <lb/>exemplis acriter pugnantes, contra metalla clamant, <expan abbr="præ&longs;tãti&longs;sim&utilde;">præ&longs;tanti&longs;simum</expan> quen<lb/>que uirum uirtutibus <expan abbr="cõtentum">contentum</expan> ea neglexi&longs;&longs;e: laudantque Biantem pro<lb/>pterea quod i&longs;ta ludibria fortunæ ne &longs;ua quidem putauerit, eius enim <expan abbr="pa-triã">pa<lb/>triam</expan> Prienem cum cepi&longs;&longs;ent ho&longs;tes, & &longs;ui ciues onu&longs;ti rebus precio&longs;is de<lb/>di&longs;&longs;ent &longs;e&longs;e in fugam, interrogatus à quodam cur nihil de &longs;uis bonis <expan abbr="&longs;ec&utilde;">&longs;ecum</expan> <lb/>efferret, re&longs;pondit: omnia mea mecum porto. </s>

<s>Et Socrates inquiunt acce <lb/>pit uiginti minas ad &longs;e mi&longs;&longs;as ab Ari&longs;tippo grato di&longs;cipulo, &longs;ed eas Dei <lb/>iu&longs;&longs;u a&longs;pernatus eidem remi&longs;it. </s>

<s>Ari&longs;tippus autem in hac re &longs;ecutus præ<lb/>ceptorem aurum &longs;preuit, ac pro nihilo putauit. </s>

<s>Cum enim iter faceret u<lb/>nà cum &longs;eruis, & ij præ auri pondere tardius irent, iu&longs;sit eos tantum ip&longs;i<pb pagenum="6"/>us retinere, quantum &longs;ine labore ferre po&longs;&longs;ent, reliquum de&longs;e abijcere. </s>

<s><lb/>Quin Anacreon Teius uetus atque nobilis poeta quinque talenta, quibus à <lb/>Polycrate donatus fuit, cum de ijs duas noctes &longs;olicitus fui&longs;&longs;et, reddidit <lb/>dicens, non e&longs;&longs;e digna curis, quæ &longs;int &longs;u&longs;cipienda de ip&longs;is. </s>

<s>Nobiles item <lb/>& egregiè fortes imperatores fuerunt <expan abbr="philo&longs;ophor&utilde;">philo&longs;ophorum</expan> &longs;imiles auri <expan abbr="arg&etilde;tiquede&longs;picientia">argentique<lb/>de&longs;picientia</expan> ac contemptione: &longs;iquidem Phocion Athenien&longs;is, qui &longs;æpius <lb/>dux exercitus fuit, <expan abbr="magn&utilde;">magnum</expan> auri pondus, &longs;ibi dono mi&longs;&longs;um ab Alexandro <lb/>Macedonum rege, paruum duxit & contemp&longs;it. </s>

<s>Curius aurum, <lb/>Fabricius Lu&longs;cinus argentum & æs referre Samnitibus iu&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Sed etiam <lb/>re&longs;pub. </s>

<s>quædam aurum & argentum legibus & in&longs;titutis ab u&longs;u et tracta<lb/>tione &longs;uorum ciuium <expan abbr="exclu&longs;er&utilde;t">exclu&longs;erunt</expan>. </s>

<s>Etenim Lacædemones decreto & di&longs;ci <lb/>plina Lycurgi diligenter inquirebant in &longs;uos ciues, ea po&longs;siderent nec ne, <lb/>po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;or autem deprehen&longs;us p&oelig;nas legibus & iudicio dedit. </s>

<s>& oppidi <lb/>ad Tigrim, quod Babytace nominabatur, incolæ atque habitatores <expan abbr="aur&utilde;">aurum</expan> <lb/>defodiebant in terra, ne quis eo uteretur. </s>

<s>& Scytarchæ u&longs;um auri argen<lb/>tique condemnabant, ut auaricia &longs;e abdicarent. </s>

<s>Tum metalla conuicijs ia<lb/>ctantur. </s>

<s>Primo autem petulanter i&longs;ti <expan abbr="maledic&utilde;t">maledicunt</expan> auro & argento, <expan abbr="uocãtquefune&longs;tas">uocantque<lb/>fune&longs;tas</expan> & nefarias pe&longs;tes humani generis, nam ea qui po&longs;sident maximo <lb/>in periculo &longs;unt, quos deficiunt, po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;oribus tendunt in&longs;idias, quam<lb/>obrem utri&longs;que <expan abbr="&longs;æpen&utilde;ero">&longs;æpenunero</expan> cau&longs;a interitus & exitij fuerunt. </s>

<s>Siquidem Po<lb/>lymne&longs;tor rex Thracum, ut potiretur auro, interfecit <expan abbr="Polydor&utilde;">Polydorum</expan> illu&longs;trem <lb/>ho&longs;pitem & filium Priami, &longs;oceri &longs;ui & ueteris amici. </s>

<s>The&longs;auros quoque<lb/>auri argentique ut raperet Pygmaleon Tyriorum rex &longs;ororis <expan abbr="marit&utilde;">maritum</expan> & &longs;a<lb/>cerdotem, nullam habens rationem neque affinitatis, neque religionis, ob<lb/>truncauit. </s>

<s>Auri gratia Eriphyle Amphiaraum maritum ho&longs;ti prodidit. </s>

<s><lb/>La&longs;thenes Olynthum urbem Philippo Macedoni: Sp. Tarpeij filia auro <lb/>corrupta Sabinos in arcem Romanam accepit. </s>

<s>Curio patriam auro <lb/>uendidit Cæ&longs;ari dictatori. </s>

<s>At Ae&longs;culapio &longs;ummo medico, & ut habitus <lb/>e&longs;t, Apollinis filio, aurum interitus cau&longs;a fuit. </s>

<s>Similiter M. </s>

<s>Cra&longs;&longs;us cum <lb/>auro Parthorum inhiaret, profligatus una cum filio & undecim legioni<lb/>bus, ho&longs;ti ludibrio fuit. </s>

<s>Is enim aurum liquidum infundens in rictum in<lb/>terfecti dixit: Aurum &longs;iti&longs;ti, aurum bibe. </s>

<s>Sed quid multis hi&longs;toriarum ex<lb/>emplis hic nobis opus e&longs;t? </s>

<s>cum uideamus diebus ferè &longs;ingulis propter au <lb/>rum argentúmue fores effringi, perfodi parietes, mi&longs;eros uiatores occidi, <lb/>ab i&longs;to rapaci & crudeli genere <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan> nato ad furta, ad &longs;acrilegia, ad ex<lb/>cur&longs;iones & latrocinia, fures <expan abbr="cõtra">contra</expan> correptos &longs;u&longs;pendi, &longs;acrilegos uiuos <lb/>comburi, latronum artus rota confringi, bella quoque non exitio&longs;a <expan abbr="tant&utilde;">tantum</expan> <lb/>ijs quibus inferuntur, &longs;ed ijs etiam qui ea faciunt, geri propter eadem. </s>

<s><lb/>Quinetiam ea ip&longs;a, dicunt, dant facultatem ad omne flagitium, uirginum <lb/>&longs;cilicet corruptelas, & adulteria, & ince&longs;ta, &longs;tupra denique quæ per uim <expan abbr="of-fer&utilde;tur">of<lb/>feruntur</expan>. </s>

<s>Itaque Poetæ cum fingunt louem in aureum imbrem uer&longs;um, atque<lb/>illap&longs;um in &longs;inum Danaes, non aliud uolunt, quàm ip&longs;um auro muni&longs;&longs;e <lb/>&longs;ibi tutam uiam, qua ingrederetur in turrim ad uitium faciendum uirgini. </s>

<s><lb/>Præterea auro & argento multorum fides labefactatur, emuntur iudicia, <lb/>infinita &longs;celera eduntur. </s>

<s>Etenim ut Propertius inquit,</s><pb pagenum="7"/>

<s>Aurea nunc uere &longs;unt &longs;ecula, plurimus auro <lb/>Venit honos, auro conciliatur amor.</s>

<s>Auro pul&longs;a fides, auro uenalia iura, <lb/>Aurum lex &longs;equitur, mox &longs;ine lege pudor.</s>

<s>Et Diphilus</s>

<s>Auro puto nihil quicquam potentius,</s>

<s>Illo &longs;ecantur, illo fiunt omnia.</s>

<s>Optimus igitur qui&longs;que i&longs;ta meritò ac iure contemnit, & pro nihilo du<lb/>cit. </s>

<s>Illudque dicit &longs;enis Plautini:</s>

<s>Odi ego aurum, multa multis &longs;æpe &longs;ua&longs;it perperam.</s>

<s>Ibi uero etiam Poetæ acerbe, & <expan abbr="cõtumelio&longs;e">contumelio&longs;e</expan> inuehuntur in pecuniam <lb/>ex auro & argento conflatam. </s>

<s>Inprimis autem Iuuenalis:</s>

<s>Quando quidem inter nos &longs;ancti&longs;sima diuitiarum</s>

<s>Maie&longs;tas, & &longs;i fune&longs;ta pecunia templo</s>

<s>Nondum habitas, nullas nummorum ereximus aras.</s>

<s>Prima peregrinos ob&longs;c&oelig;na pecunia mores</s>

<s>Intulit, & turpi fregerunt &longs;ecula luxu</s>

<s>Diuitiæ molles.</s>

<s>Et plerique uehementer laudant rerum <expan abbr="permutation&etilde;">permutationem</expan>, qua ante <expan abbr="repertã">repertam</expan> <lb/>pecuniam quondam homines u&longs;i &longs;unt, & nunc &longs;implices quædam natio<lb/>nes utuntur. </s>

<s>Deinde reliquis metallis grande conuitium faciunt, impri<lb/>mis uero ferro, quo nulla pernities maior hominum uitæ afferri potuit: <lb/>etenim ex eo efficiuntur gladij, pila, ha&longs;tæ, conti, &longs;agittæ, quibus homi<lb/>nes uulnerantur, & cædes, latrocinia, bella fiunt, quæ res cum Plinio <expan abbr="&longs;to-mach&utilde;">&longs;to<lb/>machum</expan> moui&longs;&longs;et, &longs;crip&longs;it: ferro utimur non cominus &longs;olum, &longs;ed etiam mi&longs;<lb/>&longs;ili uolucrique, nunc tormentis excu&longs;&longs;o, nunc lacertis, nunc uero pennato, <lb/>quam <expan abbr="&longs;celerati&longs;simã">&longs;celerati&longs;simam</expan> humani ingenij fraudem arbitror. </s>

<s>Siquidem ut ocy<lb/>us mors perueniret ad hominem, alitem illam fecimus, pennasque ferro de<lb/>dimus. </s>

<s>Veruntamen mi&longs;sile in unius corpore figitur, item &longs;agitta &longs;iue e<lb/>am mittat arcus, &longs;iue &longs;corpio, &longs;iue catapulta, at ferreus bombardæ globus <lb/>in aerem expre&longs;&longs;us, per <expan abbr="multor&utilde;">multorum</expan> corpora ire pote&longs;t, & <expan abbr="null&utilde;">nullum</expan> marmor &longs;ax<lb/>úmue obiectum tam durum e&longs;t, ut ip&longs;um &longs;uo ictu &longs;uaque ui non perfringat <lb/>Quocirca alti&longs;simas turres æquat &longs;olo, et muros firmi&longs;simos findit, <expan abbr="perr&utilde;">perrum</expan> <lb/>pit, di&longs;ij cit: ut certè bali&longs;tæ, quæ mittunt &longs;axa, & arietes atque alia <expan abbr="ueter&utilde;">ueterum</expan> tor <lb/>menta, quæ murum percutiunt, & propugnacula deijciunt, cum bom<lb/>bardis comparata, non magnam uim habere uideantur. </s>

<s>Quæ <expan abbr="bõbardæ">bombardæ</expan>, <lb/>quia horribiles fundunt &longs;onos & fremitus, non &longs;ecus ac &longs;i tonitrua e&longs;&longs;ent: <lb/>emittunt ex &longs;e flammas coru&longs;cantes, ut fulgetra, ædificia quæque affligunt, <lb/>comminuunt, di&longs;sipant, ignem euomunt & incendium excitant, non ali<lb/>ter atque fulminum iactus: de no&longs;træ ætatis impijs hominibus diceretur re <lb/>ctius, quàm quondam de Salmoneo, fulmina eos eripui&longs;&longs;e loui et à mani<lb/>bus extor&longs;i&longs;&longs;e, imò uero hanc perniciem hominum ab inferis emi&longs;&longs;am in <lb/>terras, ut plures unò ictu concidentes ad &longs;e raperet orcus. </s>

<s>Sed quoniam <pb pagenum="8"/>bombardæ quæ in manu teneri po&longs;&longs;unt, hodie raro &longs;iunt ex ferro, magnæ <lb/>nunquam, &longs;ed ex æris & plumbi candidi quadam mi&longs;tione, idcirco in æs <lb/>& plumbum plura maledicta conferunt, quàm in ferrum. </s>

<s>Hocloco eti<lb/>am commemorant æneum Phalaridis taurum, æneum <expan abbr="Pergamenor&utilde;bo">Pergamenorumbo</expan> <lb/>uem, canem ferreum, eculeum, manicas, compedes, cuneos, uncos, lami<lb/>nas ignitas. </s>

<s>His homines crudeliter torti, confitentur maleficia & facino<lb/>ra, quæ nunquam <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;erunt">commi&longs;erunt</expan>, atque innocentes omni &longs;upplicio mi&longs;errime <lb/>&longs;ic ex cruciati <expan abbr="necãtur">necantur</expan>. </s>

<s>Plumbum etiam nigrum pe&longs;tiferum et nocens e&longs;&longs;e, <lb/>eoque liquido puniri homines, ex hoc carmine Horatij, de fortuna loquen <lb/>tis conuincitur.</s>

<s>Te &longs;emper anteit &longs;æua nece&longs;sitas</s>

<s>Clauos trabaleis, & cuneos manu</s>

<s>Ge&longs;tans ahena, nec &longs;euerus</s>

<s>Vncus abe&longs;t, liquidumque plumbum.</s>

<s>Vtuero magis odium concitent in hoc metallum, non &longs;ilent de plum<lb/>batis & globulis paruarum <expan abbr="bõbardarum">bombardarum</expan> ex eo factis, & læ&longs;ionis necisque<lb/>cau&longs;am in ip&longs;um <expan abbr="cõferunt">conferunt</expan>. </s>

<s>Itaque cum natura in profundo terræ metalla pe <lb/>nitus ab&longs;tru&longs;erit, ad u&longs;us uitæ non &longs;int nece&longs;&longs;aria, &longs;preta &longs;unt ab optimo <lb/>quo que uiro & repudiata, effodienda non &longs;unt, & cum effo&longs;&longs;a &longs;emper mul <lb/>torum & magnorum malorum cau&longs;a extiterint: &longs;equitur ip&longs;am etiam ar<lb/>tem metallicam <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan> generi utilem non e&longs;&longs;e, &longs;ed noxiam exitio&longs;amque. </s>

<s><lb/>I&longs;tis autem trag&oelig;dijs uiri boni complures ita <expan abbr="perturbãtur">perturbantur</expan>, ut odium acer <lb/>bi&longs;simum in metalla concipiant, eaque pror&longs;us non gigni uelint, aut genita <lb/>à nemine omnium effodi. </s>

<s>Sed quo magis &longs;ingularem illorum integrita<lb/>tem & innocentiam bonitatemque laudo, eò maiori curæ mihi erit, ut om<lb/>nis error ex eorum animis extirpetur, ac funditus tollatur, utque aperiatur <lb/>&longs;ententia uera, & humano generi perutilis. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Prim&utilde;">Primum</expan> qui metalla accu&longs;ant <lb/>& ea u&longs;u abdicant, non uident&longs;e Deum ip&longs;um accu&longs;are, & &longs;celerum dam<lb/>nare, ut quem res qua&longs;dam fru&longs;tra ac &longs;ine cau&longs;a condidi&longs;&longs;e autument, & <lb/>malorum autorem e&longs;&longs;e putent, quæ &longs;anè &longs;ententia pijs hominibus & peri <lb/>tis uiris digna non e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Deinde, metalla certè terra non <expan abbr="recõdit">recondit</expan> in profun<lb/>do, propterea quod ea ab hominibus fodi non uelit, &longs;ed quia prouida &longs;o <lb/>lersque natura <expan abbr="&longs;u&utilde;">&longs;uum</expan> cuique rei locum dedit, ea gignit in uenis et fibris <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;&longs;u">commi&longs;&longs;u</expan> <lb/>risque &longs;axorum, tan quam in ua&longs;is proprijs, & materiæ receptaculis: etenim <lb/>in reliquis elementis aut gigni non po&longs;&longs;unt, quòd ip&longs;is materia de&longs;it, aut <lb/>genita in aere, id quod perraro euenit, non reperiunt locum con&longs;i&longs;tendi, <lb/>&longs;ed &longs;ua ui &longs;uoque pondere deor&longs;um in terram feruntur. </s>

<s>Cum igitur metal<lb/>la &longs;edem propriam et &longs;tabilem <expan abbr="habeãt">habeant</expan> in ui&longs;ceribus terræ, quis non uidet <lb/>i&longs;tos, id quod uolunt probabili <expan abbr="argum&etilde;tatione">argumentatione</expan> non concludere? </s>

<s>Sed di<lb/>cunt: quanquam metalla &longs;unt in terra, ut in proprio &longs;ui ortus loco locata, <lb/>quia tamen inclu&longs;a & abdita latent in occulto, non &longs;unt eruenda. </s>

<s>Ego au<lb/>tem i&longs;tis reprehen&longs;oribus nimium mole&longs;tis pro metallis pi&longs;ces regeram, <lb/>quos occultos & latentes in aquis, marinis etiam, capimus, cum multo <lb/>magis alienum &longs;it ab hominis terreni animalis uita maris interiora, quàm <lb/>terræ ui&longs;cera &longs;crutari. </s>

<s>Siquidem ut aues ad liberè uolitandum per aerem <pb pagenum="9"/>natæ &longs;unt, ita pi&longs;ces ad peruagandas aquas, cæteris autem animantibus <lb/>natura dedit terram, ut in ea habitent, homini præterea ut ip&longs;am colat, & <lb/>ex eius cauernis metalla aliaque fo&longs;silia eliciat. </s>

<s>Rur&longs;us ijdem dicunt pi&longs;ci<lb/>bus ue&longs;cimur, at fo&longs;&longs;ilibus neque fames &longs;itisque depellitur, neque utilia &longs;unt ad <lb/>corpus ue&longs;tiendum: quod e&longs;t alterum argumentum, quo <expan abbr="contend&utilde;t">contendunt</expan> pro<lb/>bare, metalla eruenda non e&longs;&longs;e. </s>

<s>Verum homo &longs;ine metallis non pote&longs;t pa <lb/>rare ea, quæ &longs;uppeditant ad uictum & ad ue&longs;titum. </s>

<s>Etenim cum res ru&longs;ti<lb/>ca maximam uictus copiam præbeat no&longs;tris corporibus, primum nullus <lb/>labor ab&longs;oluitur & perficitur &longs;ine in&longs;trumentis, &longs;iquidem terra &longs;ubigitur <lb/>uomeribus & dentalibus, dolabra refo diuntur præfractæ &longs;tirpes & radi<lb/>ces &longs;ummæ, &longs;emen &longs;par&longs;um occatur, &longs;eges &longs;arritur & runcatur: matura fru <lb/>ges falcibus cum parte culmi deme&longs;&longs;a in area deteritur, aut &longs;picæ eius reci <lb/>&longs;æ <expan abbr="cõduntur">conduntur</expan> in horreum, & po&longs;tea tribulis tunduntur, ac uannis <expan abbr="expur-gãtur">expur<lb/>gantur</expan>, pura denique frumenta & legumina granario <expan abbr="infer&utilde;tur">inferuntur</expan>, ex quo <expan abbr="pro-m&utilde;tur">pro<lb/>muntur</expan> rur&longs;us cum res hæc po&longs;tulat, aut flagitat nece&longs;sitas. </s>

<s>Iam ad fructus <lb/>meliores & uberiores capiendos ex arboribus & fruticibus nobis opus <lb/>e&longs;t pa&longs;tinatione, putatione, in&longs;itione, quæ iterum &longs;ine in&longs;trumentis fieri <lb/>non queunt, ut necliquores, lac dico, mel, uinum, oleum &longs;ine ua&longs;is coer<lb/>cere & continere po&longs;&longs;umus: nec tot generum animantes &longs;ine &longs;tabulis tue<lb/>ri à pluuia diutina et à frigore intolerabili. </s>

<s>In&longs;trumenta autem ru&longs;tica ple <lb/>raque &longs;unt ferrea, ut uomer, dentale, dolabra, dentes quos habet occa, &longs;ar<lb/>culum, runcina, falx f&oelig;naria, <expan abbr="&longs;tram&etilde;taria">&longs;tramentaria</expan>, arboraria, uineatica, <expan abbr="rutr&utilde;">rutrum</expan>, &longs;cal<lb/>pellum, furcæ, &longs;cirpiculæ: ua&longs;a uero ænea uel plumbea. </s>

<s>Atneque in&longs;tru<lb/>menta uasáue lignea &longs;ine ferro &longs;unt fabricata: neque cella uinaria, uel olea<lb/>ria, neque &longs;tabulum, neque ulla alia uillæ pars &longs;ine in&longs;trumentis ferreis potu<lb/>it ædificari. </s>

<s>Deinde &longs;iue ex pecuarijs pa&longs;tionibus abducantur ad <expan abbr="lanienã">lanienam</expan> <lb/>taurus, ueruex, hædus & alia eiu&longs;dem generis animalia, &longs;iue ex uillaticis <lb/>auiarius coco tradat pullum, gallinam, eapum, num &longs;ine &longs;ecuribus aut cul <lb/>tris animantes &longs;ecari ac diuidi po&longs;&longs;unt? </s>

<s>Vt nihil hic dicam de ahenis, et co <lb/>calis æneis, quia ad coquendas carnes eundem u&longs;um afferant fictilia, quæ <lb/>ne ip&longs;a quidem &longs;ine in&longs;trumentis à figulo fingi formarique queunt, ut nec <lb/>&longs;ine ferro in&longs;trumenta ulla ex ligno fieri. </s>

<s>Cum autem homini præterea <lb/>uictum præbeant uenatio, aucupium, pi&longs;catus, nónne uenator ceruum ir<lb/>retitum uenabulo tran&longs;uerberat? </s>

<s>&longs;tantem currentémue &longs;agitta configit? </s>

<s><lb/>uel globulo bombardæ traijcit? </s>

<s>nónne auceps item tetraonem uel pha&longs;i<lb/>anum ictu &longs;agittæ conficit? </s>

<s>aut in eius corpus globulum bombardæ im<lb/>mittit? </s>

<s>Vt taceam tendiculas aliaque in&longs;trumenta, quibus capitur attagen <lb/>& picus, aliæque &longs;ylue&longs;tres uolucres, ne &longs;ingulas intempe&longs;tiue nunc&longs;peci<lb/>atim per&longs;equar. </s>

<s>Pi&longs;cator denique nónne hamo & uerriculo capit pi&longs;ces in <lb/>mari, in maritimis uiuarijs, in pi&longs;cinis, in fluuijs? </s>

<s>At hamus ferreus e&longs;t, & <lb/>è uerriculo interdum plumbeas aut ferreas ma&longs;&longs;as appen&longs;as uidemus, pi&longs;<lb/>ces autem capti plerique mox cultris & &longs;ecuribus in fru&longs;ta &longs;ecantur aut ex<lb/>enterantur. </s>

<s>Sed de uictu &longs;atis &longs;uperque dictum: Nunc dicam de ue&longs;titu, <lb/>qui fit ex lana, lino, pennis, pilis, pellibus, corio. </s>

<s>Verum oues primo <expan abbr="tõ-dentur">ton<lb/>dentur</expan>, deinde lana pectitur: tum ducuntur fila, po&longs;tea &longs;tamen <expan abbr="&longs;u&longs;p&etilde;ditur">&longs;u&longs;penditur</expan> <pb pagenum="10"/>in pannuleio, &longs;ub quod &longs;ubit &longs;ubtegmen, idque pectine feritur, ut tandem <lb/>ex filis tantum: uel ex filis & pilis fiat pannus. </s>

<s>Linum uero uul&longs;um primo <lb/>pectitur hamis. </s>

<s>mox mergitur in aquas, rur&longs;usque &longs;iccatur: tum tu&longs;um &longs;ti<lb/>pario malleo uel confractum carminatur, deinde extenuatur in fila, po&longs;t<lb/>remo texitur tela. </s>

<s>Sed artifex panni aut textor num aliquod habet in&longs;tru <lb/>mentum non ferreum? </s>

<s>uel ligneum &longs;ine ferro factum? </s>

<s>iam &longs;arcinatori di&longs;<lb/>cin dendus pannus uel tela: num id &longs;ine cultro uel forfice faciet? </s>

<s>num <expan abbr="cõ-&longs;uet">con<lb/>&longs;uet</expan> ullam ue&longs;tem &longs;ine acu? </s>

<s>ne populus quidem tran&longs;marinus pennarum <lb/>contextu corporis tegumentum faciet &longs;ine ijsdem in&longs;trumentis, nec pelli<lb/>ones ip&longs;is carere po&longs;&longs;unt cuiu&longs;cunque generis animantium &longs;uant pelles. </s>

<s>Et <lb/>&longs;utor indiget &longs;calpri, quo &longs;cindat coriu: cultri, quo radat: &longs;ubulæ, qua per<lb/>foret, ut po&longs;sit <expan abbr="cõficere">conficere</expan> calceos. </s>

<s>Sed hæc tegumenta corporum uel texta <lb/>uel &longs;uta &longs;unt. </s>

<s>Ædificia uero quæ idem corpus tuentur ab imbribus, uen<lb/>tis, frigore, calore, non <expan abbr="extru&utilde;tur">extruuntur</expan> &longs;ine &longs;ecuri, &longs;erra, terebro. </s>

<s>Sed quid plu<lb/>ribus uerbis opus e&longs;t? </s>

<s>Metallis ex u&longs;u hominum &longs;ublatis, tollitur omnis <lb/>ratio & tuendæ &longs;u&longs;tentandæque ualetudinis, & tenendi cur&longs;um uitæ cul<lb/>tioris. </s>

<s><emph type="bold"/>DE RE METALLICA<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>Etenim homines <expan abbr="f&oelig;di&longs;simã">f&oelig;di&longs;simam</expan> et mi&longs;errimam uitam degerent inter fe <lb/>ras, ni metalla e&longs;&longs;ent, redirent ad glandes atque &longs;ylue&longs;tria poma & pruna: <lb/>herbis & radicibus euul&longs;is ue&longs;cerentur, unguibus foderent &longs;peluncas, in <lb/>quibus noctu iacerent, interdiu in &longs;yluis & campis pa&longs;sim more <expan abbr="be&longs;tiar&utilde;">be&longs;tiarum</expan> <lb/>uagarentur, quæres quia hominis ratione, pre&longs;tanti&longs;sima & optima na<lb/>turæ dote, pror&longs;us e&longs;t indigna, adeóne qui&longs;quam erit &longs;tultus aut perti<lb/>nax, ut metalla ad uictum ue&longs;titumque nece&longs;&longs;aria e&longs;&longs;e, & ad uitam <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan> <lb/>tuendam pertinere, non concedat? </s>

<s>TRANSLATED FROM THE FIRST LATIN EDITION OF 1556</s>

<s>Tum quia metallici plerumque <expan abbr="fodi&utilde;t">fodiunt</expan> <lb/>montes nihil frugum ferentes, & ualles tenebris circumfu&longs;as agris ua&longs;tita <lb/>tem exiguam aut nullam inferunt. </s>

<s>with <lb/>Biographical Introduction, Annotations and Appendices upon <lb/>the Development of Mining Methods, Metallurgical <lb/>Processes, Geology, Mineralogy & Mining Law <lb/>from the earliest times to the 16th Century</s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò ubi &longs;yluæ & nemora &longs;ucci<lb/>duntur, ibi fruticum et arborum radicibus extirpatis frumenta &longs;erunt, qul <lb/>noui agri tam uberes breui efferunt fruges, ut damna, quæ lignis carius e<lb/>mendis faciunt incolæ, relarciant. </s>

<s>BY <lb/><emph type="bold"/>HERBERT CLARK HOOVER<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>Atque metallis, quæ ex uenis conflan<lb/>tur, alibi innumeræ uolueres, be&longs;tiæ edules, pi&longs;ces comparari, & ad loca <lb/>monto&longs;a afferri po&longs;&longs;unt. </s>

<s>Abeo ad exempla: Bias Prienen&longs;is capta patria <lb/>nihil de rebus precio&longs;is exportauit ex urbe, ut uir qui habitus e&longs;t &longs;apiens, <lb/>ab ho&longs;tibus &longs;ibi periculum non metuerit, quanquam hoc de eo dici uere <lb/>non po&longs;sit, quod &longs;e coniecerit in fugam, non magna mihi res uidetur e&longs;&longs;e, <lb/>iacturam horum etiam bonorum facere, perdita domo, prædijs, patria <lb/>ip&longs;a, qua nihil charius. </s>

<s>Stanford University, Member American Institute of Mining Engineers, <lb/>Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, Société des Ingéniéurs <lb/>Civils de France, American Institute of Civil Engineers, <lb/>Fellow Royal Geographical Society, etc., etc.</s>

<s>Quin ego iudicarem Biantem i&longs;tius generis bona <lb/>contemp&longs;i&longs;se, ac pro nihilo puta&longs;&longs;e, &longs;i anteaquam patria capta e&longs;&longs;et, ea lar<lb/>gitus e&longs;&longs;et cognatis & amicis, aut di&longs;tribui&longs;&longs;et in egenti&longs;simos homines: <lb/>nam idip&longs;um &longs;ine <expan abbr="cõtrouer&longs;ia">controuer&longs;ia</expan> feci&longs;&longs;et &longs;ua &longs;ponte, hoc, quod tantopere mi<lb/>ratur Græcia, ui <expan abbr="ho&longs;ti&utilde;">ho&longs;tium</expan> coactus & fractus metu feci&longs;&longs;e uideri pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>So<lb/>crates uero non &longs;preuit aurum, &longs;ed docendi precium noluit &longs;ibi per&longs;olui. </s>

<s><emph type="bold"/>LOU HENRY HOOVER<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s><lb/>At Ari&longs;tippus Cyrenen&longs;is &longs;i comporta&longs;&longs;et ip&longs;e atque &longs;erua&longs;&longs;et <expan abbr="aur&utilde;">aurum</expan>, quod <lb/>iu&longs;sit &longs;eruos de &longs;e abijcere, potui&longs;&longs;et emereres quæ <expan abbr="expet&utilde;tur">expetuntur</expan> ad u&longs;us ui<lb/>tæ nece&longs;&longs;arias & propter ege&longs;tatem non habui&longs;&longs;et nece&longs;&longs;e adulari Diony<lb/>&longs;ium Siciliæ tyrannum, nec unquam ex eo nominatus fui&longs;&longs;et regius canis. <pb pagenum="11"/>Quocirca Dama&longs;ippus Horatianus carpens <expan abbr="Staber&utilde;">Staberum</expan> maximi æ&longs;timan<lb/>tem diuitias inquit:</s>

<s>Quid &longs;imile i&longs;ti</s>

<s>Stanford University, Member American Association for the <lb/>Advancement of Science, The National Geographical Society, <lb/>Royal Scottish Geographical Society, etc., etc.</s>

<s>Græcus Ari&longs;tippus? </s>

<s>qui &longs;eruos proijcere aurum</s>

<s><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Dover Publications, Inc.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>In media iu&longs;sit Libya, quia tardius irent</s>

<s>Propter onus &longs;egnes, uter e&longs;t in&longs;anior horum?</s>

<s><emph type="bold"/>TO <lb/>JOHN CASPAR BRANNER Ph.D.,<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>In&longs;anit enim qui pluris facit diuitias, quàm uirtutes. </s>

<s><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>The inspiration of whose teaching is no less great than his contribution to science.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>In&longs;anit etiam qui <lb/>ea&longs;dem re&longs;puit, ac pro nihilo ducit, cum liceat ip&longs;is bene uti. </s>

<s>This New 1950 Edition <lb/>of DE RE METALLICA is a complete <lb/>and unchanged reprint of the transla<lb/>tion published by The Mining Magazine, <lb/>London, in 1912. It has been made avail<lb/>able through the kind permission of Honor<lb/>able Herbert C. </s>

<s>Quod <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> <lb/>idem Ari&longs;tippus aliàs aurum ab nauigio proiecit in mare, animo magno <lb/>& prudenti eam rem egit. </s>

<s>Hoover and Mr. </s>

<s>Siquidem cum aduerteret e&longs;&longs;e piratarum &longs;ca<lb/>pham, in qua uehebatur, timuit de uita &longs;ua, numerauitque aurum, & cum <lb/>id &longs;ponte eieci&longs;&longs;et in mare, tanquam feci&longs;&longs;et inuitus, ingemuit: &longs;ed po&longs;te<lb/>aquam eua&longs;i&longs;&longs;et ex periculo, dixit: ip&longs;um aurum perij&longs;&longs;e &longs;atius e&longs;t, quàm <lb/>me perij&longs;&longs;e eius cau&longs;a. </s>

<s>Edgar <lb/>Rickard, Author and Publisher, respec<lb/>tively, of the original volume.</s>

<s>Verum e&longs;to, Philo&longs;ophi quidam & Anacreon <lb/>Teius contemp&longs;erint aurum & argentum, Anaxagoras etiam Clazome<lb/>nius fundos, qui oues alerent, de&longs;eruit: & Crates Thebanus cum mole&longs;te <lb/>ferret &longs;e rei familiaris, aliarumque curas &longs;u&longs;tinere, & his animum &longs;uum in <lb/>contemplando di&longs;trahi, bonis, quæ ualerent octo talenta, relictis, atque<lb/>&longs;umpto pallio & pera pauper omnem curam, cogitationem, operam ad <lb/>philo&longs;ophiam <expan abbr="cõtulit">contulit</expan>. </s>

<s><emph type="bold"/>MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT <lb/>FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>Num quod i&longs;ti philo&longs;ophi hæc &longs;preuerint, omnes <lb/>alij pecuariam rem non curarunt? </s>

<s>Bibliothek</s>

<s>non coluerunt agros? </s>

<s>PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</s><pb/>

<s>non habitarunt <lb/>domos? </s>

<s><emph type="bold"/>TRANSLATORS' PREFACE.<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>certe multi contrà cum diuitijs affluerent præclare in &longs;tudijs &longs;ci<lb/>entiæ cognitionisque rerum diuinarum & <expan abbr="humanar&utilde;">humanarum</expan> uer&longs;ati &longs;unt, ut Ari<lb/>&longs;toteles, Cicero, Seneca. </s>

<s>There are three objectives in translation of works <lb/>of this character: to give a faithful, literal trans<lb/>lation of the author's statements; to give these <lb/>in a manner which will interest the reader; and to <lb/>preserve, so far as is possible, the style of the <lb/>original text. </s>

<s>Sed Phocioni non erat <expan abbr="integr&utilde;">integrum</expan>, aurum ab Alex<lb/>andro ad &longs;e mi&longs;&longs;um accipere. </s>

<s>The task has been doubly difficult <lb/>in this work because, in using Latin, the author <lb/>availed himself of a medium which had ceased to <lb/>expand a thousand years before his subject had in <lb/>many particulars come into being; in consequence he was in difficulties <lb/>with a large number of ideas for which there were no corresponding <lb/>words in the vocabulary at his command, and instead of adopting into the <lb/>text his native German terms, he coined several hundred Latin expressions <lb/>to answer his needs. </s>

<s>Si enim eo uti uolui&longs;&longs;et, tam rex quàm ip&longs;e <lb/>incurri&longs;&longs;et in odium offen&longs;ionemque populi Athenien&longs;is: qui populus <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> <lb/>po&longs;tea in uirum illum bonum ingratus fuit: nam eum <expan abbr="cõpulit">compulit</expan> ad hoc, ut <lb/>biberet cicutam. </s>

<s>It is upon this rock that most former attempts at <lb/>translation have been wrecked. </s>

<s>Quid autem M. Curio, & Fabricio Lu&longs;cino minus con<lb/>ueniens, quàm aurum ab ho&longs;tibus accipere? </s>

<s>Except for a very small number, we <lb/>believe we have been able to discover the intended meaning of such <lb/>expressions from a study of the context, assisted by a very incomplete <lb/>glossary prepared by the author himself, and by an exhaustive investigation <lb/>into the literature of these subjects during the sixteenth and seventeenth <lb/>centuries. </s>

<s>qui his machinis &longs;perabant <lb/>eos po&longs;&longs;e labefactari, aut &longs;uis ciuibus in odium uenire uolebant, ut ip&longs;is <lb/>Romanis inter &longs;e di&longs;sidentibus rempub. </s>

<s>That discovery in this particular has been only gradual and <lb/>obtained after much labour, may be indicated by the fact that the entire <lb/>text has been re-typewritten three times since the original, and some <lb/>parts more often; and further, that the printer's proof has been thrice revised. <lb/></s>

<s>funditus euerterent. </s>

<s>We have found some English equivalent, more or less satisfactory, for <lb/>practically all such terms, except those of weights, the varieties of veins, <lb/>and a few minerals. </s>

<s>Sed Lycur <lb/>gus debuerat auro & argento utendi præcepta tradere Spartanis, <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> res <lb/>per &longs;e bonas tollere de medio. </s>

<s>In the matter of weights we have introduced the <lb/>original Latin, because it is impossible to give true equivalents and avoid the <lb/>fractions of reduction; and further, as explained in the Appendix on Weights it <lb/>is impossible to say in many cases what scale the Author had in mind. </s>

<s>Babytacen&longs;es uero quis non uidet homi<lb/>nes fui&longs;&longs;e amentes & inuidos? </s>

<s>The <lb/>English nomenclature to be adopted has given great difficulty, for various <lb/>reasons; among them, that many methods and processes described have <lb/>never been practised in English-speaking mining communities, and so had no <lb/>representatives in our vocabulary, and we considered the introduction of <lb/>German terms undesirable; other methods and processes have become <lb/>obsolete and their descriptive terms with them, yet we wished to avoid <lb/>the introduction of obsolete or unusual English; but of the greatest <lb/>importance of all has been the necessity to avoid rigorously such modern <lb/>technical terms as would imply a greater scientific understanding than the <lb/>period possessed.</s>

<s>poterant enim auro mercari ea quibus in<lb/>digebant: uel ip&longs;um donare finitimis populis, ut eos &longs;ibi donis benefici<lb/>is que deuincirent. </s>

<s>Agricola's Latin, while mostly free from mediæval corruption, is some<lb/>what tainted with German construction. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tremo Scytarchæ &longs;olo auro argentique u&longs;u damnato, <lb/>auaritia &longs;e non pror&longs;us abdicarunt, quod auarus etiam &longs;it aliorum bono<lb/>rum po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;or, &longs;i eis non utitur. </s>

<s>Moreover some portions have not <pb pagenum="ii"/>the continuous flow of sustained thought which others display, but the fact <lb/>that the writing of the work extended over a period of twenty years, suffic<lb/>iently explains the considerable variation in style. </s>

<s>Nunc <expan abbr="re&longs;pondend&utilde;">re&longs;pondendum</expan> e&longs;t ad <expan abbr="cõuitia">conuitia</expan>, qui<lb/>bus res fo&longs;siles iactantur. </s>

<s>The technical descriptions <lb/>in the later books often take the form of House-that-Jack-built sentences <lb/>which have had to be at least partially broken up and the subject <lb/>occasionally re-introduced. </s>

<s>Itaque aurum & argentum primò uocant pe&longs;tes <lb/><expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan>, quod po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;oribus interitus & exitij cau&longs;a &longs;int: hoc autem mo<lb/>do quæ tandem res quam po&longs;sidemus, pe&longs;tis humani generis non dice<lb/>tur? </s>

<s>Ambiguities were also sometimes found which it <lb/>was necessary to carry on into the translation. </s>

<s>an equus? </s>

<s>Despite these criticisms we <lb/>must, however, emphasize that Agricola was infinitely clearer in his style <lb/>than his contemporaries upon such subjects, or for that matter than his <lb/>successors in almost any language for a couple of centuries. </s>

<s>an ue&longs;tis? </s>

<s>All of the <lb/>illustrations and display letters of the original have been reproduced and <lb/>the type as closely approximates to the original as the printers have been <lb/>able to find in a modern font.</s>

<s>an denique aliud &longs;imile? </s>

<s>There are no footnotes in the original text, and Mr. </s>

<s>Vectus autem in equo <lb/>in&longs;igni, aut uiator bene ue&longs;titus cau&longs;a latroni fuerit, ut ab eo occideretur, <lb/>num igitur in equis non uehimur, &longs;ed pedibus iter facimus, quia prædo <lb/>cædem fecit ut raperet equum? </s>

<s>Hoover is responsible <lb/>for them all. </s>

<s>aut num ue&longs;titi non prodimus? </s>

<s>He has attempted in them to give not only such comment <lb/>as would tend to clarify the text, but also such information as we have <lb/>been able to discover with regard to the previous history of the subjects <lb/>mentioned. </s>

<s>&longs;ed nudi, <pb pagenum="12"/>quia gra&longs;&longs;ator ferro uitam uiatori eripuit, ut eum &longs;poliaret ue&longs;te? </s>

<s>We have confined the historical notes to the time prior to <lb/>Agricola, because to have carried them down to date in the briefest manner <lb/>would have demanded very much more space than could be allowed. </s>

<s>&longs;imilis <lb/>e&longs;t po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sio auri & argenti. </s>

<s>In the <lb/>examination of such technical and historical material one is appalled at the <lb/>flood of mis-information with regard to ancient arts and sciences which has <lb/>been let loose upon the world by the hands of non-technical translators and <lb/>commentators. </s>

<s>Quoniam uero his omnibus <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan> uita be <lb/>ne carere non pote&longs;t, cauebimus à prædatoribus, & quia &longs;emper non po&longs; <lb/>&longs;umus ex eorum manibus effugere, e&longs;t <expan abbr="propri&utilde;">proprium</expan> munus magi&longs;tratus, &longs;cele <lb/>ratos & nefarios homines ad tortorem & carnificem rapere. </s>

<s>At an early stage we considered that we must justify any <lb/>divergence of view from such authorities, but to limit the already alarming <lb/>volume of this work, we later felt compelled to eliminate most of such dis<lb/>cussion. </s>

<s>Belli etiam <lb/>cau&longs;a res fo&longs;siles non &longs;unt: ut enim cum unus aliquis Tyrannus magno a<lb/>more <expan abbr="inflãmatus">inflammatus</expan> in mulierem egregia forma, facit bellum oppidanis, i&longs;ti<lb/>u&longs;modi belli in effrenata tyranni libidine e&longs;t culpa, non in facie mulieris: <lb/>Ita cum alius cæcus cupiditate auri & argenti bellum infert diuitibus po<lb/>pulis, metalla extra cau&longs;am ponere debemus, & omnem culpam in auari<lb/>tiam transferre. </s>

<s>When the half-dozen most important of the ancient works bearing <lb/>upon science have been translated by those of some scientific experience, <lb/>such questions will, no doubt, be properly settled.</s>

<s>Nam furentes impetus & turpes <expan abbr="actiões">actiones</expan>, quæiura <expan abbr="genti&utilde;">gentium</expan> <lb/>& ciuium <expan abbr="cõminuere">comminuere</expan> & uiolare &longs;olent, oriuntur ex no&longs;tris uitijs. </s>

<s>We need make no apologies for <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca.<emph.end type="italics"/> During 180 years <lb/>it was not superseded as the text-book and guide to miners and metallurgists, <lb/>for until Schlüter's great work on metallurgy in 1738 it had no equal. </s>

<s>Quare <lb/>non recte Tibullus in aurum contulit belli culpam, cum inquit:</s>

<s>That <lb/>it passed through some ten editions in three languages at a period when the <lb/>printing of such a volume was no ordinary undertaking, is in itself sufficient <lb/>evidence of the importance in which it was held, and is a record that no other <lb/>volume upon the same subjects has equalled since. </s>

<s>Diuitis hoc uitium e&longs;t auri, nec bella fuerunt <lb/>Faginus a&longs;tabat cum &longs;cyphus ante dapes.</s>

<s>A large proportion of the <lb/>technical data given by Agricola was either entirely new, or had not been <lb/>given previously with sufficient detail and explanation to have enabled a <lb/>worker in these arts himself to perform the operations without further guid<lb/>ance. </s>

<s>At Virgilius dicit homicidij culpam in auaritia re&longs;idere de Polyme<lb/>&longs;tore loquens:</s>

<s>Practically the whole of it must have been given from personal ex<lb/>perience and observation, for the scant library at his service can be appreci<lb/>ated from his own Preface. </s>

<s>Fas omne abrumpit, Polydorum obtruncat, & auro</s>

<s>Considering the part which the metallic arts <lb/>have played in human history, the paucity of their literature down to <lb/>Agricola's time is amazing. </s>

<s>Vipotitur. </s>

<s>No doubt the arts were jealously guarded by <lb/>their practitioners as a sort of stock-in-trade, and it is also probable that <lb/>those who had knowledge were not usually of a literary turn of mind; and, <pb pagenum="iii"/>on the other hand, the small army of writers prior to his time were not much <lb/>interested in the description of industrial pursuits. </s>

<s>quid non mortalia pectora cogis</s>

<s>Moreover, in those <lb/>thousands of years prior to printing, the tedious and expensive transcription of <lb/>manuscripts by hand was mostly applied to matters of more general interest, <lb/>and therefore many writings may have been lost in consequence. </s>

<s>Auri &longs;acra fames?</s>

<s>In fact, <lb/>such was the fate of the works of Theophrastus and Strato on these subjects.</s>

<s>Et iterum recte, cum loquitur de Pigmaleone, qui Sicheum interfecit.</s>

<s>We have prepared a short sketch of Agricola's life and times, not only <lb/>to give some indication of his learning and character, but also of his <lb/>considerable position in the community in which he lived. </s>

<s>atque auri cæcus amore,</s>

<s>As no appreciation <lb/>of Agricola's stature among the founders of science can be gained without <lb/>consideration of the advance which his works display over those of his <lb/>predecessors, we therefore devote some attention to the state of knowledge <lb/>of these subjects at the time by giving in the Appendix a short review of the <lb/>literature then extant and a summary of Agricola's other writings. </s>

<s>Clam ferro incautum &longs;uperat.</s>

<s>To serve the <lb/>bibliophile we present such data as we have been able to collect it with regard <lb/>to the various editions of his works. </s>

<s>Fames enim & cupiditas auri aliarumque rerum reddit homines cæcos. </s>

<s>The full titles of the works quoted in <lb/>the footnotes under simply authors' names will be found in this Appendix.</s>

<s><lb/>Atque impia i&longs;ta <expan abbr="pecuniar&utilde;">pecuniarum</expan> cupiditas omnibus omni tempore & loco pro <lb/>bro fuit & crimini. </s>

<s>We feel that it is scarcely doing Agricola justice to publish <emph type="italics"/>De Re <lb/>Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> only. </s>

<s>Quin etiam auaritiæ tantum dediti, quod eius &longs;erui e&longs;<lb/>&longs;ent, &longs;emper illiberales & &longs;ordidi &longs;unt habiti. </s>

<s>While it is of the most general interest of all of his works, <lb/>yet, from the point of view of pure science, <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossílíum<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>De <lb/>Ortu et Causís<emph.end type="italics"/> are works which deserve an equally important place. </s>

<s>Similiter auro & argento, <lb/>& gemmis expugnauerit aliquis pudicitiam mulierum, multorum fidem <lb/>labefactarit, emerit iudicia, innumera &longs;celera fecerit, iterum res fo&longs;siles in <lb/>culpa non &longs;unt, &longs;ed inflammatus atque ignitus furor <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan>, uel <expan abbr="animor&utilde;">animorum</expan> <lb/>cæca & impia cupiditas. </s>

<s>It is <lb/>unfortunate that Agricola's own countrymen have not given to the world <lb/>competent translations into German, as his work has too often been judged <lb/>by the German translations, the infidelity of which appears in nearly every <lb/>paragraph.</s>

<s>Quan quam autem in aurum & <expan abbr="argent&utilde;">argentum</expan> dicta, in <lb/>pecuniam poti&longs;simum dicantur, tamen quia nominatim eam carpunt Po<lb/>etæ, ip&longs;orum conuicia infringenda &longs;unt: quod uno illo fieri pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>We do not present <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> as a work of “practical” value. <lb/></s>

<s>His <lb/>pecunia e&longs;t bono, qui ea bene utuntur: dat damnum aut malum, qui ma<lb/>le. </s>

<s>The methods and processes have long since been superseded; yet surely such <lb/>a milestone on the road of development of one of the two most basic of human <lb/>industrial activities is more worthy of preservation than the thousands of <lb/>volumes devoted to records of human destruction. </s>

<s>Quamobrem recti&longs;sime Horatius:</s>

<s>To those interested in <lb/>the history of their own profession we need make no apologies, except <lb/>for the long delay in publication. </s>

<s>Ne&longs;cis quid ualeat nummus, quem præbeat u&longs;um</s>

<s>For this we put forward the necessity of <lb/>active endeavour in many directions; as this book could be but a labour of <lb/>love, it has had to find the moments for its execution in night hours, week<lb/>ends, and holidays, in all extending over a period of about five years. </s>

<s>Panis ematur, olus, uini &longs;extarius.</s>

<s>If the <lb/>work serves to strengthen the traditions of one of the most important and <lb/>least recognized of the world's professions we shall be amply repaid.</s>

<s>Atque etiam in alio loco.</s>

<s>It is our pleasure to acknowledge our obligations to Professor H. R. <lb/>Fairclough, of Stanford University, for perusal of and suggestions upon the first <lb/>chapter; and to those whom we have engaged from time to time for one service <lb/>or another, chiefly bibliographical work and collateral translation. </s>

<s>Imperat aut &longs;eruit collecta pecunia cuique,</s>

<s>We are <lb/>also sensibly obligated to the printers, Messrs. </s>

<s>Tortum digna &longs;equi potius quàm ducere funem.</s>

<s>Frost & Sons, for their patience <lb/>and interest, and for their willingness to bend some of the canons of modern <lb/>printing, to meet the demands of the 16th Century.</s>

<s>At homines ingenio&longs;i & &longs;olertes cum <expan abbr="cõ&longs;idera&longs;&longs;ent">con&longs;idera&longs;&longs;ent</expan> rerum permutati<lb/>onem, qua quondam homines rudes u&longs;i &longs;unt, & hodie immanes quæ<lb/>dam & barbaræ nationes utuntur, qualis e&longs;&longs;et, id e&longs;t, quam difficilis factu <lb/>& laborio&longs;a, <expan abbr="reperier&utilde;t">reperierunt</expan> pecuniam. </s>

<s>THE RED HOUSE,</s>

<s>Ea uero nihil utilius excogitari potuit. </s>

<s>HORNTON STREET, LONDON.</s>

<s><lb/>Siquidem parua auri argentique ma&longs;&longs;a, precium e&longs;t rei magnæ & grauis. <pb pagenum="13"/>Itaque pecunia fretæ gentes multum inter &longs;e di&longs;tantes longeque &longs;eiuncta facil<lb/>lime faciunt mercaturas, quibus uita ciuilis uix carere pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>Deinde ma<lb/>ledicta quæ dicuntur in ferrum, æs, plumbum, neip&longs;a quidem apud uiros <lb/>prudentes & graues locum habent. </s>

<s><emph type="bold"/>INTRODUCTION.<emph.end type="bold"/></s>

<s>Etenim ut illa metalla <expan abbr="tollãtur">tollantur</expan> de me<lb/>dio, homines certè uehementius efferue&longs;centes iracundia, & effrenato furo <lb/>re incitati, pugnis, calcibus, unguibus, dentibus tanquam feræ certabunt. </s>

<s>BIOGRAPHY.</s>

<s><lb/>Alij alijs fu&longs;tes <expan abbr="imping&etilde;t">impingent</expan>, alios lapidibus percutient, alios <expan abbr="pro&longs;tern&etilde;t">pro&longs;ternent</expan>, quin <lb/>etiam homo hominem non &longs;olum ferro interficit, &longs;ed necat ueneno, inedia, <lb/>&longs;iti: premit faucibus & &longs;trangulat, <expan abbr="uiu&utilde;">uiuum</expan> defodit in terra: immergit in aquas <lb/>& &longs;uffocat, <expan abbr="cõburit">comburit</expan>, &longs;u&longs;pendit, ut faciat omne <expan abbr="element&utilde;">elementum</expan> particeps humanæ <lb/>necis. </s>

<s>Georgius Agricola was born at Glauchau, in <lb/>Saxony, on March 24th, 1494, and therefore entered <lb/>the world when it was still upon the threshold of the <lb/>Renaissance; Gutenberg's first book had been print<lb/>ed but forty years before; the Humanists had but <lb/>begun that stimulating criticism which awoke the <lb/>Reformation; Erasmus, of Rotterdam, who was sub<lb/>sequently to become Agricola's friend and patron, <lb/>was just completing his student days. </s>

<s>Tum denique alius feris obijcitur: alius in mactati pecoris cadauer to <lb/>tus in&longs;uitur, excepto capite, &longs;icque uermibus <expan abbr="dilaniãdus">dilaniandus</expan> relin quitur: alium ui <lb/>uarijs immer&longs;um, totum pariter murenæ di&longs;trahunt: alius oleo incoquitur: <lb/>alius oliuo inunctus ligatu&longs;que mu&longs;cis & crabronibus <expan abbr="uexãdus">uexandus</expan> proponitur: <lb/>alius uirgis cæ&longs;us uel fu&longs;tibus mulctatus neci datur: alius &longs;axis facta lapida<lb/>tione obruitur: alius præcipitatur ex altis locis. </s>

<s>The Refor<lb/>mation itself was yet to come, but it was not long delayed, for Luther <lb/>was born the year before Agricola, and through him Agricola's home<lb/>land became the cradle of the great movement; nor did Agricola escape being <lb/>drawn into the conflict. </s>

<s>Præterea homo &longs;ine metal <lb/>lis cruciatur non uno modo? </s>

<s>Italy, already awake with the new classical revival, was <lb/>still a busy workshop of antiquarian research, translation, study, and <lb/>publication, and through her the Greek and Latin Classics were only <lb/>now available for wide distribution. </s>

<s>ut cum carnifex cereis <expan abbr="ard&etilde;tibus">ardentibus</expan> inguina ip<lb/>&longs;i & alas adurit: uel <expan abbr="linte&utilde;">linteum</expan> imponit in os, id que per <expan abbr="in&longs;piration&etilde;">in&longs;pirationem</expan> &longs;en&longs;im & leni <lb/>ter in fauces tractum, repente & uiolenter retrahit: uel manibus po&longs;t <expan abbr="terg&utilde;">tergum</expan> <lb/>illigatis, ip&longs;um fune paulatim in &longs;ublime <expan abbr="tract&utilde;">tractum</expan>, &longs;ubito deijcit: uel &longs;imiliter <lb/>à trabe religato &longs;axum grandis <expan abbr="põderis">ponderis</expan> è pedibus funiculo <expan abbr="app&etilde;dit">appendit</expan>: uel de<lb/>nique eius artus torto di&longs;trahit. </s>

<s>Students from the rest of Europe, <lb/>among them at a later time Agricola himself, flocked to the Italian <lb/>Universities, and on their return infected their native cities with the newly<lb/>awakened learning. </s>

<s>Itaque ex his intelligimus non metalla e&longs;&longs;e cul <lb/>panda, &longs;ed no&longs;tra uitia, iram dico, <expan abbr="crudelitat&etilde;">crudelitatem</expan>, di&longs;cordiam, cupiditatem latè <lb/><expan abbr="regnãdi">regnandi</expan>, auaritiam, libidinem. </s>

<s>At Agricola's birth Columbus had just returned from his <lb/>great discovery, and it was only three years later that Vasco Da Gama rounded <lb/>Cape Good Hope. </s>

<s>Sed exi&longs;tit hocloco quæ&longs;tio, utrum res fo&longs;<lb/>&longs;iles in numero <expan abbr="bonor&utilde;">bonorum</expan> habere debeamus, an reponere in malorum c&oelig;tu. </s>

<s>Thus these two foremost explorers had only initiated <lb/>that greatest period of geographical expansion in the world's history. </s>

<s><lb/>Vniuer&longs;as quidem diuitias Peripatetici in bonorum numero duxerunt, & <lb/>modo nominarunt externa, quod neque in animo neque in corpore, &longs;ed extra <lb/>&longs;int. </s>

<s>A few <lb/>dates will recall how far this exploration extended during Agricola's lifetime. <lb/></s>

<s>Tum autem ut multa alia <expan abbr="dixer&utilde;t">dixerunt</expan> e&longs;&longs;e po&longs;&longs;e bona, quod his bene uelma <lb/>uti &longs;it in no&longs;tra <expan abbr="&longs;it&utilde;">&longs;itum</expan> pote&longs;tate. </s>

<s>Balboa first saw the Pacific in 1513; Cortes entered the City of Mexico in <lb/>1520; Magellan entered the Pacific in the same year; Pizarro penetrated <lb/>into Peru in 1528; De Soto landed in Florida in 1539, and Potosi was dis<lb/>covered in 1546. Omitting the sporadic settlement on the St. </s>

<s>Etenim boni uiri his bene <expan abbr="ut&utilde;tur">utuntur</expan>, ei&longs;que &longs;unt <lb/>utiles: mali, male, ei&longs;que inutiles &longs;unt. </s>

<s>Lawrence by <lb/>Cartier in 1541, the settlement of North America did not begin for a quarter <lb/>of a century after Agricola's death. </s>

<s>Socratis e&longs;t dictum, <expan abbr="uin&utilde;">uinum</expan> ad ua&longs;a mu<lb/>tari, diuitias ad eorum, qui ip&longs;as po&longs;sident mores. </s>

<s>Thus the revival of learning, with its <lb/>train of Humanism, the Reformation, its stimulation of exploration and the <lb/>re-awakening of the arts and sciences, was still in its infancy with Agricola.</s>

<s>Stoici uero <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> mos <lb/>e&longs;t ut &longs;ubtiliter & argute <expan abbr="di&longs;put&etilde;t">di&longs;putent</expan>, quamuis diuitias ex <expan abbr="bonor&utilde;">bonorum</expan> choro &longs;u&longs;tu <lb/>lerint, non tamen <expan abbr="numerar&utilde;t">numerarunt</expan> in malis, &longs;ed in eo genere quod appellatur in<lb/>differens collocarunt. </s>

<s>We know practically nothing of Agricola's antecedents or his youth. </s>

<s>Etenim ip&longs;is uirtus e&longs;t una, bonum, uitium tantum <lb/>modo malum, omne reliquum genus indifferens. </s>

<s>His <lb/>real name was Georg Bauer (“peasant”), and it was probably Latinized by <lb/>his teachers, as was the custom of the time. </s>

<s>Itaque ut ip&longs;i de hacre &longs;en <lb/>tiunt, nihil intere&longs;t bene ualeat qui&longs;piam, an grauiter ægrotet: nihil inter<lb/>e&longs;t formo&longs;us &longs;it an deformis. </s>

<s>His own brother, in receipts <pb pagenum="vi"/>preserved in the archives of the Zwickau Town Council, calls himself “Bauer,” <lb/>and in them refers to his brother “Agricola.” He entered the University of <lb/>Leipsic at the age of twenty, and after about three and one-half years' attendance <lb/>there gained the degree of <emph type="italics"/>Baccalaureus Artíum.<emph.end type="italics"/> In 1518 he became Vice<lb/>Principal of the Municipal School at Zwickau, where he taught Greek and Latin. <lb/></s>

<s>Denique</s>

<s>In 1520 he became Principal, and among his assistants was Johannes Förster, <lb/>better known as Luther's collaborator in the translation of the Bible. </s>

<s>Diues ne pri&longs;co natus ab Inacho</s>

<s>During <lb/>this time our author prepared and published a small Latin Grammar<emph type="sup"/>2<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s>

<s>Nil intere&longs;t, an pauper & infima</s>

<s>In <lb/>1522 he removed to Leipsic to become a lecturer in the University under his <lb/>friend, Petrus Mosellanus, at whose death in 1524 he went to Italy for the <lb/>further study of Philosophy, Medicine, and the Natural Sciences. </s>

<s>De gente &longs;ub dio moreris.</s>

<s>Here he <lb/>remained for nearly three years, from 1524 to 1526. He visited the Universities <lb/>of Bologna, Venice, and probably Padua, and at these institutions received <lb/>his first inspiration to work in the sciences, for in a letter<emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/> from Leonardus <lb/>Casibrotius to Erasmus we learn that he was engaged upon a revision of Galen. <lb/></s>

<s>At ego quidem non uideo cau&longs;am cur ei quod naturaliter & per &longs;e <expan abbr="bon&utilde;">bonum</expan> <lb/>e&longs;t, inter bona e&longs;&longs;e aliquid loci non debeat. </s>

<s>It was about this time that he made the acquaintance of Erasmus, who had <lb/>settled at Basel as Editor for Froben's press.</s>

<s>Res fo&longs;siles certè natura creat, <lb/>& humano generi præbent <expan abbr="multiplic&etilde;">multiplicem</expan> nece&longs;&longs;ariumque u&longs;um, ut <expan abbr="taceã">taceam</expan> de or<lb/>natu, qui cum utilitate mirifice <expan abbr="cõgruit">congruit</expan>. </s>

<s>In 1526 Agricola returned to Zwickau, and in 1527 he was chosen town <lb/>physician at Joachimsthal. </s>

<s>Igitur ip&longs;a deijci de &longs;uo &longs;tatu & gra <lb/>du quem tenent in bonis <expan abbr="æqu&utilde;">æquum</expan> non e&longs;t. </s>

<s>This little city in Bohemia is located on the <lb/>eastern slope of the Erzgebirge, in the midst of the then most prolific metal<lb/>mining district of Central Europe. </s>

<s>Nec uero &longs;i quis malè ip&longs;is e&longs;t u&longs;us, <pb pagenum="14"/>iccirco recte <expan abbr="dic&etilde;tur">dicentur</expan> mala. </s>

<s>Thence to Freiberg is but fifty miles, <lb/>and the same radius from that city would include most of the mining towns <lb/>so frequently mentioned in <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/>—Schneeberg, Geyer, Annaberg <lb/>and Altenberg—and not far away were Marienberg, Gottesgab, and Platten. <lb/></s>

<s>Quibus enim rebus bonis malè æque atque bene <lb/>uti non po&longs;&longs;umus? </s>

<s>Joachimsthal was a booming mining camp, founded but eleven years before <lb/>Agricola's arrival, and already having several thousand inhabitants. </s>

<s>Liceat mihi exempla ponere ex utroque genere <expan abbr="bonor&utilde;">bonorum</expan>. </s>

<s>Accord<lb/>ing to Agricola's own statement<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/>, he spent all the time not required for his <lb/>medical duties in visiting the mines and smelters, in reading up in the Greek and <lb/>Latin authors all references to mining, and in association with the most learned <lb/>among the mining folk. </s>

<s><lb/>Vinum, potus longe optimus, &longs;i modice bibitur, prode&longs;t cococtioni cibo<lb/>rum, ad &longs;anguinis ortumiuuat: promouet &longs;uccos in omnes corporis par<lb/>tes: nutricationi bono e&longs;t, nec corpori &longs;olum, &longs;ed animo etiam utile. </s>

<s>Among these was one Lorenz Berman, whom Agricola <lb/>afterward set up as the “learned miner” in his dialogue <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus.<emph.end type="italics"/> This <lb/>book was first published by Froben at Basel in 1530, and was a sort of <lb/>catechism on mineralogy, mining terms, and mining lore. </s>

<s>Nam <lb/>tenebras & <expan abbr="caligin&etilde;">caliginem</expan> mentis no&longs;træ di&longs;cutit: cura & &longs;ollicitudine nos libe<lb/>rat: reddit fidentes rebus. </s>

<s>The book was <lb/>apparently first submitted to the great Erasmus, and the publication arranged <lb/>by him, a warm letter of approval by him appearing at the beginning of the <lb/>book<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s>

<s>Sin immodice bibitur, corpus lædit, & grauibus <lb/>morbis opprimit. </s>

<s>In 1533 he published <emph type="italics"/>De Mensuris et Ponderibus,<emph.end type="italics"/> through Froben, <lb/>this being a discussion of Roman and Greek weights and measures. </s>

<s>Vinolentus etiam nihil tacitum tenet: furit & bacchatur, <lb/>multaque &longs;celera nefaria &longs;acit & flagitia. </s>

<s>At <lb/>about this time he began <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/>—not to be published for <lb/>twenty-five years.<lb/><lb/><lb/></s><pb pagenum="vii"/>

<s>Qua dere Theognis perdoctè &longs;cri<lb/>p&longs;it uer&longs;ibus, quos &longs;iclatine reddere po&longs;sumus:</s>

<s>Agricola did not confine his interest entirely to medicine and mining, <lb/>for during this period he composed a pamphlet upon the Turks, urging their <lb/>extermination by the European powers. </s>

<s>Vina nocere &longs;olent, auida &longs;i fauce trahantur, <lb/>Si modice biberis, uina iuuare &longs;olent.</s>

<s>This work was no doubt inspired by <lb/>the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529. It appeared first in German in 1531, <lb/>and in Latin—in which it was originally written—in 1538, and passed through <lb/>many subsequent editions.</s>

<s>Sed ne diutius morer in externis, uenio ad corporis & animi bona, inter <lb/>quæ mihi robur & forma atque ingenium occurrunt. </s>

<s>At this time, too, he became interested in the God's Gift mine at <lb/>Albertham, which was discovered in 1530. Writing in 1545, he says<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/>: <lb/>“We, as a shareholder, through the goodness of God, have enjoyed the <lb/>proceeds of this God's Gift since the very time when the mine began first <lb/>to bestow such riches.”</s>

<s>Igitur &longs;i quis robore <lb/>fretus, multum laborat, ut &longs;e &longs;uo&longs;que hone&longs;te & laudate alat, eo bene utitur: <lb/>Sin ex cæde uiuit & latrocinatur, male. </s>

<s>Agricola seems to have resigned his position at Joachimsthal in about <lb/>1530, and to have devoted the next two or three years to travel and study <lb/>among the mines. </s>

<s>Similiter f&oelig;mina pulchritudine exi <lb/>mia &longs;i nupta uiro, ei uni placere &longs;tudet, forma utitur: &longs;in <expan abbr="petulãter">petulanter</expan> uiuit ru <lb/>itque in libidinem, ea, ut <expan abbr="cõuenit">conuenit</expan>, non utitur. </s>

<s>About 1533 he became city physician of Chemnitz, in <lb/>Saxony, and here he resided until his death in 1555. There is but little <lb/>record of his activities during the first eight or nine years of his residence in <lb/>this city. </s>

<s>Pari ratione adole&longs;cens qui do <lb/>ctrinæ &longs;e&longs;e dat, & artes ingenuas colit, recte utitur ingenio. </s>

<s>He must have been engaged upon the study of his subjects and <lb/>the preparation of his books, for they came on with great rapidity soon after. <lb/></s>

<s>Qui fingit, <expan abbr="m&etilde;-titur">men<lb/>titur</expan>, capit, fraude & perfidia fallit, eius celeritate abutitur. </s>

<s>He was frequently consulted on matters of mining engineering, as, for instance, <lb/>we learn, from a letter written by a certain Johannes Hordeborch<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/>, that <lb/>Duke Henry of Brunswick applied to him with regard to the method for <lb/>working mines in the Upper Harz.</s>

<s>Vt autem is qui <lb/>uinum, robur, formam, <expan abbr="ingeni&utilde;">ingenium</expan>, propter peiorem u&longs;um in <expan abbr="bonor&utilde;">bonorum</expan> numero <lb/>non habet, in <expan abbr="&longs;umm&utilde;">&longs;ummum</expan> illum rerum opificem Deum iniurio&longs;us & contumeli <lb/>o&longs;us e&longs;t, ita qui res fo&longs;siles eximit ex <expan abbr="bonor&utilde;">bonorum</expan> c&oelig;tu, in <expan abbr="e&utilde;dem">eundem</expan> <expan abbr="iniuriã">iniuriam</expan> & <expan abbr="cõtu">contu</expan> <lb/>meliam iacit. </s>

<s>In 1543 he married Anna, widow of Matthias Meyner, a petty tithe <lb/>official; there is some reason to believe from a letter published by Schmid,<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>that Anna was his second wife, and that he was married the first time at <lb/>Joachimsthal. </s>

<s>Recti&longs;sime igitur <expan abbr="quidã">quidam</expan> Græci poetæ <expan abbr="&longs;crip&longs;er&utilde;t">&longs;crip&longs;erunt</expan>, ut Pindarus.</s>

<s>He seems to have had several children, for he commends his <lb/>young children to the care of the Town Council during his absence at the <lb/>war in 1547. In addition to these, we know that a son, Theodor, was born <lb/>in 1550; a daughter, Anna, in 1552; another daughter, Irene, was buried at <lb/>Chemnitz in 1555; and in 1580 his widow and three children—Anna, <lb/>Valerius, and Lucretia—were still living.</s>

<s>Quæ uirtute pecunia <lb/>Exornata nitet, &longs;uppeditat uias</s>

<s>In 1544 began the publication of the series of books to which Agricola <lb/>owes his position. </s>

<s>Non unas bene agas, quibus <lb/>Quæ &longs;ors cunque ferens obtulerit tibi.</s>

<s>The first volume comprised five works and was finally <lb/>issued in 1546; it was subsequently considerably revised, and re-issued in 1558. <lb/>These works were: <emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causís Subterraneorum,<emph.end type="italics"/> in five “books,” the <lb/>first work on physical geology; <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>four “books,” on subterranean waters and gases; <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossílíum,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>ten “books,” the first systematic mineralogy; <emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novís Metallís,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in two “books,” devoted largely to the history of metals and topographical <lb/>mineralogy; a new edition of <emph type="italics"/>Bermannus<emph.end type="italics"/> was included; and finally <emph type="italics"/>Rerum <lb/>Metallícarum Interpretatio,<emph.end type="italics"/> a glossary of Latin and German mineralogical <lb/>and metallurgical terms. </s>

<s>Vt Sappho.</s>

<s>Another work, <emph type="italics"/>De Animantíbus Subterraneis,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>usually published with <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> is dated 1548 in the preface. </s>

<s>Sine uirtutis amore ho&longs;pes iniquus</s>

<s>It <lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="viii"/>is devoted to animals which live underground, at least part of the time, but <lb/>is not a very effective basis of either geologic or zoologic classi<lb/>fication. </s>

<s>Nocet aurum, at &longs;ociata hæc caput & &longs;umma bonorum.</s>

<s>Despite many public activities, Agricola apparently completed <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> in 1550, but did not send it to the press until 1553; nor <lb/>did it appear until a year after his death in 1555. But we give further details <lb/>on the preparation of this work on p. </s>

<s>Vt Callimachus.</s>

<s>Diuitiæ magnos &longs;ine nec uirtute: nec ip&longs;æ</s>

<s>During this period he found time <lb/>to prepare a small medical work, <emph type="italics"/>De Peste,<emph.end type="italics"/> and certain historical studies, <lb/>details of which appear in the Appendix. </s>

<s>Virtutes faciunt magnos &longs;ine diuite cenfu.</s>

<s>There are other works by Agricola re<lb/>ferred to by sixteenth century writers, but so far we have not been able to find <lb/>them although they may exist. </s>

<s>Vt Antiphanes.</s>

<s>Such data as we have, is given in the appendix.</s>

<s>Nam per deos cur oportet quis dite&longs;cere?</s>

<s>As a young man, Agricola seems to have had some tendencies toward <lb/>liberalism in religious matters, for while at Zwickau he composed some anti<lb/>Popish Epigrams; but after his return to Leipsic he apparently never wavered, <lb/>and steadily refused to accept the Lutheran Reformation. </s>

<s>Pecuniæ cur optet habere plurimum?</s>

<s>To many even <lb/>liberal scholars of the day, Luther's doctrines appeared wild and demagogic. <lb/></s>

<s>Quàm po&longs;sit auxiliari ut amicis, gratiæ</s>

<s>Luther was not a scholarly man; his addresses were to the masses; his Latin <lb/>was execrable. </s>

<s>Fructumque &longs;erere Diuarum &longs;uaui&longs;simæ.</s>

<s>Nor did the bitter dissensions over hair-splitting theology in <lb/>the Lutheran Church after Luther's death tend to increase respect for the <lb/>movement among the learned. </s>

<s>Argumentis & conuitijs aduer&longs;ariorum refutatis colligamus utilitates <lb/>metallicæ. </s>

<s>Agricola was a scholar of wide attainments, <lb/>a deep-thinking, religious man, and he remained to the end a staunch Catholic, <lb/>despite the general change of sentiment among his countrymen. </s>

<s>Primum autem ea utilis e&longs;t medicis. </s>

<s>His leanings <lb/>were toward such men as his friend the humanist, Erasmus. </s>

<s>Etenim effundit copiam <lb/><expan abbr="medicamentor&utilde;">medicamentorum</expan>, quibus uulnera & ulcera &longs;olent curari, pe&longs;tis etiam: ut cer <lb/>te &longs;i nulla alia e&longs;&longs;et cau&longs;a cur &longs;crutaremur <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan>, tamen medicinæ gratia eam <lb/>fodere deberemus. </s>

<s>That he had <lb/>the courage of his convictions is shown in the dedication of <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Eorum,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>where he addresses to his friend, Duke Maurice, the pious advice that the <lb/>dissensions of the Germans should be composed, and that the Duke should return <lb/>to the bosom of the Church those who had been torn from her, and adds: “Yet <lb/>I do not wish to become confused by these turbulent waters, and be led to <lb/>offend anyone. </s>

<s>Deinde utilis e&longs;t pictoribus. </s>

<s>It is more advisable to check my utterances.” As he <lb/>became older he may have become less tolerant in religious matters, for he <lb/>did not seem to show as much patience in the discussion of ecclesiastical topics <lb/>as he must have possessed earlier, yet he maintained to the end the respect <lb/>and friendship of such great Protestants as Melanchthon, Camerarius, Fabricius, <lb/>and many others.</s>

<s>Siquidem eruit genera pi<lb/>gmentorum, quibus cum ip&longs;is tectoria picta fuerint, humor allap&longs;us extrin <pb pagenum="15"/>&longs;ecus minus, quàm cæteris nocet. </s>

<s>In 1546, when he was at the age of 52, began Agricola's activity in <lb/>public life, for in that year he was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz; and in the <lb/>same year Duke Maurice appointed him Burgomaster—an office which <lb/>he held for four terms. </s>

<s>Tum utilis e&longs;t architectis. </s>

<s>Before one can gain an insight into his political <lb/>services, and incidentally into the character of the man, it is necessary to <lb/>understand the politics of the time and his part therein, and to bear in mind <lb/>always that he was a staunch Catholic under a Protestant Sovereign in a <lb/>State seething with militant Protestantism.</s>

<s>Etenim inue<lb/>nit marmora ad firmitatem magnorum <expan abbr="ædi&utilde;">ædium</expan> apta, & ad <expan abbr="ornat&utilde;">ornatum</expan> decora. </s>

<s>Saxony had been divided in 1485 between the Princes Ernest and Albert, <lb/>the former taking the Electoral dignity and the major portion of the Princi<lb/>pality. </s>

<s>Vti <lb/>lis præterea e&longs;t ijs, <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> animus ad immortalem gloriam nititur. </s>

<s>Albert the Brave, the younger brother and Duke of Saxony, obtained <lb/>the subordinate portion, embracing Meissen, but subject to the Elector. <lb/></s>

<s>Nam ef<lb/>fodit metalla, è quibus nummi & &longs;tatuæ aliaque fiunt, quæ po&longs;t <expan abbr="literar&utilde;">literarum</expan> mo <lb/>nimenta hominibus quodammodo <expan abbr="æternitat&etilde;">æternitatem</expan>, immortalitatemque donant. </s>

<s>The Elector Ernest was succeeded in 1486 by Frederick the Wise, and under <pb pagenum="ix"/>his support Luther made Saxony the cradle of the Reformation. </s>

<s><lb/>Mercatoribus etiam utilis e&longs;t, quod multis de cau&longs;is, ut aliàs dixi, moneta, <lb/>quæ ex metallis <expan abbr="cõficitur">conficitur</expan>, oportunior &longs;it homini, quàm rerum permutatio. </s>

<s>This <lb/>Elector was succeeded in 1525 by his brother John, who was in turn succeeded <lb/>by his son John Frederick in 1532. Of more immediate interest to this subject <lb/>is the Albertian line of Saxon Dukes who ruled Meissen, for in that Princi<lb/>pality Agricola was born and lived, and his political fortunes were associated <lb/>with this branch of the Saxon House. </s>

<s><lb/>Po&longs;tremo cui non e&longs;t utilis? </s>

<s>Albert was succeeded in 1505 by his <lb/>son George, “The Bearded,” and he in turn by his brother Henry, the last <lb/>of the Catholics, in 1539, who ruled until 1541. Henry was succeeded in 1541 <lb/>by his Protestant son Maurice, who was the Patron of Agricola.</s>

<s>nam ut nunc <expan abbr="prætereã">præteream</expan> & relinquam opera tam <lb/><expan abbr="cõcinna">concinna</expan>, tam polita, tam elaborata, tam utilia, quæ ex metallis in uarias fi<lb/>guras formant fabri aurarij, <expan abbr="arg&etilde;tarij">argentarij</expan>, ærarij, plumbarij, ferrarij, quotu&longs;quis<lb/>que artifex &longs;ine metallis aliquod opus elegans & <expan abbr="perfect&utilde;">perfectum</expan> efficere pote&longs;t? </s>

<s>At about this time Saxony was drawn into the storms which rose from <lb/>the long-standing rivalry between Francis I., King of France, and Charles V. <lb/>of Spain. </s>

<s><lb/>certe &longs;i non utitur <expan abbr="in&longs;trum&etilde;tis">in&longs;trumentis</expan> ex ferro uel ex ære factis, neque lignea, neque la<lb/>pidea &longs;ine ei&longs;dem <expan abbr="potuer&utilde;t">potuerunt</expan> formari. </s>

<s>These two potentates came to the throne in the same year (1515), <lb/>and both were candidates for Emperor of that loose Confederation known <lb/>as the Holy Roman Empire. </s>

<s>Ex quibus omnibus <expan abbr="per&longs;picu&utilde;">per&longs;picuum</expan> e&longs;t, qui <lb/>fructus quæque <expan abbr="cõmoditates">commoditates</expan> percipiantur ex metallis. </s>

<s>Charles was elected, and intermittent wars <lb/>between these two Princes arose—first in one part of Europe, and then in <lb/>another. </s>

<s>Ea uero ne habere<lb/>mus quidem ni&longs;i ars metallica e&longs;&longs;et <expan abbr="inu&etilde;ta">inuenta</expan>, nobisque mini&longs;traretur. </s>

<s>Francis finally formed an alliance with the Schmalkalden League <lb/>of German Protestant Princes, and with the Sultan of Turkey, against Charles. <lb/></s>

<s>Quis igi <lb/>tur non intelligit eam e&longs;&longs;e maximè utilem, imo potius nece&longs;&longs;ariam huma<lb/>no generi? </s>

<s>In 1546 Maurice of Meissen, although a Protestant, saw his best interest in <lb/>a secret league with Charles against the other Protestant Princes, and pro<lb/>ceeded (the Schmalkalden War) to invade the domains of his superior and <lb/>cousin, the Elector Frederick. </s>

<s>ne plura: Homo metallica carere non potuit, nec ip&longs;um ea care <lb/>re uoluit diuina benignitas. </s>

<s>The Emperor Charles proved successful in <lb/>this war, and Maurice was rewarded, at the Capitulation of Wittenberg in 1547, <lb/>by being made Elector of Saxony in the place of his cousin. </s>

<s>Porro quæritur metallica hone&longs;tá ne &longs;it inge<lb/>nuis, an pudenda & inhone&longs;ta. </s>

<s>Later on, the <lb/>Elector Maurice found the association with Catholic Charles unpalatable, and <lb/>joined in leading the other Protestant princes in war upon him, and on the <lb/>defeat of the Catholic party and the peace of Passau, Maurice became <lb/>acknowledged as the champion of German national and religious freedom. <lb/></s>

<s>Nos <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> eam inter hone&longs;tas numeramus <lb/>artes. </s>

<s>He was succeeded by his brother Augustus in 1553.</s>

<s>Cuius enim artis quæ&longs;tus non e&longs;t impius, non odio&longs;us, non &longs;ordidus, <lb/>illam hone&longs;tam po&longs;&longs;umus exi&longs;timare. </s>

<s>Agricola was much favoured by the Saxon Electors, Maurice and <lb/>Augustus. </s>

<s>Talem uero metallicæ <expan abbr="quæ&longs;t&utilde;">quæ&longs;tum</expan> e&longs;&longs;e, <lb/>quod augeat rem bonis & hone&longs;tis rationibus iam o&longs;tendemus: iure igi<lb/>tur inter hone&longs;tas numeratur artes. </s>

<s>He dedicates most of his works to them, and shows much gratitude <lb/>for many favours conferred upon him. </s>

<s>Primum autem quæ&longs;tus metallici, lice<lb/>at mihi eam conferre cum cæteris rationibus, quibus magna pecunia quæ<lb/>ritur, æquè pius e&longs;t atque agricolæ. </s>

<s>Duke Maurice presented to him a <lb/>house and plot in Chemnitz, and in a letter dated June 14th, 1543,<emph type="sup"/>9<emph.end type="sup"/> in con<lb/>nection therewith, says: “ . . . . that he may enjoy his life-long a <lb/>freehold house unburdened by all burgher rights and other municipal ser<lb/>vice, to be used by him and inhabited as a free dwelling, and that he may <lb/>also, for the necessities of his household and of his wife and servants, brew <lb/>his own beer free, and that he may likewise purvey for himself and his <lb/>household foreign beer and also wine for use, and yet he shall not sell any <lb/>such beer. . . . We have taken the said Doctor under our especial <lb/>protection and care for our life-long, and he shall not be summoned before <lb/>any Court of Justice, but only before us and our Councillor. . . .”</s>

<s>Nam ut hic, cum in agris &longs;uis <expan abbr="&longs;ement&etilde;">&longs;ementem</expan> fa<lb/>cit, quamuis ip&longs;i fructuo &longs;i&longs;simi &longs;int, nemini tamen facit <expan abbr="iniuriã">iniuriam</expan>: Ita ille cum <lb/>&longs;uum fodit <expan abbr="metall&utilde;">metallum</expan>, etiam&longs;i magnos aceruos auri argenti'ue eruat, nulli ta<lb/>men mortalium dat damnum. </s>

<s>Agricola was made Burgomaster of Chemnitz in 1546. A letter<emph type="sup"/>10<emph.end type="sup"/> from <lb/>Fabricius to Meurer, dated May 19th, 1546, says that Agricola had been <lb/><pb pagenum="x"/>made Burgomaster by the command of the Prince. </s>

<s>Omninoque hæc duo genera rei familiaris au <lb/>gendæ in primis &longs;unt liberalia & ingenua. </s>

<s>This would be Maurice, <lb/>and it is all the more a tribute to the high respect with which Agricola was <lb/>held, for, as said before, he was a consistent Catholic, and Maurice a Protestant <lb/>Prince. </s>

<s>At præda bellatoris plerumque<lb/>impia e&longs;t, quod militaris furor rapiat bona tam &longs;acra quàm prophana. </s>

<s>In this same year the Schmalkalden War broke out, and Agricola <lb/>was called to personal attendance upon the Duke Maurice in a diplomatic <lb/>and advisory capacity. </s>

<s>Vt <lb/>uero <expan abbr="bell&utilde;">bellum</expan> habeat &longs;u&longs;ceptum rex <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> iu&longs;ti&longs;simus cum crudelibus tyran<lb/>nis, non po&longs;&longs;unt in eo homines improbi rem atque fortunas amittere, ut non <lb/>innocentem & mi&longs;eram plebem, &longs;enes dico, matronas, uirgines, pupillos &longs;e <lb/>cum in eandem calamitatem trahant. </s>

<s>In 1546 also he was a member of the Diet of Freiberg, <lb/>and was summoned to Council in Dresden. </s>

<s>Metallicus autem magnas diuitias in <lb/>breui congerere pote&longs;t &longs;ine ulla ui, &longs;ine fraude & malitia. </s>

<s>The next year he continued, by <lb/>the Duke's command, Burgomaster at Chemnitz, although he seems to have <lb/>been away upon Ducal matters most of the time. </s>

<s>Quocirca omni<lb/>no uerum non e&longs;t illud uetus prouerbium. </s>

<s>The Duke addresses<emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>the Chemnitz Council in March, 1547: “We hereby make known to you <lb/>that we are in urgent need of your Burgomaster, Dr. </s>

<s>Omnis diues aut iniquus, aut <lb/>iniqui hæres. </s>

<s>Georgius Agricola, <lb/>with us. </s>

<s>De quo tamen quidam contendentes aduer&longs;us nos, in&longs;ectan <lb/>tur & exagitant metallicos, eosque aut ip&longs;orum liberos dicunt in breui in <expan abbr="e-ge&longs;tat&etilde;">e<lb/>ge&longs;tatem</expan> incidere, non aliam ob cau&longs;am quàm quod diuitias non bono mo<lb/>do conge&longs;&longs;erint. </s>

<s>It is, therefore, our will that you should yield him up and forward <lb/>him that he should with the utmost haste set forth to us here near Freiberg.” <lb/>He was sent on various missions from the Duke to the Emperor Charles, to <lb/>King Ferdinand of Austria, and to other Princes in matters connected with the <lb/>war—the fact that he was a Catholic probably entering into his appointment <lb/>to such missions. </s>

<s>Nihil enim uerius e&longs;&longs;e illo, quod e&longs;t apud Næuium poe<lb/>tam, male parta male dilabuntur. </s>

<s>Chemnitz was occupied by the troops of first one side, then <lb/>the other, despite the great efforts of Agricola to have his own town specially <lb/>defended. </s>

<s>His autem improbis rationibus homi<lb/>nes ex fodinis diuites fieri aiunt. </s>

<s>In April, 1547, the war came to an end in the Battle of Mühlberg, <lb/>but Agricola was apparently not relieved of his Burgomastership until the <lb/>succeeding year, for he wrote his friend Wolfgang Meurer, in April, 1548,<emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>that he “was now relieved.” His public duties did not end, however, for he <lb/>attended the Diet of Leipzig in 1547 and in 1549, and was at the Diet <lb/>at Torgau in 1550. In 1551 he was again installed as Burgomaster; and in <lb/>1553, for the fourth time, he became head of the Municipality, and during <lb/>this year had again to attend the Diets at Leipzig and Dresden, representing <lb/>his city. </s>

<s>Vbi &longs;pes aliqua metalli <expan abbr="effodi&etilde;di">effodiendi</expan> o&longs;tendi<lb/>tur, aut regulus magi&longs;tratúsue exturbat fodinæ dominos ex po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sione, <lb/>aut callidus & uer&longs;utus aliquis uicinus antiquis po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;oribus infert litem, <lb/>ut eos aliqua fodinæ parte &longs;poliet: aut præfectus fodinæ ideo indicit domi <pb pagenum="16"/>nis &longs;ymbola grauiora, ut &longs;i ea dare uoluerint, uel non potuerint, omne ius <lb/>po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sionis amittant, ip&longs;e contrà quàm fas e&longs;t ami&longs;&longs;um u&longs;urpet. </s>

<s>He apparently now had a short relief from public duties, for it is <lb/>not until 1555, shortly before his death, that we find him again attending a <lb/>Diet at Torgau.</s>

<s>Aut deni<lb/>que præ&longs;es fodinæ uenam, qua parte abundat metallo oblinit luto, uel <lb/>terris, &longs;axis, a&longs;&longs;ere, palo tegit, ut aliquot po&longs;t annis, cum domini fodinam <lb/><expan abbr="putãtes">putantes</expan> <expan abbr="exhau&longs;tã">exhau&longs;tam</expan>, de&longs;erent, ip&longs;e <expan abbr="metall&utilde;">metallum</expan> relictum fodiat, & ad &longs;e rapiat. </s>

<s>Agricola died on November 21st, 1555. A letter<emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/> from his life-long friend, <lb/>Fabricius, to Melanchthon, announcing this event, states: “We lost, on <lb/>November 21st, that distinguished ornament of our Fatherland, Georgius <lb/>Agricola, a man of eminent intellect, of culture and of judgment. </s>

<s>Præ <lb/>terea colluuies <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan> ex fraude, fallacijs, <expan abbr="m&etilde;dacijs">mendacijs</expan> tota <expan abbr="cõ&longs;tat">con&longs;tat</expan>. </s>

<s>He <lb/>attained the age of 62. He who since the days of childhood had enjoyed <lb/>robust health was carried off by a four-days' fever. </s>

<s>Etenim <lb/>ut de multis alijs nihil dicatur, &longs;ed &longs;olum de his quæ ex uendito & empto <lb/>contra fidem fiunt, aut uenas effert fictis <expan abbr="cõmentitij&longs;que">commentitij&longs;que</expan> laudibus, ut fodina<lb/>rum partes dimidio carius quàm æ&longs;timentur, po&longs;sit diuendere, aut contrà <lb/>aliquid detrahit de earum æ&longs;timatione, ut partes paruo precio mercari po&longs; <lb/>&longs;it. </s>

<s>He had previously <lb/>suffered from no disease except inflammation of the eyes, which he brought <lb/>upon himself by untiring study and insatiable reading. . . I know that <lb/>you loved the soul of this man, although in many of his opinions, more <lb/>especially in religious and spiritual welfare, he differed in many points from <lb/>our own. </s>

<s>Hæc crimina cum protulerint in <expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan>, omnem bonam metallicæ exi<lb/>&longs;timationem uiolatam putant. </s>

<s>For he despised our Churches, and would not be with us in the <lb/>Communion of the Blood of Christ. </s>

<s>Omnia autem bona &longs;iue bene &longs;iue male par <lb/>ta fuerint, aduer&longs;o aliquo ca&longs;u adflicta <expan abbr="dilab&utilde;tur">dilabuntur</expan>, aut pereunt & <expan abbr="di&longs;sipãtur">di&longs;sipantur</expan> <lb/>culpa & uitio po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;oris, qui ea uel inertia & negligentia amittit & perdit <lb/>uel per luxuriam effundit atque obligurit: uel con&longs;umit largitionibus & ex<lb/>haurit: uel ludendo profun dit & eijcit:</s>

<s>Therefore, after his death, at the <lb/>command of the Prince, which was given to the Church inspectors and <lb/>carried out by Tettelbach as a loyal servant, burial was refused him, and not <lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="xi"/>until the fourth day was he borne away to Zeitz and interred in the Cathedral. <lb/>. . . . I have always admired the genius of this man, so distinguished <lb/>in our sciences and in the whole realm of Philosophy—yet I wonder at his <lb/>religious views, which were compatible with reason, it is true, and were <lb/>dazzling, but were by no means compatible with truth. . . . He <lb/>would not tolerate with patience that anyone should discuss ecclesiastical <lb/>matters with him.” This action of the authorities in denying burial to one <lb/>of their most honored citizens, who had been ever assiduous in furthering <lb/>the welfare of the community, seems strangely out of joint. </s>

<s>uelut exhau&longs;ta rediuiuus pullulet arca</s>

<s>Further, the <lb/>Elector Augustus, although a Protestant Prince, was Agricola's warm friend, <lb/>as evidenced by his letter of but a few months before (see p. </s>

<s>Nummus & è pleno &longs;emper tollatur aceruo.</s>

<s>xv). However, <lb/>Catholics were then few in number at Chemnitz, and the feeling ran high at the <lb/>time, so possibly the Prince was afraid of public disturbances. </s>

<s>Nec igitur mirum &longs;i metallici non memores huius præcepti quod dedit <lb/>Agathocles rex, fortunam repentinam <expan abbr="reuer&etilde;ter">reuerenter</expan> e&longs;&longs;e habendam, ij&longs;dem de <lb/>cau&longs;is in <expan abbr="ege&longs;tat&etilde;">ege&longs;tatem</expan> <expan abbr="incid&utilde;t">incidunt</expan>. </s>

<s>Hofmann<emph type="sup"/>14<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>explains this occurrence in the following words:—“The feelings of Chemnitz <lb/>citizens, who were almost exclusively Protestant, must certainly be taken <lb/>into account. </s>

<s>Præ&longs;ertim uero cum mediocribus diuitijs <expan abbr="cõten-ti">conten<lb/>ti</expan> e&longs;&longs;e non po&longs;&longs;unt: tum enim non raro quas <expan abbr="cõge&longs;&longs;er&utilde;t">conge&longs;&longs;erunt</expan> ex metallis, in alia <lb/>metalla <expan abbr="in&longs;um&utilde;t">in&longs;umunt</expan>. </s>

<s>They may have raised objections to the solemn interment of <lb/>a Catholic in the Protestant Cathedral Church of St. </s>

<s>Verum non regulus aut magi&longs;tratus pellit dominos po&longs; <lb/>&longs;e&longs;sione, &longs;ed tyrannus, qui homines &longs;ubditos non bonis modo hone&longs;te par <lb/>tis, &longs;ed etiam uita crudeli&longs;sime priuat. </s>

<s>Jacob, which had, <lb/>perhaps, been demanded by his relatives, and to which, according to the <lb/>custom of the time, he would have been entitled as Burgomaster. </s>

<s>Attamen cum &longs;olitus &longs;um inquire<lb/>re in eas querelas, quas i&longs;ti apud uulgus habent de talibus iniurijs, &longs;emper <lb/>reperio male audientibus cau&longs;am <expan abbr="iu&longs;ti&longs;simã">iu&longs;ti&longs;simam</expan> e&longs;&longs;e cur i&longs;tos depellant de fodi <lb/>nis, male dicentibus nullam cur de illis <expan abbr="cõquerantur">conquerantur</expan>. </s>

<s>The <lb/>refusal to sanction the interment aroused, more especially in the Catholic <lb/>world, a painful sensation.”</s>

<s>Etenim quod non de <lb/>derunt &longs;ymbola ius po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sionis <expan abbr="ami&longs;er&utilde;t">ami&longs;erunt</expan>, uel à magi&longs;tratu ex alieno metal<lb/>lo &longs;unt pul&longs;i. </s>

<s>A brass memorial plate hung in the Cathedral at Zeitz had already <lb/>disappeared in 1686, nor have the cities of his birth or residence ever shown <lb/>any appreciation of this man, whose work more deserves their gratitude <lb/>than does that of the multitude of soldiers whose monuments decorate every <lb/>village and city square. </s>

<s>Nam improbi quidam homines uenulas, proximas uenis af<lb/>fluentibus aliquo metallo, fodientes in <expan abbr="alienã">alienam</expan> <expan abbr="po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sion&etilde;">po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sionem</expan> inuadunt. </s>

<s>It is true that in 1822 a marble tablet was <lb/>placed behind the altar in the Church of St. </s>

<s>Itaque<lb/>eos <expan abbr="iniuriar&utilde;">iniuriarum</expan> accu&longs;atos magi&longs;tratus expellit atque exturbat ex fodinis. </s>

<s>Jacob in Chemnitz, but even <lb/>this was removed to the Historical Museum later on.</s>

<s>I&longs;ti igi <lb/>tur plerum que graues de eo rumores <expan abbr="&longs;parg&utilde;t">&longs;pargunt</expan> in uulgus. </s>

<s>He left a modest estate, which was the subject of considerable litigation by <lb/>his descendants, due to the mismanagement of the guardian. </s>

<s>At aliter cum quæ<lb/>dam, ut &longs;olet, inter uicinos controuer&longs;ia e&longs;t orta, ip&longs;am arbitri à magi&longs;tratu <lb/>dati dirimunt: aut de ea iudices <expan abbr="cõ&longs;tituti">con&longs;tituti</expan> cogno&longs;cunt & <expan abbr="iudicãt">iudicant</expan>: controuer <lb/>&longs;ia ergo dirempta, quia utriu&longs;que partis <expan abbr="cõ&longs;en&longs;io">con&longs;en&longs;io</expan> in ea re extitit, neutra debet <lb/>de iniurijs <expan abbr="cõqueri">conqueri</expan>: iudicata, quia &longs;ecundum leges metallicas &longs;ententia lata <lb/>e&longs;t, altera inferior iure non pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>Hofmann has <lb/>succeeded in tracing the descendants for two generations, down to 1609, but <lb/>the line is finally lost among the multitude of other Agricolas.</s>

<s>Sed ut non magnopere pugnem de hac <lb/>re interdum unum aliquem præfectum fodinæ maiorem exigere <expan abbr="collectã">collectam</expan> à <lb/>dominis, quàm nece&longs;sitas po&longs;tulat. </s>

<s>To deduce Georgius Agricola's character we need not search beyond the <lb/>discovery of his steadfast adherence to the religion of his fathers amid the <lb/>bitter storm of Protestantism around him, and need but to remember at the <lb/>same time that for twenty-five years he was entrusted with elective positions <lb/>of an increasingly important character in this same community. </s>

<s>Quinetiam ut <expan abbr="cõcedam">concedam</expan> aliquem fodi<lb/>næ præ&longs;idem uenam, qua parte abundat metallis, oblinere luto, aut &longs;tru<lb/>ctura tegere, num unius aut alterius improbitas plurimis bonis uiris notam <lb/>fraudis inurere pote&longs;t? </s>

<s>No man <lb/>could have thus held the respect of his countrymen unless he were devoid of <lb/>bigotry and possessed of the highest sense of integrity, justice, humanity, <lb/>and patriotism.</s><pb pagenum="xii"/>

<s>quid &longs;enatu &longs;anctius & integrius &longs;olet e&longs;&longs;e in repu<lb/>blica? </s>

<s>AGRICOLA'S INTELLECTUAL ATTAINMENTS AND <lb/>POSITION IN SCIENCE.</s>

<s>nonnulli tamen in peculatu deprehen&longs;i p&oelig;nas dederunt. </s>

<s>Agricola's education was the most thorough that his times afforded in <lb/>the classics, philosophy, medicine, and sciences generally. </s>

<s>Num iccir <lb/>co hone&longs;ti&longs;simus ordo <expan abbr="bonã">bonam</expan> <expan abbr="famã">famam</expan> <expan abbr="exi&longs;timation&etilde;que">exi&longs;timationenque</expan> amittet? </s>

<s>Further, his writings <lb/>disclose a most exhaustive knowledge not only of an extraordinary range of <lb/>classical literature, but also of obscure manuscripts buried in the public libraries <lb/>of Europe. </s>

<s>Sed certe præ<pb pagenum="17"/>fectis fodinarum non licet &longs;ymbola dominis indicere &longs;ine &longs;citu permi&longs;&longs;uque<lb/>magi&longs;tri <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan> & duumuirûm <expan abbr="iurator&utilde;">iuratorum</expan>. </s>

<s>That his general learning was held to be of a high order is amply <lb/>evidenced from the correspondence of the other scholars of his time—Erasmus, <lb/>Melanchthon, Meurer, Fabricius, and others.</s>

<s>Quare eiu&longs;modi dolos ad<lb/>hibere non po&longs;&longs;unt. </s>

<s>Our more immediate concern, however, is with the advances which were due <lb/>to him in the sciences of Geology, Mineralogy, and Mining Engineering. </s>

<s>Præ&longs;ides autem <expan abbr="fodinar&utilde;">fodinarum</expan> &longs;i fraudis <expan abbr="cõuicti">conuicti</expan> fuerint, cæ<lb/>duntur uirgis: &longs;in furti, <expan abbr="&longs;u&longs;pend&utilde;tur">&longs;u&longs;penduntur</expan>. </s>

<s>No <lb/>appreciation of these attainments can be conveyed to the reader unless he <lb/>has some understanding of the dearth of knowledge in these sciences prior <lb/>to Agricola's time. </s>

<s>Fraudolentos autem e&longs;&longs;e aliquos par <lb/>tium <expan abbr="u&etilde;ditores">uenditores</expan> & emptores clamant: <expan abbr="cõcedimus">concedimus</expan>. </s>

<s>We have in Appendix B given a brief review of the <lb/>literature extant at this period on these subjects. </s>

<s>Sed num fallere po&longs;&longs;unt <lb/>alium quàm <expan abbr="homin&etilde;">hominem</expan> &longs;tolidum, negligentem, imperitum rerum metallica<lb/>rum? </s>

<s>Furthermore, no appreciation <lb/>of Agricola's contribution to science can be gained without a study of <emph type="italics"/>De <lb/>Ortu et Causís<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>De Natura Fossílíum,<emph.end type="italics"/> for while <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> is of much <lb/>more general interest, it contains but incidental reference to Geology and <lb/>Mineralogy. </s>

<s>uir &longs;ane prudens, impiger, gnarus huius artis, &longs;i fides <expan abbr="u&etilde;ditoris">uenditoris</expan> uel em <lb/>ptoris ip&longs;i in dubium uenit, mox &longs;e <expan abbr="cõfert">confert</expan> in fodinam, ut uenam tantopere <lb/>laudatam aut <expan abbr="uituperatã">uituperatam</expan> &longs;ubijciat &longs;ub a&longs;pectum, & con&longs;ideret &longs;ibi emendæ <lb/>uel <expan abbr="uend&etilde;dæ">uendendæ</expan> &longs;int partes nec ne. </s>

<s>Apart from the book of Genesis, the only attempts at funda<lb/>mental explanation of natural phenomena were those of the Greek Philosophers <lb/>and the Alchemists. </s>

<s>Sed dicant, ut is &longs;ibi à dolis cauere po&longs;&longs;it, &longs;im <lb/>plex tamen & qui &longs;e præbet <expan abbr="credul&utilde;">credulum</expan>, decipitur. </s>

<s>Orthodox beliefs Agricola scarcely mentions; with the <lb/>Alchemists he had no patience. </s>

<s>At non raro uidemus, eum <lb/>qui hoc modo <expan abbr="ali&utilde;">alium</expan> circumuenire uolebat, &longs;eip&longs;um decipere, & merito omni <lb/>bus ludibrio e&longs;&longs;e. </s>

<s>There can be no doubt, however, that his <lb/>views are greatly coloured by his deep classical learning. </s>

<s>Nam plerumque tam qui &longs;tudet <expan abbr="ali&utilde;">alium</expan> fallere, quàm qui falli <lb/>uidetur, rei metallicæ e&longs;t ignarus. </s>

<s>He was in fine to a <lb/>certain distance a follower of Aristotle, Theophrastus, Strato, and other leaders <lb/>of the Peripatetic school. </s>

<s>Itaque cum uena præter <expan abbr="opinion&etilde;">opinionem</expan> fraudato <lb/>ris metallis abundauerit, tum is qui putabatur deceptus e&longs;&longs;e <expan abbr="lucr&utilde;">lucrum</expan> facit, qui <lb/>decepi&longs;&longs;e damnum. </s>

<s>For that matter, except for the muddy current <lb/>which the alchemists had introduced into this already troubled stream, <lb/>the whole thought of the learned world still flowed from the Greeks. </s>

<s>Veruntamen ip&longs;i metallici raro uendunt emúntue par <lb/>tes, &longs;ed frequenter iurati uenditores, qui eas uenales tanti <expan abbr="em&utilde;t">emunt</expan> uel <expan abbr="uend&utilde;t">uendunt</expan>, <lb/>quanti emere uel uendere fuerint iu&longs;si. </s>

<s>Had he <lb/>not, however, radically departed from the teachings of the Peripatetic school, <lb/>his work would have been no contribution to the development of science. <lb/></s>

<s>Cum igitur magi&longs;tratus ex æquo & <lb/>bono iudicet res <expan abbr="cõtrouer&longs;as">controuer&longs;as</expan>, bonus metallicus neminem decipiat, impro<lb/>bus fallere non facile po&longs;sit, aut &longs;i fallat, non ferat impune, &longs;ermo <expan abbr="eor&utilde;">eorum</expan> qui <lb/>de hone&longs;tate <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan> detrahere uolunt, nihil momenti & ponderis ha<lb/>bet. </s>

<s>Certain of their teachings he repudiated with great vigour, and his <lb/>laboured and detailed arguments in their refutation form the first battle in <lb/>science over the results of observation <emph type="italics"/>versus<emph.end type="italics"/> inductive speculation. </s>

<s>Deinde metallici quæ&longs;tus nemini e&longs;t odio&longs;us. </s>

<s>To use <lb/>his own words: “Those things which we see with our eyes and understand <lb/>by means of our senses are more clearly to be demonstrated than if learned <lb/>by means of reasoning.”<emph type="sup"/>15<emph.end type="sup"/> The bigoted scholasticism of his times necessi<lb/>tated as much care and detail in refutation of such deep-rooted beliefs, as would <lb/>be demanded to-day by an attempt at a refutation of the theory of evolution, <lb/>and in consequence his works are often but dry reading to any but those <lb/>interested in the development of fundamental scientific theory.</s>

<s>Quis enim non natura <lb/>maleuolus & inuidus <expan abbr="odi&utilde;">odium</expan> habebit in eum ad quem opes qua&longs;i diuinitus <lb/>delatæ &longs;unt? </s>

<s>In giving an appreciation of Agricola's views here and throughout the <lb/>footnotes, we do not wish to convey to the reader that he was in all things <lb/>free from error and from the spirit of his times, or that his theories, constructed <lb/>long before the atomic theory, are of the clear-cut order which that <lb/>basic hypothesis has rendered possible to later scientific speculation in these <lb/>branches. </s>

<s>quique hoc amplectitur genus <expan abbr="amplificãdi">amplificandi</expan> rem <expan abbr="familiar&etilde;">familiarem</expan>, quod <lb/>omni caret crimine? </s>

<s>His statements are sometimes much confused, but we reiterate that <pb pagenum="xiii"/>their clarity is as crystal to mud in comparison with those of his predecessors— <lb/>and of most of his successors for over two hundred years. </s>

<s>Sed f&oelig;nerator &longs;i u&longs;uram exercet <expan abbr="immodicã">immodicam</expan>, in odia ho <lb/><expan abbr="min&utilde;">minum</expan> incurrit: Sin <expan abbr="modicã">modicam</expan> & ciuilem, ut non &longs;it inuidio&longs;us, ad <expan abbr="pleb&etilde;">plebem</expan>, quod <lb/>eam non exhauriat, exip&longs;a diues admodum non efficitur. </s>

<s>As an indication of <lb/>his grasp of some of the wider aspects of geological phenomena we reproduce, <lb/>in Appendix A, a passage from <emph type="italics"/>De Ortu et Causís,<emph.end type="italics"/> which we believe to be the <lb/>first adequate declaration of the part played by erosion in mountain sculpture. <lb/></s>

<s>Tum quæ&longs;tus me <lb/>tallici non e&longs;t &longs;ordidus. </s>

<s>But of all of Agricola's theoretical views those are of the greatest interest which <lb/>relate to the origin of ore deposits, for in these matters he had the greatest <lb/>opportunities of observation and the most experience. </s>

<s>Quî enim talis e&longs;&longs;e pote&longs;t, tam magnus, tam copio<lb/>&longs;us, tam pius? </s>

<s>We have on page 108 <lb/>reproduced and discussed his theory at considerable length, but we may repeat <lb/>here, that in his propositions as to the circulation of ground waters, that ore <lb/>channels are a subsequent creation to the contained rocks, and that they <lb/>were filled by deposition from circulating solutions, he enunciated the founda<lb/>tions of our modern theory, and in so doing took a step in advance greater than <lb/>that of any single subsequent authority. </s>

<s>Turpe uero & illiberale e&longs;t <expan abbr="lucr&utilde;">lucrum</expan> mercatoris, cum uendit fu<lb/>co&longs;as & fallaces merces, aut paruo emptis nimis magnum <expan abbr="preci&utilde;">precium</expan> con&longs;tituit, <lb/>eaque de cau&longs;a mercator non minori in odio quàm f&oelig;nerator e&longs;&longs;et apud ui<lb/>ros bonos, ni&longs;i haberent <expan abbr="ration&etilde;">rationem</expan> <expan abbr="periculor&utilde;">periculorum</expan>, in quæ pro mercibus &longs;e infert. </s>

<s>In his contention that ore channels <lb/>were created by erosion of subterranean waters he was wrong, except for <lb/>special cases, and it was not until two centuries later that a further step in <lb/>advance was taken by the recognition by Van Oppel of the part played by <lb/>fissuring in these phenomena. </s>

<s><lb/>Verum qui hoc loco <expan abbr="cõtumelio&longs;e">contumelio&longs;e</expan> dicunt de metallica <expan abbr="detrah&etilde;di">detrahendi</expan> cau&longs;a, <expan abbr="ai&utilde;t">aiunt</expan> <lb/>quondam <expan abbr="facinor&utilde;">facinorum</expan> & &longs;celerum <expan abbr="cõuictos">conuictos</expan> homines e&longs;&longs;e damnatos ad metal<lb/>la, eosque aut &longs;eruos venas fodi&longs;&longs;e: nunc uero metallicos e&longs;&longs;e mercenarios, <lb/>utque reliquos opifices in &longs;ordida arte uer&longs;ari. </s>

<s>Nor was it until about the same time that the <lb/>filling of ore channels in the main by deposition from solutions was generally <lb/>accepted. </s>

<s>Profecto &longs;i metallica ob hanc <lb/>cau&longs;am pudenda & inhone&longs;ta ingenuo homini iudicatur, quod &longs;erui <expan abbr="quõ-dã">quon<lb/>dam</expan> foderint metalla, nec agricultura erit &longs;atis hone&longs;ta, quod <expan abbr="mãcipia">mancipia</expan> agros <lb/>coluerint, & nunc apud Turcas colant: nec architectura, quod &longs;erui quidam <lb/>in ea artifices reperti &longs;int: neque medicina, quod non pauci medici fuerint &longs;er <lb/>ui, neque plures aliæ artes ingenuæ, quod manu capti eas exercuerint. </s>

<s>While Werner, two hundred and fifty years after Agricola, is <lb/>generally revered as the inspirer of the modern theory by those whose reading <lb/>has taken them no farther back, we have no hesitation in asserting that of the <lb/>propositions of each author, Agricola's were very much more nearly in <lb/>accord with modern views. </s>

<s>At a<lb/>gricultura, & architectura, & medicina, nihilo minus in numero <expan abbr="hone&longs;tar&utilde;">hone&longs;tarum</expan> <lb/>artium habentur. </s>

<s>Moreover, the main result of the new ideas <lb/>brought forward by Werner was to stop the march of progress for half a <lb/>century, instead of speeding it forward as did those of Agricola.</s>

<s>Nec igitur metallica ea cau&longs;a <expan abbr="ip&longs;ar&utilde;">ip&longs;arum</expan> à choro excludetur. </s>

<s>In mineralogy Agricola made the first attempt at systematic treatment <lb/>of the subject. </s>

<s><lb/>Concedamus præterea i&longs;tis quæ&longs;tum <expan abbr="mercenarior&utilde;">mercenariorum</expan> metallicorum e&longs;&longs;e &longs;or<lb/>didum, nos certe non intelligimus fo&longs;&longs;ores modo cæterosque operarios, &longs;ed <pb pagenum="18"/>tum metallicæ peritos, tum eos qui impen&longs;am <expan abbr="faci&utilde;t">faciunt</expan> in metalla. </s>

<s>His system could not be otherwise than wrongly based, <lb/>as he could scarcely see forward two or three centuries to the atomic theory <lb/>and our vast fund of chemical knowledge. </s>

<s>Inter quos <lb/>numerari po&longs;&longs;unt reges, principes, re&longs;pub. </s>

<s>However, based as it is upon <lb/>such properties as solubility and homogeneity, and upon external character<lb/>istics such as colour, hardness, &c., it makes a most creditable advance <lb/>upon Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Albertus Magnus—his only predecessors. <lb/></s>

<s>& in his hone&longs;ti&longs;simus qui&longs;que<lb/>ciuis. </s>

<s>He is the first to assert that bismuth and antimony are true primary metals; <lb/>and to some sixty actual mineral species described previous to his time he <lb/>added some twenty more, and laments that there are scores unnamed.</s>

<s>Tum denique intelligimus præfectos <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan>, qualis fuit Thucidi<lb/>des nobilis ille <expan abbr="hi&longs;toriar&utilde;">hi&longs;toriarum</expan> &longs;criptor, quem Athenien&longs;es præpo&longs;uerunt Tha <lb/>&longs;iorum metallis. </s>

<s>As to Agricola's contribution to the sciences of mining and metal<lb/>lurgy, <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> speaks for itself. </s>

<s>Attamen con&longs;umere aliquid operæ & laboris in fo&longs;sione <lb/>uenarum non e&longs;t <expan abbr="indecor&utilde;">indecorum</expan> metallicis, maxime &longs;i ip&longs;i <expan abbr="&longs;umpt&utilde;">&longs;umptum</expan> fecerint in me <lb/>talla. </s>

<s>While he describes, for the first <lb/>time, scores of methods and processes, no one would contend that they <lb/>were discoveries or inventions of his own. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quemadmod&utilde;">Quemadmodum</expan> nec magnis uiris proprios agros colere. </s>

<s>They represent the accumulation <lb/>of generations of experience and knowledge; but by him they were, for the <lb/>first time, to receive detailed and intelligent exposition. </s>

<s>Alioqui Ro<lb/>manus &longs;enatus L. </s>

<s>Until Schlüter's <lb/>work nearly two centuries later, it was not excelled. </s>

<s>Quintium <expan abbr="Cincinnat&utilde;">Cincinnatum</expan> operi agre&longs;ti intentum non crea&longs;<lb/>&longs;et dictatorem: nec uiros ciuitatis primarios à uillis arce&longs;si&longs;&longs;et in <expan abbr="curiã">curiam</expan>. </s>

<s>There is no measure by <lb/>which we may gauge the value of such a work to the men who followed in <lb/>this profession during centuries, nor the benefits enjoyed by humanity <lb/>through them.</s><pb pagenum="xiv"/>

<s>Simi <lb/>liter neque Maximilianus Cæ&longs;ar no&longs;tra ætate <expan abbr="Conrad&utilde;">Conradum</expan> a&longs;crip&longs;i&longs;&longs;et in nume <lb/>rum nobilium, qui comites nominantur. </s>

<s>That Agricola occupied a very considerable place in the great awakening of <lb/>learning will be disputed by none except by those who place the development <lb/>of science in rank far below religion, politics, literature, and art. </s>

<s>Fuit uero ille, cum in metallis Sne <lb/>bergi operas daret, egenti&longs;simus: quare cognomentum habebat pauperis. </s>

<s>Of wider <lb/>importance than the details of his achievements in the mere confines of the <lb/>particular science to which he applied himself, is the fact that he was the first <lb/>to found any of the natural sciences upon research and observation, as opposed <lb/>to previous fruitless speculation. </s>

<s><lb/>Sed non multos po&longs;t annos ex metallis Fir&longs;ti, quod e&longs;t <expan abbr="oppid&utilde;">oppidum</expan> in Lotharin <lb/>gia, diues factus, nomen ex fortuna inuenit. </s>

<s>The wider interest of the members of the <lb/>medical profession in the development of their science than that of geologists <lb/>in theirs, has led to the aggrandizement of Paracelsus, a contem<lb/>porary of Agricola, as the first in deductive science. </s>

<s>Neque Vladislaus rex in c&oelig;tu <lb/><expan abbr="eor&utilde;">eorum</expan>, quos <expan abbr="uocãt">uocant</expan> Barones, repo&longs;ui&longs;&longs;et Tur&longs;ium ciuem <expan abbr="Cracoui&etilde;&longs;em">Cracouien&longs;em</expan>, quem <lb/>metalla eius partis regni Vngarorum, quæ quondam Dacia fuit dicta, for<lb/>tunis locupletarunt. </s>

<s>Yet no comparative <lb/>study of the unparalleled egotistical ravings of this half-genius, half-alchemist, <lb/>with the modest sober logic and real research and observation of Agricola, <lb/>can leave a moment's doubt as to the incomparably greater position which <lb/>should be attributed to the latter as the pioneer in building the foundation <lb/>of science by deduction from observed phenomena. </s>

<s>Quinetiam ne metallica quidem plebs e&longs;t uilis & ab<lb/>iecta. </s>

<s>Science is the base upon <lb/>which is reared the civilization of to-day, and while we give daily credit to all <lb/>those who toil in the superstructure, let none forget those men who laid its <lb/>first foundation stones. </s>

<s>Etenim nocturnis æque ac diurnis uigilijs & operibus exercitata ha<lb/>bet duriciam <expan abbr="corpor&utilde;">corporum</expan> immanem, facillimeque cum res po&longs;tulat, labores & <lb/>munera militiæ &longs;u&longs;tinet. </s>

<s>One of the greatest of these was Georgius Agricola.</s><figure></figure><pb/>

<s>Quippe quæ <expan abbr="cõ&longs;ueuit">con&longs;ueuit</expan> ad <expan abbr="multã">multam</expan> noctem uigilare, <lb/>tractare ferramenta, fo&longs;&longs;as ducere, agere cuniculos, machinas fabricari, one <lb/>ra ferre. </s>

<s>Agricola seems to have been engaged in the preparation of <emph type="italics"/>De Re <lb/>Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> for a period of over twenty years, for we first hear of the book in a <lb/>letter from Petrus Plateanus, a schoolmaster at Joachimsthal, to the great <lb/>humanist, Erasmus,<emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/> in September, 1529. He says: “The scientific world <lb/>will be still more indebted to Agricola when he brings to light the books <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> and other matters which he has on hand.” In the dedication <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>De Mensuris et Ponderibus<emph.end type="italics"/> (in 1533) Agricola states that he means to <lb/>publish twelve books <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> if he lives. </s>

<s>Quocirca rei militaris periti, eam non modo. </s>

<s>That the appearance of this <lb/>work was eagerly anticipated is evidenced by a letter from George Fabricius <lb/>to Valentine Hertel:<emph type="sup"/>17<emph.end type="sup"/> “With great excitement the books <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>are being awaited. </s>

<s>urbanæ plebi præfe<lb/>runt, &longs;ed etiam ru&longs;ticæ. </s>

<s>If he treats the material at hand with his usual zeal, <lb/>he will win for himself glory such as no one in any of the fields of literature <lb/>has attained for the last thousand years.” According to the dedication of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Veteríbus et Novis Metallís,<emph.end type="italics"/> Agricola in 1546 already looked forward to <lb/>its early publication. </s>

<s>Verum ut tandem huic di&longs;putationi finem faciam: <lb/>cum quæ&longs;tus maximi &longs;int f&oelig;neratoris, bellatoris, mercatoris, agricolæ, me <lb/>tallici: f&oelig;nus autem &longs;it odio&longs;um, præda crudeliter capta ex fortunis plebis, <lb/>non culpa calamito&longs;æ, impia, quæ&longs;tus metallicihone&longs;tate ac decore præ&longs;tet <lb/>mercatoris lucro: non minus &longs;it bonus quàm agricolæ, multo uberior. </s>

<s>The work was apparently finished in 1550, for the <lb/>dedication to the Dukes Maurice and August of Saxony is dated in December of <lb/>that year. </s>

<s><lb/>Quis non intelligit metallicam inprimis e&longs;&longs;e hone&longs;tam? </s>

<s>The eulogistic poem by his friend, George Fabricius, is dated in <lb/>1551.</s>

<s>Certe cum <lb/>una &longs;it ex decem maximis rebus optimisque, <expan abbr="pecuniã">pecuniam</expan> <expan abbr="magnã">magnam</expan> bono <lb/>modo inuenire, id homo &longs;tudio&longs;us & diligens rei familiaris <lb/>non alia ratione facilius quàm metallica pote&longs;t a&longs;&longs;equi.</s>

<s>The publication was apparently long delayed by the preparation of the <lb/>woodcuts; and, according to Mathesius,<emph type="sup"/>18<emph.end type="sup"/> many sketches for them were <lb/>prepared by Basilius Wefring. </s>

<s>De re metallica Libri <lb/>primi finis.</s><pb pagenum="19"/>

<s>In the preface of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca,<emph.end type="italics"/> Agricola <lb/>does not mention who prepared the sketches, but does say: “I have hired <lb/>illustrators to delineate their forms, lest descriptions which are conveyed <lb/>by words should either not be understood by men of our own times, or <lb/>should cause difficulty to posterity.” In 1553 the completed book was <lb/>sent to Froben for publication, for a letter<emph type="sup"/>19<emph.end type="sup"/> from Fabricius to Meurer in <lb/>March, 1553, announces its dispatch to the printer. </s>

<s>GEORGII AGRICO<lb/>LAE DE RE METALLICA <lb/>LIBER SECVNDVS.</s>

<s>An interesting letter<emph type="sup"/>20<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>from the Elector Augustus to Agricola, dated January 18, 1555, reads: <lb/>“Most learned, dear and faithful subject, whereas you have sent to the Press <lb/>a Latin book of which the title is said to be <emph type="italics"/>De Rebus Metallícis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which has <lb/>been praised to us and we should like to know the contents, it is our gracious <lb/>command that you should get the book translated when you have the <lb/>opportunity into German, and not let it be copied more than once or be <lb/>printed, but keep it by you and send us a copy. </s>

<s>Qvalis e&longs;&longs;e debeat perfectus metallicus, & quæ <lb/>contra artem metallicam & metalla atque ip&longs;os me<lb/>tallicos uidentur ualere, uel pro eis &longs;unt, primo li<lb/>bro &longs;atis explicaui: nunc decreui metallicos ampli <lb/>us informare. </s>

<s>If you should need a <lb/>writer for this purpose, we will provide one. </s>

<s>Qui inprimis nece&longs;&longs;e habent &longs;an<lb/>ctè Deum colere, ac ea, quæ dicam, &longs;cire, & <expan abbr="operã">operam</expan> <lb/>dare ut quoque opus efficiatur rite atque diligenter. </s>

<s>Thus you will fulfil our <lb/>gracious behest.” The German translation was prepared by Philip Bechius, <lb/>a Basel University Professor of Medicine and Philosophy. </s>

<s><lb/>Etenim diuina prouidentia <expan abbr="fact&utilde;">factum</expan> e&longs;t, ut his qui & <lb/>norunt ea quæ oportet facere, & curant ut perfici <lb/>po&longs;&longs;int, plerumque omnia &longs;ecunda accidant: inertibus <expan abbr="cõtra">contra</expan> & qui curam <lb/>in rebus ab&longs;oluendis non ponunt, aduer&longs;a. </s>

<s>It is a wretched <lb/>work, by one who knew nothing of the science, and who more especially had no <lb/>appreciation of the peculiar Latin terms coined by Agricola, most of which<lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/></s><pb/>

<s>Nemo certe &longs;atis habet omnes <lb/>artificij metallici partes in animi notione reponere &longs;ine impen&longs;is, quæ faci<lb/>endæ &longs;unt in metalla: uel &longs;ine laboribus quos &longs;ibi ip&longs;e &longs;umit & &longs;u&longs;tinet. </s>

<s>GEORGII AGRICOLAE</s>

<s>Ita<lb/>que &longs;i quis facultatem habet id quod opus e&longs;t in <expan abbr="&longs;umpt&utilde;">&longs;umptum</expan> erogandi, mercena <lb/>rios, quotquot uult, in operas cuiu&longs;que generis mittet. </s>

<s>DE RE METALLICA LIBRI XII<28> QVI-</s>

<s>Vt quondam So&longs;ias <lb/>Thracen&longs;is in <expan abbr="arg&etilde;tarias">argentarias</expan> operas mi&longs;it mille &longs;eruos, quos ip&longs;i elocauerat Ni<lb/>cias Athenien&longs;is filius Nicerati. </s>

<s>bus Officia, In&longs;trumenta, Machinæ, acomnia denique ad Metalli<lb/>tam &longs;pectantia, non modo luculenti&longs;&longs;imè de&longs;cribuntur, &longs;ed & per <lb/>effigies, &longs;uis locis in&longs;ertas, adiunctis Latinis, Germanicis&queacute; appel<lb/>lationibus ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clarius tradi non po&longs;&longs;int.</s>

<s>Si nullam <expan abbr="impen&longs;ã">impen&longs;am</expan> facere pote&longs;t, ex omni<lb/>bus operibus <expan abbr="facilim&utilde;">facilimum</expan> quodque &longs;ibi ad <expan abbr="efficiend&utilde;">efficiendum</expan> eligat. </s>

<s>BIVSDEM</s>

<s>Ex quo genere hæc <lb/>duo poti&longs;simum &longs;unt, ducere fo&longs;&longs;as, & <expan abbr="riuor&utilde;">riuorum</expan> ac fluminum arenas lauare. </s>

<s>DE ANIMANTIBVS SVBTERRANEIS Liber, ab Autore re<lb/>cognitus:cum Indicibus diuer&longs;is, quicquid in opere tractatum e&longs;t, <lb/>pulchrè demon&longs;trantibus.</s><figure></figure>

<s><lb/>Nam ex his &longs;æpenumero <expan abbr="collig&utilde;tur">colliguntur</expan> auri <expan abbr="ram&etilde;ta">ramenta</expan>: aut lapides nigri, ex qui<lb/>bus <expan abbr="cõflatur">conflatur</expan> plumbum candidum: aut etiam gemmæ. </s>

<s>BASILEAE M<28> D<28> LVI<28></s>

<s>Illæ aperiunt uenas, <lb/>quæ interdum abundant metallis, in &longs;ummo ce&longs;pite inuentis. </s>

<s>Cum Priuilegio Imperatoris in annos v. <lb/></s>

<s>Siue igitur ar <lb/>te, &longs;iue ca&longs;u in eius manus tales arenæ aut uenæ inciderint, quæ&longs;tum &longs;ibi in<lb/>&longs;tituere poterit &longs;ine impendio, et ex paupere diues repente fieri. </s>

<s>& Galliarum Regis ad Sexennium.</s><pb pagenum="xvi"/>

<s>Contrà ue<lb/>ro &longs;i optatis non <expan abbr="re&longs;ponder&utilde;t">re&longs;ponderunt</expan>, mox de lotione uel fo&longs;sione de&longs;i&longs;tere licebit. </s>

<s>he rendered literally. </s>

<s><lb/>Verum cum unus aliquis rei familiaris <expan abbr="amplificãdæ">amplificandæ</expan> gratia &longs;olus facit <expan abbr="imp&etilde;-&longs;as">impen<lb/>&longs;as</expan> in metallum, magni refert ip&longs;um intere&longs;&longs;e operibus, & præ&longs;entem uide<lb/>re omnia, quæ effici iu&longs;sit. </s>

<s>It is a sad commentary on his countrymen that no <lb/>correct German translation exists. </s>

<s>Quamobrem aut ad fodinam <expan abbr="domicili&utilde;">domicilium</expan> habeat, <lb/>ut &longs;e in <expan abbr="cõ&longs;pectum">con&longs;pectum</expan> operarijs &longs;emper dare po&longs;sit, &longs;emperque cauere ne quis &longs;u <lb/>um munus negligenter exequatur: aut habitet in propinquis locis, ut & cre <lb/>bro metallicas operas interui&longs;at, & crebrius ad metallum &longs;e <expan abbr="uentur&utilde;">uenturum</expan>, quàm <lb/>&longs;it uenturus, operarijs per nuncium &longs;ignificet. </s>

<s>The Italian translation is by Michelangelo <lb/>Florio, and is by him dedicated to Elizabeth, Queen of England. </s>

<s>Etenim &longs;uo aduentu uel eius <lb/>denunciatione <expan abbr="mercenari&utilde;">mercenarium</expan> ferè quenque &longs;ic terrebit, ut <expan abbr="nunquã">nunquam</expan> non diligen<lb/>ter negotium &longs;uum agat. </s>

<s>The title <lb/>page of the first edition is reproduced later on, and the full titles of other <lb/>editions are given in the Appendix, together with the author's other works. <lb/></s>

<s>Sed cum inui&longs;erit <expan abbr="metall&utilde;">metallum</expan> diligenter operarios lau <lb/>det, & <expan abbr="interd&utilde;">interdum</expan> eis det munera, ut & ip&longs;i & alij alcriores ad <expan abbr="laborand&utilde;">laborandum</expan> fiant: <lb/>contrà negligentes obiurget atque aliquos ex metallis amoueat, & in eorum <lb/>locum &longs;edulos &longs;ub&longs;tituat. </s>

<s>The following are the short titles of the various editions of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>together with the name and place of the publisher:—</s>

<s><expan abbr="Quinetiã">Quinetiam</expan> dominus &longs;æpenumero diesnoctesque<lb/>maneat in metallo. </s>

<s>LATIN EDITIONS.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table1"></arrow.to.target></s><table><table.target id="table1"></table.target><row><cell><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca,<emph.end type="italics"/> Froben .. ..</cell><cell>Basel Folio 1556.</cell></row><row><cell><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca,<emph.end type="italics"/> Froben .. ..</cell><cell>Basel Folio 1561.</cell></row><row><cell><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca,<emph.end type="italics"/> Ludwig König</cell><cell>Basel Folio 1621.</cell></row><row><cell><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca,<emph.end type="italics"/> Emanuel König</cell><cell>Basel Folio 1657.</cell></row></table>

<s>Quæ non &longs;it man&longs;io de&longs;idio&longs;a & mollis. </s>

<s>In addition to these, Leupold,<emph type="sup"/>21<emph.end type="sup"/> Schmid,<emph type="sup"/>22<emph.end type="sup"/> and others mention an octavo <lb/>edition, without illustrations, Schweinfurt, 1607. We have not been able to <lb/>find a copy of this edition, and are not certain of its existence. </s>

<s>Nam metallici <lb/>in re familiari augenda diligentis intere&longs;t, frequenter de&longs;cendere in <expan abbr="fodinã">fodinam</expan>, <lb/>& aliquid temporis conferre ad naturam <expan abbr="uenar&utilde;">uenarum</expan> <expan abbr="fibrar&utilde;que">fibrarunque</expan> <expan abbr="cogno&longs;c&etilde;dam">cogno&longs;cendam</expan>, <pb pagenum="20"/>& tam intus quàm foris omnes laborandi rationes intueri atque <expan abbr="cõtemplari">contemplari</expan>. </s>

<s>The same <lb/>catalogues also mention an octavo edition of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica,<emph.end type="italics"/> Wittenberg, <lb/>1612 or 1614, with notes by Joanne Sigfrido; but we believe this to be a <lb/>confusion with Agricola's subsidiary works, which were published at this <lb/>time and place, with such notes.</s>

<s><lb/>Necid &longs;olum agere debet, &longs;ed interdum aliquoslabores &longs;u&longs;cipere: non ut in <lb/>ijs &longs;e frangat, &longs;ed ut & &longs;iia diligentia mercenarios excitet, & eos doceat <expan abbr="art&etilde;">artem</expan>. </s>

<s>GERMAN EDITIONS.</s>

<s><lb/>Etenim bene &longs;e habet metallum, in quo quid faciendum &longs;it non præ&longs;es mo <lb/>do, <expan abbr="uer&utilde;">uerum</expan> dominus etiam docet. </s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Vom Bergkwerck,<emph.end type="italics"/> Froben, Folio, 1557.</s>

<s>Quocirca barbarus quidam, ut e&longs;t apud Xe <lb/>nophontem recte re&longs;pondit regi, oculus domini &longs;aginat equum, nam dili<lb/>gentia domini omnibus in rebus ualet <expan abbr="plurim&utilde;">plurimum</expan>. </s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Bergwerck Buch,<emph.end type="italics"/> Sigmundi Feyrabendt, Frankfort-on-Main, folio, 1580.</s>

<s>At cum multi <expan abbr="cõmunes">communes</expan> im <lb/>pen&longs;as faciunt in metalla, ip&longs;is <expan abbr="accõmodatum">accommodatum</expan> atque utile e&longs;t, ex&longs;e præfectos <lb/>fodinarum eligere, item præ&longs;ides. </s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Bergwerck Buch,<emph.end type="italics"/> Ludwig König, Basel, folio, 1621.</s>

<s>Quia enim plerunque &longs;ua homines <expan abbr="curãt">curant</expan>, <lb/>aliena negligunt, non po&longs;&longs;unt illi &longs;ua curare, quin aliena curent, nec aliena <lb/>negligere, ut &longs;ua non negligant. </s>

<s>There are other editions than these, mentioned by bibliographers, but we <lb/>have been unable to confirm them in any library. </s>

<s>Quod &longs;i nemo ex ip&longs;is eiusmodi <expan abbr="officior&utilde;">officiorum</expan> <lb/>onera &longs;u&longs;cipere uelit, aut &longs;u&longs;tinere po&longs;sit, è re <expan abbr="cõmuni">communi</expan> erit, ea uiris <expan abbr="dilig&etilde;ti&longs;si">diligenti&longs;si</expan> <lb/>mis imponere. </s>

<s>The most reliable <lb/>of such bibliographies, that of John Ferguson,<emph type="sup"/>23<emph.end type="sup"/> gives in addition to the <lb/>above; <emph type="italics"/>Bergwerkbuch,<emph.end type="italics"/> Basel, 1657, folio, and Schweinfurt, 1687, octavo.</s>

<s>Quondam certe hæcres curæ fuit præfectis metalloru: &longs;iue <lb/>domini e&longs;&longs;ent reges, utPriamus <expan abbr="aurarior&utilde;">aurariorum</expan> circa Abydum, Mydas <expan abbr="eor&utilde;">eorum</expan> quæ <lb/>fuerunt in Berimo monte, Gyges, Alyattes, Cr&oelig;&longs;us eorum, quæ <expan abbr="fuer&utilde;t">fuerunt</expan> ad <lb/>oppidum de&longs;ertum inter Atarneam & Pergamum: &longs;iue re&longs;pub. </s>

<s>ITALIAN EDITION.</s>

<s>ut Cartha<lb/>ginien&longs;es <expan abbr="argentarior&utilde;">argentariorum</expan> quibus floruit Hi&longs;pania: &longs;iue familiæ amplæ & illu <lb/>&longs;tres, ut Athenis fodinarum Laurei montis. </s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>L'Arte de Metalli,<emph.end type="italics"/> Froben, Basel, folio, 1563.</s>

<s>Hoc porro rationibus domini <lb/>artis adhuc ignari maxime conducit, &longs;umptum <expan abbr="commun&etilde;">communem</expan> &longs;ibi cum alijs po<lb/>nere non in fo&longs;sione uenæ unius, &longs;ed plurium. </s>

<s>OTHER LANGUAGES.</s>

<s>Nam qui &longs;olus impen&longs;as fa<lb/>cit in unam aliquam fodinam, &longs;i &longs;ecunda fortuna ip&longs;i uenam <expan abbr="abundant&etilde;">abundantem</expan> me <lb/>tallis alijsque fo&longs;silibus elargitur, ampli&longs;simæ pecuniæ fit dominus: &longs;in ad<lb/>uer&longs;a inopem & &longs;terilem, in omne tempus perdit omnino omnem <expan abbr="&longs;umpt&utilde;">&longs;umptum</expan>, <lb/>quem in eam impendit. </s>

<s>So far as we know, <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> was never actually published in other <lb/>than Latin, German, and Italian. </s>

<s>Qui uero nummos <expan abbr="cõmuniter">communiter</expan> cum alijs in&longs;umit in <lb/>plures uenas alicuius loci nobilitati copia <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan>, ille raro perdit oleum <lb/>& operam, &longs;ed ip&longs;ius optatis plerumque fortuna re&longs;pondet. </s>

<s>However, a portion of the accounts of <lb/>the firm of Froben were published in 1881<emph type="sup"/>24<emph.end type="sup"/>, and therein is an entry under <lb/>March, 1560, of a sum to one Leodigaris Grymaldo for some other work, and <lb/>also for “correction of Agricola's <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallíca<emph.end type="italics"/> in French.” This may <lb/>of course, be an error for the Italian edition, which appeared a little later. <lb/></s>

<s>Cum enim ex du <lb/>odecim uenis in quas <expan abbr="cõmunis">communis</expan> fit &longs;umptus una metallis affluens, domino <lb/>non reddat modo pecuniam impen&longs;am, &longs;ed det præterea <expan abbr="lucr&utilde;">lucrum</expan>, certe erit ei <lb/>res metallica ampla & fructuo&longs;a, cui duæ uenæ aut tres, aut quatuor plu<lb/>résue effundunt metalla. </s>

<s>There is also mention<emph type="sup"/>25<emph.end type="sup"/> that a manuscript of <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/> in Spanish was <lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="xvii"/>seen in the library of the town of Bejar. </s>

<s>Xenophontis autem non <expan abbr="mult&utilde;">multum</expan> huic di&longs;simile <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>&longs;ilium e&longs;t, quid ip&longs;is Athenien&longs;ibus &longs;it <expan abbr="faciend&utilde;">faciendum</expan>, &longs;i nouas argenti uenas &longs;ine <lb/>detrimento uoluerint quærere. </s>

<s>An interesting note appears in <lb/>the glossary given by Sir John Pettus in his translation of Lazarus Erckern's <lb/>work on assaying. </s>

<s>Sunt, inquit, Athenien&longs;ium decem tribus. </s>

<s>He says<emph type="sup"/>26<emph.end type="sup"/> “but I cannot enlarge my observations upon <lb/>any more words, because the printer calls for what I did write of a metallick <lb/>dictionary, after I first proposed the printing of Erckern, but intending <lb/>within the compass of a year to publish Georgius Agricola, <emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(being fully translated) in English, and also to add a dictionary to it, I <lb/>shall reserve my remaining essays (if what I have done hitherto be approved) <lb/>till then, and so I proceed in the dictionary.” The translation was never <lb/>published and extensive inquiry in various libraries and among the family <lb/>of Pettus has failed to yield any trace of the manuscript.<lb/></s><figure></figure><pb pagenum="xxi"/>

<s><lb/>Itaque &longs;i ciuitas &longs;ingulis dederit &longs;eruos pares numero, atque ip&longs;æ <expan abbr="cõmuni">communi</expan> for<lb/>tuna nouas uenas &longs;ecuerint, hoc &longs;ane modo &longs;i una inuenerit uenam argenti <lb/>diuitem, utique uniuer&longs;is, id quod habet utilitatem, o&longs;tendet: &longs;in duæ tribus <lb/>inuenerint, aut tres, aut quatuor, aut dimidia earum pars, profecto hæc o<lb/>pera utiliora fient. </s>

<s>GEORGIVS FABRICIVS IN LI-</s>

<s>Spem enim omnes tribus fru&longs;trari, <expan abbr="præteritor&utilde;">præteritorum</expan> non e&longs;t <lb/>&longs;imile. </s>

<s>bros Metallicos GEORGII AGRICOL AE phi<gap/><lb/>lo&longs;ophi præ&longs;tanti&longs;&longs;imi.</s>

<s>Quamuis autem hoc Xenophontis <expan abbr="cõ&longs;ilium">con&longs;ilium</expan> &longs;it <expan abbr="plen&utilde;">plenum</expan> prudentiæ, ta <lb/>men ei locus non e&longs;t in ullis ciuitatibus, ni&longs;i liberis & opulentis. </s>

<s>AD LECTOREM.</s>

<s>Nam quæ <lb/>in regum & principum ditione &longs;unt, ueltyranni dominatu premuntur, &longs;ine <lb/>eorum permi&longs;&longs;u non audent facere tales impen&longs;as. </s>

<s>Siiuuat ignita cogno&longs;cere fronte Chimæram, <lb/>Semicanem nympham, &longs;emibouem&queacute; uirum:</s>

<s>Quæ præditæ &longs;unt par<lb/>uis opibus ac facultatibus, præ indigentia non po&longs;&longs;unt: tum etiam, ut mos <lb/>e&longs;t no&longs;trorum <expan abbr="homin&utilde;">hominum</expan>, re&longs;pub. </s>

<s>Sicentum capitum Titanem, tot&queacute; ferentem <lb/>Sublimem manibus tela cruenta Gygen:</s>

<s>nullos habent &longs;eruos, quos tribubus elo<lb/>care po&longs;&longs;ent. </s>

<s>Siiuuat Ætneum penetrare Cyclopis in antrum, <lb/>Atque alios, Vates quos peperere, metus:</s>

<s>Quare hodie qui cum pote&longs;tate &longs;unt, nomine rerumpub. </s>

<s>Nunc placeat mecum doctos euoluere libros, <lb/>Ingenium AGRICOLAE quos dedit acre tibi.</s>

<s>im<lb/>pen&longs;as agunt in metalla, non aliter ac priuati homines. </s>

<s>Non hic uana tenet &longs;u&longs;pen&longs;am fabula mentem: <lb/>Sed precium, utilitas multa, legentis erit.</s>

<s>Nonnulli uero do-</s>

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<s>Quidquid terra &longs;inu, gremio&queacute; recondiditimo, <lb/>Omne tibi multis eruit ante libris:</s>

<s>Siue fluens &longs;uperas ultro nitatur in oras, <lb/>Inueniat facilem &longs;eu magis arte uiam.</s>

<s>P<emph type="italics"/>ertic æ line æ minorifpacio inter &longs;e distantes<emph.end type="italics"/> A. <lb/>P<emph type="italics"/>ertic æ liue æ maiori &longs;pacio inter &longs;e distantes<emph.end type="italics"/> B.</s>

<s>Perpetui proprns manant de fontibus amnes, <lb/>E&longs;t grauis Albuneæ &longs;ponte Mephitis odor.</s>

<s>Tam <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> hi men&longs;ores quàm proximi prius funiculis canabinis utuntur: <lb/>mox eos alteris, ex philyris tiliæ factis, quod hi nihil, illi multum remittant, <lb/><expan abbr="meti&utilde;tur">metiuntur</expan>. </s>

<s>Lethales &longs;unt &longs;ponte &longs;crobes Dicæarchidis oræ, <lb/>Et micat è media conditus ignis humo.</s>

<s>Atque hos in æquatam planiciem <expan abbr="extend&utilde;t">extendunt</expan>. </s>

<s>Plana Nari&longs;corum cùm tellus ar&longs;itin agro, <lb/>Ter curua nondum falce re&longs;ecta Ceres.</s>

<s>Primo quidem <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <lb/>per deuexam montis partem de&longs;cendentem obliquè. </s>

<s>Nec dedit hoc damnum pa&longs;tor, riec Iuppiterigne: <lb/>Vulcani per &longs;eruperat ira &longs;olum.</s>

<s>Deinde funiculum &longs;e <lb/>cundum, cui longitudo e&longs;t cuniculi, &longs;ub puteum agendi, rectà collocant, ut <lb/>altero capite primi funiculi caput inferius attingat: tum tertium <expan abbr="funicul&utilde;">funiculum</expan> <expan abbr="it&etilde;">item</expan> <lb/>rectà. </s>

<s>Terrifico aura foras erumpens, incita motu, <lb/>Sæpefacit montes, antè ubi plana uia e&longs;t.</s>

<s>lo cant: & quidem &longs;ic ut &longs;uperior&longs;&longs;uo capite &longs;uperius primi funiculi ca <lb/>put contingat, inferiori <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> &longs;ecundi funiculi, fiatque triangulus. </s>

<s>Hæcab&longs;tru&longs;a cauis, imo&queacute; incognita fundo, <lb/>Cognita natura &longs;æpe fuere duce.</s>

<s>Huius au<lb/>tem tertij funiculi altitudinem ad in&longs;trumenti, cui index e&longs;t, partem, <expan abbr="tanquã">tanquam</expan> <lb/>ad perpendiculum re&longs;pondentem, exigunt: cuius funiculi longitudo putei <lb/>altitudinem demon&longs;trat.</s>

<s>Arte hominum, in lucem ueniunt quoque multa, manu&queacute; <lb/>Terræ multiplices effodiuntur opes.</s>

<s>F<emph type="italics"/>uniculi extenti<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>rimus &longs;iue alter funicu lus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. <lb/>S<emph type="italics"/>ecundus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ertius<emph.end type="italics"/> C. T<emph type="italics"/>riangulus<emph.end type="italics"/> D.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="98"/>

<s>Lydia &longs;icnitrum profert, Islandia &longs;ulfur, <lb/>Acmodò Tyrrhenus mittit alumen ager.</s>

<s>Quidam uerò men&longs;ores, ut ratio altitudinis putei dimetiendæ certior &longs;it <lb/>quinque funiculis extentis utuntur: primo obliquè de&longs;cendente, duobus, &longs;e<lb/>cundo &longs;cilicet & tertio, quibus e&longs;t cuniculi longitudo, duobus, quibus pu<lb/>tei altitudo: quo &longs;anè modo con&longs;tituunt quadrangulum, in duos triangu<lb/>los æquales diui&longs;um: qui magis ad ueritatem dirigit.</s>

<s>Succina, quâ trifi do &longs;ubit æquor Vi&longs;tula cornu, <lb/>Pi&longs;cantur Codano corpora &longs;erua &longs;inu.</s>

<s>F<emph type="italics"/>uniculi extenti<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>rimus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. S<emph type="italics"/>ecundus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ertius<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>Q<emph type="italics"/>uartus<emph.end type="italics"/> C. Q<emph type="italics"/>uintus<emph.end type="italics"/> C. Q<emph type="italics"/>uadrangulus<emph.end type="italics"/> D.</s><figure/>

<s>Quid memorem regum precio&longs;a in&longs;ignia gemmas, <lb/>Marmora&queacute; excel&longs;is &longs;tructa &longs;ub a&longs;tra iugis?</s>

<s>Atque hæ rationes altitudinis putei & longitudinis cuniculi dimetiendæ <lb/>tunc ueræ &longs;unt, cum uena atque &longs;ic etiam puteus uel putei uno eodemque teno <lb/>re rectà uel obliquè u&longs;que ad <expan abbr="cunicul&utilde;">cuniculum</expan> de&longs;cendit: &longs;imiliter cùm cuniculus re<lb/>ctà ad puteum pertingit: at cùm uterque modo in hanc, modo in illam <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan> <lb/>&longs;e flectit, &longs;i neutrius &longs;pacium fuerit perfo&longs;&longs;um, nemo omnium <expan abbr="mortali&utilde;">mortalium</expan> tam <lb/>acri e&longs;t ingenio, ut quantum de recto curriculo deflectant animo po&longs;sit cer <lb/>nere: &longs;in totum alterutrius, de alterius quidem longitudine, de alterius uerò <lb/>altitudine facilius po&longs;&longs;umus exi&longs;timare: itaque locus cuniculi, qui e&longs;t &longs;ub pu<lb/>teo iam primum fodi c&oelig;pto, ex dimetiendo &longs;ic di&longs;citur. </s>

<s>Nil lapides, nil &longs;axa moror: &longs;unt pulchra metalia, <lb/>Cr&oelig;fetuis opibus clara, Myda&queacute; tuis,</s>

<s>Ad os cuniculi pri<lb/>mò figitur tripus, itemque ad puteum, qui fodi c&oelig;pit, aut ad locum in quo fo <lb/>dietur puteus. </s>

<s>Quæ&queacute; acer Macedo terra Creneide fodit, <lb/>Nomine permutans nomina pri&longs;ca &longs;uo.</s>

<s>Tripus autem fit ex tribus palis in terram infixis, & a&longs;&longs;erculo <lb/>quadrangulo, &longs;uper quem in&longs;trumentum, partes mundi indicans, &longs;tatuitur, <lb/>in palos impo&longs;ito & ad ip&longs;os affixo. </s>

<s>Atnuncnon ullis cedit GERMANIA terris, <pb pagenum="xxii"/>Terra ferax hominum, terra&queacute; diues opum.</s>

<s>Deinde ab inferiori tripode rectà in ter <lb/>ram demittitur funiculus pondere grauatus: iuxta quem <expan abbr="funicul&utilde;">funiculum</expan> <expan abbr="iter&utilde;">iterum</expan> pa<pb pagenum="99"/>lus in terra defigitur: ad quem alter funiculus alligatus & affixus rectà duci<lb/>tur in cuniculum u&longs;que ad eum finem, dum nullum fundamenti uel tecti ue<lb/>næ angulum attingat: po&longs;tea à funiculo, ex inferiori tripode pendente, funi <lb/>culus tertius, item affixus rectà &longs;ur&longs;um uer&longs;us per decliuem montis partem <lb/>ducitur u&longs;que ad palum tripodis &longs;uperioris, atque ad eum alligatur et affigitur: <lb/>ut autem altitudinis dimen&longs;io certior &longs;it, unum & idem latus funiculi, ex in<lb/>feriori tripode pendentis, contingat tertius i&longs;te funiculus, quod &longs;ecundus, <lb/>in cuniculum ductus, contingit: his omnibus ritè factis men&longs;or cùm iam fu<lb/>niculus, rectà in cuniculum ductus, angulum &longs;iue fundamenti &longs;iue tecti ta<lb/>cturus e&longs;t, in &longs;olum cuniculi collocat a&longs;&longs;erem, & &longs;uper eum &longs;tatuit <expan abbr="orb&etilde;">orbem</expan>, uel <lb/><expan abbr="in&longs;trum&etilde;tum">in&longs;trumentum</expan>, quod indicem habet, ei peculiare: id circulis ceratis differt ab <lb/>altero, cui item index, libro tertio à nobis de&longs;cripto. </s>

<s>Hic auri in uenis locupletibus aura refulget, <lb/>Non alio me&longs;&longs;is carior ulla loco.</s>

<s>Ad utrumque autem, tan <lb/>quam ad regulam & normam, decernit utrum funiculi extenti rectà <expan abbr="tendãt">tendant</expan> <lb/>ad extremam cuniculi partem, an modo rectà tendant, modo ad fundamen <lb/>tum uel tectum declinent: utrumque in&longs;trumentum in partes diui&longs;um e&longs;t: &longs;ed <lb/>quod habet indicem, quem regit magnes, in quatuor & uiginti: orbis uerò <lb/>in &longs;edecim. </s>

<s>Auricomum extulerit felix Campania ramum, <lb/>Nec fructu nobis de&longs;iciente cadit.</s>

<s>Etenim primò in quatuor principales, quarum quæque rur&longs;us in <lb/>quatuor: utrique &longs;unt circuli cerati, uerum ei, quod habet indicem, &longs;eptem: al<lb/>teri, tantum quinque. </s>

<s>Eruit argenti &longs;olidas hoc tempore ma&longs;&longs;as <lb/>Fo&longs;&longs;or, dc proprijs arma&queacute; miles agris.</s>

<s>Hos circulos ceratos men&longs;or &longs;iue hoc &longs;iue illo utatur in <lb/>&longs;trumento, pungit, ip&longs;is punctis ordine notans partes, in quas funiculi di<lb/>uer&longs;is modis extenduntur. </s>

<s>Ignotum Graijs e&longs;t He&longs;perijs&queacute; metallum, <lb/>Quod Bi&longs;emutum lingua paterna uocat.</s>

<s>Sed orbis præterea foramen habet ex eius exti<lb/>ma parte circulari ad punctum u&longs;que pertinens: in quod cochleam ferream, <lb/>ad quam &longs;ecundum funiculum alligat, immittit & uer&longs;ando in a&longs;&longs;erem infi<lb/>git: ut etiam orbis maneat immobilis. </s>

<s>Candidius nigro, &longs;ed plumbo nigrius albo, <lb/>No&longs;tra quoque hoc uena diuite fundit humus.</s>

<s>Ne uerò funiculus &longs;ecundus & dein<lb/>ceps alij extenti, de cochlea detrahantur, cauit ferro graui, in cuius foramine <lb/>cochleæ caput includit: at alterum <expan abbr="in&longs;trument&utilde;">in&longs;trumentum</expan>, cui index e&longs;t, quia caret fo<lb/>ramine, tantummodo ad cochleam apponit.</s>

<s>Funditur in tormenta, corus cum imitantia fulmen, <lb/>Æs, in&queacute; ho&longs;tiles ferrea ma&longs;&longs;a domos.</s>

<s>I<emph type="italics"/>n&longs;trumenti, cui index est, &longs;eptem circuli cerati<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>A B C D E F G,</s><pb pagenum="100"/><figure/>

<s>Scribuntur plumbo libri: quis credidit antè <lb/>Quàm mirandam artem Teutonis ora dedit?</s>

<s>Hic in&longs;eratur pagina, picturam Orbis quinque circulorum <lb/>ceratorum continens.</s>

<s>Nec tamen hoc alijs, aut illa petuntur ab oris, <lb/>Eruta Germano cuncta metalla &longs;olo.</s>

<s>Vt autem in&longs;trumentum in priorem uel po&longs;teriorem partem non incli<lb/>net, atque ita nec men&longs;ura in maiorem quàm par &longs;it, longitudinem excre&longs;cat, <lb/>&longs;uper ip&longs;um libellam &longs;tatiuam collocat: cuius ligula, &longs;i in&longs;trumentum in neu <lb/>tram partem propenderit, nullos numeros, &longs;ed <expan abbr="eor&utilde;">eorum</expan> <expan abbr="principi&utilde;">principium</expan> demon&longs;trat.</s><pb/><figure/>

<s>Sed quid ego hæc repeto, monumentis tradita claris <lb/>AGRICOLAE, quæ nunc docta per ora uolant?</s>

<s>Ponatur fol. </s>

<s>Hic cau&longs;&longs;is ortus, & formas uiribus addit, <lb/>Et quærenda quibus &longs;int meliora locis.</s>

<s>100. <lb/>O<emph type="italics"/>rbis quinque circuli cerati<emph.end type="italics"/> A. B. C. <lb/>D. E. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem foramen<emph.end type="italics"/> F. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>ochlea<emph.end type="italics"/> G. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>errum perfor atum<emph.end type="italics"/> H.<lb/><figure id="fig1"/></s><pb pagenum="101"/>

<s>Quæ &longs;i mente prius legi&longs;ti candidus æqua: <lb/>Da reliquis quoque nunc tempora pauca libris.</s>

<s>L<emph type="italics"/>ibella &longs;tatiua<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>ius ligula<emph.end type="italics"/> B. L<emph type="italics"/>ibella & ligula<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="102"/>

<s>Vtilitas &longs;equitur cultorem: crede, uoluptas <lb/>Non iucunda minor, rara legentis, erit.</s>

<s>Sed cùm iam men&longs;or &longs;ingulis cuniculi angulis diligenter ob&longs;eruatis tan<lb/>tam eius partem dimen&longs;us fuerit, quantam dimetiri debuit, &longs;ub dio in æqua <lb/>ta planicie rur&longs;us &longs;ingulis angulis non minori diligentia ob&longs;eruatis, eodem <lb/>modo dimetitur: atque primò ad quenque angulum, prout trianguli ratio & <lb/>ars hoc po&longs;tulant, rectum funiculum, tanquam lineam, adijcit. </s>

<s>Iudicio&queacute; prius ne quis malè damnet iniquo, <lb/>Quæ &longs;unt auctoris munera mira Dei:</s>

<s>Deinde funi <lb/>culum, per deuexam montis partem <expan abbr="a&longs;cend&etilde;tem">a&longs;cendentem</expan>, &longs;ic obliquè extendit ut in<lb/>feriori capite prius huius recti funiculi caput attingat: tum tertium funicu<lb/>lum &longs;imiliter rectà, & quidem &longs;ic ut &longs;uperiori &longs;uo capite &longs;uperius &longs;ecundi fu <lb/>niculi caput contingat, inferiori po&longs;terius primi funiculi. </s>

<s>Eripit ip&longs;e &longs;uis primùm tela ho&longs;tibus, in&queacute; <lb/>Mittentis torquet &longs;picula rapta caput.</s>

<s>Tertij autem funi<lb/>culi longitudo altitudinem putei, ut &longs;uprà dixi, demon&longs;trat &longs;imul et partem <lb/>caniculi, ad <expan abbr="quã">quam</expan> putei fo&longs;&longs;a depre&longs;&longs;a pertinget. </s>

<s>Fertur equo latro, uehitur pirata triremi: <lb/>Ergo necandus equus, nec fabricanda ratis?</s>

<s>Si uerò ad cuniculum pute<lb/>us unus uel plures per intermedias fo&longs;&longs;as latentes & puteos pertinuerint, <lb/>men&longs;or à proximo, qui &longs;ub dio e&longs;t, or&longs;us, breuius & citius altitudinem fodi <lb/>endi putei dimetitur, quàm &longs;i ordiatur ab ore cuniculi. </s>

<s>Vi&longs;ceribus terræ lateant ab&longs;tru&longs;a metalla, <lb/>Vti opibus ne&longs;cit quòd mala turba &longs;uis?</s>

<s>Primò autem inter<lb/>uallum &longs;ubdiale, quod e&longs;t inter puteum effo&longs;&longs;um & effodiendum metitur: <lb/>tum omnium puteorum, quos metiri oportet, obliquitatem, & <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> fo&longs;<lb/>&longs;arum latentium, quibus quodam modo <expan abbr="cõiunguntur">coniunguntur</expan>, longitudinem u&longs;que<lb/>ad cuniculum. </s>

<s>Qui&longs;quis es, aut doctis pareto monentïbus, aut te <lb/>Inter habere bonos ne fateare locum.</s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò cuniculi partem, atque his omnibus ritè factis altitu <lb/>dinem putei & <expan abbr="loc&utilde;">locum</expan> cuniculi, ad quem puteus pertinebit, demon&longs;trat. </s>

<s>Se non in prærupta metallicus abijcit audax, <lb/>Vt quondam immi&longs;&longs;o Curtius acer equo:</s>

<s>Sed <lb/>interdum ibi puteus rectus admodum altus fodiendus e&longs;t, ubi prius e&longs;t ob<lb/>liquus: & quidem iccirco ut onera machinis directo &longs;ur&longs;um &longs;ubleuari & ex <lb/>trahi po&longs;sint: &longs;ub dio certè ea, quam uer&longs;ant equi: intra terram eadem & ijs <lb/>quas impetus aquarum circumagit: itaque talem puteum &longs;i nece&longs;&longs;e fuerit fo<lb/>dere men&longs;or primò cochleam ferream uer&longs;ando in &longs;uperiorem ueteris pu<lb/>tei partem infigit: atque ab ea funiculum demittit u&longs;que ad primum angulum, <lb/>ubi rur&longs;us infigit cochleam, rur&longs;u&longs;que demittit funiculum u&longs;que ad &longs;ecundum <lb/>angulum. </s>

<s>Sed prius edi&longs;cit, quæ &longs;unt no&longs;cenda perito, <lb/>Quod&queacute; facit, multa doctus ab arte facit.</s>

<s>Id autem iterum ac &longs;æpius facit, & quidem u&longs;que eò dum funiculus <lb/>ad imum puteum pertineat. </s>

<s>Vt&queacute; gubernator &longs;eruat cum &longs;idere uentos: <lb/>Sic minimè dubijs utitur ille notis.</s>

<s>Deinde ad quamque funiculi partem inferius ap <lb/>plicat hemicyclium, & &longs;emicirculum ceratum prope quamque lineam, quam <lb/>ligula demon&longs;trat, pungit, & numero, ne perturbetur ordo, &longs;ignat: tum &longs;in<lb/>gulas funiculi partes altero funiculo, ex philyris tiliæ facto, dimetitur: po<lb/>&longs;tea cùm ex puteo redijt, &longs;ecernit &longs;e ab alijs & puncta ex hemicyclij &longs;emicir<lb/>culo cerato transfert in aliquem orbis circulum, item ceratum. </s>

<s>Ia&longs;ides nauim, currus regit arte Meti&longs;cus: <lb/>Fo&longs;&longs;or opus peragit nec minus arte &longs;uum.</s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò fu <lb/>niculis in æquata planicie extentis angulos, ut trianguli ratio hoc po&longs;tulat, <lb/>metitur: ac docet qua parte fundamenti, qua tecti &longs;axa <expan abbr="excind&etilde;da">excindenda</expan> &longs;int ut pu<lb/>teus rectà de&longs;cendat. </s>

<s>Indagat uenæ &longs;pacium, numerum&queacute;, modum&queacute;, <lb/>Siue obliqua &longs;uum, rectaúe tendatiter.</s><pb pagenum="xxiii"/>

<s>Quod &longs;i men&longs;or fodinæ dominis o&longs;tendere debeat lo <lb/>cum fo&longs;&longs;æ latentis uel cuniculi, in quo puteus etiam &longs;ur&longs;us uer&longs;us <expan abbr="fodi&etilde;dus">fodiendus</expan> <lb/>&longs;it ut citius perforetur, ab inferiore fo&longs;&longs;a latente uel cuniculo dimetiendi ini <lb/>tium facit &longs;pacio ferè unius anguli ultra eum locum, ad quem putei fo&longs;&longs;a de<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;a pertinget: ubi eam fo&longs;&longs;am latentem uel cuniculi partem u&longs;que ad prio<lb/>rem puteum, qui ab ip&longs;a ad &longs;uperiorem pertinet, dimen&longs;us fuerit, eius quo<lb/>que putei obliquitatem hemicyclio uel orbe ad funiculum applicato meti<lb/>tur. </s>

<s>Pa&longs;tor ut explorat quæ terra &longs;it apta colenti, <lb/>Quæ bene lanigeras, quæ malè pa&longs;cat oucs.</s>

<s>Deinde &longs;imiliter &longs;uperiorem fo&longs;&longs;am <expan abbr="lat&etilde;tem">latentem</expan> & obliquitatem putei, qui <lb/>in ea foditur & &longs;ur&longs;um uer&longs;us perforandus &longs;it: tum iterum in æquata plani<lb/>cie funiculis omnibus extentis, & quidem ultimo &longs;ic ut ad primum <expan abbr="funicul&utilde;">funiculum</expan> <pb pagenum="103"/>pertingat, metitur: atque ex ea <expan abbr="dim&etilde;&longs;ione">dimen&longs;ione</expan> cogno&longs;cit quo loco fo&longs;&longs;æ <expan abbr="lat&etilde;tis">latentis</expan> uel <lb/>cuniculi &longs;ur&longs;um uer&longs;us <expan abbr="fodiend&utilde;">fodiendum</expan> &longs;it, et quot uenæ <expan abbr="fodi&etilde;dæ">fodiendæ</expan> pa&longs;&longs;us re&longs;tent, ut <lb/>puteus perfodi po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>En terræ intentus, quid uincula linea tendit? <lb/></s>

<s>Dixi de priori <expan abbr="dimeti&etilde;di">dimetiendi</expan> ratione, nunc <expan abbr="dicã">dicam</expan> de altera. </s>

<s>Fungitur officio iam Ptolemæe tuo.</s>

<s><lb/>Cùm una uena propius ad <expan abbr="alterã">alteram</expan> accedit, & earum diuer&longs;i &longs;unt po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ores, <lb/>qui nuper uenerunt in <expan abbr="po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sion&etilde;">po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sionem</expan> &longs;iue <expan abbr="cunicul&utilde;">cuniculum</expan>, uel fo&longs;&longs;am <expan abbr="latent&etilde;">latentem</expan> agant, &longs;i <lb/>ue puteum fodiant, in ueterum dominorum quadratum nullo iure inua<lb/>dunt, aut inuadere uidentur: quocirca hi plerumque ius &longs;uum repetunt, aut <lb/>per&longs;equuntur iudicio. </s>

<s>Vt&queacute; &longs;uæ inuenit men&longs;uram iura&queacute; uenæ, <lb/>In uarios operas diuidit ind e uiros.</s>

<s>Sed men&longs;or uel ip&longs;e controuer&longs;iam inter dominos di <lb/>rimit, uel arte &longs;ua iudices in&longs;truit ad decernendum, ut alter ab alterius metal <lb/>lo manus ab&longs;tineat. </s>

<s>Iam&queacute; aggre&longs;&longs;us opus, uiden' ut mouet omne quod ob&longs;tat, <lb/>A&longs;&longs;idua ut uer&longs;at &longs;trenuus arma manu?</s>

<s>Itaque primò utriu&longs;que partis fodinas metitur funiculis ca<lb/>nabinis & ex philyris tiliæ factis: & ad eos orbe, uel in&longs;trumento, cui index <lb/>e&longs;t, applicato punctis notat partes, in quas extenduntur. </s>

<s>Ne tibi &longs;urde&longs;cant ferri tinnitibus aures, <lb/>Ad grauiora ideo con&longs;picienda ueni.</s>

<s>Deinde funiculos <lb/>in æquata planicie extendit: tum ab ea parte, cuius domini &longs;unt in antiqua <lb/>quadrati po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sione or&longs;us alteram uer&longs;us, &longs;eu in uenæ tecto &longs;eu in funda<lb/>mento fuerit, tran&longs;uer&longs;arium funiculum rectà &longs;ecundum &longs;extam in&longs;trumen <lb/>ti, cui index e&longs;t, partem tendit &longs;pacio pa&longs;&longs;uum trium & dimidij: atque ueteri<lb/>bus dominis <expan abbr="&longs;u&utilde;">&longs;uum</expan> tribuit. </s>

<s>In&longs;truit ecce &longs;uis nunc artibus ille minores: <lb/>Sedulitas nulli non opero&longs;a loco.</s>

<s>Quod &longs;i <expan abbr="utr&utilde;que">utrunque</expan> unius uenæ latus in duobus cuni<lb/>culis uel fo&longs;sis latentib. </s>

<s>Metiri docet hic uenæ &longs;pacium&queacute; modum&queacute;, <lb/>Vt&queacute; regat po&longs;itis &longs;inibus arua lapis,</s>

<s>aduer&longs;is fodiatur, men&longs;or prius expendit <expan abbr="inferior&etilde;">inferiorem</expan> <lb/>cuniculum uel fo&longs;&longs;am latentem, po&longs;terius &longs;uperiorem, & con&longs;iderat quan<lb/>tum uterque paulatim altior factus &longs;it: utrinque <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> uiri robu&longs;ti funiculos ex<lb/>tentos &longs;ic manu comprehendunt & tenent, ut nihil remittant: utrinque men<lb/>&longs;or perticas, longas pa&longs;&longs;um dimidium, funiculis &longs;upponit: & po&longs;teriori qui <lb/>dem parte bacillum breue, quoties eo &longs;ibi opus e&longs;t, perticæ: &longs;ed quidam ad <lb/>perticas funiculos, ut minus uacillent, alligant. </s>

<s>Ne quis transmi&longs;&longs;o uiolentus limite pergens, <lb/>Non &longs;ibi conce&longs;&longs;as, in &longs;ua uertat, opes.</s>

<s>Libram uerò men&longs;or, ut certi <lb/>us utrinque expendere po&longs;sit, ad medium funiculum appendit: atque ex ea re <lb/>cogno&longs;cit utrum alter cuniculus magis quàm alter, &longs;imiliter altera fo&longs;&longs;a la<lb/>tens magis quàm altera a&longs;&longs;urrexerit. </s>

<s>Hic docet in&longs;trumenta, quibus Piutonia regna <lb/>Tutus adit, &longs;axi permeat atque uias.</s>

<s>Deinde utrinque obliquitatem <expan abbr="puteor&utilde;">puteorum</expan> <lb/>metitur, ut utrinque eorum rectitudinem habere po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Quanta (uides) &longs;olidas expugnet machina terras: <lb/>Machina non ullo tempore ui&longs;a prius.</s>

<s>Tum facile per&longs;picit <lb/>quot pa&longs;&longs;uum &longs;pacium perfodiendum re&longs;tet. </s>

<s>Cede nouis, nulla non inclyta laude uetu&longs;tas, <lb/>Po&longs;teritas meritis e&longs;t quoque grata tuis.</s>

<s>Cuniculus autem qui&longs;que, ut di <lb/>xi, centum pa&longs;&longs;uum &longs;pacio altior uno pa&longs;&longs;u fieri debet.</s><pb pagenum="104"/>

<s>Tum quia Germano &longs;unt hæc inuenta &longs;ub axe, <lb/>Si quis es, inuidiæ contrahe uela tuæ.</s>

<s>L<emph type="italics"/>ibræ pen&longs;ilis ligula<emph.end type="italics"/> A.</s><figure/>

<s>Au&longs;onis ora tumct bellis, terra Attica cultu, <lb/>Germanum in&longs;ractus tollit ad a&longs;tra labor.</s>

<s>At men&longs;ores Alpini cum cuniculos, in alti&longs;simos montes actos, metiri &longs;o <lb/><expan abbr="l&etilde;t">lent</expan>, utuntur <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> perticis, pa&longs;&longs;um <expan abbr="dimidi&utilde;">dimidium</expan> longis, &longs;ed quæ ex tribus partibus, <lb/>quibus &longs;unt cochleæ con&longs;tant, ut eas breuiores facere po&longs;sint: utuntur funi<lb/>culo, ex philyris tiliæ facto, ad quem alligatæ &longs;unt &longs;ch&oelig;dæ, numerum pa&longs;&longs;u <lb/>um indicantes: <expan abbr="ut&utilde;tur">utuntur</expan> <expan abbr="in&longs;trum&etilde;to">in&longs;trumento</expan>, cui index e&longs;t, ip&longs;is peculiari: circulis enim <pb pagenum="105"/>ceratis caret: uerum eorum loco in manibus habent chartam, in qua <expan abbr="&longs;crib&utilde;t">&longs;cribunt</expan> <lb/>quamque in&longs;trumenti, in po&longs;teriorem perticam impo&longs;iti partem, quam ligu<lb/>la, & funiculus extentus, per eius tria foramina penetrans, demon&longs;trant, & <lb/>numeros pa&longs;&longs;uum notant: eadem ligula indicat utrum funiculus in <expan abbr="prior&etilde;">priorem</expan> <lb/>uel po&longs;teriorem partem inclinet. </s>

<s>Nec tamen ingenio &longs;olet infeliciter uti, <lb/>Mite gerát Ph&oelig;bi, &longs;eu graue Martis opus.</s>

<s>Pen&longs;ilis autem, ut in libra, non e&longs;t, &longs;ed ad <lb/>in&longs;trumentum affixa, in eo qua&longs;i iacet: &longs;ed cuniculos iccirco metiuntur ut &longs;ci <lb/>re po&longs;sint quot pa&longs;sibus facti &longs;int altiores: quot pa&longs;&longs;us inferior à &longs;uperiori <lb/>di&longs;tet: quot pa&longs;&longs;uum interuallum, nondum perfo&longs;&longs;um, &longs;it inter fo&longs;&longs;ores, qui <lb/>aduer&longs;i cauant unam eandemque uenam uel <expan abbr="fibrã">fibram</expan> tran&longs;uer&longs;am, aut duas, qua<lb/>rum altera in <expan abbr="alterã">alteram</expan> uergit.</s>

<s>Tempus ade&longs;t, &longs;tructis uenarum montibus, igne <lb/>Explorare, u&longs;um quem &longs;ibi uena ferat.</s>

<s>I<emph type="italics"/>n&longs;tru enti index<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>ius ligula<emph.end type="italics"/> B. L<emph type="italics"/>igulæ foramina<emph.end type="italics"/> C D E.</s><figure/>

<s>Non labor ingenio caret hic, non copia fructu, <lb/>E&longs;t adaperta bonæ prima fene&longs;tra &longs;pei.</s>

<s>Sed redeo ad no&longs;tras fodinas. </s>

<s>Ergo in&longs;tat porrò grauiores ferre labores, <lb/>Intentas operi nec remouere manus.</s>

<s>Si men&longs;or intus in cuniculis, uel fo&longs;sis <expan abbr="lat&etilde;">latem</expan> <lb/>tibus uoluerit <expan abbr="arear&utilde;">arearum</expan> terminos con&longs;tituere & pangere &longs;igno in <expan abbr="&longs;ax&utilde;">&longs;axum</expan> inci&longs;o, <pb pagenum="106"/><expan abbr="quemadmod&utilde;">quemadmodum</expan> magi&longs;ter <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan> &longs;upra <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan> <expan abbr="ea&longs;d&etilde;">ea&longs;dem</expan> finib. </s>

<s>Vrere &longs;iue locus po&longs;cat, &longs;eu tundere uenas, <lb/>Siue lauare lacu præter euntis aquæ.</s>

<s>definiuit, <expan abbr="t&utilde;c">tunc</expan> pri <lb/>mo <expan abbr="loc&utilde;">locum</expan> cuniculi uel fo&longs;&longs;æ <expan abbr="lat&etilde;tis">latentis</expan>, qui e&longs;t &longs;ub &longs;tipite terminali, ex <expan abbr="dimeti&etilde;do">dimetiendo</expan>, <lb/>eo <expan abbr="qu&etilde;">quem</expan> &longs;uprà explicaui modo, di&longs;cit: ultra eum <expan abbr="loc&utilde;">locum</expan>, in cuius <expan abbr="&longs;ax&utilde;">&longs;axum</expan> exi&longs;timat <lb/>&longs;ignum e&longs;&longs;e <expan abbr="incidend&utilde;">incidendum</expan>, <expan abbr="funicul&utilde;">funiculum</expan> extendens. </s>

<s>Seu flammis iterum modicis torrere nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t, <lb/>Excoquere aut fa&longs;tis ignibus omne malum,</s>

<s>Deinde <expan abbr="ij&longs;d&etilde;">ij&longs;dem</expan> funiculis in æqua <lb/><gap/>a planitie extentis ab ea &longs;upremi parte, quæ &longs;tipitem <expan abbr="terminal&etilde;">terminalem</expan> de&longs;ignat, or <lb/>&longs;us <expan abbr="infim&utilde;">infimum</expan> uer&longs;us rectà <expan abbr="&longs;ecund&utilde;">&longs;ecundum</expan> <expan abbr="&longs;extã">&longs;extam</expan> in&longs;trumenti, cui index e&longs;t, partem ten<lb/>dit <expan abbr="tran&longs;uer&longs;ari&utilde;">tran&longs;uer&longs;arium</expan>: tum infimi funiculi parte, quæ e&longs;t ultra <expan abbr="eã">eam</expan>, ad <expan abbr="quã">quam</expan> tran&longs;uer <lb/>&longs;arius pertinet, ablata demon&longs;trat quo loco <expan abbr="&longs;ign&utilde;">&longs;ignum</expan> terminale & <expan abbr="hæreditari&utilde;">hæreditarium</expan> <lb/>&longs;it in <expan abbr="&longs;ax&utilde;">&longs;axum</expan> cuniculi uel fo&longs;&longs;æ latentis <expan abbr="incidend&utilde;">incidendum</expan>. </s>

<s>Cùm fluit æs riuis, auri argenti&queacute; metallum, <lb/>Spes animo fo&longs;&longs;or uix capit ip&longs;e &longs;uas.</s>

<s>Inciditur <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> id præ&longs;entibus <lb/><expan abbr="du&utilde;uiris">duunuiris</expan> iuratis, utriu&longs;que fodinæ præfecto et præ&longs;ide. </s>

<s>Argentum cupidus fuluo &longs;ecernit ab auro, <lb/>Et plumbi lentam demit utrique moram.</s>

<s>Vt enim magi&longs;ter me <lb/><expan abbr="tallicor&utilde;">tallicorum</expan> <expan abbr="ij&longs;d&etilde;">ij&longs;dem</expan> præ&longs;entibus &longs;tipites terminales in <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan> infigit, ita men&longs;or &longs;i<lb/>gni cau&longs;&longs;a <expan abbr="plagã">plagam</expan> infligit &longs;axis, quæ ip&longs;a etiam iccirco terminalia <expan abbr="nominãtur">nominantur</expan>. </s>

<s>Separat argentum, lucri &longs;tudio&longs;us, ab ære, <lb/>Seruatis, linquens deteriora, bonis.</s><pb pagenum="xxiv"/>

<s><lb/>Si uerò in puteo uenæ, nuper fodi c&oelig;ptæ, terminos areæ pangat, primo ei<lb/>us putei <expan abbr="obliquitat&etilde;">obliquitatem</expan> in&longs;trumento, cui e&longs;t index, uel alio ad <expan abbr="funicul&utilde;">funiculum</expan> applica <lb/>to, metitur et <expan abbr="p&utilde;ctis">punctis</expan> notat. </s>

<s>Quæ &longs;i cuncta uelim tenui percurrere uer&longs;u, <lb/>Ante alium reuehat Memnonis o<gap/>ra diem.</s>

<s>Deinde <expan abbr="o&etilde;s">oens</expan> fo&longs;&longs;as <expan abbr="lat&etilde;tes">latentes</expan> u&longs;que ad <expan abbr="eã">eam</expan>, in cuius &longs;axis <lb/>&longs;igna terminalia &longs;unt <expan abbr="incid&etilde;da">incidenda</expan>: eius uerò fo&longs;&longs;æ latentis &longs;ingulos angulos di <lb/>metitur: <expan abbr="t&utilde;">tum</expan> funiculis in planicie <expan abbr="ext&etilde;tis">extentis</expan> &longs;imiliter <expan abbr="tran&longs;uer&longs;ari&utilde;">tran&longs;uer&longs;arium</expan>, ut dixi, tendit, <lb/>& &longs;igna in &longs;axis incidit. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tremus labor e&longs;t, concretos di&longs;cere&longs;uccos, <lb/>Quos fert innumeris Teutona terra locis.</s>

<s>Quod &longs;i <expan abbr="&longs;ax&utilde;">&longs;axum</expan> terminale & <expan abbr="hæreditari&utilde;">hæreditarium</expan> <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> in fo&longs;&longs;a <lb/>latente, quæ &longs;ub hac e&longs;t, <expan abbr="incidend&utilde;">incidendum</expan> fuerit, men&longs;or ab hoc &longs;igno or&longs;us &longs;ingu<lb/>los angulos notans metitur: & in inferiore fo&longs;&longs;a <expan abbr="lat&etilde;te">latente</expan> <expan abbr="funicul&utilde;">funiculum</expan> tendit ultra <lb/>eum locum, in cuius &longs;axo exi&longs;timat <expan abbr="&longs;ign&utilde;">&longs;ignum</expan> e&longs;&longs;e <expan abbr="incidend&utilde;">incidendum</expan>: mox funiculos, ut <lb/>&longs;æpius dixi, in planicie extendit. </s>

<s>Quo &longs;al, quo nitrum, quo pacto fiat alumen, <lb/>V&longs;ibus arti&longs;icis cùm parat illa manus:</s>

<s>Et&longs;i uerò uena &longs;e in inferiore fo&longs;&longs;a latente a<lb/>liter ac in &longs;uperiore, in qua primum <expan abbr="&longs;ign&utilde;">&longs;ignum</expan> terminale in &longs;axo e&longs;t inci&longs;um, ten<lb/>dit, tamen in inferiore <expan abbr="&longs;ign&utilde;">&longs;ignum</expan> rectà in &longs;axo <expan abbr="incidend&utilde;">incidendum</expan> e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Necnon chalcantum, &longs;ulfur, fluidumque bitumen, <lb/>Ma&longs;&longs;a&queacute; quo uitri lenta dolanda modo.</s>

<s>Etenim &longs;i <expan abbr="&longs;ign&utilde;">&longs;ignum</expan> infe <lb/>rius <expan abbr="&longs;ecund&utilde;">&longs;ecundum</expan> &longs;uperius inciderit, <expan abbr="obliqu&utilde;">obliquum</expan> fiet: quo modo iniurio&longs;è alteri fodi <lb/>næ aliquid de po&longs;&longs;e&longs;sione detrahitur, alteri datur. </s>

<s>Su&longs;cipit hæc hominum mirandos cura labores, <lb/>Pauperiem u&longs;queadeo ferre famem&queacute; graue e&longs;t,</s>

<s>Si præterea acciderit ut &longs;i <lb/><expan abbr="gn&utilde;">gnum</expan> <expan abbr="hæreditari&utilde;">hæreditarium</expan> in angulo &longs;it <expan abbr="incidend&utilde;">incidendum</expan>, men&longs;or ab eo or&longs;us pa&longs;&longs;um unum <lb/><expan abbr="prior&etilde;">priorem</expan> fodinam uer&longs;us metitur, <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> po&longs;teriorem uer&longs;us: atque ex his efficit <lb/><expan abbr="triangui&utilde;">trianguium</expan>, eumque <expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan> tran&longs;uer&longs;ario funiculo diuidens ad <expan abbr="ill&utilde;">illum</expan> <expan abbr="&longs;ax&utilde;">&longs;axum</expan> termi<lb/>nale in &longs;axo incidit. </s>

<s>Tantus amor uictum paruis extundere natis, <lb/>Et patriæ ciuem non dare uelle malum.</s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò men&longs;or interdum rei in ueritatis lucem profe <lb/>rendæ gratia areæ terminum pangit in his locis, in quibus iam antè multa &longs;i <lb/>gna terminalia in &longs;axis &longs;unt inci&longs;a. </s>

<s>Nec manet in terræ fo&longs;&longs;oris mer&longs;a latebris <lb/>Mens, &longs;ed fert domino uota preces&queacute; Deo.</s>

<s>Tunc uerò à &longs;tipite terminali, &longs;ub dio in <lb/>terram infixo, or&longs;us primò u&longs;que ad <expan abbr="proximã">proximam</expan> fodinam metitur: deinde dime<lb/>titur <expan abbr="un&utilde;">unum</expan> & <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan>: tum &longs;tipitem terminalem in æquata planicie figit: <lb/>& ab eo <expan abbr="initi&utilde;">initium</expan> faciens ij&longs;dem funiculis extentis &longs;imiliter metitur: atque iterum <lb/>&longs;tipitem, qui ip&longs;i eum dimetiendi finem &longs;ignificet, in <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan> infigit: po&longs;tea &longs;ub <lb/>terra ab eo loco, in quo de&longs;itum e&longs;t, rur&longs;us incipit metiri tot puteos & fo&longs;&longs;as <lb/>latentes, quot memini&longs;&longs;e pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>Munificæ expectat, &longs;pe plenus, munera dextræ, <lb/>Extollens animum lætus ad a&longs;tra &longs;uum.</s>

<s>Mox redit in planiciem: & iterum à &longs;ecun<lb/>do &longs;tipite or&longs;us metitur: atque id facit u&longs;que ad fo&longs;&longs;am latentem, in qua &longs;ignum <lb/>terminale in &longs;axo e&longs;t incidendum: ad extremum à &longs;tipite terminali, primum <lb/>in terra fixo, or&longs;us tran&longs;uer&longs;arium funiculum rectà tendit uer&longs;us ultimum, <lb/>qui infimæ fo&longs;&longs;æ latentis longitudinem demon&longs;trat: & qua parte eum attin <lb/>git, ea uerè iudicans &longs;ignum hæreditarium in &longs;axo incidit.</s>

<s>Diuitias CHRISTVS dat noticiam&queacute; fruendi, <lb/>Cui memori grates pectore &longs;emper agit.</s>

<s>De re Metallica Libri V. FINIS.</s><pb pagenum="107"/>

<s>Hoc quoque laudati quondam fecere Philippi, <lb/>Qui uirtutis habent cum pietate decus.</s>

<s>GEORGII AGRICO<lb/>LAE DE RE METALLICA <lb/>LIBER SEXTVS.</s>

<s>Huc oculos, huc flecte animum, &longs;uaui&longs;&longs;ime Lector, <lb/>Auctorem&queacute; pia no&longs;cito mente Deum.</s>

<s>Dixi de uenarum fo&longs;sionibus, de <expan abbr="puteor&utilde;">puteorum</expan> &longs;tructu<lb/>ris, de <expan abbr="cuniculor&utilde;">cuniculorum</expan>, <expan abbr="fo&longs;sar&utilde;">fo&longs;sarum</expan> latentium, <expan abbr="cauernar&utilde;">cauernarum</expan> &longs;ub <lb/>&longs;tructionibus, de arte men&longs;oris: nunc dicam primò <lb/>de ferramentis, quibus uenæ &longs;axaque <expan abbr="excind&utilde;tur">excinduntur</expan>: de <lb/>inde de ua&longs;is in quæ conijciuntur glebæ <expan abbr="terrar&utilde;">terrarum</expan>, &longs;a <lb/>xorum, <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan>, aliarumque <expan abbr="rer&utilde;">rerum</expan> <expan abbr="fo&longs;sili&utilde;">fo&longs;silium</expan>, ut uel ex <lb/>trahi uel euehi uel efferri po&longs;sint: atque etiam de ua<lb/>&longs;is aquarijs & canalibus: tum de diuer&longs;i generis ma <lb/>chinis: po&longs;tremò de malis <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan>, quæ omnia <lb/>dum <expan abbr="de&longs;crib&etilde;tur">de&longs;cribentur</expan> accuratius, <expan abbr="iter&utilde;">iterum</expan> multæ laborandi rationes <expan abbr="explicab&utilde;tur">explicabuntur</expan>. </s>

<s>AGRICOLAE hinc optans opero&longs;o fau&longs;ta labori, <lb/>Laudibus eximij candidus e&longs;to uiri.</s>

<s><lb/>Ferramenta <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> &longs;unt ea, quæ proprio nomine inetallici &longs;ic appellant, cunei <lb/>præterea, laminæ, bracteæ, mallei, bacilla, conti, ligones, uerricula, batilla. </s>

<s>Ille &longs;uum extollit patriæ cum nomine nomen, <lb/>Et uir in ore frequens po&longs;teritatis erit.</s>

<s><lb/>Sed eorum, quæ proprio nomine <expan abbr="ferram&etilde;ta">ferramenta</expan> &longs;unt, quatuor exi&longs;tunt formæ, <lb/>quæ ferè non figura, &longs;ed longitudine uel cra&longs;situdine inter &longs;e differunt: ete<lb/>nim <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> pars &longs;umma e&longs;t lata & <expan abbr="quadrãgula">quadrangula</expan>, ut malleo percuti po&longs;sit: ima <lb/>in <expan abbr="mucron&etilde;">mucronem</expan> de&longs;init, ut <expan abbr="&longs;axor&utilde;">&longs;axorum</expan> & <expan abbr="uenar&utilde;">uenarum</expan> duriciam acie diffindat: omnia quo <lb/>que præter <expan abbr="quart&utilde;">quartum</expan> &longs;unt perforata. </s>

<s>Primùm quidem, quo fo&longs;&longs;ores quotidie <lb/>utuntur, longum e&longs;t dodrantem: latum, &longs;e&longs;quidigitum: cra&longs;&longs;um, digitum. </s>

<s>In <lb/>&longs;ecundo e&longs;t eadem quæ in primo latitudo, itemque cra&longs;situdo, &longs;ed <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> e&longs;t <lb/>duos dodrantes, quo fo&longs;&longs;ores duri&longs;simas qua&longs;que uenas &longs;ic findunt, ut rimis <lb/>fati&longs;cant. </s>

<s>Tertium eandem quam &longs;ecundum <expan abbr="longitudin&etilde;">longitudinem</expan> a&longs;&longs;umit, <expan abbr="uer&utilde;">uerum</expan> pau<lb/>lò latius & cra&longs;sius e&longs;t: quo fodiunt &longs;olum eorum puteorum, qui paulatim <lb/>colligunt aquas. </s>

<s>Quartum ferè longum e&longs;t palmos tres & digitum unum: <lb/>cra&longs;&longs;um, digitos duos: &longs;uprema parte <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> digitos tres, media palmum, ima, <lb/>ut cætera cu&longs;pidatum. </s>

<s>Hoc uenas duriores <expan abbr="excind&utilde;t">excindunt</expan>. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Ver&utilde;">Verum</expan> primi ferramen <lb/>ti foramen à &longs;umma parte di&longs;tat palmum: &longs;ecundi & tertij, digitos &longs;eptem. </s>

<s><lb/>Quodque uerò circa foramen hinc illincque extuberat, in id indunt manubri<lb/>um ligneum: quod altera manu tenent, cùm ferramentum, ad &longs;axa applica<lb/>tum, malleo feriunt. </s>

<s>Hæc ferramenta maiora uel minora, prout res hoc po<lb/>&longs;tulat, fabricari &longs;olent. </s>

<s>Omnia retu&longs;a fabri ferrarij rur&longs;us, quoad fieri pote&longs;t, <lb/>acuunt. </s>

<s>At cuneus plerunque longus e&longs;t palmos tres & digitos duos: latus, <lb/>digitos &longs;ex: &longs;umma parte ad palmi altitudinem cra&longs;&longs;us digitos tres, deinde <lb/>paulatim tenuior, ut ima fiat acutus. </s>

<s>Sed lamina alta & lata e&longs;t digitos &longs;ex: <lb/>&longs;umma parte cra&longs;&longs;a digitos duos, ima &longs;e&longs;quidigitum. </s>

<s>In bractea uerò e&longs;t ea<lb/>dem, quæ in lamina altitudo & latitudo, &longs;ed admodum tenuis e&longs;t. </s>

<s>His omni <lb/>bus, ut proximo libro explicaui, utuntur cum uenas duri&longs;simas excindunt. </s>

<s><lb/>Atque etiam cunei, laminæ, bracteæ modo maiores, modo minores &longs;olent <lb/>confici.</s><pb pagenum="108"/>

<s>F<emph type="italics"/>erramentum primum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. S<emph type="italics"/>ecundum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ertium<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>Q<emph type="italics"/>uartum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> D. C<emph type="italics"/>uneus<emph.end type="italics"/> E. L<emph type="italics"/>amina<emph.end type="italics"/> F. B<emph type="italics"/>ractea<emph.end type="italics"/> G. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>anubrium ligneum<emph.end type="italics"/> H. M<emph type="italics"/>anubrium in primo ferra/ <lb/>mento inclu&longs;um<emph.end type="italics"/> I.</s><figure/>

<s>Mallei quoque duplices &longs;unt: minores, <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> manubria fo&longs;&longs;ores una ma<lb/>nu tenent: maiores, quorum utraque: in illis, quod ad magnitudinem et u&longs;um <lb/>pertinet triplex e&longs;t differentia: minimo, tanquam leui&longs;simo, percutiunt &longs;e<lb/>cundum <expan abbr="ferrament&utilde;">ferramentum</expan>: medio, primum: maximo, tertium: atque is latus & cra&longs;<lb/>&longs;us e&longs;t digitos duos. </s>

<s>In maioribus uerò bipartita e&longs;t uarietas: paruis <expan abbr="quart&utilde;">quartum</expan> <lb/>ferramentum feriunt, magnis cuneos in fi&longs;&longs;uras impingunt: illi lati & cra&longs;si <lb/>&longs;unt tres digitos, hi quinque, & longi pedem. </s>

<s>Omnes autem media parte, in <lb/>qua e&longs;t foramen manubrij capax, extuberant: &longs;ed maioribus manubria &longs;unt <lb/>imbecilliora, ut operarij mallei pondere inclinatiore uehementius ferire <lb/>po&longs;sint.</s>

<s>M<emph type="italics"/>alleorum minorum<emph.end type="italics"/> M<emph type="italics"/>inimus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. M<emph type="italics"/>edius<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>aximus<emph.end type="italics"/> C. M<emph type="italics"/>alleorum maiorum<emph.end type="italics"/> P<emph type="italics"/>aruus<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>agnus<emph.end type="italics"/> E. M<emph type="italics"/>anubrium ligneum<emph.end type="italics"/> F. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>anubrium in minimo malleo inclu&longs;um<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><pb pagenum="109"/><figure/>

<s>Bacillum ferreum item duplex e&longs;t: utrumque ima parte acutum, &longs;ed <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <lb/>teres, quo puteum, aqua plenum, cùm ad eum pertinet cuniculus, <expan abbr="perforãt">perforant</expan>: <lb/>alterum <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan>, quo de cauernis in &longs;olum deijciunt &longs;axa ignis ui mollita, quæ <lb/>conto detrudi non po&longs;&longs;unt. </s>

<s>E&longs;t autem contus metallicorum, ut nautarum, <lb/>pertica oblonga in capite ferrum habens.</s>

<s>B<emph type="italics"/>acillum teres<emph.end type="italics"/> A. B<emph type="italics"/>acillum latum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. C<emph type="italics"/>ontus<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/>

<s>Sed ligo metallicus differt à ru&longs;tico: nam hic ima parte latus etacutus e&longs;t: <pb pagenum="110"/>ille cu&longs;pidatus: eo cauatur uena non dura, qualis e&longs;&longs;e &longs;olet terrena. </s>

<s>Similiter <lb/>rutrum & batillum nihil di&longs;tant à uulgaribus. </s>

<s>Altero conuerrunt terras & <lb/>glareas, altera ea&longs;dem inijciunt in ua&longs;a.</s>

<s>L<emph type="italics"/>igo<emph.end type="italics"/> A. R<emph type="italics"/>utrum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. B<emph type="italics"/>atillum<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/>

<s>Terræ <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> & &longs;axa & res metallicæ aliæque fo&longs;siles ligone cauatæ uel ferra<lb/>mentis exci&longs;æ in ua&longs;is aut corbibus aut &longs;accis è puteis <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan>: ci&longs;ijs uel <lb/>cap&longs;is <expan abbr="pat&etilde;tibus">patentibus</expan> <gap/><expan abbr="ueh&utilde;tur">uehuntur</expan> è cuniculis: ex utri&longs;que alueis efferuntur. </s>

<s>Va&longs;a &longs;unt <lb/>duplicia: quæ non materia, <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> figura differunt, &longs;ed magnitudine: minora fe<lb/>rè <expan abbr="tant&utilde;">tantum</expan> <expan abbr="capi&utilde;t">capiunt</expan>, quantum metreta: maiora <expan abbr="pler&utilde;que">plerunque</expan> &longs;extuplo &longs;unt capaciora: <lb/>neutris enim certa e&longs;t capacitas, &longs;ed &longs;æpius uaria. </s>

<s>Vtraque conficiuntur ex a&longs;<lb/>&longs;eribus & duobus circulis ferreis, <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> altero &longs;uperius, altero inferius uin<lb/>ciuntur: nam colurni & querni a&longs;&longs;erib. </s>

<s><expan abbr="puteor&utilde;">puteorum</expan> illi&longs;i facile rumpuntur, ferrei <lb/>durant. </s>

<s>Maiorib. ut a&longs;&longs;eres &longs;unt cra&longs;siores & latio. </s>

<s>es, ita <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> circuli utri&longs;que, <lb/>ut plus firmitatis & roboris habeant, octona bacilla ferrea &longs;unt, aliquantum <lb/>lata: quorum quaterna ex &longs;uperiori circulo deor&longs;um <expan abbr="proced&utilde;t">procedunt</expan>: quaterna eis <lb/>qua&longs;i obuia ex inferiori &longs;ur&longs;um: <expan abbr="utror&utilde;que">utrorunque</expan> <expan abbr="fund&utilde;">fundum</expan> tam interius quàm extrin&longs;e <lb/>cus duobus uel tribus bacillis <expan abbr="it&etilde;">item</expan> ferreis, & ex una inferioris circuli parte ad <lb/><expan abbr="alterã">alteram</expan> <expan abbr="pertin&etilde;tibus">pertinentibus</expan>, munitur. </s>

<s>Sed <expan abbr="eor&utilde;">eorum</expan> quæ extra &longs;unt, <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> ad id affigitur <lb/>tran&longs;uer&longs;um: utraque <expan abbr="hab&etilde;t">habent</expan> binas ferreas an&longs;as, quæ &longs;uperius extant atque emi <lb/>nent: utraque <expan abbr="&longs;emicircul&utilde;">&longs;emicirculum</expan> ferreum, cuius inferior pars inclu&longs;a in an&longs;is recta e&longs;t <lb/>ut expeditius moueri po&longs;sit: utraque multo altiora quàm latiora &longs;unt, <expan abbr="utri&longs;que&longs;u&mtilde;a">utri&longs;que<lb/>&longs;umna</expan> pars e&longs;t latior ut res effo&longs;&longs;æ facilius in ea infundi & rur&longs;us ex eis effun <lb/>di po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>In minora fermè pueri, in maiora uiri terras è &longs;olo putei trahunt <lb/>rutro, reliquas res fo&longs;siles batillo in ea inijciunt, uel manibus ingerunt: ex <lb/>qua re inge&longs;tores &longs;unt nominati: mox &longs;emicirculo ferreo funis ductarij <expan abbr="un-c&utilde;">un<lb/>cum</expan> <expan abbr="implicãt">implicant</expan>: <expan abbr="t&utilde;">tum</expan> machinis <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan>: minora <expan abbr="quid&etilde;">quidem</expan>, quod ip&longs;is leuius onus <pb pagenum="111"/>&longs;it <expan abbr="impo&longs;it&utilde;">impo&longs;itum</expan>, ea quam uer&longs;ant homines: maiora, quod grauius, ea quam equi <lb/>circumagunt. </s>

<s>Quidam uerò in ua&longs;orum locum <expan abbr="&longs;ub&longs;titu&utilde;t">&longs;ub&longs;tituunt</expan> corbes, quæ tan<lb/>tundem capiant, aut, quod leuiores quàm ua&longs;a &longs;int, etiam plus. </s>

<s>Quidam &longs;ac <lb/>cis, ex taurinis tergoribus factis, pro ua&longs;is utuntur: quorum &longs;emicirculos fer <lb/>reos unco <expan abbr="preh&etilde;dit">prehendit</expan> funis ductarius: eorum plerunque tres rebus effo&longs;sis ple<lb/>ni &longs;imul extrahuntur, tres demittuntur, tres à pueris implentur: hi Snebergi <lb/>u&longs;itati &longs;unt, illæ Fribergi.</s>

<s>V<emph type="italics"/>as minus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. V<emph type="italics"/>as maius<emph.end type="italics"/> B. A<emph type="italics"/>&longs;&longs;eres<emph.end type="italics"/> C. C<emph type="italics"/>irculi ferrei<emph.end type="italics"/> D. B<emph type="italics"/>acilla ferrea<emph.end type="italics"/> E. B<emph type="italics"/>acilla ferrea fun<lb/>di<emph.end type="italics"/> F. A<emph type="italics"/>n&longs;æ<emph.end type="italics"/> G. S<emph type="italics"/>e<gap/>icirculus ferreus<emph.end type="italics"/> H. V<emph type="italics"/>ucus funis ductarij<emph.end type="italics"/> I. C<emph type="italics"/>orbis<emph.end type="italics"/> K. S<emph type="italics"/>acci<emph.end type="italics"/> L.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="112"/>

<s>Quod <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> nunc <expan abbr="ci&longs;i&utilde;">ci&longs;ium</expan> appellamus uehiculum e&longs;t unam habens rotam <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> <lb/>duas, utid quod equi trahunt: ip&longs;um rebus fo&longs;silibus refertum ex cuniculis <lb/>uel ca&longs;is ab operario euehitur: &longs;ed hoc modo formatur. </s>

<s>A&longs;&longs;eres duo longi <lb/>circiter quinque pedes, alti <expan abbr="un&utilde;">unum</expan>, lati duos digitos eliguntur: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> partes pri<lb/>mæ futuræ ad unius pedis <expan abbr="longitudin&etilde;">longitudinem</expan>, po&longs;tremæ ad duum <expan abbr="ped&utilde;">pedum</expan> inferius <lb/><expan abbr="excind&utilde;tur">excinduntur</expan>, mediæ <expan abbr="reman&etilde;t">remanent</expan> integræ. </s>

<s>Deinde primæ excauantur, ut in <expan abbr="ear&utilde;">earum</expan> <lb/>foraminibus circularibus axiculi capita circumagi po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>Mediæ uerò bis <lb/>perforantur & prope <expan abbr="im&utilde;">imum</expan>, ut capitula <expan abbr="duar&utilde;">duarum</expan> <expan abbr="trabecular&utilde;">trabecularum</expan>, in quas imponun <lb/>tur a&longs;&longs;eres, recipiant: & in medio, ut capitula <expan abbr="duor&utilde;">duorum</expan> a&longs;&longs;erum tran&longs;uer&longs;ario<lb/>rum: atque claui, in his capitibus foras eminentibus infixi, totam firmant com <lb/>pagem. </s>

<s>Ex po&longs;tremis a&longs;&longs;erum longorum partibus fiunt manubria: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> <lb/>capitula inferius &longs;unt reflexa, ut firmius manibus teneri po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>Sed rotula, <lb/>quia unica, neque modiolum habet, neque circum axiculum uer&longs;atur, <expan abbr="uer&utilde;">uerum</expan> cum <lb/>ip&longs;o circumuertitur: à curuaturis enim, quas <foreign lang="greek">a)/yidas</foreign> Græci uocant, duo ra<lb/>dij tran&longs;uer&longs;arij, in eas inclu&longs;i, per medium axiculum penetrant in oppo&longs;itas <lb/>curuaturas. </s>

<s>Axiculus <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> quadrangulus e&longs;t, exceptis capitibus, quorum u<lb/>trumque teres ut in foramine uolui po&longs;sit: hoc ci&longs;ium terris & &longs;axis <expan abbr="plen&utilde;">plenum</expan> o<lb/>perarius euehit, inane reuehit. </s>

<s>E&longs;t præterea metallicis <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <expan abbr="ci&longs;i&utilde;">ci&longs;ium</expan> hoc gran<lb/>dius, quo hi, qui terram, cum lapillis nigris permi&longs;tam, lauant, riuis in eam <lb/>deductis, utuntur. </s>

<s>Eius <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> prior a&longs;&longs;er tran&longs;uer&longs;arius altior e&longs;t, ut terra in<lb/>ge&longs;ta non decidat.</s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;ium minus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>&longs;&longs;eres eius longi<emph.end type="italics"/> B. A<emph type="italics"/>&longs;&longs;eres tran&longs;uer&longs;arij<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>R<emph type="italics"/>otula<emph.end type="italics"/> D. C<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;ium grandius<emph.end type="italics"/> E. E<emph type="italics"/>ius prior a&longs;&longs;er tran&longs;uer&longs;arius<emph.end type="italics"/> F.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="113"/>

<s>Cap&longs;a <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> patens dimidio capacior e&longs;t quàm <expan abbr="ci&longs;i&utilde;">ci&longs;ium</expan>: longa ferè pedes qua<lb/>tuor, lata & alta circiter pedes duos & dimidium: &longs;ed quia ei figura e&longs;t qua<lb/>drangula, tribus laminis <expan abbr="quadrãgulis">quadrangulis</expan> uincitur ferreis: & præter eos undique<lb/>bacillis ferreis munitur: ad ip&longs;ius fundum duo axiculi ferrei &longs;unt affixi, <expan abbr="circ&utilde;">circum</expan> <lb/>quorum capitula utrinque orbiculi lignei uer&longs;antur: qui, ne ex axiculis immo <lb/>bilibus decidant, paruis clauis ferreis cauetur: ut magno illo obtu&longs;o ad <expan abbr="id&etilde;">idem</expan> <lb/><expan abbr="fund&utilde;">fundum</expan> affixo, ne à trita uia, hoc e&longs;t cauo trabium aberrent. </s>

<s>Eam cap&longs;am ue<lb/>ctor ip&longs;ius partem po&longs;teriorem manibus tenens & protrudens euehit onu<lb/>&longs;tam rebus fo&longs;silibus, uacuam reuchit. </s>

<s>Quoniam uerò cùm mouetur, <expan abbr="&longs;on&utilde;">&longs;onum</expan> <lb/>efficit, qui nonnullis ui&longs;us canum latratui &longs;imilis, canem uocarunt. </s>

<s>Hac ca<lb/>p&longs;a utuntur &longs;i quando ex longi&longs;simis cuniculis onera euehunt, & quòd mo<lb/>ueatur facilius, & quòd grauius onus ip&longs;i po&longs;sit imponi.</s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>ap&longs;æ quadranguli ferrei<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>ius bacilla ferrea<emph.end type="italics"/> B. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus <lb/>ferreus<emph.end type="italics"/> C. O<emph type="italics"/>rbiculi lignei<emph.end type="italics"/> D. P<emph type="italics"/>arui claui ferrei<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>agnus clauus ferreus obtu&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> F. C<emph type="italics"/>ap&longs;a eadem inuer&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/>

<s>Sed alueos cauant ex &longs;ingulis arborum truncis: quorum minores longi <lb/>&longs;unt plerumque duos pedes, lati unum: hos metallo refertos, præ&longs;ertim cùm <lb/>multum non effoditur, è puteis & cuniculis uel humeris egerunt, uel funicu <lb/>lis, ex collis pendentibus, deuinctos efferunt. </s>

<s>Veteres quicquid effo&longs;&longs;um e<lb/>rat humeris ege&longs;si&longs;&longs;e Plinius autor e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Verùm ea ratio <expan abbr="oner&utilde;">onerum</expan> exportan do<lb/>rum quia plures homines magnis laboribus defatigat, & multa pecunia in <lb/>operas erogatur, &longs;preta à no&longs;tris & repudiata. </s>

<s>Maiorum autem <expan abbr="alueor&utilde;">alueorum</expan> lon <lb/>gitudo e&longs;t ad tres pedes, latitudo palmipe dalis: in quibus terras metallicas <pb pagenum="114"/>experimenti poti&longs;simùm gratia lauant.</s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>lueus minor<emph.end type="italics"/> A. F<emph type="italics"/>uniculus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. A<emph type="italics"/>lueus maior<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/>

<s>At aquaria ua&longs;a differunt u&longs;u, quem habent, & materia, ex qua forman<lb/>tur. </s>

<s>Nam <expan abbr="quibu&longs;dã">quibu&longs;dam</expan> aqua è puteis hau&longs;ta infunditur in alia, ut &longs;itulis: quæ<lb/>dam aquarum plena machinis extrahuntur, ut moduli et bulgæ. </s>

<s>Alia &longs;unt li <lb/>gnea, &longs;icuti &longs;itulæ & moduli: alia &longs;cortea, ueluti bulgæ. </s>

<s>Moduli <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> aqua<lb/>rij æque ac ua&longs;a, in quæ res aridæ ingeruntur, duplices &longs;unt, minores & ma<lb/>iores: &longs;ed hi moduli di&longs;tant à ua&longs;is &longs;umma parte, quam <expan abbr="hab&etilde;t">habent</expan> angu&longs;tiorem: <lb/>& quidem iccirco ne, cùm ex puteis, maximè multum deuexis, trahuntur & <lb/>illiduntur a&longs;&longs;eribus, aquæ effundantur. </s>

<s>In hos modulos aquas &longs;itulis infun<lb/>dunt, quæ &longs;unt lignea ua&longs;cula, non ut moduli in &longs;ummo angu&longs;ta, neque uin<lb/>cta circulis ferreis, &longs;ed colurnis, quod neutrum nece&longs;sitas flagitet: atque<lb/>hic etiam moduli minores extrahuntur ea machina, quam <lb/>uer&longs;ant homines: maiores ea quam equi <lb/>circumagunt.</s><pb pagenum="115"/>

<s>M<emph type="italics"/>odulus minor<emph.end type="italics"/> A. M<emph type="italics"/>odulus maior<emph.end type="italics"/> B. S<emph type="italics"/>itula<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/>

<s>Sed bulgas no&longs;tri nominant maximos illos utres aquarios, qui con&longs;tant <lb/>ex taurinis tergoribus duobus, uel duobus & dimidio: ex his bulgis tritis <lb/>& u&longs;itatis primò excidunt pili, atque glabræ & candidæ fiunt. </s>

<s>Po&longs;t id tempo <lb/>ris rumpuntur. </s>

<s>Quod &longs;i parum, in partem <expan abbr="ruptã">ruptam</expan> bacilli teretis & &longs;triati par<lb/>ticula immittitur, ac in ip&longs;ius &longs;trias bulga rupta undique illigata &longs;uitur: &longs;in <lb/>multum, eam re&longs;arciunt particula tergoris taurini. </s>

<s>Bulgæ autem unco cate<lb/>næ ductariæ implicatæ & demi&longs;&longs;æ mer&longs;antur in aquis, & quàm primum <lb/>eas hau&longs;erint machina maxima extrahuntur: duplices uerò &longs;unt: al<lb/>teræ per &longs;e hauriunt aquas: in alteras batillo ligneo agi<lb/>tatæ quodammodo infunduntur.</s>

<s>B<emph type="italics"/>ulga per &longs;e hauriens aquas<emph.end type="italics"/> A. B<emph type="italics"/>ulga in quam <lb/>aquæ pala agitatæ infunduntur<emph.end type="italics"/> B.</s><pb pagenum="116"/><figure/>

<s>Aquas autem, ex puteis extractas, excipiunt canales, uel infundibula, per <lb/>quæ tran&longs;mittuntur in canales: &longs;imiliter aquæ è lateribus cuniculorum efflu <lb/>entes in canales deriuantur. </s>

<s>Hi <expan abbr="cõ&longs;tant">con&longs;tant</expan> ex binis trabibus excauatis, & arctè <lb/>coniunctis ut aquas profluentes po&longs;sint continere: ex ore cuniculi u&longs;que ad <lb/>extremam eius partem pertinent a&longs;&longs;eribus contecti, ne terra uel <expan abbr="&longs;ax&utilde;">&longs;axum</expan> in eos <lb/>incidens <expan abbr="aquar&utilde;">aquarum</expan> cur&longs;um impediat. </s>

<s>Quòd &longs;i multus limus paulatim in ip&longs;is <lb/>&longs;ub&longs;ederit a&longs;&longs;eribus &longs;ublatis purgantur, ne, quod etiam tunc eis accidit, ob<lb/>&longs;truantur & obturentur. </s>

<s>Quos autem canales metallici extra terram infun<lb/>dibulis quæ &longs;unt ad ca&longs;as puteorum, &longs;ubijciunt, eos plerunque cauant <lb/>ex &longs;ingulis arboribus. </s>

<s>Infundibula uerò ferè conficiuntur <lb/>ex quatuor a&longs;&longs;eribus &longs;ic inferius exci&longs;is & con <lb/>iunctis, ut &longs;umma infundibulorum <lb/>pars fiat latior, angu<lb/>&longs;tiorima.</s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>analis<emph.end type="italics"/> A. I<emph type="italics"/>nfundibulum<emph.end type="italics"/> B.</s><pb pagenum="117"/><figure/>

<s>Quæ &longs;int ferramenta <expan abbr="metallicor&utilde;">metallicorum</expan>, quæ ua&longs;a &longs;atis o&longs;tendi: nunc machinas <lb/><expan abbr="exponã">exponam</expan>, hæ triplices &longs;unt, tractoriæ &longs;cilicet, &longs;piritales, &longs;can&longs;oriæ. </s>

<s>Tractorijs <lb/>onera ex puteis <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan>. </s>

<s>Spiritales aerem <expan abbr="concept&utilde;">conceptum</expan> ex ore &longs;uo inflant in <lb/>cuniculos uel puteos: quod ni fiatin <expan abbr="nõnullis">nonnullis</expan> fo&longs;&longs;ores laborare &longs;ine magna <lb/>&longs;pirandi difficultate non po&longs;&longs;unt. </s>

<s>Scan&longs;oriæ &longs;unt &longs;calæ <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> gradibus me <lb/>tallici de&longs;cendunt in puteos: & ex eis rur&longs;us a&longs;cendunt. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Tractoriar&utilde;">Tractoriarum</expan> uariæ <lb/>& diuer&longs;æ &longs;unt formæ: & quædam ex ip&longs;is multùm artificio&longs;æ: &, ni&longs;i ego <lb/>fallor, ueteribus incognitæ: quæ iccirco inuentæ &longs;unt, ut & aquæ trahi po&longs;<lb/>&longs;int ex terræ profundo, ad quod nulli cuniculi <expan abbr="pertin&etilde;t">pertinent</expan>: & res fo&longs;siles ex pu <lb/>teis, quos item nulli <expan abbr="cõtingunt">contingunt</expan> cuniculi, uel longi&longs;simi. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quoniã">Quoniam</expan> uerò puteo <lb/>rum non <expan abbr="ead&etilde;">eadem</expan> e&longs;t altitudo, in i&longs;tius generis machinis magna uarietas exi&longs;tit. <lb/></s>

<s>&longs;ed <expan abbr="ear&utilde;">earum</expan>, quibus onera &longs;icca ex puteis <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan>, formæ quinque <expan abbr="poti&longs;sim&utilde;">poti&longs;simum</expan> <lb/>&longs;unt u&longs;itatæ, <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> prima &longs;ic <expan abbr="cõficitur">conficitur</expan>. </s>

<s>Tigna duo, quàm puteus paulo lon<lb/>giora, collocantur: <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> in fronte putei, <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> in tergo. </s>

<s>Eorum partes ex<lb/>tremæ habent foramina, in quæ pali, ad imum cuneatiores, immi&longs;si altius in <lb/>terram adiguntur ut maneant immobilia. </s>

<s>Habent præterea formas, in qui<lb/>bus inclu&longs;a &longs;unt capita duorum tignorum <expan abbr="trã&longs;uer&longs;ariorum">tran&longs;uer&longs;ariorum</expan>: quorum unum <lb/>dextrum putei latus occupat: alterum tantum abe&longs;t à &longs;ini&longs;tro, ut inter ip&longs;a <lb/>locus &longs;it aptus ad &longs;calas affingendas: in horum tignorum tran&longs;ucr&longs;ariorum <lb/>formis, quæ in media eorum &longs;unt parte, &longs;tipites uel a&longs;&longs;eres cra&longs;si infiguntur <lb/>& configuntur clauis ferreis: in quorum &longs;tipitum uel a&longs;&longs;erum caua cra&longs;sis la <lb/>minis ferrata conijciuntur &longs;uculæ capita: utrumque autem caput, ex &longs;tipitis <lb/>aut a&longs;&longs;eris cauo foras <expan abbr="emin&etilde;s">eminens</expan>, e&longs;t inclu&longs;um in forma alterius capitis ligni lon <lb/>gi <expan abbr="&longs;e&longs;quiped&etilde;">&longs;e&longs;quipedem</expan>, lati <expan abbr="palm&utilde;">palmum</expan>, cra&longs;si tres digitos: &longs;ed <expan abbr="utr&utilde;que">utrunque</expan> eius caput <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> e&longs;t di<lb/>gitos <expan abbr="&longs;ept&etilde;">&longs;eptem</expan>: in <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> uerò inclu&longs;us e&longs;t uectis, teres item longus <expan abbr="&longs;e&longs;quiped&etilde;">&longs;e&longs;quipedem</expan>. <pb pagenum="118"/>circa uerò &longs;uculam funis ductarius inuoluitur, & eius media pars ad ip&longs;am <lb/>religatur: at utraque eiu&longs;dem an&longs;a habet <expan abbr="unc&utilde;">uncum</expan> ferreum, qui ua&longs;is &longs;emicirculo <lb/>implicatur: itaque uectibus coacta &longs;ucula dum uoluitur &longs;emper alterum uas <lb/>onere plenum ex puteo extrahitur in eundem demittitur uacuum. </s>

<s>Cogunt <lb/>autem &longs;uculam uiri duo robu&longs;ti, uterque prope &longs;e <expan abbr="ci&longs;i&utilde;">ci&longs;ium</expan> habens, in quod, cùm <lb/>uas ei propius fuerit extractum, exoneret. </s>

<s>Duo uerò ua&longs;a plerunque <expan abbr="impl&etilde;t">implent</expan> <lb/>ci&longs;ium. </s>

<s>Quare ubi quatuor extracta fuerint uterque &longs;uum ci&longs;ium ex ca&longs;a eue<lb/>hit et euertit: ita fit, ut &longs;i putei fodiantur profundi, collis a&longs;&longs;urgat circa machi <lb/>næ ca&longs;am. </s>

<s>Quod &longs;i uena <expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan> f&oelig;cunda non fuerit, terras &longs;axaque di&longs;cri<lb/>mine remoto profundunt: &longs;i f&oelig;cunda, &longs;eor&longs;im exonerata &longs;eruant, tundunt, <lb/>lauant. </s>

<s>At cùm ua&longs;a aquaria extrahunt, ea euertentes aquam per infundibu<lb/>la tran&longs;mittunt in canalem, per quem effluit.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>ignum in fronte putei collocatum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. T<emph type="italics"/>ignum in tergo putei collocatum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>P<emph type="italics"/>ali cuneati<emph.end type="italics"/> C. T<emph type="italics"/>igna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria<emph.end type="italics"/> D. S<emph type="italics"/>tipites uel a&longs;&longs;eres cra&longs;si<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>L<emph type="italics"/>amina ferrea<emph.end type="italics"/> F. S<emph type="italics"/>ucula<emph.end type="italics"/> G. E<emph type="italics"/>ius capita<emph.end type="italics"/> H. L<emph type="italics"/>ignum<emph.end type="italics"/> I. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis<emph.end type="italics"/> K. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>unis ductarius<emph.end type="italics"/> L. E<emph type="italics"/>ius uncus<emph.end type="italics"/> M. V<emph type="italics"/>as<emph.end type="italics"/> N. E<emph type="italics"/>ius &longs;emicirculus<emph.end type="italics"/> O.</s><figure/>

<s>Altera machina, qua metallici, cùm putei &longs;unt altiores, utuntur, à prima <lb/>differt rota, quam præter uectes habet: eam, &longs;i pondus altè non extrahitur, <lb/>unus uectiarius uer&longs;at, rota in alterius locum &longs;uccedente: &longs;in altius, tres, rota <lb/>in quarti locum &longs;ub&longs;tituta. </s>

<s>Etenim &longs;ucula &longs;emel mota rotæ uolubilitate iu<pb pagenum="119"/>uatur, ut multo facilius circumagi po&longs;sit: ad quam rotam aliquot interdum <lb/>ma&longs;&longs;ulæ plumbeæ appenduntur, uel in a&longs;&longs;erculis, ad eam affixis, includun<lb/>tur, ut cùm uer&longs;atur pondere depre&longs;&longs;a ad motum propen&longs;ior fiat. </s>

<s>Quidam <lb/>eadem de cau&longs;a duo uel tria uel quatuor bacilla ferrea includunt in &longs;ucula, <lb/>eorumque capita ma&longs;&longs;ulis plumbeis aggrauant: &longs;ed i&longs;ta rota differt à rota cur <lb/>rus, & ea, quam fluminis impetus uer&longs;at. </s>

<s>Etenim caret pinnis, quæ rotæ, <lb/>quam uertit flumen, &longs;unt: caret modiolo, qui e&longs;t currus rotæ. </s>

<s>Eius autem lo <lb/>co habet &longs;uculam cra&longs;&longs;am: in cuius formis inferiorum radiorum capita &longs;unt <lb/>inclu&longs;a, ut &longs;uperiora in curuaturarum formis: cùm tres uectiarij hanc machi <lb/>nam torquent in orbem, tunc ad alterum &longs;uculæ caput quatuor uectes re<lb/>cti &longs;unt, in eo inclu&longs;i: ad alterum unicus ille in metallis u&longs;itatus, qui è duo<lb/>bus membris con&longs;tat: quorum teres, quod <expan abbr="&longs;trat&utilde;">&longs;tratum</expan> eminet, manibus prehen<lb/>ditur: quadrangulum, quod rectà a&longs;&longs;urgit, duas habet formas, in inferiore <lb/>membrum teres includitur, in &longs;uperiore &longs;uculæ caput. </s>

<s>Hunc uectem unus <lb/>circumagit, illos duo: quorum alter eos trahit, alter trudit. </s>

<s>Omnes uerò ue<lb/>ctiarios, quamcunque <expan abbr="machinã">machinam</expan> uer&longs;ant, uiros e&longs;&longs;e robu&longs;tos nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t, ut tam <lb/>magnum laborem &longs;u&longs;tinere po&longs;sint.</s>

<s>S<emph type="italics"/>ucula<emph.end type="italics"/> A. V<emph type="italics"/>ectes recti<emph.end type="italics"/> B. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis u&longs;itatus<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>R<emph type="italics"/>otæ radij<emph.end type="italics"/> D. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem curuaturæ<emph.end type="italics"/> E.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="120"/>

<s>Tertia machina minus fatigat operarios, cùm onera maiora &longs;ubleuet. </s>

<s>Et<lb/>&longs;i uerò tardius, ut omnes aliæ machinæ, quibus tympana &longs;unt, tamen altius: <lb/>nempe ad pedes centum & octoginta: quæ &longs;ic &longs;e habet axis &longs;tatuti codaces <lb/>ferrei uer&longs;antur in duobus catillis ferreis: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> inferior e&longs;t inclu&longs;us in trun <lb/>co in terra locato, &longs;uperior in trabe: axis ille inferiore parte habet orbem, ex <lb/>cra&longs;sis a&longs;&longs;eribus coagmentatis & compactis factum: &longs;uperiore tympanum <lb/>dentatum: id axis &longs;trati tympanum quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat, circumagit: circa <lb/>hunc axem, cuius codaces uer&longs;antur item in ferreis tignorum catillis, ducta<lb/>rius funus e&longs;t inuolutus: operarij duo manibus quidem, ne cadant, prehen<lb/>dentes & tenentes perticam, ad duo tigna &longs;tatuta affixam, pedibus uerò ta<lb/>bellas retrò trudentes machinam circumagunt: quoties autem uas unum, re <lb/>bus effo&longs;sis plenum, extraxerunt & &longs;ubuerterunt, toties contrariè <expan abbr="machinã">machinam</expan> <lb/>uer&longs;antes alterum extrahunt.</s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tatutus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. T<emph type="italics"/>runcus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>rabs<emph.end type="italics"/> C. O<emph type="italics"/>rbis<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum <lb/>dentatum<emph.end type="italics"/> E. A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tratus<emph.end type="italics"/> F. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum quod ex fu&longs;is constat<emph.end type="italics"/> G. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>unis ductarius<emph.end type="italics"/> H. P<emph type="italics"/>ertica<emph.end type="italics"/> I. T<emph type="italics"/>igna &longs;tatuta<emph.end type="italics"/> K. O<emph type="italics"/>rbis tabellæ<emph.end type="italics"/> L.</s><figure/>

<s>Quarta machina &longs;ubleuat onera &longs;e&longs;cuplo maiora quàm duæ machinæ <lb/>primò explicatæ: quæ ita fit. </s>

<s>Tigna ad &longs;edecim, longa pedes quadraginta, <pb pagenum="121"/>cra&longs;&longs;a & lata pedem, fibulis in &longs;ummo coniuncta, in imo diuaricata erigun<lb/>tur: eorum &longs;ingulorum inferiora capita in &longs;ingulorum <expan abbr="tignor&utilde;">tignorum</expan> in &longs;olo &longs;tra<lb/>torum formis <expan abbr="includ&utilde;tur">includuntur</expan>: tigna, quæ humi iacent, longa &longs;unt pedes quinque, <lb/>lata &longs;e&longs;quipedem, cra&longs;&longs;a pedem. </s>

<s>Quodque autem tignum erectum cum tigno <lb/>humi &longs;trato connectitur tertio quodam tigno obliquè de&longs;cendente: cuius <lb/>caput &longs;uperius includitur in forma tigni erecti: inferius in forma tigni humi <lb/>iacentis. </s>

<s>Eiu&longs;modi uerò tignum longum e&longs;t pedes quatuor, cra&longs;&longs;um & <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> <lb/>pedem: quomodo fit area rotunda, cuius linea dimetiens habet ad quinqua <lb/>ginta pedes: in eius areæ medio crater altus ad decem pedes foditur, & fi&longs;tu <lb/>ca &longs;pi&longs;&longs;atur, aut, ut &longs;atis habeat firmitatis, contiguis tigillis, per quæ <expan abbr="penetrãt">penetrant</expan> <lb/>pali, &longs;tabilitur: eorum enim coniunctione terra crateris continetur ut deci<lb/>dere non po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>In imo crateris <expan abbr="tign&utilde;">tignum</expan> &longs;ternitur longum pedes tres uel qua<lb/>tuor, cra&longs;&longs;um & latum &longs;e&longs;quipedem: id, ut immobile maneat, in tigillis conti <lb/>guis e&longs;t inclu&longs;um. </s>

<s>In eius medio ferreus e&longs;t catillus, acie temperatus, in quo <lb/>ferreus axis codax uer&longs;atur: &longs;imili modo tignum, quod in &longs;ummo &longs;ub fibula <lb/>in formis duorum tignorum erectorum e&longs;t inclu&longs;um, habet catillum <expan abbr="ferre&utilde;">ferreum</expan> <lb/>in quo alter ip&longs;ius axis codax ferreus uoluitur: nam qui&longs;que axis metallicus, <lb/>ut quæque &longs;emel, &longs;i res ita ferat, dicam, duos ferreos habet codaces, tanquam <lb/>clauos, in medio capitum, ad circinum rotundatorum, infixos: eorum pars, <lb/>quæ in axis caput in figitur tam lata e&longs;t quàm ip&longs;um caput, & cra&longs;&longs;a <expan abbr="digit&utilde;">digitum</expan>: <lb/>quæ extat teres & cra&longs;&longs;a palmum, aut cra&longs;sior, &longs;i res hoc po&longs;tulat. </s>

<s>Capita eti <lb/>am cuiu&longs;que axis metallici circulo ferreo cinguntur & uinciuntur, ut eò firmi <lb/>us codaces continere po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>Axis <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> huius machinæ, exceptis capitibus, <lb/>quadrangulus e&longs;t & longus pedes quadraginta, cra&longs;&longs;us & latus &longs;e&longs;quipe<lb/>dem: in cuius axis formis quæ &longs;unt &longs;upra caput inferius, quatuor tignorum <lb/>obliquè a&longs;cendentium capita inclu&longs;a fibulantur: eorundem capita &longs;uperio<lb/>ra &longs;u&longs;tinent duo tigna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria duplicata, item in eorum formis in clu&longs;a. </s>

<s><lb/>Tigna uerò obliquè a&longs;cendentia &longs;unt longa pedes decem & octo, cra&longs;&longs;a pal <lb/>mos tres, lata quinque. </s>

<s>At tran&longs;uer&longs;aria duplicata &longs;ic ad axem affixa &longs;unt & in <lb/>ter &longs;e clauis ligneis coniuncta, ut non &longs;eparentur: ea autem longa &longs;unt pedes <lb/>quatuor & uiginti. </s>

<s>Deinde <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> e&longs;t, quod con&longs;tat ex tribus rotis: qua<lb/>rum media tam à &longs;uprema quàm ab infima di&longs;tat pedibus &longs;eptem. </s>

<s>Eis qua<lb/>tuor &longs;unt radij, quos totidem tigilla obliquè a&longs;cendentia &longs;u&longs;tinent: quorum <lb/>capita inferiora circum axem fibula coniunguntur: &longs;ingulorum <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> <expan abbr="radior&utilde;">radiorum</expan> <lb/>alterum caput in forma axis, alterum in forma curuaturæ inclu&longs;um e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Ex <lb/>curuaturis infimæ rotæ ad curuaturas mediæ undique <expan abbr="pertin&etilde;t">pertinent</expan> fu&longs;i: &longs;imiliter <lb/>ex curuaturis mediæ ad curuaturas &longs;upremæ: quibus fu&longs;is duo ductarij fu<lb/>nes inuoluuntur: alter inter infimam rotam & mediam, alter inter <expan abbr="mediã">mediam</expan> & <lb/>&longs;upremam. </s>

<s>Hoc ædificium, in metæ figuram, excepta ea parte quandrangu <lb/>la quæ &longs;pectat ad puteum formatum, totum &longs;candulis contegitur. </s>

<s>Tum du<lb/>plicis ordinis &longs;unt tigna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria utrinque &longs;tatutis inclu&longs;a: utraque longa <lb/>&longs;unt pedes decem & octo: &longs;ed &longs;tatuta cra&longs;&longs;a & lata pedem, tran&longs;uer&longs;aria tres <lb/>palmos. </s>

<s>Statuta numero &longs;unt &longs;edecim, tran&longs;uer&longs;aria octo, &longs;uper quæ collo<lb/>cantur duæ trabes latæ pedem, cra&longs;&longs;æ tres palmos, excauatæ ad &longs;emipedis <lb/>latitudinem, ad quinque digitorum altitudinem: & altera quidem locatur &longs;u<pb pagenum="122"/>per &longs;uperiora tigna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria, altera &longs;uper inferiora: utraque tam longa <lb/>e&longs;t, ut ferè ex machinæ tympano u&longs;que ad puteum pertineat. </s>

<s>Vtrique propei<lb/>dem tympanum axiculus ligneus e&longs;t teres & cra&longs;&longs;us digitos &longs;ex, cuius capi<lb/>tula, lamellis ferrata, uer&longs;antur in armillis ferreis: utrique &longs;unt orbiculi lignei, <lb/>qui unà cum axiculis &longs;uis ferreis uoluuntur in earundem trabium foramini<lb/>bus: atque hi orbiculi <expan abbr="circ&utilde;circa">circuncirca</expan> &longs;unt excauati, ut funis ductarius ex ip&longs;is exci<lb/>dere non po&longs;sit: itaque uterque funis per &longs;uum axiculum &longs;uo&longs;que orbiculos ex<lb/>ten&longs;us uer&longs;atur: utriu&longs;que uncus ferreus ua&longs;is &longs;emicirculo inijcitur: utrique præ <lb/>terea capiti alterius inferioris tigni duplicati, quod e&longs;t in axe inclu&longs;um, e&longs;t ti <lb/>gillum longum pedes quatuor: id qua&longs;i ex duplicato pendet: cui inferius ti <lb/>gnum curtum e&longs;t inclu&longs;um, in quo auriga &longs;edet: quodque ferreum habet cla<lb/>uum, qui recipit catenam, atque ea rur&longs;us &longs;tateram. </s>

<s>Quo modo fieri pote&longs;t ut <lb/>duo equi hanc machinam modo hac, modo illac trahant: ui ci&longs;simque uas alte <lb/>rum onere plenum ex puteo extrahatur, alterum uacuum in eundem demit <lb/>tatur. </s>

<s>Si uerò puteus fuerit profundus, quatuor equi machinam circuma<lb/>gunt. </s>

<s>Va&longs;i autem extracto, &longs;iue &longs;iccæ &longs;iue humidæ res effundendæ fue <lb/>rint, operarius harpagonem inijcit, ip&longs;umque &longs;ubuertit: <lb/>is ex catena, cui tres uel quatuor annuli &longs;unt, <lb/>ad trabem affixa, dependet.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>igna erecta<emph.end type="italics"/> A. T<emph type="italics"/>igna humi &longs;trata<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>igna oblique de<lb/>&longs;cendentia<emph.end type="italics"/> C. A<emph type="italics"/>rea<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>ignum in imo crateris &longs;tra<lb/>tum<emph.end type="italics"/> E. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> F. T<emph type="italics"/>igna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria duplicata<emph.end type="italics"/> G. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum<emph.end type="italics"/> H. D<emph type="italics"/>uctarij funes<emph.end type="italics"/> I. V<emph type="italics"/>as<emph.end type="italics"/> K. T<emph type="italics"/>igillum ex <lb/>duplicato pendens<emph.end type="italics"/> L. T<emph type="italics"/>ignum curtum<emph.end type="italics"/> M. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>atena<emph.end type="italics"/> N. S<emph type="italics"/>tatera<emph.end type="italics"/> O. H<emph type="italics"/>arpago<emph.end type="italics"/> P.</s><pb pagenum="123"/><figure/>

<s>Quinta &longs;imilis e&longs;t partim machinæ maximæ, partim tertiæ, quæ ab equis <lb/>uer&longs;ata pilis aquas haurit: quarum utranque paulò pò&longs;t exponam. </s>

<s>Etenim &longs;i<pb pagenum="124"/>cuti tertia & ab equis uer&longs;atur, & duos habet axes: &longs;tatutum &longs;cilicet, circum <lb/>quem, in terræ cauernam penetrantem, &longs;imiliter inferius e&longs;t tympanum den <lb/>tatum: atque &longs;tratum, circum quem tympanum quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat. </s>

<s>Vt ue<lb/>rò machina maxima duo habet tympana circum axem &longs;tratum, pror&longs;us illi<lb/>us tympanis &longs;imilia, &longs;ed minora, quod ua&longs;a ex puteo <expan abbr="duc&etilde;tos">ducentos</expan> & quadragin<lb/>ta tantummodo pedes alto trahere po&longs;sit: quorum alterum ex orbibus, ad <lb/>quos affixa &longs;unt tigna compo&longs;itum e&longs;t: alterum, quod exi&longs;tit prope tympa<lb/>num quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat, altum e&longs;t <gap/>undique circum axem pedes duos, cra&longs;<lb/>&longs;um unum: huic harpago impingitur: qui ip&longs;um <expan abbr="retin&etilde;s">retinens</expan> machinam, cùm res <lb/>id po&longs;tulauerit, &longs;i&longs;tit. </s>

<s>Toties uerò po&longs;tulat, quoties uel &longs;acci è corio <expan abbr="&longs;axor&utilde;">&longs;axorum</expan> <lb/>fragmentis aut terris pleni, extracti euertuntur, uel aquæ ex ua&longs;is, item extra <lb/>ctis effunduntur: nam hæc machina non onera modo &longs;icca leuat, &longs;ed etiam <lb/>humida, perinde ac aliæ quatuor machinæ iam nunc à me de&longs;criptæ: quine <lb/>tiam hac in puteum demittuntur tigna, ad eius catenam ductariam alligata. </s>

<s><lb/>Sed harpago cra&longs;&longs;us pedem, longus &longs;emipedem extat è tigno, catena appen <lb/>&longs;o ex altero capite tigni, quod uer&longs;atur circum axiculum ferreum, quem <expan abbr="cõ-tinent">con<lb/>tinent</expan> chelæ tigni &longs;tatuti. </s>

<s>Ex altero uerò mobilis illius tigni capite <expan abbr="iter&utilde;">iterum</expan> ca<lb/>tena appen&longs;um e&longs;t tignum longum, & ex eo rur&longs;us catena alterum tignum <lb/>breue: cui, cùm machina &longs;i&longs;tenda fuerit, operarius in&longs;idet, atque &longs;ic ip&longs;um de<lb/>primit. </s>

<s>Mox ei inijcit a&longs;&longs;erem uel tigillum, quod &longs;ubter duo tigna pertinens <lb/>ab eis ne attolli po&longs;sit retinetur: quo modo harpago &longs;ubleuatus, tympa<lb/>numque amplexus tam ualidè prehendit, ut &longs;æpe ex ip&longs;o &longs;cintillæ <expan abbr="exiliãt">exiliant</expan>. </s>

<s>Ha<lb/>bet autem tignum dependens, ad quod harpago e&longs;t affixus aliquot forami<lb/>na, in quibus catena includitur, ut ip&longs;e quemadmodum conuenit &longs;ubleuari <lb/>po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Supra tympanum e&longs;t tabulatum, ne id aqua de&longs;tillans madefaciat. </s>

<s><lb/>Nam &longs;i madefactum fuerit, harpago machinam minus retinebit. </s>

<s>Iuxta uerò <lb/>alterum tympanum e&longs;t palus, ex quo dependet catena, in cuius annulo po<lb/>&longs;tremo inclu&longs;us e&longs;t alter harpago, hoc e&longs;t uncinatum ferrum, <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> pedes <lb/>tres. </s>

<s>Is annulo, ad fundum tam ua&longs;is quàm &longs;acci affixo, iniectus illud retinet <lb/>ut aqua effundi po&longs;sit, hunc ut &longs;axorum fragmenta euerti.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum dentatum, quod est ad axem &longs;tatutum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tratus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat<emph.end type="italics"/> C. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum prope id ip&longs;um<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum quod ex orbibus con&longs;tat<emph.end type="italics"/> E. H<emph type="italics"/>arpago<emph.end type="italics"/> F. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ignum mobile<emph.end type="italics"/> G. T<emph type="italics"/>ignum breue<emph.end type="italics"/> H. A<emph type="italics"/>lter harpago<emph.end type="italics"/> I.</s><pb pagenum="125"/><figure/>

<s>Venas autem illis quinque machinis è puteis extractas uel è cuniculis eue<lb/>ctas metallici de montibus aut deuehunt, aut detrahunt aut deijciunt. </s>

<s>No<pb pagenum="126"/>&longs;trates ip&longs;as in cap&longs;am, trahæ, quam equus trahit, <expan abbr="impo&longs;itã">impo&longs;itam</expan>, conijcientes hye <lb/>me de montibus, qui non admodum alti &longs;unt, deuehunt. </s>

<s>Carni uerò ij&longs;dem <lb/>temporibus hybernis eas in &longs;accos, è corio factos, ingerunt: quorum duos <lb/>uel tres imponunt paruæ trahæ, quæ priore parte altior e&longs;t, po&longs;teriore hu<lb/>milior: quibus &longs;accis animo&longs;us uector non &longs;ine uitæ periculo in&longs;idens <expan abbr="trahã">traham</expan> <lb/>de monte in uallem decurrentem bacillo, quod gerit in manu, regit. </s>

<s>Eam e<lb/>nim uel nimis celeriter decurrentem oppo&longs;ito &longs;i&longs;tit: uel aliò, quàm quo de<lb/>bet, <expan abbr="deflect&etilde;tem">deflectentem</expan> eodem in uiam reducit. </s>

<s>At Norici quidam hyeme ea&longs;dem <lb/>in &longs;accos, è &longs;eto&longs;is pellibus &longs;uillis <expan abbr="cõfectos">confectos</expan>, colligunt, & de alti&longs;simis monti<lb/>bus, quos equi, muli, a&longs;ini <expan abbr="neque&utilde;t">nequeunt</expan> &longs;candere, detrahunt. </s>

<s>Eorum uerò &longs;accos <lb/>uacuos robu&longs;ti canes clitellarij, his rebus a&longs;&longs;uefacti, ferunt in montes: uena<lb/>rum plenos & loris con&longs;trictos atque ad funem alligatos homo, eum in bra<lb/>chium uel pectus <expan abbr="inuolu&etilde;s">inuoluens</expan>, per niues detrahit u&longs;que ad eum locum, in quem <lb/>equi, muli, a&longs;ini clitellarij a&longs;cendere po&longs;&longs;unt: ubi uenæ, è &longs;accis &longs;uillis erectæ, <lb/>inijciuntur in alios &longs;accos, è lineo panno bilice uel trilice factos: qui iumen<lb/>torum clitellis impo&longs;iti deferuntur in officinas, in quibus uenæ uel lauan<lb/>tur uei excoquuntur.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>raha cui impo&longs;ita est cap&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/> A. T<emph type="italics"/>raha cui impo&longs;iti &longs;unt &longs;acci<emph.end type="italics"/> B. B<emph type="italics"/>acillum<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>anes clitellarij<emph.end type="italics"/> D. S<emph type="italics"/>acci &longs;uilli ad funem alligati<emph.end type="italics"/> E.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="127"/>

<s>Si uerò equi, muli, a&longs;ini, clitellarij montes &longs;candere po&longs;&longs;unt, eorum clitel<lb/>lis primò &longs;acci linei uenis repleti <expan abbr="impon&utilde;tur">imponuntur</expan>: quos angu&longs;tis montium uijs, <lb/>quæ nec plau&longs;tra nec trahas recipiunt, in ualles, rupibus altis & difficilibus <lb/>aditu &longs;ubiectas deferunt. </s>

<s>At in rupibus, in quas iumenta &longs;candere non po&longs;<lb/>&longs;unt, decliues collocantur longæ cap&longs;æ patentes ex a&longs;&longs;eribus factæ, & tabel <lb/>lis tran&longs;uer&longs;is, ne concidant, di&longs;tinctæ. </s>

<s>In has uenæ ci&longs;ijs, quibus unica e&longs;t ro <lb/>ta, aduectas conijciunt: easque in planiciem deuolutas, & uel in &longs;accos lineos <lb/>collectas iumenta clitellis deferunt, uel in trahas aut plau&longs;tra coniectas de<lb/>uehunt. </s>

<s>Cùm autem aurigæ uenas de arduis montium cliuis deuehunt bi<lb/>rotis utuntur ci&longs;ijs, quæ à tergo trahunt duos arborum truncos in <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan> de<lb/>mi&longs;&longs;os: hi &longs;ua grauitate renitentes pronum grauium ci&longs;iorum, quæ in cap&longs;is <lb/>uenas continent, decur&longs;um impediunt: qui ni e&longs;&longs;ent aurigæ &longs;æpius catenas <lb/>rotis implicare cogerentur. </s>

<s>Sed cùm ijdem aurigæ uenas de montibus, qui <lb/>carent i&longs;tiu&longs;modi cliuis, deuehunt, plau&longs;tris, quorum cap&longs;æ duplo &longs;unt lon <lb/>giores quàm ci&longs;iorum, utuntur: utrarumque a&longs;&longs;eres ita coagmentati &longs;unt, ut <lb/>cùm uenæ rur&longs;us ab aurigis de plau&longs;tris excutiendæ &longs;unt, leuari & di&longs;&longs;olui <lb/>po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>Nam eos tantummodo repagula coercent. </s>

<s>Aurigæ uerò uenarum <lb/>plau&longs;tra triginta uel &longs;exaginta de dominis conducunt deuehenda: quorum <lb/>&longs;ingulorum numerum præ&longs;es officinæ in bacillo &longs;ignat. </s>

<s>Sed quædam ue<lb/>næ, poti&longs;simum <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> plumbi candidi, è fodinis extractæ in octo partes uel <lb/>nouem, &longs;i domini fodinæ dominis cuniculi dant nonas, di&longs;tribui &longs;olent: id <lb/>rarius fit modulis, &longs;æpius cap&longs;is: quæ ex tignis contiguis, & qua ad cauum <lb/>conuertuntur planis, &longs;unt confectæ. </s>

<s>Dominus uerò qui&longs;que eam par<lb/>tem, qnæ ei &longs;ortitò obtigit, auehendam, lauandam, <lb/>excoquendam curat.</s>

<s>E<emph type="italics"/>qui clitellarij<emph.end type="italics"/> A. C<emph type="italics"/>ap&longs;a longa in rupe decliuis locata<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>ius tabellæ<emph.end type="italics"/> C. C<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;ium cui unica est rota<emph.end type="italics"/> D. C<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;ium birotum<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>runci arborum<emph.end type="italics"/> F. P<emph type="italics"/>lau&longs;trum<emph.end type="italics"/> G. V<emph type="italics"/>ena de plau&longs;tro ex<lb/>cutitur<emph.end type="italics"/> H. R<emph type="italics"/>epagula<emph.end type="italics"/> I. P<emph type="italics"/>ræ&longs;es officinæ plau&longs;trorum nu<lb/>merum in bacillo &longs;ignans<emph.end type="italics"/> K. C<emph type="italics"/>ap&longs;æ in quas uenæ di&longs;tri<lb/>buendæ inijciuntur<emph.end type="italics"/> L.</s><pb pagenum="128"/><figure/>

<s>In ua&longs;a, quæ quinque hæ machinæ <expan abbr="trah&utilde;t">trahunt</expan>, pueri uel uiri terras & <expan abbr="&longs;axor&utilde;">&longs;axorum</expan> fra <lb/><expan abbr="gm&etilde;ta">gmenta</expan> batillis inijciunt, uel manibus <expan abbr="ead&etilde;">eadem</expan> ij&longs;dem ingerunt: unde inge&longs;tores <lb/>&longs;unt nominati: eædem uerò machinæ non &longs;icca modo, ut dixi, leuant onera, <pb pagenum="129"/>&longs;ed etiam humida &longs;iue aquas. </s>

<s>Verùm priu&longs;quam exponam uaria & diuer&longs;a <lb/>genera machinarum, quibus metallici aquas &longs;olum exantlare &longs;olent, dicam <lb/>quo modo res graues, quod genus &longs;unt axes, catenæ ferreæ, fi&longs;tulæ, ligna <lb/>grandia in puteos rectos & profundos <expan abbr="demitt&etilde;dæ">demittendæ</expan> &longs;unt. </s>

<s>Machina erigitur, <lb/>cuius &longs;ucula, utrinque quatuor uectes rectos habens, in tignis &longs;tatutis includi <lb/>tur, et circa eam ductarius inuoluitur funis, eiu&longs;que caput alterum ad eandem <lb/>affigitur, alterum alligatur ad res illas graues: quæ rectà &longs;en&longs;im operarijs re<lb/>nitentibus demittuntur: atque, &longs;i in aliqua putei parte &longs;ub&longs;titerint, paululùm <lb/>retrahuntur. </s>

<s>Cùm uerò eædem &longs;unt graui&longs;simæ, tunc <expan abbr="&longs;ecund&utilde;">&longs;ecundum</expan> hanc machi<lb/>nam altera ei pror&longs;us a&longs;similis erigitur, ut & oneri robore pares &longs;int, & idi<lb/>p&longs;um &longs;en&longs;im demitti po&longs;sit: quinetiam interdum ij&longs;dem de cau&longs;is trochlea <lb/>funiculis ad trabem religatur: per cuius orbiculos ductarius funis traductus <lb/>de&longs;cendit & a&longs;cendit.</s>

<s>S<emph type="italics"/>ucula<emph.end type="italics"/> A. V<emph type="italics"/>ectes recti<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>igna &longs;tatuta<emph.end type="italics"/> C. F<emph type="italics"/>unis<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>rochlea<emph.end type="italics"/> E. L<emph type="italics"/>igna demittenda<emph.end type="italics"/> F.</s><figure/>

<s>Aquæ autem ex puteis aut <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan>, aut hauriuntur. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Extrah&utilde;tur">Extrahuntur</expan> uerò <lb/>in ua&longs;a uel utres aquarios infu&longs;æ: hos <expan abbr="poti&longs;sim&utilde;">poti&longs;simum</expan> trahit machina, cuius rota <lb/>duplices habet pinnas: illa quinque machinæ <expan abbr="iã">iam</expan> explicatæ: quanque quarta in <lb/><expan abbr="quibu&longs;dã">quibu&longs;dam</expan> locis <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> utres mediocres trahit: at <expan abbr="hauri&utilde;tur">hauriuntur</expan> &longs;itulis uel orbiculis, <lb/>quib. </s>

<s>foramina &longs;unt, uel pilis. </s>

<s>Cùm <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> paucæ &longs;unt, aut <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan> in ua&longs;is: <pb pagenum="130"/>aut <expan abbr="hauri&utilde;tur">hauriuntur</expan> &longs;itulis uel orbiculis: cùm multæ, uel <expan abbr="extrah&utilde;tur">extrahuntur</expan> in utribus, uel <lb/><expan abbr="hauri&utilde;tur">hauriuntur</expan> pilis. </s>

<s>Sed primò machinas &longs;itulis aquas exantlantes in <expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan> pro <lb/><expan abbr="ferã">feram</expan>, <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> tres &longs;unt &longs;pecies: prima &longs;ic &longs;e habet. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Loculament&utilde;">Loculamentum</expan> <expan abbr="quadrangul&utilde;">quadrangulum</expan> <lb/><expan abbr="tot&utilde;">totum</expan> con&longs;tat ex cancellis ferreis, <expan abbr="alt&utilde;">altum</expan> pedes duos et <expan abbr="dimidi&utilde;">dimidium</expan>: <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> <expan abbr="it&etilde;">item</expan> pedes <lb/>duos & <expan abbr="dimidi&utilde;">dimidium</expan>, ac in&longs;uper &longs;extantem & <expan abbr="quartã">quartam</expan> digiti <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan>: <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> quadran<lb/>tem & <expan abbr="&longs;em&utilde;ciã">&longs;emunciam</expan>: in quo &longs;unt tres axiculi ferrei &longs;trati, qui in catillis uel latis cir <lb/>culis ferreis acie temperatis uer&longs;antur: atque quatuor ferrea tympana: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> <lb/>duo ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tant, <expan abbr="totid&etilde;">totidem</expan> &longs;unt dentata. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Circ&utilde;">Circum</expan> <expan abbr="axicul&utilde;">axiculum</expan> <expan abbr="infim&utilde;">infimum</expan> extra locula <lb/>mentum e&longs;t rotula lignea, ut propen&longs;ior ad <expan abbr="mot&utilde;">motum</expan> fiat: intra <expan abbr="loculament&utilde;">loculamentum</expan> mi <lb/>nus prioris generis <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, quod ex octo fu&longs;is, <expan abbr="&longs;extant&etilde;">&longs;extantem</expan> & <expan abbr="&longs;emunciã">&longs;emunciam</expan> lon<lb/>gis, con&longs;tat: <expan abbr="circ&utilde;">circum</expan> <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <expan abbr="axicul&utilde;">axiculum</expan> è loculamento <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> eminentem, ac iccirco tan <lb/><expan abbr="t&utilde;modo">tummodo</expan> <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> pedes duos & <expan abbr="dimidi&utilde;">dimidium</expan>, <expan abbr="unciã">unciam</expan>, atque <expan abbr="tertiã">tertiam</expan> digiti <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan>, e&longs;t alte <lb/>ra parte minus <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> <expan abbr="dentat&utilde;">dentatum</expan>, quod habet octo & quadraginta dentes: <lb/>altera maius prioris generis <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, quod ex duodecim fu&longs;is, <expan abbr="quadrant&etilde;">quadrantem</expan> <lb/>longis, con&longs;tat. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Circ&utilde;">Circum</expan> <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> <expan abbr="terti&utilde;">tertium</expan> <expan abbr="axicul&utilde;">axiculum</expan>, cra&longs;&longs;um <expan abbr="unciã">unciam</expan> & tertiam eius <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan>, <lb/>e&longs;t maius <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> <expan abbr="dentat&utilde;">dentatum</expan> ex eo undique pedem a&longs;&longs;urgens: quod habet du<lb/>os et &longs;eptuaginta dentes: utriu&longs;que uerò tympani dentibus &longs;unt cochieæ: qua <lb/><expan abbr="r&utilde;">rum</expan> &longs;triges in <expan abbr="tympanor&utilde;">tympanorum</expan> &longs;trias aguntur, & contra <expan abbr="car&utilde;">carum</expan> &longs;triæ in <expan abbr="eorund&etilde;">eorundem</expan> &longs;tri<lb/>ges, ut in <expan abbr="fractor&utilde;">fractorum</expan> locum alij reponi po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>Tam <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> dentes quàm fu&longs;i &longs;unt <lb/>acie temperati: at &longs;upremus axiculus ex <expan abbr="loculam&etilde;to">loculamento</expan> extans ita artificio&longs;è e&longs;t <lb/>inclu&longs;us in forma alterius axiculi, ut unus e&longs;&longs;e uideatur: is per <expan abbr="receptacul&utilde;">receptaculum</expan>, <lb/>ex tignis <expan abbr="cõpo&longs;itum">compo&longs;itum</expan>, quod e&longs;t <expan abbr="circ&utilde;">circum</expan> <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan> penetrans, in unci ferrei, in cra&longs;&longs;o <lb/>trunco querno inclu&longs;i, orbiculo, ex mera ferri acie facto, uer&longs;atur: <expan abbr="circ&utilde;">circum</expan> eum <lb/><expan abbr="axicul&utilde;">axiculum</expan> e&longs;t tale <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, quale <expan abbr="hab&etilde;t">habent</expan> machinæ pilis aquas haurientes: cui &longs;i <lb/>militer &longs;unt fibulæ ter curuatæ: quib. </s>

<s>quia ferreæ catenæ ductariæ annuli in <lb/>hærent, tam <expan abbr="magn&utilde;">magnum</expan> onus cam retrahere <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> pote&longs;t: qui annuli <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> &longs;icuti cæte <lb/><expan abbr="rar&utilde;">rarum</expan> <expan abbr="catenar&utilde;">catenarum</expan> annuli &longs;unt integri, &longs;ed qui&longs;que &longs;uperiore parte utrinque curua<lb/>tus <expan abbr="&longs;equent&etilde;">&longs;equentem</expan> recipit: quo circa duplicis catenæ &longs;peciem gerit: qua uerò alter <lb/><expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> recipit, &longs;itulæ, ex laminis ferreis uel æreis factæ, &longs;emicongiales ad eos <lb/>loris alligantur: quare &longs;i annuli fuerint <expan abbr="cent&utilde;">centum</expan>, <expan abbr="totid&etilde;">totidem</expan> erunt &longs;itulæ aquas effe<lb/>rentes: <expan abbr="ear&utilde;">earum</expan> <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> ora extant, & operculis tecta &longs;unt, ne aquas effundant cùm <lb/>putei fuerint decliues. </s>

<s>Nam cùm recti fuerint, &longs;itulæ operculis nece&longs;&longs;e non <lb/>habent. </s>

<s>Itaque uectiarius infimi axiculi caput in uectis forma includens eum <lb/>&longs;imul cum tympano uer&longs;at: cuius fu&longs;i <expan abbr="cõuertunt">conuertunt</expan> alterius axiculi tympanum <lb/><expan abbr="dentat&utilde;">dentatum</expan>. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quoniã">Quoniam</expan> uerò una cum ip&longs;o circumagunt id, quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat, <lb/>hi rur&longs;us &longs;upremi axiculi <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> <expan abbr="dentat&utilde;">dentatum</expan> uer&longs;ant atque alterum, cui fibulæ <lb/>&longs;unt infixæ: quomodo catena &longs;imul cum uacuis &longs;itulis demittitur iuxta ue<lb/>næ <expan abbr="fundament&utilde;">fundamentum</expan> per <expan abbr="annul&utilde;">annulum</expan> <expan abbr="paulul&utilde;">paululum</expan> <expan abbr="cõpre&longs;&longs;um">compre&longs;&longs;um</expan> in <expan abbr="lacunã">lacunam</expan> u&longs;que ad <expan abbr="im&utilde;">imum</expan> libra<lb/>mentum: cuius tympani axiculus ferreus utrinque in cra&longs;si ferri catillo uer&longs;a<lb/>tur: in quo tympano catena inuoluta &longs;itulis aquas haurit: quas plenas iuxta <lb/>uenæ <expan abbr="tect&utilde;">tectum</expan> extracta peruehit &longs;uper axiculi &longs;upremi <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, ac &longs;emper tres <lb/>&longs;imul inuer&longs;as <expan abbr="aquã">aquam</expan> effundere cogit in <expan abbr="labr&utilde;">labrum</expan> ex quo effluit in cuniculi cana<lb/>lem. </s>

<s>Veruntamen talis machina minus e&longs;t utilis, quòd, cùm &longs;ine magno im<lb/>pendio con&longs;trui non po&longs;sit, paucas aquas efferat: & quidem tardius, ut eti<lb/>am cæteræ machinæ quibus plura &longs;unt tympana.</s><pb pagenum="131"/>

<s>L<emph type="italics"/>oculamentum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus infimus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. R<emph type="italics"/>otula<emph.end type="italics"/> C. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum quod ex fu&longs;is <lb/>con&longs;tat minus<emph.end type="italics"/> D. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus alter<emph.end type="italics"/> E. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum dentatum minus<emph.end type="italics"/> F. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum <lb/>quod ex fu&longs;is constat maius<emph.end type="italics"/> G. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus &longs;upremus<emph.end type="italics"/> H. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum dentatum maius<emph.end type="italics"/> I. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>atillus<emph.end type="italics"/> K. C<emph type="italics"/>irculus latus<emph.end type="italics"/> L. R<emph type="italics"/>eceptaculum<emph.end type="italics"/> M. T<emph type="italics"/>runcus quernus<emph.end type="italics"/> N. V<emph type="italics"/>ncus <lb/>ferreus<emph.end type="italics"/> O. O<emph type="italics"/>rbiculus<emph.end type="italics"/> P. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum &longs;uperius<emph.end type="italics"/> <expan abbr="q.">que</expan> F<emph type="italics"/>ibulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> R. C<emph type="italics"/>atena<emph.end type="italics"/> S. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>nnuli<emph.end type="italics"/> T. S<emph type="italics"/>itulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> V. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis<emph.end type="italics"/> X. L<emph type="italics"/>ibramentum &longs;iut tympanum inferius<emph.end type="italics"/> Y.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="132"/>

<s>Altera i&longs;tius generis machina, paucis uerbis à Vitruuio de&longs;cripta, congi <lb/>ales &longs;itulas citius effert. </s>

<s>Atque propterea ad aquas ex puteis, in quos multæ <lb/>continenter influunt, hauriendas utilior e&longs;t quàm prima: ea ferreo locula<lb/>mento tympani&longs;que carens habet circum axem ligneum rotam, quæ à calcan <lb/>tibus uer&longs;atur. </s>

<s>Axis <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> diu, quòd careat tympano, durare non pote&longs;t: cæ<lb/>teris primæ &longs;imilis e&longs;t, ni&longs;i quod duplicem habeat catenam ab illa diuer&longs;am. </s>

<s><lb/>Fibulas autem in huius machinæ axem, ut in aliarum <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> infigere de<lb/>bet, quos alij &longs;implices, alij ter curuatas <expan abbr="effici&utilde;t">efficiunt</expan>, &longs;ed utri&longs;que quatuor cu&longs;pides</s>

<s>R<emph type="italics"/>ota quæ a calcantibus uer&longs;atur<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. C<emph type="italics"/>atena duplex<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>nnulus duplicis catenæ<emph.end type="italics"/> D. S<emph type="italics"/>itulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> E. F<emph type="italics"/>ibula &longs;implex<emph.end type="italics"/> F. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>ibula ter curuata<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/>

<s>Tertia, quæ longè præ&longs;tat duabus iam expo&longs;itis, fabricatur cùm riuus ad <lb/>fodinam deduci pote&longs;t: cuius impetus pinnas <expan abbr="percuti&etilde;s">percutiens</expan> circumagit rotam, <lb/>quam habet loco rotæ à calcantibus uer&longs;atæ: quod ad axem attinet, &longs;imilis <lb/>e&longs;t <expan abbr="&longs;ec&utilde;dæ">&longs;ecundæ</expan>: quod ad tympanum, quod e&longs;t <expan abbr="circ&utilde;">circum</expan> axem, catenam, <expan abbr="librament&utilde;">libramentum</expan> <lb/>primæ. </s>

<s>Situlas uerò habet multò capaciores quàm etiam &longs;ecunda. </s>

<s>Sed quia <lb/>&longs;itulæ citò frangi &longs;olent, metallici rarò his machinis utuntur: maluntque pau<lb/>cas aquas quinque primis machinis extrahere uel &longs;iphonibus exantlare, mul <lb/>tas uel pilis per fi&longs;tulas haurire uel in utribus item extrahere.</s><pb pagenum="133"/>

<s>R<emph type="italics"/>ota cuius pinnas impetus riui percurrit<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. E<emph type="italics"/>ius tympanum <lb/>in quod fibulæ &longs;unt infixæ<emph.end type="italics"/> C. C<emph type="italics"/>atena<emph.end type="italics"/> D. A<emph type="italics"/>nnulus<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>S<emph type="italics"/>itulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> F. L<emph type="italics"/>ibramentum<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/>

<s>Verùm de primo machinarum genere &longs;atis: nunc alterum, hoc e&longs;t &longs;ipho<lb/>nes aquam &longs;piritu tractam orbiculis haurientes exponam: quorum &longs;eptem <lb/>&longs;unt formæ: quæ licet &longs;tructura inter &longs;e differant, tamen <expan abbr="eund&etilde;">eundem</expan> utilitatis fru<lb/>ctum metallicis præbent: <expan abbr="quãquam">quanquam</expan> alia alia maiorem. </s>

<s>Primus &longs;ypho &longs;ic fit. </s>

<s><lb/>Super lacunam &longs;tatuitur contignatio: ad quam fi&longs;tula una uel duæ, quarum <lb/>altera in altera inclu&longs;a e&longs;t, in lacunæ fundum immi&longs;&longs;æ fibulis ferreis cu&longs;pida <lb/>tis & utrinque directò deor&longs;um uer&longs;us actis affiguntur, ut immotæ mancant: <lb/>inferioris autem fi&longs;tulæ inferior pars inclu&longs;a e&longs;t in trunco, alto ad duos pe<lb/>des: is fi&longs;tulæ in&longs;tar perforatus &longs;tat in fundo lacunæ: &longs;ed inferius eius fora<lb/>men ligno tereti occluditur: idem truncus circum circa habet foramina, per <lb/>quæ aqua in ip&longs;um manat. </s>

<s>In &longs;uperiore uerò eius parte excauata, &longs;i una fi&longs;tu <lb/>la fuerit, pyxis ferrea, uel ærea, uel orichalcea, palmum alta, &longs;ed fundo <expan abbr="car&etilde;s">carens</expan>, <lb/>includitur: quam foricula rotunda tam arctè claudit, ut aqua &longs;ur&longs;um &longs;piritu <lb/>ducta relabi non po&longs;sit: &longs;in duæ fi&longs;tulæ fuerint, qua coniunguntur pyxis in <lb/>inferiore in cluditur, &longs;uperioris apertura uel &longs;iphunculus ad cuniculi canales <lb/>pertingit. </s>

<s>Itaque operarius impiger ad labores, in contignationis tabulato <pb pagenum="134"/>&longs;tans, pilum in fi&longs;tulam demi&longs;&longs;um intrudit ac retrahit: ad eius pili &longs;ummum <lb/>e&longs;t uectis: imum e&longs;t calceo indutum: &longs;ic uocatur corium turbinis ferè figura: <lb/>nam i&longs;to modo &longs;utum e&longs;t, ut inferiore parte, qua ad pilum, in ip&longs;o inclu&longs;um, <lb/>affigitur, angu&longs;tum &longs;it: &longs;uperiore, qua haurit aquam, pateat. </s>

<s>Vel orbiculus <lb/>ferreus, digitum cra&longs;&longs;us, aut ligneus, &longs;ex digitos cra&longs;&longs;us, uterque longè calceo <lb/>præ&longs;tans, ad imum pili, quod per eam penetrat, clauo ferreo traiecto affixus <lb/>e&longs;t, aut in eadem, in cochleæ figuram formata, inclu&longs;us: qui orblculus &longs;uperi <lb/>us circumcirca corio tectus quinque aut &longs;ex foramina habet uel rotunda uel <lb/>longiu&longs;cula, quæ uniuer&longs;a &longs;tellæ &longs;peciem exprimere uidentur. </s>

<s>Habet etiam <lb/>eandem, quam fi&longs;tulæ foramen, latitudinem, ut tantummodo in eam demit <lb/>ti & rur&longs;us attolli po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Cùm autem operarius pilum &longs;ur&longs;um uer&longs;us trahit, <lb/>aquam orbiculi foraminibus, cuius corium <expan abbr="t&utilde;c">tunc</expan> deprimit, hau&longs;tam, ducit ad <lb/>aperturam uel &longs;iphunculum per quem effluit: foricula uerò pyxidis aperi<lb/>tur, ut aqua, quæ in truncum influxit, &longs;piritu ducta denuo a&longs;cendat in fi&longs;tu<lb/>lam: cùm idem operarius pilum intrudit, foricula clauditur, ut orbiculus ite <lb/>rum aquam haurire po&longs;sit.</s>

<s>L<emph type="italics"/>acuna<emph.end type="italics"/> A. F<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;tulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> B. C<emph type="italics"/>ontignatio<emph.end type="italics"/> C. T<emph type="italics"/>runcus<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>oramina trunci<emph.end type="italics"/> E. F<emph type="italics"/>oricula<emph.end type="italics"/> F. S<emph type="italics"/>iphunculus<emph.end type="italics"/> G. P<emph type="italics"/>ilum<emph.end type="italics"/> H. <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>ius uectis<emph.end type="italics"/> I. C<emph type="italics"/>alceus<emph.end type="italics"/> K. O<emph type="italics"/>rbiculus habens foramina <lb/>rotunda<emph.end type="italics"/> L. O<emph type="italics"/>rbiculus habens foramina longiu&longs;cula<emph.end type="italics"/> M. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>orium<emph.end type="italics"/> N. H<emph type="italics"/>ic terebrat &longs;tipites & ex eis fi&longs;tulas facit<emph.end type="italics"/> O. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>erebra, cui cochlea est<emph.end type="italics"/> P. T<emph type="italics"/>erebra latior<emph.end type="italics"/> <expan abbr="q.">que</expan></s><pb pagenum="135"/><figure/>

<s>Alterius &longs;iphonis pilum facilius <expan abbr="cõmotum">commotum</expan> directo, deor&longs;um fertur, & &longs;ur <lb/>&longs;um refertur: qui &longs;ic fit. </s>

<s>Tigna duo &longs;uper lacunam <expan abbr="collocãtur">collocantur</expan>: alterum prope <pb pagenum="136"/>dextrum eius latus, alterum propè &longs;ini&longs;trum. </s>

<s>Ad hoc fi&longs;tulæ fibulis ferreis <lb/>affiguntur: ad illud uel &longs;tipes chelas habens perforatas, uel tignum &longs;uperius <lb/>excauatum, ut pro chelis &longs;it. </s>

<s>Axiculus autem ferreus per tigni cuiu&longs;dam &longs;ta<lb/>tuti latius & rotundum foramen, quod in eius medio e&longs;t, penetrans in chela <lb/>rum foraminibus &longs;ic includitur, ut ip&longs;e quidem maneat immobilis, tignum <lb/>uerò circa eum uer&longs;etur intra chelas: in cuius tigni altero capite &longs;uperius pi<lb/>li caput e&longs;t inclu&longs;um, ferreoque clauo transfixum: in altero uectis item &longs;uperi<lb/>us caput. </s>

<s>Inferiori uerò manubrium e&longs;t ut eò firmius manibus teneri po&longs;&longs;it. </s>

<s><lb/>Itaque cùm operarius uectem &longs;ur&longs;um trudit, pilum in fi&longs;tulam impellit: cùm <lb/>retrahit uectem, ex fi&longs;tula pilum extrahit: atque ita pilum iterum aquam, orbi <lb/>cuii foraminibus hau&longs;tam, ducit ad &longs;iphunculum, per quem effluit in cana<lb/>lem. </s>

<s>Hic autem &longs;ipho, ut etiam &longs;equens, quod ad pilum, orbiculum, <expan abbr="trunc&utilde;">truncum</expan>, <lb/>pyxidem, foriculam pertinet, eodem modo, quo primus, &longs;e habet.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>ignum &longs;tatutum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ignum quod circa axiculum <lb/>uer&longs;atur<emph.end type="italics"/> C. P<emph type="italics"/>ilum<emph.end type="italics"/> D. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis<emph.end type="italics"/> E. A<emph type="italics"/>nnulus, quo duæ fi&longs;tulæ <lb/>coniungi &longs;olent<emph.end type="italics"/> F.</s><figure/>

<s>Tertius &longs;ipho iam dicti <expan abbr="nõnihil">nonnihil</expan> di&longs;&longs;imilis e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Loco enim &longs;tipitis duo &longs;ta<lb/>tuuntur tigna circa &longs;ummum perforata: in quibus foraminibus axis capita <pb pagenum="137"/>uertuntur. </s>

<s>In medio eius axis duo tigilla &longs;unt inclu&longs;a: in quorum alterius ca<lb/>pite infixum e&longs;t pilum: ad alterius uerò caput affixum e&longs;t tignum graue, &longs;ed <lb/>curtum, ut protru&longs;um inter duo illa tigna &longs;tatuta moueri, atque qua&longs;i ire & re <lb/>dire po&longs;&longs;it. </s>

<s>Id tignum cùm protrudit operarius, pilum ex fi&longs;tula extrahitur: <lb/>cum &longs;ua ui redit, intruditur: quo modo aquam, quam fi&longs;tula concipit, pilum <lb/>orbiculi foraminibus hau&longs;tam exprimit per &longs;iphunculum in canalem. </s>

<s>Sunt <lb/>qui uectem in locum tigni curti &longs;upponunt: uerùm hic &longs;ipho, ut etiam pro<lb/>ximus &longs;uperior, minus quàm cæteri, in metallis e&longs;t u&longs;itatus.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>igna &longs;tatuta<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>igilla<emph.end type="italics"/> C. P<emph type="italics"/>ilum<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ignum curtum<emph.end type="italics"/> E. C<emph type="italics"/>analis<emph.end type="italics"/> F. H<emph type="italics"/>ic deducit aquam e <lb/>canali effluentem, ne in fo&longs;&longs;as actas influat<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/>

<s>Quarta &longs;iphonum &longs;pecies &longs;implex non e&longs;t, &longs;ed duplex: ea &longs;ic &longs;e habet. </s>

<s>Se<lb/>xangulus truncus faginus, longus pedes quinque, latus duos & dimidium, <lb/>cra&longs;&longs;us &longs;e&longs;quipedem in duas partes &longs;ecatur: quæ &longs;ecundum, ferreum axicu<lb/>lum, in eis collocandum di&longs;tribuuntur, & tam altè & la<gap/>è excauantur, ut i<gap/><lb/>ip&longs;is uer&longs;ari po&longs;sit: cuius axiculi pars, quæ in <expan abbr="tr&utilde;co">trunco</expan> includitur, tota teres e&longs;t, <pb pagenum="138"/>eiu&longs;que extrema, quæ pro codace e&longs;t, recta exi&longs;tit. </s>

<s>Deinde altitudine pedis re <lb/>&longs;idet, rur&longs;usque recta procedit: qua pilum teres ex eo dependet. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tea tam a&longs; <lb/>&longs;urgit altè quàin re&longs;edit, iterumque paululùm rectà procedit. </s>

<s>Deinde altitudi <lb/>nepedis a&longs;&longs;urgens rur&longs;us rectà procedit: qua <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <expan abbr="pil&utilde;">pilum</expan> teres ex eo &longs;u&longs;pen<lb/>&longs;um e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tea tam re&longs;idet altè quàm a&longs;&longs;urrexit: tum eius altera pars, quæ i<lb/>tem pro codace e&longs;t, recta exi&longs;tit: quæ, quia ex trunco extat, ne aqua, in eum <lb/>tracta, erumpat duabus bracteolis ferreis orbiculi figura, cum quibus duo <lb/>coria eiu&longs;dem figuræ & magnitudinis &longs;unt coniuncta, cauetur: quorum al<lb/>ter intra truncum, alter extra, circum axiculum e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò &longs;equitur pars <lb/>eius quadrangula duo habens foramina, in quibus duo bacilla ferrea inclu<lb/>duntur, eorumque capita ma&longs;&longs;ulis plumbeis aggrauantur, ut axiculus ad mo<lb/>tum fiat propen&longs;ior. </s>

<s>Qui, po&longs;tquam eius caput in forma uectis fuerit inclu<lb/>&longs;um, facilè circumagi pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>Superior autem trunci pars e&longs;t humilior: inferi <lb/>or, altior: illa in medio &longs;emel fi&longs;tulæ modo, cuius foramen &longs;implicem habe<lb/>at latitudinem rectà deor&longs;um perforatur: hæc bis, nempe ad utrunque latus <lb/>item rectà deor&longs;um duarum fi&longs;tularum modo, quarum foramina duplicem <lb/>habeant latitudinem: quæ trunci pars imponitur duabus fi&longs;tulis, in eum &longs;u<lb/>periore parte inclu&longs;is, inferiore in truncos, in lacuna &longs;tatutos, quibus forami <lb/>na &longs;unt, per quæ aquæ in eos influunt, penetrantibus. </s>

<s>Deinde ferreus axicu <lb/>lus in trunci cauo locatur, duobus pilis ferreis, quæ ex ip&longs;o dependent, per <lb/>eius foramina demi&longs;sis in fi&longs;tulas altitudine pedis: utrique pilo inferius e&longs;t co <lb/>chlea, quæ cra&longs;&longs;am laminam ferream, in orbiculi figuram formatam & fora<lb/>minibus plenam, atque corium, quod eam tegit, continet, ut fi&longs;tula <expan abbr="alterã">alteram</expan> py<lb/>xidem, cui e&longs;t rotunda foricula eam claudens. </s>

<s>Tum &longs;uperior trunci pars &longs;u<lb/>per inferiorem ex omni parte congruenter aptata imponitur: & qua <expan abbr="cõiun-guntur">coniun<lb/>guntur</expan> latis & cra&longs;sis laminis ferreis cinguntur, paruis cuneis latis item fer<lb/>reis adactis coercentur, fibulis uinciuntur: in ea &longs;uperiore trunci parte fi&longs;tu<lb/>la includitur: quam altera excipit, eamque rur&longs;us tertia, atque deinceps alia ali<lb/>am u&longs;que dum &longs;uprema ad cuniculi canalem pertingat. </s>

<s>Itaque cùm uectiarius <lb/>axiculum uer&longs;at, pila uici&longs;sim laminis hauriunt aquas. </s>

<s>Quod quia celeriter <lb/>fit, & duarum <expan abbr="fi&longs;tular&utilde;">fi&longs;tularum</expan>, &longs;upra quas truncus e&longs;t &longs;tatutus, foramina duplo ma <lb/>iora &longs;unt quàm foramen &longs;upra <expan abbr="trunc&utilde;">truncum</expan> &longs;tatutæ, nec altè pila hauriunt aquas, <lb/>inferiorum impetus continenter &longs;uperiores a&longs;cendere & ex &longs;upremæ fi&longs;tu<lb/>læ apertura in cuniculi canalem effluere cogit. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quoniã">Quoniam</expan> uerò truncus ligne<lb/>us rimis fathi&longs;cere &longs;olet: &longs;atius e&longs;t eum ex plumbo, uel ære uel orichalco con <lb/>flato conficere.</s>

<s>Cuncta cadunt letho, &longs;tudij monumenta uigebunt, <lb/>Purpurei doneclumina &longs;olis erunt.</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>runcus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. T<emph type="italics"/>runci pars inferior<emph.end type="italics"/> B. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem pars &longs;uperior<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>ibulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> D. F<emph type="italics"/>ictulæ &longs;ub trunco<emph.end type="italics"/> E. F<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;tula &longs;uper truncum &longs;ta<lb/>tuta<emph.end type="italics"/> F. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus ferreus<emph.end type="italics"/> G. P<emph type="italics"/>ila<emph.end type="italics"/> H. E<emph type="italics"/>orum laminæ or<lb/>biculi figura<emph.end type="italics"/> L. C<emph type="italics"/>oria<emph.end type="italics"/> K. F<emph type="italics"/>oramina axis<emph.end type="italics"/> L. <lb/>B<emph type="italics"/>acilla quorum capita ma&longs;&longs;ulis plumbeis &longs;unt aggrauata<emph.end type="italics"/> M. <lb/>V<emph type="italics"/>ectis<emph.end type="italics"/> N.</s><pb pagenum="139"/><figure/><pb pagenum="140"/>

<s>Mi&longs;enæ M. D. LI.</s>

<s>Quarta &longs;iphonum &longs;pecies minus &longs;implex e&longs;t: nam con&longs;tat ex duobus uel <lb/>tribus &longs;iphonibus: quorum pila attollit machina, quam uer&longs;ant homines: <lb/>etenim cuique pilo e&longs;t dens, quem &longs;uculæ bini dentes uici&longs;&longs;im tollunt. </s>

<s>èludo illu&longs;tri.</s>

<s>Eam <lb/>duo uiri robu&longs;ti, uel quatuor, cogunt. </s>

<s>For completeness' sake we reproduce in the original Latin the laudation of Agricola <lb/>by his friend, Georgius Fabricius, a leading scholar of his time. </s>

<s>Sed cùm pila decidunt in fi&longs;tulas, eo<lb/>rum orbiculi hauriunt aquas: cùm attolluntur, ea&longs;dem aquas <expan abbr="exprim&utilde;t">exprimunt</expan> per <lb/>fi&longs;tulas. </s>

<s>It has but little intrinsic <lb/>value for it is not poetry of a very high order, and to make it acceptable English would require <lb/>certain improvements, for which only poets have license. </s>

<s>Cuiu&longs;que <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> pili &longs;uperior pars, quæ in foraminibus tignorum tran&longs;<lb/>uer&longs;ariorum continetur, quadrangula e&longs;t, & cra&longs;&longs;a atque lata &longs;emipedem: reli <lb/>qua, quæ in fi&longs;tulas incidit, & ex alio ligno facta e&longs;t, tota teres. </s>

<s>A “free” translation of the last <lb/>few lines indicates its complimentary character:—</s>

<s>Horum <expan abbr="tri&utilde;">trium</expan> <lb/>&longs;iphonum qui&longs;que ex duabus continentibus fi&longs;tulis, ad tigna putei affixis, <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>ponitur. </s>

<s>“He doth raise his country's fame with his own <lb/>And in the mouths of nations yet unborn <lb/>His praises shall be sung; Death comes to all <lb/>But great achievements raise a monument <lb/>Which shall endure until the sun grows cold.”</s><pb/>

<s>Verùm hæc machina altius aquas haurit, utpote ad pedes quatuor <lb/>& uiginti. </s>

<s>TO THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS <lb/>AND MOST MIGHTY DUKES OF <lb/>Saxony, Landgraves of Thuringia, Margraves of Meissen, <lb/>Imperial Overlords of Saxony, Burgraves of Altenberg <lb/>and Magdeburg, Counts of Brena, Lords of <lb/>Pleissnerland, To MAURICE Grand Marshall <lb/>and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire <lb/>and to his brother AUGUSTUS,<emph type="sup"/>1<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Si foramina fi&longs;tularum magna &longs;unt duo tantum modo &longs;iphones <lb/>fiunt: &longs;i paruæ, tres: ut utroque modo machina oneri par e&longs;&longs;e po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>GEORGE AGRICOLA S. D.</s>

<s>Idem de <lb/>cæteris machinis earumque fi&longs;tulis &longs;entiendum e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Most illustrious Princes, often have I considered <lb/>the metallic arts as a whole, as Moderatus Columella<emph type="sup"/>2<emph.end type="sup"/><lb/>considered the agricultural arts, just as if I <lb/>had been considering the whole of the human <lb/>body; and when I had perceived the various parts <lb/>of the subject, like so many members of the body, <lb/>I became afraid that I might die before I should <lb/>understand its full extent, much less before I <lb/>could immortalise it in writing. </s>

<s>Quoniam uerò hi &longs;ipho<lb/>nes ex duabus fi&longs;tulis con&longs;tant, pyxis ferrea, ut <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> prius dixi, cui e&longs;t foricu<lb/>la ferrea, non includitur in trunco, &longs;ed in q&longs;tula inferiore: & quidem ea par <lb/>te, qua ad &longs;uperiorem adnectitur: atque ita pili pars teres &longs;uperioris tantum<lb/>modo fi&longs;tulæ longitudinem habet. </s>

<s>This book <lb/>itself indicates the length and breadth of the subject, and the number <lb/>and importance of the sciences of which at least some little knowledge <lb/>is necessary to miners. </s>

<s>Sed hanc rem mox planius explicabo.</s>

<s>Indeed, the subject of mining is a very exten<lb/>sive one, and one very difficult to explain; no part of it is fully dealt <lb/>with by the Greek and Latin authors whose works survive; and since <lb/>the art is one of the most ancient, the most necessary and the most profitable <lb/>to mankind, I considered that I ought not to neglect it. </s>

<s>P<emph type="italics"/>ili dens<emph.end type="italics"/> A. S<emph type="italics"/>uculæ dentes<emph.end type="italics"/> B. P<emph type="italics"/>ili pars &longs;uperior quadran/ <lb/>gula<emph.end type="italics"/> C. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem pars inferior teres<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>igna tran&longs;uer<lb/>&longs;aria<emph.end type="italics"/> E. F<emph type="italics"/>iftulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> F. E<emph type="italics"/>ius apertura<emph.end type="italics"/> G. C<emph type="italics"/>analis<emph.end type="italics"/> H.</s><pb pagenum="141"/><figure/>

<s>Without doubt, <lb/>none of the arts is older than agriculture, but that of the metals is not <lb/>less ancient; in fact they are at least equal and coeval, for no mortal man ever <lb/>tilled a field without implements. </s>

<s>Sexta &longs;iphonum forma pror&longs;us eadem e&longs;&longs;et quæ quinta, ni&longs;i pro &longs;ucula <lb/>axem haberet, eamque non homines uer&longs;arent, &longs;ed rota, quam <expan abbr="aquar&utilde;">aquarum</expan> impe<lb/>tus, eius pinnas percutiens circumagit: qui quia longè &longs;uperat uires huma<lb/>nas hæc machina aquas ex puteo amplius <expan abbr="cent&utilde;">centum</expan> pedes alto orbiculis per fi<pb pagenum="142"/>&longs;tulas haurit. </s>

<s>In truth, in all the works of agricul<lb/>ture, as in the other arts, implements are used which are made from metals, <lb/>or which could not be made without the use of metals; for this reason <lb/>the metals are of the greatest necessity to man. </s>

<s>Infima <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> non modo huius &longs;iphonis, &longs;ed <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> <expan abbr="alior&utilde;">aliorum</expan> infimæ fi<lb/>&longs;tulæ pars, ne re&longs;egmina <expan abbr="lignor&utilde;">lignorum</expan>, uel aliud <expan abbr="quiddã">quiddam</expan>, in &longs;e trahens &longs;orbeat, ple <lb/>runque includi &longs;olet in corbe cra&longs;sis uiminibus contexta, & in lacuna po&longs;ita.</s>

<s>When an art is so poor that <lb/>it lacks metals, it is not of much importance, for nothing is made without <lb/>tools. </s>

<s>R<emph type="italics"/>ota<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>runcus cui in&longs;ictit in fima fi&longs;tula<emph.end type="italics"/> C. C<emph type="italics"/>orbis circundans truncum<emph.end type="italics"/> D.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="143"/>

<s>Besides, of all ways whereby great wealth is acquired by good and <lb/>honest means, none is more advantageous than mining; for although from <lb/>fields which are well tilled (not to mention other things) we derive rich yields, <lb/>yet we obtain richer products from mines; in fact, one mine is often much <lb/>more beneficial to us than many fields. </s>

<s>Septima &longs;iphonum &longs;pecies ab hinc annis decem inuenta cùm <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> ma <lb/>ximè artificio&longs;a & durabilis & utilis &longs;it, &longs;ine magno impendio confici po<lb/>te&longs;t, ea con&longs;tat ex pluribus &longs;iphonibus: qui &longs;imul, ut proximi, in puteum <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> <lb/>de&longs;cendunt, &longs;ed alter alteri quodammodo &longs;ubijcitur: etenim &longs;i tres fuerint, <lb/>ut e&longs;&longs;e &longs;olent, ultimus exorbet aquas putei, & eas in <expan abbr="prim&utilde;">primum</expan> <expan abbr="lacu&longs;cul&utilde;">lacu&longs;culum</expan> effun<lb/>dit: &longs;ecundus ex eo rur&longs;us exhau&longs;tas in &longs;ecundum transfundit: tertius in cu<lb/>niculi canalem: pila horum &longs;iphonum omnium rota pedes quindecim alta <lb/>attollit pariter pariterque deijcit: quam eius pinnæ, ab impetu riui, in <expan abbr="mont&etilde;">montem</expan> <lb/>deducti, percu&longs;&longs;æ, cogunt uer&longs;ari: rotæ radij in axe, longo pedes &longs;ex, cra&longs;&longs;o <lb/>pedem, inclu&longs;i &longs;unt: cuius utrunque caput circulo ferreo cingitur: &longs;ed in <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <lb/>quidem infixus e&longs;t codax, in alterum uerò <expan abbr="ferr&utilde;">ferrum</expan>, ut codacis po&longs;terior pars, <lb/>cra&longs;&longs;um digitum & tam latum quàm ip&longs;um caput e&longs;t: quod tamen teres & <lb/>circiter digitos tres cra&longs;&longs;um primò longitudine pedis recta extat, quatenus <lb/>obtinet locum codacis: mox curuatum & qua&longs;i lunatis obliquatum corni<lb/>bus altitudine pedis a&longs;&longs;urgit: deinde rur&longs;us pedem recta eminet: quo modo <lb/>fit ut hæc pars recta, cùm in orbem uoluitur, uici&longs;sim fiat pedem altior & hu <lb/>milior quàm illa. </s>

<s>For this reason we learn from the <lb/>history of nearly all ages that very many men have been made rich by the <lb/><pb pagenum="xxvi"/>mines, and the fortunes of many kings have been much amplified there<lb/>by. </s>

<s>Ex hac po&longs;teriore ferri teretis parte pendet primum pilum <lb/>latum: ip&longs;a enim in &longs;uperius i&longs;tius pili caput <expan abbr="perforat&utilde;">perforatum</expan>, ut clauus ferreus pri<lb/>marum chelarum in inferius infigitur. </s>

<s>But I will not now speak more of these matters, because I have <lb/>dealt with these subjects partly in the first book of this work, and partly in <lb/>the other work entitled <emph type="italics"/>De Veteribus et Novis Metallis,<emph.end type="italics"/> where I have refuted <lb/>the charges which have been made against metals and against miners. <lb/></s>

<s>Ne uerò pilum ex ea excidat, ut facilè <lb/>excidere pote&longs;t, &, cùm nece&longs;&longs;itas id po&longs;tulat, eximi &longs;olet, quod eius <expan abbr="foram&etilde;">foramen</expan> <lb/>latius &longs;it quàm ferri pars, utrinque clauo ferreo, in ip&longs;am infixo, coercetur: ne <lb/>ij atterant caput pili bracteis ferreis uel corijs intermedijs cauetur: tale <expan abbr="pil&utilde;">pilum</expan> <lb/>primum <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> e&longs;t circiter pedes duodecim, reliqua uerò duo pedes &longs;ex & <lb/>uiginti. </s>

<s>Now, though the art of husbandry, which I willingly rank with the art of <lb/>mining, appears to be divided into many branches, yet it is not separated <lb/>into so many as this art of ours, nor can I teach the principles of this as <lb/>easily as Columella did of that. </s>

<s>Sed quodque latum e&longs;t palmum, cra&longs;&longs;um digitos tres: utraque cuiu&longs;que<lb/>pars lata tecta & munita e&longs;t laminis ferreis: quæ cochleis item ferreis conti<lb/>nentur: ut pars, quæ uitium fecerit, refici po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>He had at hand many writers upon hus<lb/>bandry whom he could follow,—in fact, there are more than fifty Greek <lb/>authors whom Marcus Varro enumerates, and more than ten Latin ones, <lb/>whom Columella himself mentions. </s>

<s>At chelæ in axiculum inclu<lb/>&longs;æ &longs;unt teretem, longum &longs;e&longs;quipedem, cra&longs;&longs;um palmos duos: is utrinque cin<lb/>gitur circulo ferreo, ne codaces ferrei, qui in <expan abbr="tignor&utilde;">tignorum</expan> armillis ferreis uer&longs;an<lb/>tur, ex eo excidant: ex quo axiculo utraque chelarum pars lignea eminet lon<lb/>ga pedes duos, lata & cra&longs;&longs;a digitos &longs;ex. </s>

<s>I have only one whom I can follow; <lb/>that is C. </s>

<s>Altera ab altera di&longs;tat palmos tres: <lb/>utriu&longs;que rur&longs;us pars tam interior quàm exterior etiam laminis e&longs;t ferrata. </s>

<s>Plinius Secundus,<emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/> and he expounds only a very few methods of <lb/>digging ores and of making metals. </s>

<s>In <lb/>chelas uerò claui duo ferrei teretes et cra&longs;si digitos duos &longs;ic infixi &longs;unt, ut im <lb/>mobiles maneant. </s>

<s>Far from the whole of the art having <lb/>been treated by any one writer, those who have written occasionally on any <lb/>one or another of its branches have not even dealt completely with a single <lb/>one of them. </s>

<s>Eorum po&longs;terior per primi pili lati inferius & &longs;ecundi &longs;u <lb/>perius caput perforatum & immobile penetrat. </s>

<s>Moreover, there is a great scarcity even of these, since alone of <lb/>all the Greeks, Strato of Lampsacus,<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/> the successor of Theophrastus,<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/> wrote <lb/>a book on the subject, <emph type="italics"/>De Machinis Metallicis;<emph.end type="italics"/> except, perhaps a work by the <lb/>poet Philo, a small part of which embraced to some degree the occupation <lb/>of mining.<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/> Pherecrates seems to have introduced into his comedy, which <lb/>was similar in title, miners as slaves or as persons condemned to serve in the <lb/>mines. </s>

<s>Prior <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> &longs;imiliter immo<lb/>bilis per ferreum primi pili teretis caput item immobile & deflexum. </s>

<s>Of the Latin writers, Pliny, as I have already said, has described <lb/>a few methods of working. </s>

<s>I&longs;tiu&longs;<lb/>modi pilum quodque longum e&longs;t pedes tredecim, cra&longs;&longs;um digitos tres, & in <lb/>priorem cuiu&longs;que &longs;iphonis fi&longs;tulam de&longs;cendit tam profundè, ut eius orbicu<lb/>lus <expan abbr="foriculã">foriculam</expan> pyxidis ferè attingat. </s>

<s>Also among the authors I must include the modern <lb/>writers, whosoever they are, for no one should escape just condemnation <lb/>who fails to award due recognition to persons whose writings he uses, even <lb/>very slightly. </s>

<s>Quod cùm decidit in fi&longs;tulam, aquæ, per <lb/>orbiculi foramina penetrantes, corium attollunt: cùm &longs;ubleuatur, eædem <lb/>corium, quod ip&longs;as fert, <expan abbr="deprim&utilde;t">deprimunt</expan>. </s>

<s>Two books have been written in our tongue; the one on the <lb/>assaying of mineral substances and metals, somewhat confused, whose author <lb/>is unknown<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/>; the other “On Veins,” of which Pandulfus Anglus<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/> is also <lb/>said to have written, although the German book was written by Calbus of <lb/>Freiberg, a well-known doctor; but neither of them accomplished the task <lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="xxvii"/>he had begun.<emph type="sup"/>9<emph.end type="sup"/> Recently Vannucci Biringuccio, of Sienna, a wise man <lb/>experienced in many matters, wrote in vernacular Italian on the <lb/>subject of the melting, separating, and alloying of metals.<emph type="sup"/>10<emph.end type="sup"/> He <lb/>touched briefly on the methods of smelting certain ores, and explained <lb/>more fully the methods of making certain juices; by reading his <lb/>directions, I have refreshed my memory of those things which I myself <lb/>saw in Italy; as for many matters on which I write, he did not touch upon <lb/>them at all, or touched but lightly. </s>

<s>Foricula uerò pyxidem, ut foris ianuam, <lb/>claudit. </s>

<s>This book was given me by Franciscus <lb/>Badoarius, a Patrician of Venice, and a man of wisdom and of repute; this <lb/>he had promised that he would do, when in the previous year he was at <lb/>Marienberg, having been sent by the Venetians as an Ambassador to King <lb/>Ferdinand. </s>

<s>At fi&longs;tulæ coniunguntur duobus circulis ferreis, palmum latis, alte<lb/>ro interius, altero extrin&longs;ecus. </s>

<s>Beyond these books I do not find any writings on the metallic <lb/>arts. </s>

<s>Sed interiore utrinque acuto ut in utramque fi<lb/>&longs;tulam penetrare & eas <expan abbr="cõtinere">continere</expan> po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>For that reason, even if the book of Strato existed, from all these <lb/>sources not one-half of the whole body of the science of mining could be <lb/>pieced together.</s>

<s>Quanque nunc fi&longs;tulæ carentinterio <lb/>re circulo: &longs;ed habent commi&longs;&longs;uras, quibus <expan abbr="iung&utilde;tur">iunguntur</expan>. </s>

<s>Seeing that there have been so few who have written on the subject of the <lb/>metals, it appears to me all the more wonderful that so many alchemists have <lb/>arisen who would compound metals artificially, and who would change one <lb/>into another. </s>

<s>Etenim &longs;uperioris in<lb/>ferius caput <expan abbr="cõtinet">continet</expan>, inferioris caput &longs;uperius: utrunque enim ad altitudinem <pb pagenum="144"/>&longs;eptem digitorum exci&longs;um e&longs;t: <expan abbr="uer&utilde;">uerum</expan> illud interius, hoc extrin&longs;ecus, ut <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> <lb/>in <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> inire po&longs;sit, cùm <expan abbr="pil&utilde;">pilum</expan> incidit in <expan abbr="prior&etilde;">priorem</expan> <expan abbr="fi&longs;tulã">fi&longs;tulam</expan>, foricula illa clauditur: <lb/>cùm extrahitur, aperitur: ut aquæ pateat foramen. </s>

<s>Hermolaus Barbarus,<emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/> a man of high rank and station, and <lb/>distinguished in all kinds of learning, has mentioned the names of many in <lb/>his writings; and I will proffer more, but only famous ones, for I will limit myself <lb/>to a few. </s>

<s>Vnu&longs;qui&longs;que autem i&longs;tiu&longs;<lb/>modi &longs;iphonum con&longs;tat ex duabus fi&longs;tulis: quarum utraque longa e&longs;t pedes <lb/>duodecim: utriu&longs;que foramen <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> e&longs;t digitos &longs;eptem. </s>

<s>Thus Osthanes has written on <foreign lang="greek">xumeutika/;</foreign> and there are Hermes; <lb/>Chanes; Zosimus, the Alexandrian, to his sister Theosebia; Olympiodorus, <lb/>also an Alexandrian; Agathodæmon; Democritus, not the one of Abdera, <lb/>but some other whom I know not; Orus Chrysorichites, Pebichius, Comerius, <lb/>Joannes, Apulejus, Petasius, Pelagius, Africanus, Theophilus, Synesius, <lb/>Stephanus to Heracleus Cæsar, Heliodorus to Theodosius, Geber, Callides <lb/>Rachaidibus, Veradianus, Rodianus, Canides, Merlin, Raymond Lully, <lb/>Arnold de Villa Nova, and Augustinus Pantheus of Venice; and three women, <lb/>Cleopatra, the maiden Taphnutia, and Maria the Jewess.<emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/> All these alchemists <lb/>employ obscure language, and Johanes Aurelius Augurellus of Rimini, <lb/>alone has used the language of poetry. </s>

<s>Inferior in putei lacuna <lb/>uel in lacu&longs;culo collocatur, eiusque foramen inferius ob&longs;truitur ligno tereti: <lb/>&longs;upra quod fi&longs;tulæ circumcirca &longs;ex &longs;unt foramina, per quæ aqua in eam in<lb/>fluit. </s>

<s>There are many other books on <lb/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="xxviii"/>this subject, but all are difficult to follow, because the writers upon these <lb/>things use strange names, which do not properly belong to the metals, and <lb/>because some of them employ now one name and now another, invented by <lb/>themselves, though the thing itself changes not. </s>

<s>At &longs;uperioris fi&longs;tulæ pars &longs;uperior aperturam habet altam pedem, <expan abbr="latã">latam</expan> <lb/>palmum, per quam aqua effluit in lacu&longs;culum uel in canalem: qui&longs;que lacu&longs;cu <lb/>lus longus e&longs;t pedes duos, latus & altus unum. </s>

<s>These masters teach their <lb/>disciples that the base metals, when smelted, are broken up; also they teach <lb/>the methods by which they reduce them to the primary parts and <lb/>remove whatever is superfluous in them, and by supplying what is <lb/>wanted make out of them the precious metals—that is, gold and silver,— <lb/>all of which they carry out in a crucible. </s>

<s>Quot uerò &longs;unt &longs;iphones, <lb/>tot &longs;unt axiculi, tot chelæ, tot utriu&longs;que generis pila. </s>

<s>Whether they can do these things <lb/>or not I cannot decide; but, seeing that so many writers assure us with all <lb/>earnestness that they have reached that goal for which they aimed, it would <lb/>seem that faith might be placed in them; yet also seeing that we do not <lb/>read of any of them ever having become rich by this art, nor do we now see <lb/>them growing rich, although so many nations everywhere have produced, and <lb/>are producing, alchemists, and all of them are straining every nerve night and <lb/>day to the end that they may heap a great quantity of gold and silver, I should <lb/>say the matter is dubious. </s>

<s>Sed &longs;i tres fuerint &longs;ipho<lb/>nes duo tantummodo lacu&longs;culi &longs;unt, quòd lacuna putei & canalis cuniculi <lb/>in duorum locum &longs;uccedant. </s>

<s>But although it may be due to the carelessness <lb/>of the writers that they have not transmitted to us the names of the masters <lb/>who acquired great wealth through this occupation, certainly it is clear that <lb/>their disciples either do not understand their precepts or, if they do under<lb/>stand them, do not follow them; for if they do comprehend them, seeing that <lb/>these disciples have been and are so numerous, they would have by to-day filled <pb pagenum="xxix"/>whole towns with gold and silver. </s>

<s>Hæc autem machina &longs;ic aquas ex puteo hau<lb/>rit: rota uer&longs;ata primum pilum attollit: id &longs;ubleuat primas chelas: atque ita eti<lb/>am &longs;ecundum pilum latum & primum teres. </s>

<s>Even their books proclaim their vanity, for <lb/>they inscribe in them the names of Plato and Aristotle and other philosophers, <lb/>in order that such high-sounding inscriptions may impose upon simple people <lb/>and pass for learning. </s>

<s>Deinde &longs;ecundu latum &longs;ecun<lb/>das chelas, & &longs;ic tertium pilum latum et &longs;ecundum teres: tum tertium pilum <lb/>latum tertias chelas & tertium pilum teres. </s>

<s>There is another class of alchemists who do not <lb/>change the substance of base metals, but colour them to represent gold or silver, <lb/>so that they appear to be that which they are not, and when this appearance <lb/>is taken from them by the fire, as if it were a garment foreign to them, they <lb/>return to their own character. </s>

<s>Nam ex harum chelarum clauo <lb/>ferreo nullum pilum <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> pendet, quod nulla in re ultimo &longs;iphoni u&longs;ui e&longs;&longs;e <lb/>po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>These alchemists, since they deceive people, <lb/>are not only held in the greatest odium, but their frauds are a capital offence. <lb/></s>

<s>Contra uerò cùm primum latum decidit, quæque chelæ delabuntur, <lb/>quodque pilum latum, quodque teres. </s>

<s>No less a fraud, warranting capital punishment, is committed by a third sort <lb/>of alchemists; these throw into a crucible a small piece of gold or silver <lb/>hidden in a coal, and after mixing therewith fluxes which have the power of <lb/>extracting it, pretend to be making gold from orpiment, or silver from tin and <lb/>like substances. </s>

<s>Atque i&longs;ta ratione uno eodemque tempo<lb/>re aqua in lacu&longs;culos infunditur & ex ei&longs;dem exhauritur: ex lacuna uerò pu <lb/>tei &longs;olum exhauritur, in canalem cuniculi tantum infunditur. </s>

<s>But concerning the art of alchemy, if it be an art, I will <lb/>speak further elsewhere. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quinetiã">Quinetiam</expan> cir<lb/>cum axem longiorem duæ rotæ fieri po&longs;&longs;unt &longs;i riuus tantam aquarum copi <lb/>am &longs;uppeditauerit, quanta eas uer&longs;are po&longs;sit: atque ex utriu&longs;que ferri teretis par <lb/>te po&longs;teriore unum uel duo pila lata appendi po&longs;&longs;unt: quorum quodque tri<lb/>um &longs;yphonum pila <expan abbr="cõmoueat">commoueat</expan>. </s>

<s>I will now return to the art of mining.</s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t puteos, è quibus aquæ <lb/>fi&longs;tulis hauriuntur, e&longs;&longs;e rectos. </s>

<s>Since no authors have written of this art in its entirety, and since <lb/>foreign nations and races do not understand our tongue, and, if they did <lb/>understand it, would be able to learn only a small part of the art through the <lb/>works of those authors whom we do possess, I have written these twelve books <lb/><emph type="italics"/>De Re Metallica.<emph.end type="italics"/> Of these, the first book contains the arguments which may <lb/>be used against this art, and against metals and the mines, and what can be <lb/>said in their favour. </s>

<s>Nam omnes &longs;iphones, ut etiam aliæ machi<lb/>næ tractoriæ, quibus fi&longs;tulæ &longs;unt, aquas minus altè hauriunt, &longs;i fi&longs;tulæ obli<lb/>què in obliquis puteis locantur, quàm &longs;i rectà in rectis &longs;tatuantur.</s>

<s>The second book describes the miner, and branches into <pb pagenum="xxx"/>a discourse on the finding of veins. </s>

<s>P<emph type="italics"/>uteus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. V<emph type="italics"/>ltimus &longs;ipho<emph.end type="italics"/> B. L<emph type="italics"/>acu&longs;culus primus<emph.end type="italics"/> C. S<emph type="italics"/>ecundus &longs;ipho<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>L<emph type="italics"/>acu&longs;culus &longs;ecundus<emph.end type="italics"/> E. T<emph type="italics"/>ertius &longs;ipho<emph.end type="italics"/> F. C<emph type="italics"/>analis<emph.end type="italics"/> G. F<emph type="italics"/>errum in axe <lb/>inclu&longs;um<emph.end type="italics"/> H. P<emph type="italics"/>rimum pilum latum<emph.end type="italics"/> I. S<emph type="italics"/>ecundum pilum latum<emph.end type="italics"/> K. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ertium pilum latum<emph.end type="italics"/> L. P<emph type="italics"/>rimum pilum teres<emph.end type="italics"/> M. S<emph type="italics"/>ecundum pilum <lb/>teres<emph.end type="italics"/> N. T<emph type="italics"/>ertium pilum teres<emph.end type="italics"/> O. A<emph type="italics"/>xiculi<emph.end type="italics"/> P. C<emph type="italics"/>helæ<emph.end type="italics"/> <expan abbr="q.">que</expan></s><pb pagenum="145"/><figure/>

<s>The third book deals with veins and <lb/>stringers, and seams in the rocks. </s>

<s>Verùm &longs;i riuus tantam aquarum copiam, quanta machinam proximè <lb/><expan abbr="explicatã">explicatam</expan> uer&longs;are pote&longs;t, non &longs;uppeditat, quod uel natura loci fit, uel æ&longs;tiuo <pb pagenum="146"/>tempore, quo diuturnæ &longs;iccitates fuerint, accidit, machina con&longs;truitur, cui <lb/>tam humilis & leuis &longs;it rota, ut eam tantuli riui aqua circumagere po&longs;sit: ea<lb/>dem in canalem decidens ab eo delabitur in inferioris machinæ rotam <expan abbr="altã">altam</expan> <lb/>et grauem, quæ &longs;iphonibus è profundo puteo aquas haurit. </s>

<s>The fourth book explains the method of <lb/>delimiting veins, and also describes the functions of the mining officials. <lb/></s>

<s>Quia uerò tam <lb/>exigui riui aqua alteram rotam &longs;ola uer&longs;are nequit, eius axis initio uectibus <lb/>à duobus operarijs circumagitur, &longs;ed quamprimum aquas &longs;iphonibus hau <lb/>&longs;tas in lacum effuderit,, eas &longs;uperior machina &longs;uo &longs;iphone haurit, & in alte<lb/>rum canalem effundit, ex quo etiam influunt inferioris machinæ rotam, ei<lb/>usque pinnas percutiunt. </s>

<s>The fifth book describes the digging of ore and the surveyor's art. </s>

<s>Tam autem hæ aquæ quàm riui canalibus i&longs;tis de<lb/>cliuibus in altiorem illam & <expan abbr="grauior&etilde;">grauiorem</expan> inferioris machinæ, quæ duobus uel <lb/>tribus &longs;iphonibus aquas ex profundiore putei parte haurit, <expan abbr="rotã">rotam</expan> deductæ, <lb/>eam po&longs;&longs;unt conuertere.</s>

<s>The <lb/>sixth book describes the miners' tools and machines. </s>

<s>M<emph type="italics"/>achinæ &longs;uperioris rota<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>ius &longs;ipho<emph.end type="italics"/> B. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem canalis<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>achinæ inferioris rota<emph.end type="italics"/> D. E<emph type="italics"/>ius &longs;iphones<emph.end type="italics"/> E. A<emph type="italics"/>lter canalis<emph.end type="italics"/> F.</s><figure/>

<s>The seventh book is <lb/>on the assaying of ore. </s>

<s>Si uerò riuus tantam aquarum copiam &longs;uppeditat, quanta &longs;tatim <expan abbr="rotã">rotam</expan> al<lb/>tam & grauem uer&longs;are pote&longs;t, tum ad alterum axis caput fit tympanum den <lb/>tatum, id uer&longs;atum circumagit alterius axis tympanum, quod ex fu&longs;is con<lb/>&longs;tat, ei &longs;ubiectum: ad utrumque <expan abbr="eiu&longs;d&etilde;">eiu&longs;dem</expan> axis inferioris caput fit <gap/>rrum teres, & <lb/>qua&longs;i lunatis obliquatum cornibus, in i&longs;tiu&longs;modi machinis u&longs;itatum. </s>

<s>The eighth book lays down the rules for the work of <lb/>roasting, crushing, and washing the ore. </s>

<s>Hæc <lb/>autem quod utrinque &longs;iphonum ordines habeat permultas aquas haurit.</s><pb pagenum="147"/>

<s>The ninth book explains the <lb/>methods of smelting ores. </s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;uperior<emph.end type="italics"/> A. R<emph type="italics"/>ota cuius pinnas riui impetus percutit<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ympauum <lb/>dentatum<emph.end type="italics"/> C. A<emph type="italics"/>lter axis<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum quod ex fu&longs;is conctat<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>errum teres & curuatum<emph.end type="italics"/> F. S<emph type="italics"/>iphonum ordines<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="148"/>

<s>The tenth book instructs those who are studious <lb/>of the metallic arts in the work of separating silver from gold, and lead from <lb/>gold and silver. </s>

<s>At machinarum, quæ pilis aquas <expan abbr="hauri&utilde;t">hauriunt</expan>, item &longs;ex &longs;unt formæ nobis no<lb/>tæ: quarum prima &longs;ic &longs;e hab<gap/>. </s>

<s>The eleventh book shows the way of separating silver from <lb/>copper. </s>

<s>Sub &longs;ummo terræ corio uel cuniculo foditur <lb/>cauerna, ac undique robu&longs;tis tignis & a&longs;&longs;eribus &longs;ub&longs;truitur, ne ruinis uel ho<lb/>mines opprimantur uel machina frangatur. </s>

<s>The twelfth book gives us rules for manufacturing salt, soda, alum, <lb/>vitriol, sulphur, bitumen, and glass.</s>

<s>In ea cauerna &longs;ub&longs;tructa collo<lb/>catur rota, in axi angulato inclu&longs;a. </s>

<s>Although I have not fulfilled the task which I have undertaken, on account <lb/>of the great magnitude of the subject, I have, at all events, endeavoured to fulfil <lb/>it, for I have devoted much labour and care, and have even gone to some <lb/>expense upon it; for with regard to the veins, tools, vessels, sluices, machines, <lb/>and furnaces, I have not only described them, but have also hired illustrators <lb/>to delineate their forms, lest descriptions which are conveyed by words <lb/>should either not be understood by men of our own times, or should cause <lb/>difficulty to posterity, in the same way as to us difficulty is often caused by <lb/>many names which the Ancients (because such words were familiar to all of <lb/>them) have handed down to us without any explanation.</s>

<s>Axis autem codaces ferrei in dimidiatis <lb/>catillis item ferreis uer&longs;antur: qui in tignis <expan abbr="admod&utilde;">admodum</expan> robu&longs;tis inclu&longs;i &longs;unt. </s>

<s>I have omitted all those things which I have not myself seen, or have <pb pagenum="xxxi"/>not read or heard of from persons upon whom I can rely. </s>

<s><lb/>Rota uerò plerunque alta e&longs;t pedes quatuor et uiginti, rarò triginta, nihil di&longs;<lb/>&longs;imilis ad molendum frumentum fabricatæ: ni&longs;i quod paulò &longs;it angu&longs;tior: <lb/>axi ab altera parte <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> e&longs;t in medio <expan abbr="circ&utilde;circa">circuncirca</expan> excauatum, in quod mul <lb/>tæ fibulæ ferreæ quater curuatæ &longs;unt infixæ: in quib. </s>

<s>That which I have <lb/>neither seen, nor carefully considered after reading or hearing of, I have not <lb/>written about. </s>

<s>quia annuli <expan abbr="inhær&etilde;t">inhærent</expan> ca <lb/>tena ductaria per fi&longs;tulas extrahitur ex lacuna, rur&longs;usque in eandem demitti<lb/>tur per tigna excauata u&longs;que ad ad imum libramentum: orbis e&longs;t ferreus cir<lb/>cum axiculum ferreum: cuius uterque codax in cra&longs;&longs;i ferri, ad tignum affixi, ca <lb/>tillo uer&longs;atur: in quo tympano catena inuoluta aquas pilis hau&longs;tas per fi&longs;tu<lb/>las effert. </s>

<s>The same rule must be understood with regard to all my in<lb/>struction, whether I enjoin things which ought to be done, or describe things <lb/>which are usual, or condemn things which are done. </s>

<s>Quæque fi&longs;tula quinque ferreis circulis palmum latis & digitum cra&longs; <lb/>&longs;is cingitur: qui æqualia eius &longs;pacia diuidunt & muniunt, eorum primus ei <lb/>communis e&longs;t cum fi&longs;tula antecedente in qua includitur: ultimus cum <expan abbr="con-&longs;equ&etilde;te">con<lb/>&longs;equente</expan>, quæ in ea includitur: quæque fi&longs;tula, excepta prima, &longs;umma parte ex<lb/>trin&longs;ecus circumcirca longitudine digitorum &longs;eptem cra&longs;situdine trium ex<lb/>cauata e&longs;t, ut in eam quæ antecedit, in&longs;eri po&longs;&longs;it: quæque, excepta ultima, ima <lb/>parte interius circumcirca pari longitudine, &longs;ed cra&longs;&longs;itudine palmi, re&longs;ecta <lb/>e&longs;t ut eam quæ &longs;equitur recipere po&longs;&longs;it: quæque ferreis fibulis ad putei tigna <lb/>affigitur, ut immobilis maneat. </s>

<s>Since the art of mining <lb/>does not lend itself to elegant language, these books of mine are correspond<lb/>ingly lacking in refinement of style. </s>

<s>Per has continentes fi&longs;tulas aquæ pilis cate<lb/>næ ductariæ ex lacuna extrahuntur u&longs;que ad cunículum: ubi per &longs;upremæ fi<lb/>&longs;tulæ aperturam exprimuntur in canalem per quem <expan abbr="efflu&utilde;t">effluunt</expan>. </s>

<s>The things dealt with in this art of <lb/>metals sometimes lack names, either because they are new, or because, even <lb/>if they are old, the record of the names by which they were formerly known <lb/>has been lost. </s>

<s>Pilæ uerò quæ <lb/><expan abbr="duc&utilde;t">ducunt</expan> aquam, implicantur annulis ferreis catenæ ductariæ: di&longs;tatque una ab <lb/>altera pedibus &longs;ex: con&longs;tant ex caudæ equinæ pilis corio in&longs;utis, ne ferreis <lb/>tympani fibulis <expan abbr="euellãtur">euellantur</expan>: tantæ &longs;unt ut utraque manu capi po&longs;&longs;int. </s>

<s>For this reason I have been forced by a necessity, for which I <lb/>must be pardoned, to describe some of them by a number of words combined, <lb/>and to distinguish others by new names,—to which latter class belong <emph type="italics"/>Ingestor, <lb/>Discretor, Lotor,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Excoctor.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/> Other things, again, I have alluded to by old <lb/>names, such as the <emph type="italics"/>Cisium;<emph.end type="italics"/> for when Nonius Marcellus wrote,<emph type="sup"/>14<emph.end type="sup"/> this was <lb/>the name of a two-wheeled vehicle, but I have adopted it for a small vehicle <lb/>which has only one wheel; and if anyone does not approve of these names, <lb/>let him either find more appropriate ones for these things, or discover the <lb/>words used in the writings of the Ancients.</s>

<s>Si autem <lb/>hæc machina &longs;ub &longs;ummo terræ corio fuerit collocata, riuus, qui eius <expan abbr="circ&utilde;-agit">circun<lb/>agit</expan> rotam, per &longs;ubdiales canales deducitur: &longs;i &longs;ub cuniculo, per &longs;ubterrane<lb/>os. </s>

<s>These books, most illustrious Princes, are dedicated to you for many <lb/>reasons, and, above all others, because metals have proved of the greatest <lb/>value to you; for though your ancestors drew rich profits from the revenues <lb/>of their vast and wealthy territories, and likewise from the taxes which were <lb/>paid by the foreigners by way of toll and by the natives by way of tithes, yet <lb/>they drew far richer profits from the mines. </s>

<s>Itaque rotæ pinnæ, ab impetu fluminis percu&longs;&longs;æ, <expan abbr="progredi&etilde;tes">progredientes</expan> uer&longs;ant ro <lb/>tam: atque unà cum ea tympanum: quo modo catena ductaria extracta pilis <lb/>per fi&longs;tulas exprimit aquas. </s>

<s>Because of the mines not a few <lb/>towns have risen into eminence, such as Freiberg, Annaberg, Marienberg, <lb/>Schneeberg, Geyer, and Altenberg, not to mention others. </s>

<s>Huius machinæ rota &longs;i alta fuerit pedes quatu<lb/>or & uiginti ex puteo, alto pedes <expan abbr="duc&etilde;tos">ducentos</expan> & decem, extrahit aquas: &longs;i pedes <lb/>triginta, ex puteo alto pedes ducentos & quadraginta. </s>

<s>Nay, if I under<lb/>stand anything, greater wealth now lies hidden beneath the ground in the <lb/>mountainous parts of your territory than is visible and apparent above <lb/>ground. </s>

<s>Sed huic opus e&longs;t ri <lb/>uo cui maior uis aquarum &longs;it.</s>

<s>Farewell.</s>

<s>R<emph type="italics"/>ota<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. C<emph type="italics"/>odaces<emph.end type="italics"/> C. A<emph type="italics"/>rmillæ<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>n&longs;æ ferreæ<emph.end type="italics"/> F. C<emph type="italics"/>atena ductaria<emph.end type="italics"/> G. T<emph type="italics"/>igne<emph.end type="italics"/> H. <lb/>P<emph type="italics"/>ilæ<emph.end type="italics"/> I. F<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;tulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> K. C<emph type="italics"/>anales riui<emph.end type="italics"/> L.</s><pb pagenum="149"/><figure/>

<s><emph type="italics"/>Chemnitz, Saxony,<emph.end type="italics"/></s>

<s>Altera machina duo habet tympana, duos fi&longs;tularum ordines, duas cate <lb/>nas ductarias, quæ pilis aquas exprimunt. </s>

<s><emph type="italics"/>December First,<emph.end type="italics"/> 1550.<lb/></s><pb/>

<s>Cætera proximis pror&longs;us &longs;unt &longs;i<pb pagenum="150"/>milia. </s>

<s>Hæc machina <expan abbr="t&utilde;">tum</expan> con&longs;trui &longs;olet, cùm nimis multæ aquæ in <expan abbr="lacunã">lacunam</expan> con <lb/><expan abbr="fluxer&utilde;t">fluxerunt</expan>: atque has duas machinas uis <expan abbr="aquar&utilde;">aquarum</expan> uer&longs;at, omninoque aquæ <expan abbr="trah&utilde;t">trahunt</expan> <lb/>aquas. </s>

<s>Many persons hold the opinion that the metal indus<lb/>tries are fortuitous and that the occupation is one <lb/>of sordid toil, and altogether a kind of business <lb/>requiring not so much skill as labour. </s>

<s>Hoc uerò e&longs;tindicium accretionis et diminutionis aquarum, quas in <lb/>&longs;e continet lacuna &longs;ubterranea, &longs;iue eas aquas hæc a<gap/>era machina pilis hau<lb/>&longs;tas per fi&longs;tulas efferat, &longs;iue prima, &longs;iue tertia, aliaúe. </s>

<s>But as for <lb/>myself, when I reflect carefully upon its special <lb/>points one by one, it appears to be far otherwise. <lb/></s>

<s>Etrabis, quæ e&longs;t &longs;upra <lb/>puteum tam altum quàm profunda e&longs;t lacuna, altera parte lapis, a&longs;&longs;er altera, <lb/>uterque uno fune appen&longs;us. </s>

<s>For a miner must have the greatest skill in his <lb/>work, that he may know first of all what mountain <lb/>or hill, what valley or plain, can be prospected most <lb/>profitably, or what he should leave alone; moreover, he must understand the <lb/>veins, stringers<emph type="sup"/>1<emph.end type="sup"/> and seams in the rocks<emph type="sup"/>2<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s>

<s>Sed hic tamen ferreo filo, quod pendet ab altero <lb/>eius capite demittitur: & quidem lapis u&longs;que ad oris putei latus, a&longs;&longs;er uerò re<lb/>ctà per puteum in lacunam, cuius aquis innatat. </s>

<s>Then he must be thoroughly <lb/>familiar with the many and varied species of earths, juices<emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/>, gems, <lb/>stones, marbles, rocks, metals, and compounds<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s>

<s>Is a&longs;&longs;er tam grauis e&longs;t, ut <expan abbr="fil&utilde;">filum</expan> <lb/>ferreum, quod ip&longs;ius fibulam ferream hamulo prehendit, unà cum fune de<lb/>or&longs;um, lapidem &longs;ur&longs;um trahere po&longs;sit: itaque quo magis aqua decre&longs;cit, eo ma <lb/>gis a&longs;&longs;er deor&longs;um fertur, lapis &longs;ur&longs;um: quo uerò magis accre&longs;cit, eò magis <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>trà a&longs;&longs;er &longs;ur&longs;um fertur, lapis deor&longs;um. </s>

<s>He must also have a <lb/><lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="2"/>complete knowledge of the method of making all underground works<gap/><lb/>Lastly, there are the various systems of assaying<emph type="sup"/>5<emph.end type="sup"/> substances and o<gap/><lb/>preparing them for smelting; and here again there are many altogether<gap/><lb/>diverse methods. </s>

<s>Hic cùm ferè trabem contingit, quia &longs;i <lb/>gnum dat aquas ex lacuna pilis per fi&longs;tulas e&longs;&longs;e exhau&longs;tas, machinæ præfe<lb/>ctus riui canales occludit, rotamque &longs;i&longs;tit: cùm ferme terram, quæ e&longs;t ad oris <lb/>putei latus, attingit, quia &longs;ignificat lacunam e&longs;&longs;e aquis, quæ in eam rur&longs;us <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>fluxerunt, repletam (aquæ enim attollunt a&longs;&longs;erem, atque ita lapis & funem & <lb/>filum ferreum retrahit) idem præfectus canales recludit: quare aquæ riui ite <lb/>rum percutientes rotæ pinnas uer&longs;ant machinam. </s>

<s>For there is one method for gold and silver, another<gap/><lb/>for copper, another for quicksilver, another for iron, another for lead, and<gap/><pb pagenum="3"/>even tin and bismuth<emph type="sup"/>6<emph.end type="sup"/> are treated differently from lead. </s>

<s>Quoniam uerò operarij <lb/>plerunque anniuer&longs;arijs diebus fe&longs;tis non laborant, & profe&longs;tis non &longs;emper <lb/>prope machinam, atque ea, &longs;i res hoc po&longs;tulat, continenter trahit aquas, tinti<lb/>nabuli &longs;onus a&longs;siduè auditus declarat machinam hanc æquè ac primam in<lb/>tegram & nulla re <expan abbr="impeditã">impeditam</expan> uer&longs;ari: id ex axiculo ligneo, quem <expan abbr="cõtinent">continent</expan> tra <lb/>bes, quæ &longs;unt &longs;upra <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan>, funiculo appen&longs;um e&longs;t. </s>

<s>Although the <lb/>evaporation of juices is an art apparently quite distinct from metallurgy, <lb/>yet they ought not to be considered separately, inasmuch as these juices <lb/>are also often dug out of the ground solidified, or they are produced from <lb/>certain kinds of earth and stones which the miners dig up, and some of the <lb/>juices are not themselves devoid of metals. </s>

<s>Alter uerò funiculus lon <lb/>gus, cuius &longs;uperius caput ad axiculum religatum e&longs;t, demittitur in puteum: <lb/>inferiori eius capiti alligatum e&longs;t lignum: quod quoties axis manus percu<lb/>tiunt, toties tintinabulum <expan abbr="cõmotum">commotum</expan> &longs;onitum reddit. </s>

<s>Again, their treatment is not <lb/>simple, since there is one method for common salt, another for soda<emph type="sup"/>7<emph.end type="sup"/>, <lb/>another for alum, another for vitriol<emph type="sup"/>8<emph.end type="sup"/>, another for sulphur, and another <lb/>for bitumen.</s>

<s>Tertia <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> i&longs;tius ge<lb/>neris machina tunc utuntur metallici, cùm nullus riuus, qui uer&longs;et rotam, de <lb/>duci pote&longs;t: cuius hæc e&longs;t fabrica. </s>

<s>Furthermore, there are many arts and sciences of which a miner should <lb/>not be ignorant. </s>

<s>Cauernam primò fodiunt: quam etiam ro <lb/>bu&longs;tis tignis & a&longs;&longs;eribus con&longs;truunt, ne latera ruinas edant, quæ <expan abbr="labefact&etilde;t">labefactent</expan> <lb/>machinam & homines lædant. </s>

<s>First there is Philosophy, that he may discern the origin, <lb/>cause, and nature of subterranean things; for then he will be able to dig <lb/>out the veins easily and advantageously, and to obtain more abundant results <lb/>from his mining. </s>

<s>At &longs;uperiorem cauernæ partem contegunt <lb/>tignis: ut equi machinam trahentes per ea po&longs;sint incedere. </s>

<s>Secondly, there is Medicine, that he may be able to look <lb/>after his diggers and other workmen, that they do not meet with those <lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="4"/>diseases to which they are more liable than workmen in other occupations, <lb/>or if they do meet with them, that he himself may be able to heal them or <lb/>may see that the doctors do so. </s>

<s>Deinde <expan abbr="iter&utilde;">iterum</expan> ti<lb/>gna ad &longs;edecim, longa pedes quadraginta, lata & cra&longs;&longs;a pedem unum, fibu<lb/>lis in &longs;ummo <expan abbr="cõiuncta">coniuncta</expan>, in imo diuaricata erigunt: eorumque &longs;ingulorum infe <lb/>riora capita in &longs;ingulorum tignorum humi &longs;tratorum formis includunt, & <lb/>tertio quodam connectunt: quo modo rur&longs;us fit area circuli &longs;peciem <expan abbr="hab&etilde;s">habens</expan>, <lb/>cuius linea dimetiens &longs;it <expan abbr="ped&utilde;">pedum</expan> quinquaginta. </s>

<s>Thirdly follows Astronomy, that he may <lb/>know the divisions of the heavens and from them judge the direction of <lb/>the veins. </s>

<s>Per foramen, quod e&longs;t in me<lb/>dia area, de&longs;cendit axis quadrangulus &longs;tatutus, longus pedes quinque & qua <lb/>draginta, cra&longs;&longs;us & latus &longs;e&longs;quipedem: cuius codax inferior uoluitur in catil <lb/>lo tigni humi in cauerna &longs;trati, &longs;uperior in catillo tigni, quod in &longs;ummo &longs;ub <lb/>fibula in formis duorum tignorum erectorum e&longs;t inclu&longs;um. </s>

<s>Fourthly, there is the science of Surveying that he may be able <lb/>to estimate how deep a shaft should be sunk to reach the tunnel which is <lb/>being driven to it, and to determine the limits and boundaries in these <lb/>workings, especially in depth. </s>

<s>Catillus inferi<lb/>or di&longs;tat ab altero cauernæ latere, item ab eiu&longs;dem fronte & à tergo pedes <lb/>XVII. axi ad pedem &longs;upra inferius caput e&longs;t rota dentata: cuius linea dimeti<lb/>ens habet pedes XXII. </s>

<s>Fifthly, his knowledge of Arithmetical Science <lb/>should be such that he may calculate the cost to be incurred in the <lb/>machinery and the working of the mine. </s>

<s>Ea rota con&longs;tat ex quatuor radijs & octo curuaturis. </s>

<s>Sixthly, his learning must comprise <lb/>Architecture, that he himself may construct the various machines and timber <lb/>work required underground, or that he may be able to explain the method <lb/>of the construction to others. </s>

<s><lb/>Radij &longs;unt longi pedes XV. cra&longs;si & lati dodrantem: quorum alterum caput <pb pagenum="151"/>inclu&longs;um e&longs;t in axe, alterum in formis duorum curuaturarum, qua parte <expan abbr="cõ-iunguntur">con<lb/>iunguntur</expan>. </s>

<s>Next, he must have knowledge of Drawing, <lb/>that he can draw plans of his machinery. </s>

<s>Hæ curuaturæ cra&longs;&longs;æ &longs;unt dodrantem, latæ pedem: ex quibus <lb/>&longs;ur&longs;um uer&longs;us eminent & extant dentes recti, alti dodrantem, lati <expan abbr="&longs;emiped&etilde;">&longs;emipedem</expan>, <lb/>cra&longs;&longs;i digitos &longs;ex: qui uer&longs;ant tympanum alterius axis &longs;trati, id con&longs;tat ex du <lb/>odecim fu&longs;is, longis pedes tres, latis & cra&longs;&longs;is digitos &longs;ex: quod <expan abbr="circumact&utilde;">circumactum</expan> <lb/>uoluit axem, circum quem e&longs;t tympanum, habens fibulas ferreas quater cur <lb/>uatas: in quibus annuli catenæ ductariæ, quæ pilis per fi&longs;tulas haurit <expan abbr="aquã">aquam</expan>, <lb/>inhærent. </s>

<s>Lastly, there is the Law, especially <lb/>that dealing with metals, that he may claim his own rights, that he may <lb/>undertake the duty of giving others his opinion on legal matters, that he <lb/>may not take another man's property and so make trouble for himself, and <lb/>that he may fulfil his obligations to others according to the law.</s>

<s>Huius axis &longs;trati codaces ferrei in armillis, quæ in medio trabium <lb/>&longs;unt inclu&longs;æ, uer&longs;antur. </s>

<s>It is therefore necessary that those who take an interest in the methods <lb/>and precepts of mining and metallurgy should read these and others of our <lb/>books studiously and diligently; or on every point they should consult <lb/>expert mining people, though they will discover few who are skilled in the <lb/>whole art. </s>

<s>Supra loculamentum rotæ in axis &longs;tatuti formis ca<lb/>pita duorum <expan abbr="tignor&utilde;">tignorum</expan> obliquè a&longs;cendentium inclu&longs;a fibulantur. </s>

<s>As a rule one man understands only the methods of mining, <lb/>another possesses the knowledge of washing<emph type="sup"/>9<emph.end type="sup"/>, another is experienced in the <lb/>art of smelting, another has a knowledge of measuring the hidden parts of <lb/>the earth, another is skilful in the art of making machines, and finally, <lb/>another is learned in mining law. </s>

<s>Eorundem <lb/>uerò capita &longs;uperiora <expan abbr="&longs;u&longs;tin&etilde;t">&longs;u&longs;tinent</expan> tigna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria duplicata, item in eius for<lb/>mis inclu&longs;a. </s>

<s>But as for us, though we may not have <lb/>perfected the whole art of the discovery and preparation of metals, at least <lb/>we can be of great assistance to persons studious in its acquisition.</s>

<s>In altero autem tigni tran&longs;uer&longs;arij capite inclu&longs;um e&longs;t tigillum, <lb/>quod qua&longs;i ex duplicato pendet: cui &longs;imiliter inferius tignum curtum e&longs;t in <lb/>clu&longs;um. </s>

<s>But let us now approach the subject we have undertaken. </s>

<s>Id uerò habet ferreum clauum, qui recipit catenam, atque ea rur&longs;us &longs;ta <lb/>teram. </s>

<s>Since there <lb/>has always been the greatest disagreement amongst men concerning metals <lb/>and mining, some praising, others utterly condemning them, therefore I have <lb/>decided that before imparting my instruction, I should carefully weigh <lb/>the facts with a view to discovering the truth in this matter.</s>

<s>Hanc machinam, quæ extrahit aquas ex puteo, alto pedes ducentos <lb/>& quadraginta, duo & triginta equi circumagunt: atque eorum octo quatu<lb/>or horis: deinde hi quie&longs;cunt duodecim horis, & totidem in eorum locum <lb/>&longs;uccedunt. </s>

<s>So I may begin with the question of utility, which is a two-fold one, <lb/>for either it may be asked whether the art of mining is really profitable or <lb/>not to those who are engaged in it, or whether it is useful or not to the rest <lb/>of mankind. </s>

<s>Talis autem machina ad radices Meliboci montis & in uicin is <lb/>locis e&longs;t u&longs;itata. </s>

<s>Those who think mining of no advantage to the men who follow <lb/>the occupation assert, first, that scarcely one in a hundred who dig metals or <lb/>other such things derive profit therefrom; and again, that miners, because they <lb/>entrust their certain and well-established wealth to dubious and slippery <lb/>fortune, generally deceive themselves, and as a result, impoverished by <pb pagenum="5"/>expenses and losses, in the end spend the most bitter and most miserable of <lb/>lives. </s>

<s>Quin, &longs;i res hoc po&longs;tulat, plures eiu&longs;modi machinæ unius <lb/>uenæ fodiendæ gratia, &longs;ed alia alio in loco profundiore &longs;olent con&longs;trui: ut <lb/>in Carpato monte Schemnicij tres: quarum infima ex infima lacuna trahit <lb/>aquas ad primos canales, per quos in &longs;ecundam lacunam influunt: media ex <lb/>&longs;ecunda lacuna ad &longs;ecundos canales, è quibus in tertiam lacunam defluunt: <lb/>&longs;uprema ex terra ad cuniculi canales, per quos effluunt. </s>

<s>But persons who hold these views do not perceive how much a learned <lb/>and experienced miner differs from one ignorant and unskilled in the art. <lb/></s>

<s>Eiu&longs;modi tres ma<lb/>chinas circumagunt equi &longs;ex & nonaginta: qui per puteum decliuem & co<lb/>chleæ in&longs;tar contortum gradibus de&longs;cendunt ad machinas: quarum infima <lb/>in loco profundo e&longs;t collocata: qui di&longs;tat à &longs;ubdiali terræ corio ad pedes &longs;ex <lb/>centos & &longs;exaginta.</s>

<s>The latter digs out the ore without any careful discrimination, while the <lb/>former first assays and proves it, and when he finds the veins either too <lb/>narrow and hard, or too wide and soft, he infers therefrom that these cannot <lb/>be mined profitably, and so works only the approved ones. </s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tatutus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. R<emph type="italics"/>ota dentata<emph.end type="italics"/> B. D<emph type="italics"/>entes<emph.end type="italics"/> C. A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tratus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>D. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum, quod con&longs;tat ex fu&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> E. A<emph type="italics"/>lterum tympa<lb/>num<emph.end type="italics"/> F. C<emph type="italics"/>atena ductaria<emph.end type="italics"/> G. P<emph type="italics"/>ilæ<emph.end type="italics"/> H.</s><pb pagenum="152"/><figure/>

<s>What wonder <lb/>then if we find the incompetent miner suffers loss, while the competent one <lb/>is rewarded by an abundant return from his mining? </s>

<s>Ex eodem genere e&longs;t quarta machinæ &longs;pecies, quæ ita fit. </s>

<s>The same thing <lb/>applies to husbandmen. </s>

<s>Duo tigna &longs;ta<lb/>tuuntur, in quorum foraminib. </s>

<s>For those who cultivate land which is alike arid, <lb/>heavy, and barren, and in which they sow seeds, do not make so great a <lb/>harvest as those who cultivate a fertile and mellow soil and sow their grain <lb/>in that. </s>

<s>&longs;uculæ capita uoluuntur: eam duo uel qua<pb pagenum="153"/>tuor robu&longs;ti uiri circumagunt: unu<gap/> enim uel duo trahunt uectes, unus uel <lb/>duo eo&longs;dem trudunt, atque ita illos iuuant. </s>

<s>And since by far the greater number of miners are unskilled rather <lb/>than skilled in the art, it follows that mining is a profitable occupation to <lb/>very few men, and a source of loss to many more. </s>

<s>Vici&longs;&longs;im <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> alij duo uel quatuor <lb/>in eorum <expan abbr="loc&utilde;">locum</expan> &longs;uccedunt. </s>

<s>Therefore the mass of <lb/>miners who are quite unskilled and ignorant in the knowledge of veins not <lb/>infrequently lose both time and trouble<emph type="sup"/>10<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s>

<s>Sucula i&longs;tius machinæ, non aliter ac&longs;tratus <expan abbr="aliar&utilde;">aliarum</expan> <lb/><expan abbr="machinar&utilde;">machinarum</expan> axis, habet <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, in cuius item fibulis ferreis annuli catenæ <lb/>ductariæ inhærentes aquas pilis per fi&longs;tulas hauriunt, altitudine <expan abbr="ped&utilde;">pedum</expan> octo <lb/>& quadraginta. </s>

<s>Such men are accustomed for the <lb/>most part to take to mining, either when through being weighted with the <lb/>fetters of large and heavy debts, they have abandoned a business, or desiring to <lb/>change their occupation, have left the reaping-hook and plough; and so <lb/>if at any time such a man discovers rich veins or other abounding mining <lb/>produce, this occurs more by good luck than through any knowledge on his <lb/>part. </s>

<s>Altius enim eas extrahere <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> po&longs;&longs;unt humanæ uires, quòd <lb/>labor ille maximus non homines modo, &longs;ed etiam equos defatiget. </s>

<s>We learn from history that mining has brought wealth to many, for <lb/>from old writings it is well known that prosperous Republics, not a few kings, <lb/>and many private persons, have made fortunes through mines and their <lb/>produce. </s>

<s>Nam &longs;o <lb/>la aqua rotam, cui e&longs;t eiu&longs;modi <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, continenter pote&longs;t impellere: plu<lb/>res e<gap/>am i&longs;tius generis machinæ, ut proximæ, unius uenæ <expan abbr="fodi&etilde;dæ">fodiendæ</expan> gratia, <lb/>&longs;ed alia alio in loco profundiore &longs;olent con&longs;trui.</s>

<s>This subject, by the use of many clear and illustrious examples, I <lb/>have dilated upon and explained in the first Book of my work entitled “<emph type="italics"/>De <lb/>Veteribus et Novis Metallis,<emph.end type="italics"/>” from which it is evident that mining is very <lb/>profitable to those who give it care and attention.</s>

<s>S<emph type="italics"/>ucula<emph.end type="italics"/> A. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. C<emph type="italics"/>atena ductaria<emph.end type="italics"/> C. P<emph type="italics"/>ilæ<emph.end type="italics"/> D. F<emph type="italics"/>ibulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> E.</s><figure/>

<s>Again, those who condemn the mining industry say that it is not in the <lb/>least stable, and they glorify agriculture beyond measure. </s>

<s>Quinta machina partim tertiæ &longs;imilis e&longs;t, partim quartæ. </s>

<s>But I do not see <lb/>how they can say this with truth, for the silver-mines at Freiberg in Meissen <lb/>remain still unexhausted after 400 years, and the lead mines of Goslar after 600 <lb/>years. </s>

<s>Nam à uiris ro<lb/>bu&longs;tis ut hæc circumagitur: ut illa duos habet axes, quanque utrunque <expan abbr="&longs;trat&utilde;">&longs;tratum</expan>, <lb/>& tria tympana utriu&longs;que axis codaces &longs;ic in <expan abbr="tignor&utilde;">tignorum</expan> armillis inclu&longs;i &longs;unt, ut <lb/>exilirene <expan abbr="queãt">queant</expan>. </s>

<s>The proof of this can be found in the monuments of history. </s>

<s>Inferiori <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> axi altera parte &longs;unt uectes, altera <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> den <lb/>tatum: &longs;uperiori altera tympanum quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat, altera id, in quo fi<lb/>bulæ ferreæ &longs;unt infixæ: quibus annuli catenæ ductariæ &longs;imiliter inhæren<lb/>tes aquas pilis per fi&longs;tulas eadem altitudine hauriunt. </s>

<s>The <lb/>gold and silver mines belonging to the communities of Schemnitz and <lb/>Cremnitz have been worked for 800 years, and these latter are said to be <lb/>the most ancient privileges of the inhabitants. </s>

<s>Hanc machinam uo<lb/>lubilem duo uirorum paria uici&longs;&longs;im uer&longs;ant: alterum &longs;tans laborat, alterum <pb pagenum="154"/>feriatum &longs;edet: dum munus uoluendi exercent, unus uectes trahit, alter tru<lb/>dit, tympana ad machinam facilius circumagendam adiuuant.</s>

<s>Some then say the profit <lb/>from an individual mine is unstable, as if forsooth, the miner is, or ought to <lb/>be dependent on only one mine, and as if many men do not bear in common <lb/>their expenses in mining, or as if one experienced in his art does not dig <lb/>another vein, if fortune does not amply respond to his prayers in the first <lb/>case. </s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>xes<emph.end type="italics"/> A. V<emph type="italics"/>ectes<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum dentatum<emph.end type="italics"/> C. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum <lb/>ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tans<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum in quo infixæ &longs;unt fibulæ ferreæ<emph.end type="italics"/> E.</s><figure/>

<s>The New Schönberg at Freiberg has remained stable beyond the <lb/>memory of man<emph type="sup"/>11<emph.end type="sup"/>.<lb/></s><pb pagenum="6"/>

<s>Sextæ machinæ item duo &longs;unt axes: inferior altera parte habet <expan abbr="rotã">rotam</expan>, quæ <lb/>à duobus calcantibus uer&longs;atur, altam pedes tres & uiginti, latam quatuor, <lb/>ut alter iuxta alterum &longs;tare po&longs;&longs;it: altera tympanum dentatum. </s>

<s>It is not my intention to detract anything from the dignity of agri<lb/>culture, and that the profits of mining are less stable I will always and readly <lb/>admit, for the veins do in time cease to yield metals, whereas the fields bring <lb/>lorth fruits every year. </s>

<s>Inferiori ue<lb/>rò &longs;unt duo tympana & una rota: alterum tympanum ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat, in al<lb/>tero infixæ &longs;unt fibulæ ferreæ. </s>

<s>But though the business of mining may be loss <lb/>reliable it is more productive, so that in reckoning up, what is wanting in <lb/>stability is found to be made up by productiveness. </s>

<s>Rota &longs;imilis e&longs;t ei, quam habet &longs;ecunda ma<lb/>china, quæ terras & <expan abbr="&longs;axor&utilde;">&longs;axorum</expan> fragmenta poti&longs;simùm ex puteis extrahit. </s>

<s>Indeed, the yearly <lb/>profit of a lead mine in comparison with the fruitfulness of the best fields, <lb/>is three times or at least twice as great. </s>

<s>Cal<lb/>cantes autem ne cadant manibus prehendunt perticas, ad rotæ latera interi <lb/>us affixas: quam cùm uer&longs;ant tympanum dentatum &longs;imul circumactum im<lb/>pellit alterum, quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat, quo modo rur&longs;us annuli catenæ ducta <lb/>riæ tertij tympani fibulis inhærentes aquas pilis per fi&longs;tulas hauriunt altitu <lb/>dine pedum &longs;ex & &longs;exaginta.</s>

<s>How much does the profit from <lb/>gold or silver mines exceed that earned from agriculture? </s>

<s>A<emph type="italics"/>xes<emph.end type="italics"/> A. R<emph type="italics"/>ota quæ calcatur<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum dentatum<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum exfu&longs;is con&longs;tans<emph.end type="italics"/> D. T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum, in quo infixæ <lb/>&longs;unt fibulæ ferreæ<emph.end type="italics"/> E. A<emph type="italics"/>ltera rota<emph.end type="italics"/> F. P<emph type="italics"/>ilæ<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><pb pagenum="155"/><figure/>

<s>Wherefore truly <lb/>and shrewdly does Xenophon<emph type="sup"/>12<emph.end type="sup"/> write about the Athenian silver mines: <lb/>“There is land of such a nature that if you sow, it does not yield crops, <lb/>but if you dig, it nourishes many more than if it had borne fruit.” So let <lb/>the farmers have for themselves the fruitful fields and cultivate the fertile <lb/>hills for the sake of their produce; but let them leave to miners the gloomy <lb/>valleys and sterile mountains, that they may draw forth from these, gens <lb/>and metals which can buy, not only the crops, but all things that are sold.</s>

<s>Sed machina, <expan abbr="omni&utilde;">omnium</expan> quæ aquas trahunt maxima, &longs;ic con&longs;truitur. </s>

<s>The critics say further that mining is a perilous occupation to pursue, <lb/>because the miners are sometimes killed by the pestilential air which they <lb/>breathe; sometimes their lungs rot away; sometimes the men perish by being <lb/>crushed in masses of rock; sometimes, falling from the ladders into the <lb/>shafts, they break their arms, legs, or necks; and it is added there is no com<lb/>pensation which should be thought great enough to equalize the extreme <lb/>dangers to safety and life. </s>

<s>Primò <lb/>ca&longs;tellum in cauerna &longs;ub&longs;tructa collocatur, <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> pedes XVIII. <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> & <expan abbr="alt&utilde;">altum</expan> <pb pagenum="156"/>pedes XII. in &qring;d riuus per &longs;ubdiales canales aut <expan abbr="cunicul&utilde;">cuniculum</expan> deducitur. </s>

<s>These occurrences, I confess, are of exceeding <lb/>gravity, and moreover, fraught with terror and peril, so that I should con<lb/>sider that the metals should not be dug up at all, if such things were to happen <lb/>very frequently to the miners, or if they could not safely guard against such <lb/>risks by any means. </s>

<s>Ca&longs;tel<lb/>lo &longs;untduo o&longs;tia et <expan abbr="totid&etilde;">totidem</expan> fores, habentes &longs;uperiori parte uectes, quib. </s>

<s>Who would not prefer to live rather than to possess <lb/>all things, even the metals? </s>

<s>leuari <lb/>in antis excauatis et rur&longs;us demitti po&longs;&longs;unt, ut illo modo o&longs;tia <expan abbr="re&longs;erãtur">re&longs;erantur</expan>, hoc <lb/>claudantur. </s>

<s>For he who thus perishes possesses nothing, <lb/>but relinquishes all to his heirs. </s>

<s>Sub o&longs;tijs &longs;unt duo canales, ex a&longs;&longs;erib. </s>

<s>But since things like this rarely happen, <lb/>and only in so far as workmen are careless, they do not deter miners from <lb/>carrying on their trade any more than it would deter a carpenter from his, <lb/>because one of his mates has acted incautiously and lost his life by falling <lb/>from a high building. </s>

<s>facti: qui <expan abbr="excipi&utilde;t">excipiunt</expan> <expan abbr="aquã">aquam</expan> è <lb/>ca&longs;tello <expan abbr="effluent&etilde;">effluentem</expan>, eamque in rotæ pinnas <expan abbr="infund&utilde;t">infundunt</expan>: quo impetu percu&longs;&longs;æ uer <lb/>&longs;ant rotam: breuior defert aquas, quæ percutiunt pinnas rotam uoluentes <lb/>uer&longs;us ca&longs;tellum: longior eas, quæ percutiunt pinnas rotam uer&longs;antes in <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>trariam partem. </s>

<s>I have thus answered each argument which critics are <lb/>wont to put before me when they assert that mining is an undesirable occuppa<lb/>tion, because it involves expense with uncertainty of return, because it is <lb/>changeable, and because it is dangerous to those engaged in it.</s>

<s>Rotæ autem theca &longs;iue loculamentum con&longs;tat ex contigna<lb/>tione, ad quam etiam interius affixæ &longs;unt tabulæ. </s>

<s>Now I come to those critics who say that mining is not useful to the <lb/>rest of mankind because forsooth, gems, metals, and other mineral products <lb/>are worthless in themselves. </s>

<s>Ip&longs;a rota e&longs;t alta pedes &longs;ex <lb/>& triginta, atque inclu&longs;a in axi. </s>

<s>This admission they try to extort from us, <lb/>partly by arguments and examples, partly by misrepresentations and abuse of <lb/>us. </s>

<s>Habet uerò duplices, ut iam dixi, pinnas: qua<lb/>rum alteræ alteris &longs;itu &longs;unt oppo&longs;itæ, ut rota modo uer&longs;us ca&longs;tellum uer&longs;ari <lb/>po&longs;&longs;it, modo retro contrario motu. </s>

<s>First, they make use of this argument: “The earth does not conceal <lb/>and remove from our eyes those things which are useful and necessary to <pb pagenum="7"/>mankind, but on the contrary, like a beneficent and kindly mother she yields <lb/>in large abundance from her bounty and brings into the light of day the <lb/>herbs, vegetables, grains, and fruits, and the trees. </s>

<s>Axis quadrangulus e&longs;t et longus pedes <lb/>XXXV. cra&longs;&longs;us & latus pedes duos: cui po&longs;t rotam ad pedes &longs;ex &longs;unt quatu<lb/>or orbes alti & cra&longs;&longs;i pedem: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> unu&longs;qui&longs;que ab alio di&longs;tat pedibus qua<lb/>tuor. </s>

<s>The minerals on the <lb/>other hand she buries far beneath in the depth of the ground; therefore, <lb/>they should not be sought. </s>

<s>Ad hos affixa &longs;unt clauis ferreis tot tigna, ut eos orbes omnes conte<lb/>gant. </s>

<s>But they are dug out by wicked men who, as <lb/>the poets say, are the products of the Iron Age.” Ovid censures their <lb/>audacity in the following lines:—</s>

<s>Vt autem continenter collocari po&longs;sint, in &longs;ummo &longs;unt latiora, in imo <lb/>angu&longs;tiora: atque i&longs;to modo fit unum tympanum, circa quod uer&longs;atur catena <lb/>ductaria, cuius capitibus implicati &longs;unt unci bulgas prehendentes. </s>

<s>“And not only was the rich soil required to furnish corn and due <lb/>sustenance, but men even descended into the entrails of the earth, and <lb/>they dug up riches, those incentives to vice, which the earth had hidden <lb/>and had removed to the Stygian shades. </s>

<s>Tale ue<lb/>rò tympanum iccirco conficitur, ut axis integer maneat. </s>

<s>Then destructive iron came <lb/>forth, and gold, more destructive than iron; then war came forth.”<emph type="sup"/>13<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Id enim cum u&longs;u de <lb/>teritur facile reparari pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>Another of their arguments is this: Metals offer to men no advantages, <lb/>therefore we ought not to search them out. </s>

<s>Non longè præterea ab axis capite e&longs;t alterum <lb/>tympanum altum undique circum axem pedes duos, latum unum, huic har<lb/>pago, quoties res po&longs;tulat, impactus machinam retinet: qui qualis &longs;it &longs;uprà <lb/>explicaui. </s>

<s>For whereas man is composed <lb/>of soul and body, neither is in want of minerals. </s>

<s>Ad axem infundibuli loco e&longs;t tabulatum aliquantum decliue, ha <lb/>bens in fronte uenæ latitudinem quindecim pedum, & totidem in tergo: in <lb/>cuius utraque parte palus e&longs;t robu&longs;tus, habens catenam ferream, cui grandis <lb/>e&longs;t uncus. </s>

<s>The sweetest food of the <lb/>soul is the contemplation of nature, a knowledge of the finest arts and sciences, <lb/>an understanding of virtue; and if he interests his mind in excellent things, <lb/>if he exercise his body, he will be satisfied with this feast of noble thoughts and <lb/>knowledge, and have no desire for other things. </s>

<s>Hanc <expan abbr="machinã">machinam</expan> quinque homines gnbernant: unus qui fores demit <lb/>tens o&longs;tia ca&longs;telli occludit, & eo&longs;dem ad &longs;uperiorem partem trahens reclu<lb/>dit. </s>

<s>Now although the human <lb/>body may be content with necessary food and clothing, yet the fruits of the <lb/>earth and the animals of different kinds supply him in wonderful abundance <lb/>with food and drink, from which the body may be suitably nourished and <lb/>strengthened and life prolonged to old age. </s>

<s>Atque rector ille machinæ iuxta ca&longs;tellum in loculamento pen&longs;ili con&longs;i<lb/>&longs;tit. </s>

<s>Flax, wool, and the skins of <lb/>many animals provide plentiful clothing low in price; while a luxurious kind, <lb/>not hard to procure—that is the so called <emph type="italics"/>seric<emph.end type="italics"/> material, is furnished by the <lb/>down of trees and the webs of the silk worm. </s>

<s>Itaque cum altera bulga iam ferè u&longs;que ad <expan abbr="tabulat&utilde;">tabulatum</expan> decliue fuerit extracta. </s>

<s>So that the body has absolutely <lb/>no need of the metals, so hidden in the depths of the earth and for the greater <lb/>part very expensive. </s>

<s><lb/>claudit o&longs;tium ut rota &longs;i&longs;tatur. </s>

<s>Wherefore it is said that this maxim of Euripides is <lb/>approved in assemblies of learned men, and with good reason was always on <lb/>the lips of Socrates:</s>

<s>Effu&longs;a autem bulga re&longs;erat alterum <expan abbr="o&longs;ti&utilde;">o&longs;tium</expan>, ut <lb/>alteræ pinnæ ab impetu aquarum percu&longs;&longs;æ rotam in partem contrariam a<lb/>gant. </s>

<s>“Works of silver and purple are of use, not for human life, but <lb/>rather for Tragedians.”<emph type="sup"/>14<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Quod &longs;i mox o&longs;tium occludere non pote&longs;t, & aquarum <expan abbr="fluxion&etilde;">fluxionem</expan> con <lb/>tinere, inclamat &longs;ocium atque eum iubet harpagonem &longs;ubleuatum alteri tym <lb/>pano impingere, atque &longs;ic rotam &longs;i&longs;tere. </s>

<s>These critics praise also this saying from Timocreon of Rhodes:</s>

<s>Duo uerò uici&longs;sim <expan abbr="effund&utilde;t">effundunt</expan> bulgas: <lb/>quorum alter &longs;tat in ea tabulati parte, quæ e&longs;t in fronte putei: alter in ea quæ <lb/>e&longs;t in dor&longs;o. </s>

<s>“O Unseeing Plutus, would that thou hadst never appeared in the <lb/>earth or in the sea or on the land, but that thou didst have thy habita<lb/>tion in Tartarus and Acheron, for out of thee arise all evil things which <lb/>overtake mankind”<emph type="sup"/>15<emph.end type="sup"/>.</s>

<s>Itaque &longs;i bulga iam ferè fuerit extracta, cuius rei &longs;ignum dat annu <lb/>lus quidam catenæ ductariæ, qui in altera tabulati parte con&longs;i&longs;tit: <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> har <lb/>pagonem, hoc e&longs;t grande ferrum uncinatum uni catenæ ductariæ annulo <lb/>implicat, & partem catenæ &longs;ub&longs;equentem omnem u&longs;que eò ad tabulatum tra <lb/>hit, dum bulga ab altero effundatur. </s>

<s>They greatly extol these lines from Phocylides:</s>

<s>Et quidem iccirco ut catenæ ductariæ <lb/>pars cum altera bulga uacua demi&longs;&longs;a &longs;uo pondere <expan abbr="reliquã">reliquam</expan> eiu&longs;dem catenæ <lb/>partem de axe non detrahat, totaque in puteum <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> incidat. </s>

<s>“Gold and silver are injurious to mortals; gold is the source of <lb/>crime, the plague of life, and the ruin of all things. </s>

<s>Sed eiu&longs;dem labo <lb/>ris &longs;ocius cernens bulgam aquis plenam ferme e&longs;&longs;e extractam, inclamat ma<lb/>chinæ rectorem, eumque iubet o&longs;tium ca&longs;telli claudere, ut &longs;pacium effunden <lb/>di habere po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>Would that thou <lb/>were not such an attractive scourge! because of thee arise robberies, <lb/><lb/><pb pagenum="8"/>homicides, warfare, brothers are maddened against brothers, a<gap/><lb/>children against parents.”</s>

<s>Bulga effu&longs;a rector machinæ alterum ca&longs;telli <expan abbr="o&longs;ti&utilde;">o&longs;tium</expan> primò <pb pagenum="157"/>aliquantum recludit, ut ea catenæ ductariæ pars cum bulga inani rur&longs;us in <lb/>puteum demittatur: deinde totum re&longs;erat. </s>

<s>This from Naumachius also pleases them:</s>

<s>Itaque cùm iam pars catenæ ad ta <lb/>bulatum tracta rur&longs;um circumuoluta, tympano etiam ip&longs;a demi&longs;&longs;a fuerit in <lb/>puteum, extrahit uncum alterius harpagonis grandem, qui eum annulo ca<lb/>tenæ implicauit. </s>

<s>“Gold and silver are but dust, like the stones that lie scattered<gap/><lb/>the pebbly beach, or on the margins of the rivers.”</s>

<s>At quintus iuxta lacunam in fo&longs;&longs;a quadam latente <expan abbr="cõ&longs;i&longs;tit">con&longs;i&longs;tit</expan>: <lb/>ne, &longs;i contingat ut annnlo dirupto pars catenæ aut aliud quiddam decidat, <lb/>lædatur: is batillo ligneo & bulgam regit et aquas in eam ingerit, &longs;i &longs;ua &longs;pon <lb/>teip&longs;as non hau&longs;erit. </s>

<s>On the other hand, they censure these verses of Euripides:</s>

<s>Quoniam uerò nuncin &longs;upremam cuiu&longs;que bulgæ par <lb/>tem in&longs;uunt circulum ferreum ut &longs;emper pateat, & in lacunam immi&longs;&longs;a per <lb/>&longs;e ip&longs;a hauriat aquas, non opus e&longs;t ullo bulgarum gubernatore. </s>

<s>“Plutus is the god for wise men: all else is mere folly and at t<gap/><lb/>same time a deception in words.”</s>

<s>Præterea <lb/>quia his temporibus eorum, qui in tabulato con&longs;i&longs;tunt, alter bulgam effun<lb/>dit, alter uectibus demi&longs;sis o&longs;tia ca&longs;telli occludit, aut &longs;ur&longs;um tractis re&longs;erat: <lb/>idem <expan abbr="unc&utilde;">uncum</expan> alterius harpagonis grandem annulo catenæ &longs;olet inijcere: quo<lb/>modo tres tantum in hac machina <expan abbr="reg&etilde;da">regenda</expan> operas dant. </s>

<s>So in like manner these lines from Theognis:</s>

<s>Quinetiam quia in<lb/>terdum is, qui effundit bulgam, priorem harpagonei. </s>

<s>“O Plutus, thou most beautiful and placid god! whilst I have th<gap/><lb/>however bad I am, I can be regarded as good.”</s>

<s><expan abbr="&longs;ubleuat&utilde;">&longs;ubleuatum</expan> alteri tym <lb/>pano imprimens rotam &longs;i&longs;tit, duo omnem laborem &longs;ibi &longs;umunt.</s>

<s>They also blame Aristodemus, the Spartan, for these words:</s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>astellum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. C<emph type="italics"/>analis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. V<emph type="italics"/>ectes<emph.end type="italics"/> C D. C<emph type="italics"/>anales &longs;ub <lb/>o&longs;tijs<emph.end type="italics"/> E F. P<emph type="italics"/>innæ duplices<emph.end type="italics"/> G H. A<emph type="italics"/>xis<emph.end type="italics"/> I. T<emph type="italics"/>ympa<lb/>num maius<emph.end type="italics"/> K. C<emph type="italics"/>atena ductaria<emph.end type="italics"/> L. B<emph type="italics"/>ulga<emph.end type="italics"/> M. L<emph type="italics"/>ocus <lb/>lamentum pen&longs;ile<emph.end type="italics"/> N. R<emph type="italics"/>ector machinæ<emph.end type="italics"/> O. <lb/>V<emph type="italics"/>iri effundentes bulgas<emph.end type="italics"/> P <expan abbr="q.">que</expan></s><pb pagenum="158"/><figure/>

<s>“Money makes the man; no one who is poor is either good<gap/><lb/>honoured.”</s>

<s>Sed de machinis tractorijs &longs;atis: <expan abbr="n&utilde;c">nunc</expan> <expan abbr="dicã">dicam</expan> de &longs;piritalib. </s>

<s>And they rebuke these songs of Timocles:</s>

<s>Cùm puteus fuerit <lb/>ualde <expan abbr="prof&utilde;dus">profundus</expan> ad <expan abbr="qu&etilde;">quem</expan> nullus cuniculus, nullaúe fo&longs;&longs;a <expan abbr="lat&etilde;s">latens</expan> ex altero puteo <lb/>pertinet: aut cuniculus <expan abbr="admod&utilde;">admodum</expan> longus ad <expan abbr="qu&etilde;">quem</expan> nullus puteus pertingit, <expan abbr="t&utilde;c">tunc</expan> <lb/>aer, quòd extenuari <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> po&longs;&longs;it, fo&longs;&longs;orib. </s>

<s>“Money is the life and soul of mortal men. </s>

<s>cra&longs;&longs;us offunditur, atque difficulter &longs;pi <pb pagenum="159"/>rant. </s>

<s>He who has n<gap/><lb/>heaped up riches for himself wanders like a dead man amongst t<gap/><lb/>living.”</s>

<s><expan abbr="Interd&utilde;">Interdum</expan> <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> &longs;uffocantur: ardentes quoque lucernæ extinguuntur. </s>

<s>Finally, they blame Menander when he wrote:</s>

<s>Itaque<lb/>opus e&longs;t machinis, quas etiam Græci <foreign lang="greek">w_neumatika\s</foreign>, Latini &longs;piritales <expan abbr="appella-r&etilde;t">appella<lb/>rent</expan>: et&longs;i <expan abbr="uoc&etilde;">uocem</expan> <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> <expan abbr="mitt&utilde;t">mittunt</expan>: nam ip&longs;æ <expan abbr="effici&utilde;t">efficiunt</expan> ut fo&longs;&longs;ores ex facili &longs;pirare & opus <lb/><expan abbr="in&longs;titut&utilde;">in&longs;titutum</expan> perficere po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>“Epicharmus asserts that the gods are water, wind, fire, earth, su<gap/><lb/>and stars. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Ear&utilde;">Earum</expan> tria &longs;unt genera. </s>

<s>But I am of opinion that the gods of any use to us are silv<gap/><lb/>and gold; for if thou wilt set these up in thy house thou mayest se<gap/><lb/>whatever thou wilt. </s>

<s>Primum uenti <gap/>latus exce<lb/>ptos in <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan> <expan abbr="deduc&etilde;s">deducens</expan> in tres &longs;pecies diuiditur: <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> prima &longs;ic &longs;e habet. </s>

<s>All things will fall to thy lot; land, houses, slav<gap/><lb/>silver-work; moreover friends, judges, and witnesses. </s>

<s>Su <lb/>per <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan>, ad <expan abbr="qu&etilde;">quem</expan> nullus cuniculus pertinet, tria tigna, quam puteus paulò <lb/>longiora, <expan abbr="collocãtur">collocantur</expan>: <expan abbr="prim&utilde;">primum</expan> &longs;uper eius <expan abbr="front&etilde;">frontem</expan>, <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> &longs;uper <expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan> <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan>, <expan abbr="ter-ti&utilde;">ter<lb/>tium</expan> &longs;uper <expan abbr="eiu&longs;d&etilde;">eiu&longs;dem</expan> <expan abbr="terg&utilde;">tergum</expan>. </s>

<s>Only give free<gap/><lb/>for thus thou hast the gods to serve thee.”</s>

<s><expan abbr="Eor&utilde;">Eorum</expan> capita <expan abbr="hab&etilde;t">habent</expan> foramina, in qua pali, ad <expan abbr="im&utilde;">imum</expan> cune <lb/>atiores, immi&longs;&longs;i altius, pariter ac primæ machinæ tigna, in <expan abbr="terrã">terram</expan> <expan abbr="adig&utilde;tur">adiguntur</expan> ut <lb/>maneant immobilia. </s>

<s>But besides this, the strongest argument of the detractors is that t<gap/><lb/>fields are devastated by mining operations, for which reason forme<gap/><lb/>Italians were warned by law that no one should dig the earth for metals a<gap/><lb/>so injure their very fertile fields, their vineyards, and their olive grov<gap/><lb/>Also they argue that the woods and groves are cut down, for there is need<gap/><lb/>an endless amount of wood for timbers, machines, and the smelting of meta<gap/><lb/>And when the woods and groves are felled, then are exterminated the bea<gap/><lb/>and birds, very many of which furnish a pleasant and agreeable food for ma<gap/><lb/>Further, when the ores are washed, the water which has been used pois<gap/><lb/>the brooks and streams, and either destroys the fish or drives them awa<gap/><lb/>Therefore the inhabitants of these regions, on account of the devastation<gap/><lb/>their fields, woods, groves, brooks and rivers, find great difficulty in procur<gap/><lb/>the necessaries of life, and by reason of the destruction of the timber th<gap/><lb/>are forced to greater expense in erecting buildings. </s>

<s>Quodque <expan abbr="illor&utilde;">illorum</expan> <expan abbr="tignor&utilde;">tignorum</expan> habet tres formas in quib. </s>

<s>Thus it is said, it<gap/><lb/>clear to all that there is greater detriment from mining than the value<gap/><lb/>the metals which the mining produces.</s>

<s>in<lb/>clu&longs;a &longs;unt tria tigna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> <expan abbr="un&utilde;">unum</expan> <expan abbr="dextr&utilde;">dextrum</expan> putei latus occupat: <expan abbr="al-ter&utilde;">al<lb/>terum</expan>, <expan abbr="&longs;ini&longs;tr&utilde;">&longs;ini&longs;trum</expan>: <expan abbr="terti&utilde;">tertium</expan>, <expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan> <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan>. </s>

<s>So in fierce contention they clamour, showing by such examples<gap/><lb/>follow that every great man has been content with virtue, and despis<gap/><lb/>metals. </s>

<s>Ad hoc & ad illud <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan>, quod <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> &longs;uper <lb/><expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan> <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan> <expan abbr="collocat&utilde;">collocatum</expan> e&longs;t, affiguntur a&longs;&longs;eres &longs;ic alte<gap/>nè coagmentati, ut &longs;em <lb/>per antecedentis <expan abbr="modicã">modicam</expan> <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;&longs;uram">commi&longs;&longs;uram</expan> &longs;equens obtineat: quo &longs;anè modo fi<lb/>unt quatuor anguli et <expan abbr="totid&etilde;">totidem</expan> intermedia caua, quæ uentos undique flantes <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>cipiunt. </s>

<s>They praise Bias because he esteemed the metals mer<gap/><lb/>as fortune's playthings, not as his real wealth. </s>

<s>Vtuerò ad &longs;uperiora &longs;ublati <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> eluctentur, &longs;ed retrò ferantur, a&longs;&longs;e<lb/>res operculo, in orbis <expan abbr="figurã">figuram</expan> formato, &longs;uperius tecti &longs;unt, inferius <expan abbr="pat&etilde;t">patent</expan>: qua <lb/>re uentis nece&longs;sitate <expan abbr="quadã">quadam</expan> putei quatuor i&longs;tis foraminib. </s>

<s>When his enemies h<gap/><lb/>captured his native Priene, and his fellow-citizens laden with precious thin<gap/><pb pagenum="9"/>had betaken themselves to flight, he was asked by one, why he carried <lb/>away none of his goods with him, and he replied, “I carry all my possessions <lb/>with me.” And it is said that Socrates, having received twenty minae sent <lb/>to him by Aristippus, a grateful disciple, refused them and sent them back to <lb/>him by the command of his conscience. </s>

<s>in&longs;pirantur. </s>

<s>Aristippus, following his example <lb/>in this matter, despised gold and regarded it as of no value. </s>

<s>Atta<lb/>men id genus <expan abbr="machinã">machinam</expan> operculo tegere nece&longs;&longs;e <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> e&longs;t in his locis, in quibus <lb/>&longs;ic locari pote&longs;t, ut uentus per &longs;upremam eius partem flatum in&longs;piret.</s>

<s>And once <lb/>when he was making a journey with his slaves, and they, laden with the <lb/>gold, went too slowly, he ordered them to keep only as much of it as they <lb/>could carry without distress and to throw away the remainder<emph type="sup"/>16<emph.end type="sup"/>. </s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>igna &longs;trata<emph.end type="italics"/> A. P<emph type="italics"/>ali cuneati<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>igna tran&longs;uer&longs;aria<emph.end type="italics"/> C. A<emph type="italics"/>&longs;&longs;eres<emph.end type="italics"/> D. C<emph type="italics"/>aua<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>V<emph type="italics"/>enti<emph.end type="italics"/> F. O<emph type="italics"/>perculum<emph.end type="italics"/> G. P<emph type="italics"/>uteus<emph.end type="italics"/> H. M<emph type="italics"/>achina carens operculo<emph.end type="italics"/> I.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="160"/>

<s>Moreover, <lb/>Anacreon of Teos, an ancient and noble poet, because he had been troubled <lb/>about them for two nights, returned five talents which had been given him <lb/>by Polycrates, saying that they were not worth the anxiety which he had <lb/>gone through on their account. </s>

<s>Secunda huius generis machina uenti flatus in puteum canali longo in<lb/>ducit. </s>

<s>In like manner celebrated and exceedingly <lb/>powerful princes have imitated the philosophers in their scorn and contempt <lb/>for gold and silver. </s>

<s>Is ex quatuor a&longs;&longs;eribus toties coniunctis & coagmentatis, quoties al<lb/>titudo putei hoc po&longs;tulat, in quadranguli <expan abbr="figurã">figuram</expan> formatur: eiusque <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;&longs;u-ræ">commi&longs;&longs;u<lb/>ræ</expan> terra pingui & glutino&longs;a aquis madefacta <expan abbr="oblin&utilde;tur">oblinuntur</expan>: eiu&longs;dem canalis os <lb/>ex puteo uel extat, & quidem altitudine trium quatuorúe pedum: uel non <lb/>extat: &longs;i extat, &longs;peciem infundibuli quadranguli præ &longs;e ferens latius & paten <lb/>tius quàm ip&longs;e canalis e&longs;t, ut eò facilius flatum concipere po&longs;&longs;it: &longs;i non extat, <lb/>latius canali non e&longs;t, &longs;ed ad id è regione uenti &longs;pirantis a&longs;&longs;eres affiguntur, <lb/>qui flatum excipientes in ip&longs;um ingerunt.</s>

<s>There was for example, Phocion, the Athenian, who was <lb/>appointed general of the army so many times, and who, when a large sum of gold <lb/>was sent to him as a gift by Alexander, King of Macedon, deemed it trifling and <lb/>scorned it. </s>

<s>O<emph type="italics"/>s canalis extans<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>&longs;&longs;eres ad canalis os, quod non extat affixi<emph.end type="italics"/> B.</s><figure/>

<s>And Marcus Curius ordered the gold to be carried back to the <lb/>Samnites, as did also Fabricius Luscinus with regard to the silver and <lb/>copper. </s>

<s>Tertia ex fi&longs;tula uel fi&longs;tulis & ua&longs;e con&longs;tat: etenim &longs;uper <expan abbr="&longs;upremã">&longs;upremam</expan> <expan abbr="fi&longs;tulã">fi&longs;tulam</expan> <lb/>&longs;tatuitur uas <expan abbr="ligne&utilde;">ligneum</expan> ligneis circulis <expan abbr="cinct&utilde;">cinctum</expan>, <expan abbr="alt&utilde;">altum</expan> pedes quatuor, <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> tres: cu<lb/>ius os <expan abbr="quadrangul&utilde;">quadrangulum</expan>, quod &longs;emper patet, uenti <expan abbr="flat&utilde;">flatum</expan> concipit, & eum uel una <lb/>fi&longs;tula in canalem <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan>, uel plurib. </s>

<s>And certain Republics have forbidden their citizens the use and <lb/>employment of gold and silver by law and ordinance; the Lacedaemonians, <lb/>by the decrees and ordinances of Lycurgus, used diligently to enquire among <lb/>their citizens whether they possessed any of these things or not, and the <lb/>possessor, when he was caught, was punished according to law and justice. <lb/></s>

<s>in <expan abbr="pute&utilde;">puteum</expan> deducit. </s>

<s>The inhabitants of a town on the Tigris, called Babytace, buried their gold <lb/>in the ground so that no one should use it. </s>

<s>Suprema fi&longs;tulæ pars <lb/>inclu&longs;a e&longs;t in orbe tam cra&longs;&longs;o, quàm ua&longs;is <expan abbr="fund&utilde;">fundum</expan> e&longs;t: paulò minus lato, ut uas <lb/>circum ip&longs;um uer&longs;ari po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>The Scythians condemned the <lb/>use of gold and silver so that they might not become avaricious.</s>

<s>Ex orbe <expan abbr="tam&etilde;">tamen</expan> fi&longs;tula extans in cluditur in rotun <lb/>do foramine, quod e&longs;t in medio ua&longs;is fundo: qua parte ad <expan abbr="fi&longs;tulã">fi&longs;tulam</expan> affixus e&longs;t <lb/>axiculus &longs;tatutus, qui per uas ferè <expan abbr="medi&utilde;">medium</expan> <expan abbr="penetrãs">penetrans</expan> fertur in operculi, fundo <lb/>&longs;imillimi, foramen, inque eo includitur, <expan abbr="circ&utilde;">circum</expan> <expan abbr="qu&etilde;">quem</expan> <expan abbr="axicul&utilde;">axiculum</expan> <expan abbr="immobil&etilde;">immobilem</expan> & fi&longs;tulæ <lb/><expan abbr="orb&etilde;">orbem</expan> uas mobile facillimè uer&longs;atur à leni aura <expan abbr="&longs;pirãte">&longs;pirante</expan>, <expan abbr="ned&utilde;">nedum</expan> à uento, qui eius <lb/><expan abbr="alã">alam</expan> gubernat: ea ex tenuibus tabellis con&longs;tans ad <expan abbr="&longs;upremã">&longs;upremam</expan> ua&longs;is partem affi<lb/>xa e&longs;t: & quidem è regione &longs;piritalis oris: quod e&longs;&longs;e quadrangulum & &longs;em<pb pagenum="161"/>per patere dixi. </s>

<s>Further are the metals reviled; in the first place people wantonly <lb/>abuse gold and silver and call them deadly and nefarious pests of the human <lb/>race, because those who possess them are in the greatest peril, for those who <lb/>have none lay snares for the possessors of wealth, and thus again and again <lb/>the metals have been the cause of destruction and ruin. </s>

<s>Etenim uentus, ex <expan abbr="quac&utilde;que">quacunque</expan> mundi parte &longs;pirauerit, <expan abbr="alã">alam</expan> pro<lb/>pul&longs;am rectà uer&longs;us partem ei aduer&longs;am extendit: quo modo uas os &longs;pirita<lb/>le in ip&longs;um uentum obuertit: quod eius flatum concipit, eumque fi&longs;tula in ca<lb/>nalem longum, uel fi&longs;tulis in puteum deducit.</s>

<s>For example, <lb/>Polymnestor, King of Thrace, to obtain possession of his gold, killed Polydorus, <lb/>his noble guest and the son of Priam, his father-in-law, and old friend. <lb/></s>

<s>V<emph type="italics"/><gap/>s ligneum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. C<emph type="italics"/>irculi<emph.end type="italics"/> B. O<emph type="italics"/>s&longs;piritale<emph.end type="italics"/> C. F<emph type="italics"/>i&longs;tula<emph.end type="italics"/> D. O<emph type="italics"/>rbis<emph.end type="italics"/> E. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>xiculus<emph.end type="italics"/> F. F<emph type="italics"/>oramen quod e&longs;t <gap/> fundo ua&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> G. A<emph type="italics"/>l<gap/><emph.end type="italics"/> H.</s><figure/>

<s>Pygmalion, the King of Tyre, in order that he might seize treasures of gold <lb/>and silver, killed his sister's husband, a priest, taking no account of either <lb/>kinship or religion. </s>

<s>Alterum machinarum &longs;piritalium genus ex flabellis con&longs;tat, itemque uari<lb/>um & multiplex e&longs;t: nam flabella uel in &longs;ucula includuntur, uel in axe. </s>

<s>For love of gold Eriphyle betrayed her husband <lb/>Amphiaraus to his enemy. </s>

<s>Si in <lb/>&longs;ucula, ea aut cauum tympanum, ex duabus rotis & pluribus tabulis inter &longs;e <lb/>coagmentatis compo&longs;itum, in &longs;e continet, aut quadrangulum loculamen<lb/>tum. </s>

<s>Likewise Lasthenes betrayed the city of <lb/>Olynthus to Philip of Macedon. </s>

<s>Sed <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> immobile, atque à lateribus clau&longs;um ibidem rotunda tan<lb/>tummodo habet foramina: & <expan abbr="quid&etilde;">quidem</expan> tanta, ut &longs;ucula in eis uer&longs;ari po&longs;sit: &longs;ed <lb/>habet præterea duo &longs;piritalia foramina quadrangula: quorum &longs;uperius con <lb/>cipit auram: inferius canalis longus excipit, quo eadem in puteum induci<lb/>tur. </s>

<s>The daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, having <lb/>been bribed with gold, admitted the Sabines into the citadel of Rome. <lb/></s>

<s>Suculæ autem capita utrinque ex tympano eminentia chelæ &longs;tipitum, uel <lb/>tignorum caua cra&longs;&longs;is laminis ferrata &longs;u&longs;tinent: quorum alterum habet ue<lb/>ctem, in altero quatuor infixæ &longs;unt perticæ, quibus capita cra&longs;&longs;a & grauia <lb/>&longs;unt, ut eorum pondere &longs;ucula cùm circumagitur depre&longs;&longs;a ad motum proni <lb/>or fiat: itaque cùm operarius uecte uer&longs;at <expan abbr="&longs;uculã">&longs;uculam</expan>, flabella, quæ qualia &longs;int pau<lb/>lò po&longs;t dicam, foramine &longs;piritali auram <expan abbr="hauri&etilde;tes">haurientes</expan> in alterum foramen, quod <lb/>excipit canalis longus, impellunt: quæ per eum penetrat in puteum.</s><pb pagenum="162"/>

<s>Claudius Curio sold his country for gold to Cæsar, the Dictator. </s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. L<emph type="italics"/>oculamentum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. F<emph type="italics"/>oramen &longs;piritale<emph.end type="italics"/> C. A<emph type="italics"/>lterum foramen<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>analis longus<emph.end type="italics"/> E. S<emph type="italics"/>ucula<emph.end type="italics"/> F. E<emph type="italics"/>ius uectis<emph.end type="italics"/> G. P<emph type="italics"/>erticæ<emph.end type="italics"/> H.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="163"/>

<s>Gold, too, <lb/>was the cause of the downfall of Aesculapius, the great physician, who it was <lb/>believed was the son of Apollo. </s>

<s>Loculamento pror&longs;us eadem quæ tympano &longs;unt: &longs;ed alterum altero lon <lb/>gè præ&longs;tat. </s>

<s>Similarly Marcus Crassus, through his <lb/>eager desire for the gold of the Parthians, was completely overcome together <lb/>with his son and eleven legions, and became the jest of his enemies; for they <pb pagenum="10"/>poured liquid gold into the gaping mouth of the slain Crassus, saying: <lb/>“Thou hast thirsted for gold, therefore drink gold.”</s>

<s>Etenim flabella <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> &longs;ic occupare po&longs;&longs;unt, ut ip&longs;um undique<lb/>ferè attingant, omnemque auram conceptam in canalem longum impellant: <lb/><expan abbr="loculament&utilde;">loculamentum</expan> propter angulos &longs;ic occupare non po&longs;&longs;unt: in quos quòd au<lb/>ra partim recedat, ip&longs;um tam utile quàm tympanum e&longs;&longs;e <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> pote&longs;t. </s>

<s>But why need I cite here these many examples from history?<emph type="sup"/>17<emph.end type="sup"/> It is <lb/>almost our daily experience to learn that, for the sake of obtaining gold and <lb/>silver, doors are burst open, walls are pierced, wretched travellers are struck <lb/>down by rapacious and cruel men born to theft, sacrilege, invasion, and <lb/>robbery. </s>

<s>Verùm <lb/>loculamentum non humi modo locatur, &longs;ed etiam &longs;uper tigna, &longs;icuti mola, <lb/>quam uer&longs;ant uenti, &longs;tatuitur, habetque eius &longs;ucula loco uectis etiam extra i<lb/>p&longs;um quatuor alas molæ alis &longs;imiles. </s>

<s>We see thieves seized and strung up before us, sacrilegious persons <lb/>burnt alive, the limbs of robbers broken on the wheel, wars waged for the <lb/>same reason, which are not only destructive to those against whom they are <lb/>waged, but to those also who carry them on. </s>

<s>Hæ impetu uentorum percu&longs;&longs;æ &longs;ucu<lb/>lam circumagunt: quo modo eius flabella, quæ intra <expan abbr="loculament&utilde;">loculamentum</expan> &longs;unt, uen <lb/>tum, foramine &longs;piritali hau&longs;tum, per canalem <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> puteo in&longs;pirant. </s>

<s>Nay, but they say that the <lb/>precious metals foster all manner of vice, such as the seduction of women, <lb/>adultery, and unchastity, in short, crimes of violence against the person. <lb/></s>

<s>Quan <lb/>quam <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> huic machinæ nullo opus e&longs;t uectiario, cui merces per&longs;oluatur, <lb/>tamen quia cùm cælum &longs;ilet à uentis, ut &longs;æpè &longs;ilet, <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> uer&longs;atur, minus quàm <lb/>cæteræ e&longs;t ad uentulum puteo faciendum accommodata.</s>

<s>Therefore the Poets, when they represent Jove transformed into a golden <lb/>shower and falling into the lap of Danae, merely mean that he had found <lb/>for himself a safe road by the use of gold, by which he might enter the tower <lb/>for the purpose of violating the maiden. </s>

<s>L<emph type="italics"/>oculamentum humi locatum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>ius foramen &longs;piritale<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem &longs;ucula habens flabella<emph.end type="italics"/> C. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis &longs;uculæ<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem perticæ<emph.end type="italics"/> E. L<emph type="italics"/>oculamentum &longs;upra tigna &longs;tatutum<emph.end type="italics"/> F. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>læ quas &longs;ucula habet extra loculamentum<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/>

<s>Moreover, the fidelity of many <lb/>men is overthrown by the love of gold and silver, judicial sentences are <lb/>bought, and innumerable crimes are perpetrated. </s>

<s>Si uerò flabella includuntur in axe, ea plerunque <expan abbr="cau&utilde;">cauum</expan> <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan>, item im<lb/>mobile capit: cui axi ex altera parte e&longs;t tympanum, quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat: id <pb pagenum="164"/>inferioris axis tympanum dentatum circumagit, ip&longs;um à rota, cuius pinnas <lb/>aquarum impetus percutit, uer&longs;atum: &longs;i locus aquarum copiam &longs;uppeditat, <lb/>hanc machinam fabricari utili&longs;simum e&longs;t, & quòd nullo egeat uectiario, cui <lb/>merces danda &longs;it, & auram perpetuam puteo per longum canalem in&longs;piret.</s>

<s>For truly, as Propertius <lb/>says:</s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>ympanum cauum<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>ius foramen &longs;piritale<emph.end type="italics"/> B. A<emph type="italics"/>xis cuiflabella <lb/>&longs;unt<emph.end type="italics"/> C. E<emph type="italics"/>ius tympanum quod exfu&longs;is con&longs;tat<emph.end type="italics"/> D. A<emph type="italics"/>xis in<lb/>ferior<emph.end type="italics"/> E. E<emph type="italics"/>ius tympanum dentatum<emph.end type="italics"/> F. R<emph type="italics"/>ota<emph.end type="italics"/> G.</s><figure/>

<s>“This is indeed the Golden Age. </s>

<s>Flabellorum uerò, quæ in formis &longs;uculæ uel axis inclu&longs;a <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> & lo<lb/>culamentum in &longs;e continent, tria &longs;unt genera: unum fit ex tenuibus tabulis, <lb/>altis & latis prout altitudo & latitudo tympani uel loculamenti po&longs;tulat: al <lb/>terum ex tabulis æquè latis, &longs;ed humilibus, ad quas tenuia & longa populi <lb/>uel alterius arboris lentæ re&longs;egmina &longs;unt affixa: tertium ex tabulis proxi<lb/>mis &longs;imilibus, ad quas alæ <expan abbr="an&longs;er&utilde;">an&longs;erum</expan> duplicatæ uel triplicatæ &longs;unt affixæ. </s>

<s>The greatest rewards come from <lb/>gold; by gold love is won; by gold is faith destroyed; by gold is justice <lb/>bought; the law follows the track of gold, while modesty will soon <lb/>follow it when law is gone.”</s>

<s>Hoc <lb/>minus u&longs;itatum e&longs;t quàm &longs;ecundum: quod rur&longs;us minus quàm primum. </s>

<s>Diphilus says:</s>

<s>In <lb/><expan abbr="clud&utilde;tur">cluduntur</expan> <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> flabellorum tabulæ in quadrangulis &longs;uculæ uel axis partibus.</s>

<s>“I consider that nothing is more powerful than gold. </s>

<s>P<emph type="italics"/>rimum flabellorum genus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. S<emph type="italics"/>ecundum<emph.end type="italics"/> B. T<emph type="italics"/>ertium<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>S<emph type="italics"/>uculæ pars quadrangula<emph.end type="italics"/> D. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem r<gap/>t<gap/>nda<emph.end type="italics"/> E. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis<emph.end type="italics"/> F.</s><pb pagenum="165"/><figure/>

<s>By it all <lb/>things are torn asunder; all things are accomplished.”</s>

<s>Tertium machinarum &longs;piritalium genus, non minus quàm &longs;ecundum ua <lb/>rium & multiplex, con&longs;tat ex follibus: quorum non flatu &longs;olum putei & cu <lb/>niculi canalibus longis uel fi&longs;tulis in&longs;pirantur, &longs;ed etiam hau&longs;tu à grauibus <lb/>& pe&longs;tilentibus halitibus purgantur. </s>

<s>Therefore, all the noblest and best despise these riches, deservedly and <lb/>with justice, and esteem them as nothing. </s>

<s>Hos diducti foraminibus &longs;piritalibus <lb/>per canales hauriunt & in &longs;e alliciunt, illum compre&longs;&longs;i per nares in canales <lb/>uel fi&longs;tulas in&longs;pirant: eos uerò uel homo comprimit, uel equus, uel impetus <lb/>aquæ. </s>

<s>And this is said by the old man <lb/>in Plautus:</s>

<s>Si homo, &longs;uper canalem longum, ex puteo eminentem, &longs;ic ponitur & <lb/>ad tigna affigitur inferius follis magni tabulatum, ut, cùm flatum per cana<lb/>lem in&longs;pirare debet, eius naris in ip&longs;o includatur: cùm graues uel pe&longs;tilentes <lb/>halitus haurire, canalis os follis foramen &longs;piritale undique <expan abbr="compreh&etilde;dat">comprehendat</expan>: &longs;ed <lb/>cum &longs;uperiore follis tabulato uectis copulatus, per medij axiculi formam, in <lb/>qua &longs;ic inclu&longs;us e&longs;t ut ea parte immobilis maneat, penetrans de&longs;cendit. </s>

<s>Axi<lb/>culi autem codaces ferrei in foraminibus tignorum &longs;tatutorum uer&longs;antur. </s>

<s>It has often impelled many people to many wrong <lb/>acts.”</s>

<s><lb/>Itaque cùm operarius uectem deprimit, &longs;uperius follis tabulatum attollitur, &longs;i <lb/>mul & fores &longs;piritalis foraminis &longs;piritu rapti aperiuntur: quomodo follis, &longs;i <lb/>naris eius in canali inclu&longs;a fuerit, aerem liberum in &longs;e allicit, &longs;in canalis os fo<lb/>ramen eius &longs;piritale comprehenderit, graues uel pe&longs;tilentes halitus ex pu<lb/>teo, centum & uiginti etiam pedes alto, trahit & canali haurit. </s>

<s>In this country too, the poets inveigh with stinging reproaches against money <lb/>coined from gold and silver. </s>

<s>Cùm uerò la<lb/>pis in &longs;uperius tabulatum impo&longs;itus, id deprimit fores &longs;piritalis forami<lb/>nis clauduntur, & follis priore modo aerem &longs;alubrem per narem canali <pb pagenum="166"/>in&longs;pirat: altero graues uel pe&longs;tilentes halitus conceptos per eandem narem <lb/>expirat. </s>

<s>And especially did Juvenal:</s>

<s>Quoniam uerò tunc aura &longs;alubris maiore putei parte intrat, fo&longs;&longs;o<lb/>res, quòd ea fruantur, laborem &longs;u&longs;tinere po&longs;&longs;unt: nam putei minor <expan abbr="quædã">quædam</expan> <lb/>pars, quæ in æ&longs;tuarij loco e&longs;t, ab altera maiore tabulis continentibus, & ex <lb/>&longs;ummo putei ad imum u&longs;que pertinentibus, <gap/>tinguenda e&longs;t: per quam cana <lb/>lis longus, &longs;ed angu&longs;tus, ferè ad imas putei fauces de&longs;cendit.</s>

<s>“Since the majesty of wealth is the most sacred thing among us; <lb/>although, O pernicious money, thou dost not yet inhabit a temple, nor <lb/>have we erected altars to money.”</s>

<s>P<emph type="italics"/>utei pars minor<emph.end type="italics"/> A. C<emph type="italics"/>analis quadrangulus<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>ollis<emph.end type="italics"/> C. P<emph type="italics"/>utei pars maior<emph.end type="italics"/> D.</s><figure/>

<s>And in another place:</s>

<s>Vbi uerò nullus puteus in eam altitudinem fuerit depre&longs;&longs;us, ut cunicu<lb/>lum, longius in montem actum, attingat, fabricetur talis machina, quam <expan abbr="it&etilde;">item</expan> <lb/>operarius trahat: iuxta cuniculi canales, per quos aqua effluit, fi&longs;tulæ ligneæ <lb/>collocentur arctius connexæ, ut flatum continere po&longs;sint. </s>

<s>“Demoralising money first introduced foreign customs, and <lb/>voluptuous wealth weakened our race with disgraceful luxury.”<emph type="sup"/>18<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Hæ ab ore cuni<lb/>culi u&longs;que ad ultimam eius partem pertineant: ad quos os exi&longs;tat follis &longs;ic co<gap/><lb/>locatus, ut flatum conceptum per narem fi&longs;tulis, uel canali longo, in&longs;pirare <lb/>po&longs;sit. </s>

<s>And very many vehemently praise the barter system which men used before <lb/>money was devised, and which even now obtains among certain simple <lb/>peoples.</s>

<s>Quia enim alius flatus alium &longs;emper impellit, in <expan abbr="cunicul&utilde;">cuniculum</expan> penetrans <lb/>aeris mutationes facit: quare fo&longs;&longs;ores in&longs;tituta perficere po&longs;&longs;unt.</s>

<s>And next they raise a great outcry against other metals, as iron, than <lb/><pb pagenum="11"/>which they say nothing more pernicious could have been brought into the <lb/>life of man. </s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>uniculus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. F<emph type="italics"/>istulæ<emph.end type="italics"/> B. N<emph type="italics"/>aris duplicati follis<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><pb pagenum="167"/><figure/>

<s>For it is employed in making swords, javelins, spears, pikes, <lb/>arrows—weapons by which men are wounded, and which cause slaughter, <lb/>robbery, and wars. </s>

<s>Sin halitus graues follibus è cuniculis hauriendi fuerint, <expan abbr="pler&utilde;que">plerunque</expan> tres du<lb/>plicati uel triplicati, naribus carentes & priore parte clau&longs;i, in &longs;edilibus col<lb/>locantur: quos operarius non aliter pedibus calcando <expan abbr="cõprimit">comprimit</expan>, ac cos qui <lb/>in templis &longs;unt ad organa, quæ uarios & dulces &longs;onos edunt. </s>

<s>These things so moved the wrath of Pliny that he wrote: <lb/>“Iron is used not only in hand to hand fighting, but also to form the winged <lb/>missiles of war, sometimes for hurling engines, sometimes for lances, some<lb/>times even for arrows. </s>

<s>Follium <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> <lb/>qui&longs;que graues i&longs;tos halitus inferioris tabulati foramine &longs;piritali per canalem <lb/>longum tractos foramine tabulati &longs;uperioris expirat uel in aerem liberum, <lb/>uel in aliquem puteum, uel in fo&longs;&longs;am quampiam latentem. </s>

<s>I look upon it as the most deadly fruit of human <lb/>ingenuity. </s>

<s>Hoc foramen fo <lb/>riculam habet, quam flatus noxius toties aperit, quoties exit. </s>

<s>For to bring Death to men more quickly we have given wings to <lb/>iron and taught it to fly.”<emph type="sup"/>19<emph.end type="sup"/> The spear, the arrow from the bow, or the bolt <lb/>from the catapult and other engines can be driven into the body of only one <lb/>man, while the iron cannon-ball fired through the air, can go through the <lb/>bodies of many men, and there is no marble or stone object so hard that it <lb/>cannot be shattered by the force and shock. </s>

<s>Quoniam ue<lb/>rò aerem follibus tractum alius continenter &longs;ub&longs;equitur, non grauis modo <lb/>extrahitur ex cuniculo mille & ducentos pedes longo, aut etiam longiore, <lb/>&longs;ed &longs;alubris naturaliter ip&longs;um <expan abbr="cõ&longs;equens">con&longs;equens</expan> ii. </s>

<s>Therefore it levels the highest <lb/>towers to the ground, shatters and destroys the strongest walls. </s>

<s>eundem parte eius aperta, quæ <lb/>extra canalem illum <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> e&longs;t, trahitur. </s>

<s>Certainly <lb/>the ballistas which throw stones, the battering rams and other ancient war <lb/>engines for making breaches in walls of fortresses and hurling down strong<lb/>holds, seem to have little power in comparison with our present cannon. <lb/></s>

<s>Quo modo cùm aeris mutationes <lb/>fiant, fo&longs;&longs;o<gap/>es laborem &longs;u&longs;ceptum &longs;u&longs;tinere po&longs;&longs;unt: quod genus machinæ <lb/>ni e&longs;&longs;ent <expan abbr="inu&etilde;tæ">inuentæ</expan>, metallici nece&longs;&longs;e haberent duos cuniculos in montem age<lb/>re, & po&longs;t pedes &longs;ummùm ducentos &longs;emper puteum ex &longs;uperiore cuniculo <lb/>ad inferiorem pertinentem fodere, ut aer, qui in illum influxit, in hunc pute <lb/>is de&longs;cendens fo&longs;&longs;oribus &longs;alutaris e&longs;&longs;e po&longs;sit: quod &longs;ine magno impendio <lb/>perficere non po&longs;&longs;ent. </s>

<s>These emit horrible sounds and noises, not less than thunder, flashes <lb/>of fire burst from them like the lightning, striking, crushing, and shatter<lb/>ing buildings, belching forth flames and kindling fires even as lightning <lb/>flashes. </s>

<s>At duas machinas &longs;upradictis a&longs;similes follibus equi <lb/>uer&longs;ant: quarum altera ad axem habet ligneum orbem, circumcirca gradi<pb pagenum="168"/>bus di&longs;tinctum, quos equus in clau&longs;tris, &longs;imilibus his, in quæ equi &longs;olis fer<lb/>reis calceandi induci &longs;olent, inclu&longs;us continenter, pedibus calcans orbe<gap/> &longs;i<lb/>mul cum axe circumagit: cuius dentes longi deprimunt tigilla folles com<lb/>primentia. </s>

<s>So that with more justice could it be said of the impious men of <lb/>our age than of Salmoneus of ancient days, that they had snatched lightning <lb/>from Jupiter and wrested it from his hands. </s>

<s>Quale uerò &longs;it organum quod eos rur&longs;us diducit, & qualia &longs;unt <lb/>ip&longs;orum &longs;edilia libro nono planius explicabo. </s>

<s>Nay, rather there has been <lb/>sent from the infernal regions to the earth this force for the destruction of <lb/>men, so that Death may snatch to himself as many as possible by one stroke.</s>

<s>Follis autem qui&longs;que &longs;i graues <lb/>halitus ex cuniculo trahit, eos &longs;uperioris tabulati foramine expirat: &longs;in ex <lb/>puteo, eodem uel nare. </s>

<s>But because muskets are nowadays rarely made of iron, and the large <lb/>ones never, but of a certain mixture of copper and tin, they confer more <lb/>maledictions on copper and tin than on iron. </s>

<s>Orbi præterea e&longs;t rotundum foramen, quod, cùm <lb/>machina &longs;i&longs;tenda e&longs;t, trude traijcitur. </s>

<s>In this connection too, they <lb/>mention the brazen bull of Phalaris, the brazen ox of the people of Per<lb/>gamus, racks in the shape of an iron dog or a horse, manacles, shackles, <lb/>wedges, hooks, and red-hot plates. </s>

<s>Altera uerò machina duos habet axes, <lb/>&longs;tatutum equus uer&longs;at: eius autem <expan abbr="tympan&utilde;">tympanum</expan> dentatum circumagit axis &longs;tra<lb/>ti tympanum, quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat. </s>

<s>Cruelly racked by such instruments, <lb/>people are driven to confess crimes and misdeeds which they have never <lb/>committed, and innocent men are miserably tortured to death by every <lb/>conceivable kind of torment.</s>

<s>Cæteris machina &longs;imilis e&longs;t proximæ: <lb/>hic etiam follium nares in canalibus longis collocatæ, flatum in puteum uel <lb/>cuniculum in&longs;pirant.</s>

<s>It is claimed too, that lead is a pestilential and noxious metal, for men <lb/>are punished by means of molten lead, as Horace describes in the ode <lb/>addressed to the Goddess Fortune: “Cruel Necessity ever goes before thee <lb/>bearing in her brazen hand the spikes and wedges, while the awful hook and <lb/>molten lead are also not lacking.”<emph type="sup"/>20<emph.end type="sup"/> In their desire to excite greater odium <lb/>for this metal, they are not silent about the leaden balls of muskets, and they <lb/>find in it the cause of wounds and death.</s>

<s>M<emph type="italics"/>achina primo de&longs;cripta<emph.end type="italics"/> A. <lb/>O<emph type="italics"/>perarius i&longs;te pedibus caleans &longs;olles comprimit<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>olles naribus carentes<emph.end type="italics"/> C. <lb/>F<emph type="italics"/>oramen quo graues halitus &longs;iue flatus expirant<emph.end type="italics"/> D. <lb/>C<emph type="italics"/>anales longi<emph.end type="italics"/> E. C<emph type="italics"/>uniculus<emph.end type="italics"/> F. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>achina &longs;ecundo de&longs;cripta<emph.end type="italics"/> G. <lb/>O<emph type="italics"/>rbis ligneus<emph.end type="italics"/> H. E<emph type="italics"/>ius gradus<emph.end type="italics"/> I. C<emph type="italics"/>laustra<emph.end type="italics"/> K. <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem orbis foramen<emph.end type="italics"/> L. T<emph type="italics"/>rudes<emph.end type="italics"/> M. <lb/>M<emph type="italics"/>achina tertio de&longs;cripta<emph.end type="italics"/> N. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tatutus<emph.end type="italics"/> O. E<emph type="italics"/>ius tympanum dentatum<emph.end type="italics"/> P. <lb/>A<emph type="italics"/>xis &longs;tratus<emph.end type="italics"/> <expan abbr="q.">que</expan> <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>ius tympanum, quod ex fu&longs;is con&longs;tat<emph.end type="italics"/> R.</s><pb pagenum="169"/><figure/>

<s>They contend that, inasmuch as Nature has concealed metals far within <lb/>the depths of the earth, and because they are not necessary to human life, <lb/>they are therefore despised and repudiated by the noblest, and should not be <lb/><pb pagenum="12"/>mined, and seeing that when brought to light they have always proved the <lb/>cause of very great evils, it follows that mining is not useful to mankind <lb/>but on the contrary harmful and destructive. </s>

<s>Vt <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> hæc proxima machina grauiorem aerem putei & cuniculi emen<lb/>dare pote&longs;t, ita etiam uetus ratio <expan abbr="euentillãdi">euentillandi</expan> a&longs;&longs;iduo linteorum iactatu, <expan abbr="quã">quam</expan> <pb pagenum="170"/>explicauit Plinius. </s>

<s>Several good men have <lb/>been so perturbed by these tragedies that they conceive an intensely bitter <lb/>hatred toward metals, and they wish absolutely that metals had never been <lb/>created, or being created, that no one had ever dug them out. </s>

<s>Aer enim non tantum ip&longs;a putei altitudine, cuius rei ille <lb/>mentionem facit, fit grauior, &longs;ed etiam cuniculi longitudine.</s>

<s>The more I <lb/>commend the singular honesty, innocence, and goodness of such men, the <lb/>more anxious shall I be to remove utterly and eradicate all error from their <lb/>minds and to reveal the sound view, which is that the metals are most useful <lb/>to mankind.</s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>uniculus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. L<emph type="italics"/>inteum<emph.end type="italics"/> B.</s><figure/>

<s>In the first place then, those who speak ill of the metals and refuse to <lb/>make use of them, do not see that they accuse and condemn as wicked the <lb/>Creator Himself, when they assert that He fashioned some things vainly <lb/>and without good cause, and thus they regard Him as the Author of evils <lb/>which opinion is certainly not worthy of pious and sensible men.</s>

<s>At metallicorum machinæ &longs;can&longs;oriæ &longs;unt &longs;calæ, ad alterum putei latus af <lb/>fixæ: hæ pertinent uel ad cuniculum, uel ad &longs;olum putei: earum fabricam <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;e habeo tradere quòd omnibus in locis &longs;int u&longs;itatæ, & <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> tam artem, <lb/>cùm conficiuntur, requirant, quàm diligentiam cùm affiguntur. </s>

<s>In the next place, the earth does not conceal metals in her depths <lb/>because she does not wish that men should dig them out, but because <lb/>provident and sagacious Nature has appointed for each thing its place. </s>

<s>Verùm me <lb/>tallici non &longs;olùm &longs;calarum gradibus de&longs;cendunt in fodinas, &longs;ed etiam in&longs;i<lb/>dentes in bacillo uel in crate, ad funem ductarium religata, in eas demittun<lb/>tur trib. </s>

<s>She <lb/>generates them in the veins, stringers, and seams in the rocks, as though <lb/>in special vessels and receptacles for such material. </s>

<s>machinis tractorijs quas primo de&longs;crip&longs;i. </s>

<s>The metals cannot be <lb/>produced in the other elements because the materials for their formation <lb/>are wanting. </s>

<s>Cùm præterea putei ual<lb/>dè deuexi fuerint fo&longs;&longs;ores alijque operarij in&longs;identes in corio, circum lumbos <lb/>dependente, qua&longs;i deuehuntur non aliter ac pueri tempore hyberno, cùm <lb/>in aliquo colle aqua conglaciauerit frigoribus. </s>

<s>For if they were generated in the air, a thing that rarely <lb/>happens, they could not find a firm resting-place, but by their own force and <lb/>weight would settle down on to the ground. </s>

<s>Attamen ne decidant altero <lb/>brachio circundant funem extentum, qui &longs;uperius ad tignum, quod ad os <lb/>putei collocatur, religatus e&longs;t: inferius ad palum, in eius &longs;olo defixum. </s>

<s>Seeing then that metals have <lb/>their proper abiding place in the bowels of the earth, who does not see that <lb/>these men do not reach their conclusions by good logic?</s>

<s>His <lb/>tribus modis metallici <expan abbr="de&longs;cend&utilde;t">de&longs;cendunt</expan> in puteos: quib. </s>

<s>They say, “Although metals are in the earth, each located in its own <lb/>proper place where it originated, yet because they lie thus enclosed and <lb/>hidden from sight, they should not be taken out.” But, in refutation of these <lb/>attacks, which are so annoying, I will on behalf of the metals instance the <lb/>fish, which we catch, hidden and concealed though they be in the water, even <lb/>in the sea. </s>

<s>annumerari pote&longs;t quar<lb/>tus: qui e&longs;t, cùm homines & equi per puteum, ut dixi, decliuem & cochleæ <lb/>in&longs;tar contortum gradibus in &longs;axo inci&longs;is de&longs;cendunt ad machinas &longs;ubter<lb/>raneas: atque rur&longs;us a&longs;cendunt.</s><pb pagenum="171"/>

<s>Indeed, it is far stranger that man, a terrestrial animal, should <lb/>search the interior of the sea than the bowels of the earth. </s>

<s>D<emph type="italics"/>e&longs;cendens &longs;calis in puteos<emph.end type="italics"/> A. I<emph type="italics"/>n&longs;idens in bacillo<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>I<emph type="italics"/>n&longs;idens in corio<emph.end type="italics"/> C. D<emph type="italics"/>e&longs;cendens gradibus in &longs;axo inci&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> D.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="172"/>

<s>For as birds are <lb/>born to fly freely through the air, so are fishes born to swim through the <lb/>waters, while to other creatures Nature has given the earth that they might <lb/>live in it, and particularly to man that he might cultivate it and draw out <lb/>of its caverns metals and other mineral products. </s>

<s>Re&longs;tat de malis & morbis metallicorum ac de modis quibus &longs;ibi ab ip&longs;is <lb/>cauere po&longs;&longs;unt: nam &longs;emper maiorem rationem ualetudinis &longs;u&longs;tentandæ, <lb/>quàm lucri faciendi habere conuenit, ut liberè munerib. </s>

<s>On the other hand, they <lb/>say that we eat fish, but neither hunger nor thirst is dispelled by minerals, <lb/>nor are they useful in clothing the body, which is another argument by <lb/>which these people strive to prove that metals should not be taken out. </s>

<s>corporis fungi po&longs; <lb/>&longs;imus. </s>

<s>But <lb/>man without metals cannot provide those things which he needs for food and <lb/>clothing. </s>

<s>Eorum <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> malorum alia affligunt artus, alia lædunt pulmones, par<lb/>tim oculos, quæ dam denique homines interimunt. </s>

<s>For, though the produce of the land furnishes the greatest <lb/>abundance of food for the nourishment of our bodies, no labour can be <lb/>carried on and completed without tools. </s>

<s>Aqua in quibus puteis <lb/>ine&longs;t multa & frigidior crura uitiare &longs;olet: etenim frigus e&longs;t <expan abbr="inimic&utilde;">inimicum</expan> neruis. </s>

<s>The ground itself is turned up <lb/>with ploughshares and harrows, tough stalks and the tops of the roots are <lb/>broken off and dug up with a mattock, the sown seed is harrowed, the corn <pb pagenum="13"/>field is hoed and weeded; the ripe grain with part of the stalk is cut down <lb/>by scythes and threshed on the floor, or its ears are cut off and stored in the <lb/>barn and later beaten with flails and winnowed with fans, until finally the <lb/>pure grain is stored in the granary, whence it is brought forth again when <lb/>occasion demands or necessity arises. </s>

<s><lb/>Sed fo&longs;&longs;ores ad eam rem &longs;atis altos perones &longs;ibi comparent, qui crura tuean <lb/>tur ab aquarum frigore: cui <expan abbr="cõ&longs;ilio">con&longs;ilio</expan> qui non paruerit, is magno afficietur <expan abbr="in-cõmodo">in<lb/>commodo</expan> ualetudinis: præ&longs;ertim cùm uixerit ad &longs;enectutem. </s>

<s>Again, if we wish to procure better <lb/>and more productive fruits from trees and bushes, we must resort to <lb/>cultivating, pruning, and grafting, which cannot be done without tools. <lb/></s>

<s>Contra uerò a<lb/>liquæ fodinæ adeo &longs;iccæ &longs;unt, ut pror&longs;us aqua careant: quæ ariditas maius <lb/>etiam malum dat operarijs: &longs;iquidem puluis, qui cietur & agitatur fo&longs;sioni<lb/>bus, penetrans in a&longs;peram u&longs;que arteriam & pulmones, parit difficultatem an <lb/>helitus & uitium, quod <foreign lang="greek">a)_sqma</foreign> Græci nominant. </s>

<s>Even as without vessels we cannot keep or hold liquids, such as milk, honey, <lb/>wine, or oil, neither could so many living things be cared for without <lb/>buildings to protect them from long-continued rain and intolerable cold. <lb/></s>

<s>Quod &longs;i uim corrodendi <lb/>habuerit, pulmones exulcerat, & tabem ingignit in corporibus: hinc in me<lb/>tallis Carpati montis <expan abbr="inu&etilde;tæ">inuentæ</expan> &longs;unt mulieres, quæ <expan abbr="&longs;ept&etilde;">&longs;eptem</expan> uiris nup&longs;erunt: quos <lb/>omnes dira illa tabes immatura morte affecit. </s>

<s>Most of the rustic instruments are made of iron, as ploughshares, share<lb/>beams, mattocks, the prongs of harrows, hoes, planes, hay-forks, straw <lb/>cutters, pruning shears, pruning hooks, spades, lances, forks, and weed <lb/>cutters. </s>

<s>Aldebergi certe in Mi&longs;ena in <lb/>fodinis reperitur pompholyx nigra, quæ u&longs;que ad o&longs;&longs;a exedit uulnera, & ul<lb/>cera. </s>

<s>Vessels are also made of copper or lead. </s>

<s>Ferrum quoque corrodit: atque ob id claui earum ca&longs;arum omnes &longs;unt li<lb/>gnei. </s>

<s>Neither are wooden <lb/>instruments or vessels made without iron. </s>

<s>Quin etiam cadmiæ quoddam genus e&longs;t quod operariorum pedes, a<lb/>quis madidos, itemque manus exedit: pulmones & oculos lædit. </s>

<s>Wine cellars, oil-mills, stables, <lb/>or any other part of a farm building could not be built without iron tools. <lb/></s>

<s>Fodientes <lb/>igitur &longs;ibi non modo perones comparent, &longs;ed chirothecas etiam ad <expan abbr="cubit&utilde;">cubitum</expan> <lb/>u&longs;que altas: & ue&longs;icas laxas <expan abbr="illig&etilde;t">illigent</expan> faciei. </s>

<s>Then if the bull, the wether, the goat, or any other domestic animal is led <lb/>away from the pasture to the butcher, or if the poulterer brings from the farm <lb/>a chicken, a hen, or a capon for the cook, could any of these animals be cut <lb/>up and divided without axes and knives? </s>

<s>Per has enim puluis neque trahetur ad <lb/>arteriam & pulmones, nec in oculos inuolabit: non di&longs;&longs;imiliter apud Roma <lb/>nos &longs;ibi cauebant minij confectores, ne puluerem eius lethalem haurirent. </s>

<s>I need say nothing here about <lb/>bronze and copper pots for cooking, because for these purposes one could <lb/>make use of earthen vessels, but even these in turn could not be made and <lb/>fashioned by the potter without tools, for no instruments can be made out <lb/>of wood alone, without the use of iron. </s>

<s><lb/>Tum <expan abbr="difficultat&etilde;">difficultatem</expan> anhelitus parit aer immobilis manens tam in puteo quàm <lb/>in cuniculo: cui malo remedia &longs;unt machinæ &longs;piritales, quas paulò antè ex<lb/>po&longs;ui. </s>

<s>Furthermore, hunting, fowling, and <lb/>fishing supply man with food, but when the stag has been ensnared does not <lb/>the hunter transfix him with his spear? </s>

<s>Sed e&longs;t aliud malum magis pe&longs;tiferum, quodque homini mox affert <lb/>necem: in quibus puteis, uel fo&longs;sis latentibus, uel cuniculis duricies <expan abbr="&longs;axor&utilde;">&longs;axorum</expan> <lb/>igni frangitur, in his aer inficitur ueneno: &longs;iquidem uenæ & uenulæ <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;-&longs;uræque">commi&longs;<lb/>&longs;uræque</expan> &longs;axorum exhalant &longs;ubtile quoddam uirus, ignis ui expre&longs;&longs;um ex re<lb/>bus metallicis alijsque fo&longs;silibus: quod ip&longs;um cum fumo &longs;ubleuatur, non ali<lb/>ter ac pompholy<gap/>, quæ in officinis, in quibus uenæ metallicæ <expan abbr="excoqu&utilde;tur">excoquuntur</expan>, <lb/>ad &longs;uperiorem parietis partem adhære&longs;cit: id &longs;i ex terra euolare nequiuerit, <lb/>&longs;ed deciderit in lacunas, atque eis innatauerit, <expan abbr="pericul&utilde;">periculum</expan> conflare &longs;olet. </s>

<s>As he stands or runs, does he not <lb/>pierce him with an arrow? </s>

<s>Etenim <lb/>&longs;i quando aqua iactu lapidis aut alterius rei <expan abbr="cõmota">commota</expan> fuerit, rur&longs;us ex ip&longs;is la<lb/>cunis euolat: itaque &longs;piritu ductum homines inficit: &longs;ed idem magis efficit fu<lb/>mus igni nondum extincto. </s>

<s>Or pierce him with a bullet? </s>

<s>Corpora autem animantium i&longs;to ueneno infe<lb/>cta plerunque continuo turge&longs;cunt, & omnem motum ac &longs;en&longs;um amittunt, <lb/>&longs;ineque dolore intereunt. </s>

<s>Does not the <lb/>fowler in the same way kill the moor-fowl or pheasant with an arrow? </s>

<s>Homines etiam ex puteis &longs;calarum gradibus a&longs;cen<lb/>dentes, ubi uirus incrementum &longs;ump&longs;erit, rur&longs;us in eos decidunt: quia ma<lb/>nus non faciunt &longs;uum officium globo&longs;æque & rotundæ ip&longs;is uidentur e&longs;&longs;e, i<lb/>temque pedes. </s>

<s>Or <lb/>does he not discharge into its body the ball from the musket? </s>

<s>Aut &longs;i bona fortuna parumper læ&longs;i ex his malis eua&longs;erint, palli <lb/>di &longs;unt & &longs;imiles mortuorum. </s>

<s>I will not <lb/>speak of the snares and other instruments with which the woodcock, wood<lb/>pecker, and other wild birds are caught, lest I pursue unseasonably and too <lb/>minutely single instances. </s>

<s>Itaque tunc nemo in eam ip&longs;am fodinam uel in <lb/>proximas de&longs;cendat: aut &longs;i fuerit in eis, a&longs;cendat ocyus. </s>

<s>Lastly, with his fish-hook and net does not the <lb/>fisherman catch the fish in the sea, in the lakes, in fish-ponds, or in rivers? <lb/></s>

<s>Prouidi certè &longs;oler<lb/>tesque fo&longs;&longs;ores die Veneris ad ue&longs;petam incendunt &longs;truem <expan abbr="lignor&utilde;">lignorum</expan>: nec ante <pb pagenum="173"/>diem Lunæ rur&longs;us in puteos de&longs;cendunt, aut ingrediuntur in cuniculos. </s>

<s>But the hook is of iron, and sometimes we see lead or iron weights attached <lb/>to the net. </s>

<s>In<lb/>terea uis illa fumi uiro&longs;i euane&longs;cit. </s>

<s>And most fish that are caught are afterward cut up and dis<lb/>embowelled with knives and axes. </s>

<s>E&longs;t etiam ubi ratio cum Orco habetur: <lb/>nam quidam loci metallici, licet rari &longs;int, &longs;ua &longs;ponte uirus gignunt, pe&longs;tilen<lb/>temque auram exhalant: &longs;icut etiam quædam uenarum cauernæ, &longs;ed hæ &longs;æpi <lb/>us graues halitus in &longs;e continent. </s>

<s>But, more than enough has been said on <lb/>the matter of food.</s>

<s>Ad Planam Boemiæ oppidum &longs;unt non<lb/>nulli &longs;pecus qui quibu&longs;dam anni temporibus halitum ex acidulis emittunt <lb/>lucernas re&longs;tinguentem, & fo&longs;&longs;ores, diutius in eis morantes, necantem. </s>

<s>Now I will speak of clothing, which is made out of wool, flax, feathers, <lb/>hair, fur, or leather. </s>

<s>Pli<lb/>nius quoque <expan abbr="&longs;cript&utilde;">&longs;criptum</expan> reliquit: Depre&longs;&longs;is puteis &longs;ulfurata uel alumino&longs;a occur<lb/>rentia putearios necant, experimentum huius periculi demi&longs;&longs;a <expan abbr="ard&etilde;s">ardens</expan> lucer<lb/>na &longs;i extinguatur: tunc &longs;ecundum puteum dextra ac &longs;ini&longs;tra fodiuntur æ&longs;tu <lb/>aria, quæ grauiorem illum halitum recipiant. </s>

<s>First the sheep are sheared, then the wool is combed. <lb/></s>

<s>Verum Planæ con&longs;truunt fol <lb/>les, qui graues i&longs;tos halitus <expan abbr="hauri&etilde;tes">haurientes</expan> huic malo medentur, de quibus &longs;uprà <lb/>dixi. </s>

<s>Next the threads are drawn out, while later the warp is suspended in the <lb/>shuttle under which passes the wool. </s>

<s>Quinetiam interdum operarij de &longs;calis in puteos delap&longs;i brachia, cru<lb/>ra, ceruices frangunt, aut decidentes in lacunas &longs;uffocantur: plerunque uerò <lb/>in cau&longs;a e&longs;t negligentia præ&longs;idis: cuius e&longs;t proprium munus & &longs;calas ita ue<lb/>hementer ad tigna affigere ut non abrumpantur, & lacunas, ad quas putei <lb/>pertinent, ita firmè a&longs;&longs;eribus contegere, ne ip&longs;is motis homines decidant in <lb/>aquas: quocirca præ&longs;es diligenter &longs;uum munus exequatur: tum ianua ca&longs;æ <lb/>non uergat in aquilonem, ne tempore hyberno &longs;calæ frigoribus congelent: <lb/>nam id ubi factum fuerit, manus frigore rigentes, uel lubricæ &longs;uum tene<gap/>di <lb/>officium facere non po&longs;&longs;unt: ip&longs;i etiam homines &longs;int prouidi, ne, &longs;i nihil ho<lb/>rum fuerit, &longs;ua cadant incuria. </s>

<s>This being struck by the comb, at length <lb/>cloth is formed either from threads alone or from threads and hair. </s>

<s>Concidunt præterea montes, eaque ruina op<lb/>pre&longs;si homines intereunt. </s>

<s>Flax, <lb/>when gathered, is first pulled by hooks. </s>

<s>Certè cum quondam Go&longs;clariæ Ramesbergum <lb/>de&longs;edi&longs;&longs;et, ruinis tot homines &longs;unt oppre&longs;&longs;i, ut uno die circiter quadringen<lb/>tas f&oelig;minas uiris orbatas e&longs;&longs;e annales loquantur: et ab hinc annos undecim <lb/>Aldebergi &longs;uffo&longs;&longs;i montis pars re&longs;oluta re&longs;edit, & &longs;ex fo&longs;&longs;ores improui&longs;ò <lb/>oppre&longs;&longs;it: ab&longs;orbuit <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> ca&longs;am atque unà matrem cum filiolo. </s>

<s>Then it is dipped in water and <lb/>afterward dried, beaten into tow with a heavy mallet, and carded, then <lb/>drawn out into threads, and finally woven into cloth. </s>

<s>Id <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> plerunque<lb/>his accidit montibus, quibus uenæ &longs;unt cumulatæ. </s>

<s>But has the artisan <lb/>or weaver of the cloth any instrument not made of iron? </s>

<s>Itaque fo&longs;&longs;ores <expan abbr="relinquãt">relinquant</expan> <lb/>fornices crebros montibus &longs;u&longs;tinendis, aut &longs;ub&longs;tructiones faciant. </s>

<s>Can one be made <pb pagenum="14"/>of wood without the aid of iron? </s>

<s>Saxum <lb/>quoque abruptum articulos atterit: quod ne fiat metallici &longs;tructuris nece&longs;&longs;a<lb/>rijs puteos, cuniculos, fo&longs;&longs;as latentes fulcire debent. </s>

<s>The cloth or web must be cut into lengths <lb/>for the tailor. </s>

<s>At in no&longs;tris fodinis <lb/>non e&longs;t &longs;olifuga, quam Sardinia gignit. </s>

<s>Can this be done without knife or scissors? </s>

<s>Animal e&longs;t, ut Solinus &longs;cribit, perex <lb/>iguum &longs;imileque araneis forma: &longs;olifuga dicta, quod diem fugiat. </s>

<s>Can the tailor <lb/>sew together any garments without a needle? </s>

<s>In metallis <lb/>argentarijs plurima e&longs;t: occultim reptat, & per imprudentiam &longs;uper&longs;edenti<lb/>bus pe&longs;tem facit. </s>

<s>Even peoples dwelling beyond <lb/>the seas cannot make a covering for their bodies, fashioned of feathers, <lb/>without these same implements. </s>

<s>Sed, ut idem ait, fontes calidi & &longs;alubres aliquot locis effer <lb/>ue&longs;cunt, qui abolent à &longs;olifugis in&longs;ertum uenenum. </s>

<s>Neither can the furriers do without them <lb/>in sewing together the pelts of any kind of animals. </s>

<s>Sed in quibu&longs;dam fo <lb/>dinis no&longs;tris, quanquam perpaucis, e&longs;t alia pe&longs;tis & pernicies: dæmones &longs;ci <lb/>licet a&longs;pectu truci: de quibus dixi in libro De &longs;ubterraneis animantibus in<lb/>&longs;cripto: quod genus <expan abbr="dæmon&utilde;">dæmonum</expan> precibus & ieiunijs pellitur ac fugatur. </s>

<s>The shoemaker needs <lb/>a knife to cut the leather, another to scrape it, and an awl to perforate it <lb/>before he can make shoes. </s>

<s>Quæ <lb/>dam autem ex his malis atque aliæ quædam res cau&longs;a &longs;unt, cur putei amplius <lb/>fodi non &longs;oleant. </s>

<s>These coverings for the body are either woven <lb/>or stitched. </s>

<s>Itaque prima & poti&longs;&longs;ima cau&longs;a e&longs;t, quòd non &longs;int f&oelig;cundi <lb/><expan abbr="metallor&utilde;">metallorum</expan>, aut &longs;i ad aliquot pa&longs;&longs;us f&oelig;cundi fuerint, quod in profundo &longs;int <lb/>&longs;teriles. </s>

<s>Buildings too, which protect the same body from rain, wind, <lb/>cold, and heat, are not constructed without axes, saws, and augers.</s>

<s>Secunda affluentis aquæ multitudo: quam neque metallici po&longs;&longs;unt <lb/>deriuare in cuniculos, quia tam altè in montes agi non po&longs;sint: neque machi<lb/>nis extrahere, quod putei &longs;int admodum profundi: aut &longs;i po&longs;&longs;ent eam extra<pb pagenum="174"/>here machinis, quod ip&longs;is non utantur: nimirum quòd impen&longs;æ &longs;int maio<lb/>res quàm pauperioris uenæ fructus. </s>

<s>But what need of more words? </s>

<s>Tertia e&longs;t aer grauis, quem <expan abbr="interd&utilde;">interdum</expan> do<lb/>mini non arte, <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> &longs;umptu emendare & corrigere po&longs;&longs;unt: quam ob cau&longs;am <lb/>fo&longs;&longs;io non puteorum tantum, &longs;ed etiam cuniculorum de&longs;eritur. </s>

<s>If we remove metals from the service <lb/>of man, all methods of protecting and sustaining health and more care<lb/>fully preserving the course of life are done away with. </s>

<s>Quarta <lb/>uirus in &longs;ingulari loco genitum, &longs;i id funditus tollere, uel leuius facere in no <lb/>&longs;tra pote&longs;tate non fuerit: ea de re &longs;pecus ad Planam Laurentius dictus non <lb/>fodi &longs;olebat, cùm argento non careret. </s>

<s>If there were no <lb/>metals, men would pass a horrible and wretched existence in the midst of <lb/>wild beasts; they would return to the acorns and fruits and berries of the <lb/>forest. </s>

<s>Quinta dæmon truculentus & ho <lb/>micida: etenim ab eo, &longs;i expelli non po&longs;sit, nemo non fugit. </s>

<s>They would feed upon the herbs and roots which they plucked up <lb/>with their nails. </s>

<s>Sexta, &longs;ub&longs;tru <lb/>ctiones &longs;i labefactatæ conciderint: eas enim ruina montis &longs;equi &longs;olet. </s>

<s>They would dig out caves in which to lie down at night, <lb/>and by day they would rove in the woods and plains at random like beasts, <lb/>and inasmuch as this condition is utterly unworthy of humanity, with its <lb/>splendid and glorious natural endowment, will anyone be so foolish or <lb/>obstinate as not to allow that metals are necessary for food and clothing and <lb/>that they tend to preserve life?</s>

<s>Sub<lb/>&longs;tructiones autem tunc &longs;olum re&longs;tituuntur, cùm uena admodum diues me<lb/>talli fuerit. </s>

<s>Moreover, as the miners dig almost exclusively in mountains otherwise <lb/>unproductive, and in valleys invested in gloom, they do either slight damage <lb/>to the fields or none at all. </s>

<s>Septima motus bellici: propter quos ni&longs;i certò con&longs;tet fo&longs;&longs;o<lb/>res de&longs;erui&longs;&longs;e puteos & cuniculos, reficiendi non &longs;unt. </s>

<s>Lastly, where woods and glades are cut down, <lb/>they may be sown with grain after they have been cleared from the roots of <lb/>shrubs and trees. </s>

<s>Non enim credamus <lb/>maiores no&longs;tros tam inertes & ignauos fui&longs;&longs;e, ut fo&longs;&longs;iones, quæ potuerint <lb/>fieri cum fructu, reliquerint. </s>

<s>These new fields soon produce rich crops, so that they repair <lb/>the losses which the inhabitants suffer from increased cost of timber. </s>

<s>No&longs;tris profecto temporibus non pauci metal <lb/>lici, cùm anilibus fabulis per&longs;ua&longs;i refeci&longs;&longs;ent puteos de&longs;ertos, operam & ole <lb/>um perdiderunt: ne igitur po&longs;teritas acta agat, ex re eius erit in tabulas refer <lb/>re, <expan abbr="quã">quam</expan> ob cau&longs;am cuiu&longs;que putei uel cuniculi fo&longs;&longs;io relicta &longs;it. </s>

<s>More<lb/>over, with the metals which are melted from the ore, birds without number, <lb/>edible beasts and fish can be purchased elsewhere and brought to these <lb/>mountainous regions.</s>

<s>Id quod quon<lb/>dam Fribergi factum e&longs;&longs;e con&longs;tat puteis de&longs;ertis propter copiam & affluen <lb/>tiam aquarum.</s>

<s>I will pass to the illustrations I have mentioned. </s>

<s>De re Metallica Libri VI. FINIS.</s>

<s>Bias of Priene, when his <lb/>country was taken, carried away out of the city none of his valuables. </s>

<s>GEORGII AGRICO<lb/>LAE DE RE METALLICA <lb/>LIBER SEPTIMVS.</s>

<s>So <lb/>strong a man with such a reputation for wisdom had no need to fear personal <lb/>danger from the enemy, but this in truth cannot be said of him because he <lb/>hastily took to flight; the throwing away of his goods does not seem to me <lb/>so great a matter, for he had lost his house, his estates, and even his country, <lb/>than which nothing is more precious. </s>

<s>Sextvs liber de&longs;crip&longs;it ferramenta, ua&longs;a, machi<lb/>nas, hic uenarum experiendarum rationes de&longs;cri<lb/>bet: eas enim effo&longs;&longs;as, ut utiliter excoqui, et ex ip&longs;is <lb/>à <expan abbr="recrem&etilde;to">recremento</expan> purgatis metalla pura confici po&longs;&longs;int, <lb/>operæprecium e&longs;t prius experiri. </s>

<s>Nay, I should be convinced of Bias's <lb/>contempt and scorn for possessions of this kind, if before his country was <lb/>captured he had bestowed them freely on relations and friends, or had <lb/>distributed them to the very poor, for this he could have done freely and <lb/>without question. </s>

<s>Sed talis experi<lb/>menti quanquam mentio facta e&longs;t à &longs;criptoribus, <lb/>tamen nemo ex illis præcepta eius memoriæ tra<lb/>didit: quocirca mirum non e&longs;t &longs;i ætate po&longs;teriores <lb/>nihil de eo &longs;crip&longs;erint. </s>

<s>Whereas his conduct, which the Greeks admire so <lb/>greatly, was due, it would seem, to his being driven out by the enemy and <lb/>stricken with fear. </s>

<s>Metallici certè ex i&longs;tius ge<lb/>neris experimento cogno&longs;cunt de uenis utrum aliquod quodpiam metal<lb/>lum, an nullum in &longs;e contineant: aut, &longs;i ip&longs;æ nobis indicia unius metalli uel <lb/>plurium o&longs;tenderint, multum an paucum in eis in&longs;it: qua ratione <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> unius <lb/>uenæ partes metalli participes, ab his, quæ eius expertes &longs;unt, &longs;eparari po&longs;<lb/>&longs;unt. </s>

<s>Socrates in truth did not despise gold, but would not <lb/>accept money for his teaching. </s>

<s>Atque illæ rur&longs;us, in quibus multum e&longs;t ab his in quibus paucum. </s>

<s>As for Aristippus of Cyrene, if he had gath<lb/>ered and saved the gold which he ordered his slaves to throw away, he might <pb pagenum="15"/>have bought the things which he needed for the necessaries of life, and he <lb/>would not. </s>

<s>Ni&longs;i <lb/>enim hoc antea, quàm ex uenis conflentur metalla, diligenter factum fuerit, <lb/>non &longs;ine magno dominorum detrimento excoquentur. </s>

<s>by reason of his poverty, have then been obliged to flatter the <lb/>tyrant Dionysius, nor would he ever have been called by him a King's dog. <lb/></s>

<s>Nam partes uena<pb pagenum="175"/>rum, quæ non facile igni lique&longs;cunt, metalla ad &longs;e rapiunt, uel ea <expan abbr="cõ&longs;umunt">con&longs;umunt</expan>. </s>

<s>For this reason Horace, speaking of Damasippus when reviling Staberus for <lb/>valuing riches very highly, says:</s>

<s><lb/>Hoc modo cum fumo euolant, altero cum recremento & cadmia <expan abbr="cõmi&longs;cen">commi&longs;cen</expan> <lb/>tur: quo domini operam perdunt, quam po&longs;uerunt in fornacibus atque cati<lb/>nis præparandis, & eos nouas impen&longs;as in eiu&longs;modi recrementa & cæteras <lb/>res facere nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t. </s>

<s>“What resemblance has the Grecian Aristippus to this fellow? <lb/></s>

<s>Verum metalla iam excocta experiri &longs;olemus, ut explo <lb/>ratum habere po&longs;&longs;imus quota <expan abbr="arg&etilde;ti">argenti</expan> portio in&longs;it in centumpondio æris uel <lb/>plumbi: aut quotam auri particulam libra argenti in &longs;e contineat. </s>

<s>He who commanded his slaves to throw away the gold in the midst of <lb/>Libya because they went too slowly, impeded by the weight of their <lb/>burden—which of these two men is the more insane?”<emph type="sup"/>21<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Et contrà <lb/>quotam æris uel plumbi portionem habeat <expan abbr="arg&etilde;ti">argenti</expan> <expan abbr="cent&utilde;pondium">centumpondium</expan>: aut quo <lb/>ta argenti particula &longs;it in auri libra: atque ex ea re conijcere licet, utiliter po&longs;&longs;it <lb/>necne metallum precio&longs;um à uili &longs;ecerni: quin etiam tale experimentum do <lb/>cet utrum nummi boni &longs;int an adulterini, manife&longs;toque deprehendit argen<lb/>tum, &longs;i eius plus quàm fuerit iu&longs;tum, monetarij mi&longs;cuerint auro: aut æs, &longs;i ei<lb/>us plus, quàm fas &longs;it, ijdem temperauerint cum auro uel argento: <expan abbr="quor&utilde;">quorum</expan> o<lb/>mnium rationem quàm potero, diligenti&longs;simè explicabo. </s>

<s>Insane indeed is he who makes more of riches than of virtue. </s>

<s>Venarum <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> <lb/>experimentum, quod &longs;olis metallicis utile e&longs;t, ab excoctione differt &longs;ola ma <lb/>teriæ paucitate: etenim <expan abbr="coqu&etilde;do">coquendo</expan> paucam di&longs;cimus, utrum excoctio multæ <lb/>nobis lucrum dabit an damnum, ni&longs;i enim metallici &longs;tudio incumberent in <lb/>eam <expan abbr="experi&etilde;di">experiendi</expan> rationem, qua utuntur, ex uenis, ut iam dixi, metalla <expan abbr="interd&utilde;">interdum</expan> <lb/>cum detrimento, interdum &longs;ine ullo emolumento excoquerent: nam expe<lb/>riri uenas impen&longs;is admodum exiguis, excoquere <expan abbr="tant&utilde;modo">tantummodo</expan> magnis po&longs;<lb/>&longs;umus. </s>

<s>Insane <lb/>also is he who rejects them and considers them as worth nothing, instead of <lb/>using them with reason. </s>

<s>Simili autem modo fiunt. </s>

<s>Yet as to the gold which Aristippus on another <lb/>occasion flung into the sea from a boat, this he did with a wise and prudent <lb/>mind. </s>

<s>Primùm enim ut uenas experimur in for<lb/>nacula, &longs;ic ea&longs;dem excoquimus in fornace. </s>

<s>For learning that it was a pirate boat in which he was sailing, and <lb/>fearing for his life, he counted his gold and then throwing it of his own will <lb/>into the sea, he groaned as if he had done it unwillingly. </s>

<s>Deinde utrobique non ligna, &longs;ed <lb/>carbones incenduntur: tum ut in catillo fictili, cùm uenas experimur, metal <lb/>la quæ in ip&longs;is in&longs;unt, &longs;i aurum, argentum, æs, plumbum fuerint, iu&longs;ti&longs;&longs;imè <lb/>mi&longs;centur, ita in primis fornacibus, cùm eædem excoquuntur, permi&longs;ceri &longs;o <lb/>lent. </s>

<s>But afterward, <lb/>when he escaped the peril, he said: “It is better that this gold itself should <lb/>be lost than that I should have perished because of it.” Let it be granted <lb/>that some philosophers, as well as Anacreon of Teos, despised gold and <lb/>silver. </s>

<s>Præterea ut hi, qui uenas explorant igni, metallum uel liquidum effun <lb/>dentes, uel frigefactum fracto catillo terreno purgant à recrementis, ita ex<lb/>coctores quàmprimum metallum è fornace defluxerit in catinum, <expan abbr="frigidã">frigidam</expan> <lb/>infundentes, ab eo rutris auferunt recrementa. </s>

<s>Anaxagoras of Clazomenae also gave up his sheep-farms and <lb/>became a shepherd. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tremò ut in catillo ci <lb/>nereo aurum uel argentum à plumbo &longs;eparatur, ita quoque in &longs;ecundis forna <lb/>cibus. </s>

<s>Crates the Theban too, being annoyed that his <lb/>estate and other kinds of wealth caused him worry, and that in his con<lb/>templations his mind was thereby distracted, resigned a property valued at <lb/>ten talents, and taking a cloak and wallet, in poverty devoted all his <lb/>thought and efforts to philosophy. </s>

<s>Sed artificem <expan abbr="experi&etilde;dæ">experiendæ</expan> uenæ uel metalli nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t paratum, & in<lb/>&longs;tructum rebus nece&longs;&longs;arijs ad experimentum uenire: atque fores conclauis, in <lb/>quo &longs;tatuta e&longs;t fornacula, claudere, ne quis intempe&longs;tiuè accedens mentem <lb/>eius, in operas intentam, perturbet: libram præterea in &longs;uo loculamento col <lb/>locare, ut ea, cùm ip&longs;e ma&longs;&longs;ulas metallorum ponderat, flatu uentorum huc <lb/>& illuc agitari <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> po&longs;&longs;it: is enim arti e&longs;t impedimento. </s>

<s>Is it true that because these philo<lb/>sophers despised money, all others declined wealth in cattle? </s>

<s>Verùm res &longs;ingulas, <lb/>ad experimentum nece&longs;&longs;arias, de&longs;cribam exor&longs;us à fornaculis: quarum alia <lb/>ab alia differt figura, materia, loco in quo collocatur: figura quidem quòd <lb/>&longs;it teres uel quadrangula. </s>

<s>Did they <lb/>refuse to cultivate lands or to dwell in houses? </s>

<s>Atque hæc magis e&longs;t ad uenas experiendas accom<lb/>modata.</s>

<s>There were certainly many, <lb/>on the other hand, who, though affluent, became famous in the pursuit of <lb/>learning and in the knowledge of divine and human laws, such as Aristotle, <lb/>Cicero, and Seneca. </s>

<s>F<emph type="italics"/>ornacula teres.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><pb pagenum="176"/><figure/>

<s>As for Phocion, he did not deem it honest to accept the <lb/>gold sent to him by Alexander. </s>

<s>F<emph type="italics"/>ornacula quadrangula.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><figure/>

<s>For if he had consented to use it, the <lb/>king as much as himself would have incurred the hatred and aversion of <lb/>the Athenians, and these very people were afterward so ungrateful toward <lb/>this excellent man that they compelled him to drink hemlock. </s>

<s>Materia uerò <expan abbr="differ&utilde;t">differunt</expan> fornaculæ, quòd alia &longs;it lactericia, alia ferrea, quæ<lb/>dam fictilis. </s>

<s>For what <lb/>would have been less becoming to Marcus Curius and Fabricius Luscinus <lb/>than to accept gold from their enemies, who hoped that by these means <lb/>those leaders could be corrupted or would become odious to their fellow <lb/>citizens, their purpose being to cause dissentions among the Romans and <lb/>destroy the Republic utterly. </s>

<s>Lactericia extruitur in camini foco, alto pedes tres & dimi <expan abbr="di&utilde;">dium</expan>: <lb/>ferrea in eodem collocatur, &longs;imiliter fictilis. </s>

<s>Lycurgus, however, ought to have given <lb/>instructions to the Spartans as to the use of gold and silver, instead of <lb/>abolishing things good in themselves. </s>

<s>Sed latericia e&longs;t alta <expan abbr="cubit&utilde;">cubitum</expan>, in<lb/>tus lata <expan abbr="ped&etilde;">pedem</expan>, longa <expan abbr="ped&etilde;">pedem</expan> & duos digitos: cùm è foco a&longs;&longs;urrexerit ad quinque<lb/>digitos, quæ laterum <expan abbr="crudor&utilde;">crudorum</expan> cra&longs;&longs;itudo e&longs;&longs;e &longs;olet, &longs;uper lateres locatur bra <lb/>ctea ferrea, luto &longs;uperius oblita, ne propter uim ignium detrimentum acci<lb/>piat. </s>

<s>As to the Babytacenses, who does <lb/>not see that they were senseless and envious? </s>

<s>In fronte fornaculæ &longs;upra bracteam e&longs;t os, altum palmum, <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> quin que<pb pagenum="177"/>digitos, &longs;uperiori parte <expan abbr="rot&utilde;dum">rotundum</expan>. </s>

<s>For with their gold they might <lb/>have bought things of which they were in need, or even given it to neigh<lb/>bouring peoples to bind them more closely to themselves with gifts and <lb/>favours. </s>

<s>At bractea habet tria foramina, in utroque<lb/>latere unum, tertium in po&longs;teriori eius parte: quæ lata &longs;unt digitum, longa <lb/>tres digitos: per ea tum cinis ex carbonibus candentibus decidit, tum &longs;pirat <lb/>flatus penetrans in cameram, quæ &longs;ub ip&longs;a bractea e&longs;t: itaque is flatus ignem <lb/>excitat. </s>

<s>Finally, the Scythians, by condemning the use of gold and silver <pb pagenum="16"/>alone, did not free themselves utterly from avarice, because although he is not <lb/>enjoying them, one who can possess other forms of property may also <lb/>become avaricious.</s>

<s><expan abbr="Quã">Quam</expan> ob rem hæc fornacula, quam metallici propter u&longs;um ab expe<lb/>riendo appellant, apud chymi&longs;tas ex uento nomen inuenit: uerum bracteæ <lb/>ferreæ pars, quæ è fornacula extat & eminet longa e&longs;&longs;e &longs;olet dodrantem, la<lb/>ta palmum. </s>

<s>Now let us reply to the attacks hurled against the products of mines. <lb/></s>

<s>In ea carbunculi locati expeditè in fornaculam per ip&longs;ius os for <lb/>cipe imponuntur, rur&longs;usque, &longs;i res hoc po&longs;tulat, ex fornacula exempti in ea<lb/>dem reponuntur.</s>

<s>In the first place, they call gold and silver the scourge of mankind because <lb/>they are the cause of destruction and ruin to their possessors. </s>

<s>B<emph type="italics"/>racteæ foramina<emph.end type="italics"/> A. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem pars quæ extat e fornacula<emph.end type="italics"/> B.</s><figure/>

<s>But in this <lb/>manner, might not anything that we possess be called a scourge to <lb/>human kind,—whether it be a horse, or a garment, or anything else? <lb/></s>

<s>Ferrea autem fornacula con&longs;tat ex quatuor bacillis ferreis, altis &longs;e&longs;quipe<lb/>dem, inferius parumper diuaricatis & latis ut firmius &longs;tare po&longs;&longs;int: ex quo<lb/>rum duobus prior fornaculæ pars, ex duobus po&longs;terior efficitur: cum i&longs;tis <lb/>bacillis utriu&longs;que partis conglutinata & conferruminata &longs;unt bacilla ferrea <lb/>tran&longs;uer&longs;aria, numero tria: prima ubi ad altitudinem palmi a&longs;&longs;urrexerunt: <lb/>&longs;ecunda ubi ad altitudinem pedis: tertia in &longs;umma eorum parte. </s>

<s>For, whether one rides a splendid horse, or journeys well clad, he would <lb/>give occasion to a robber to kill him. </s>

<s>Recta <lb/>quidem bacilla ca parte perforata &longs;unt, qua cum ip&longs;is conglutinantur <lb/>tran&longs;uer&longs;aria, ut à lateribus in ea includi po&longs;sint alia bacilla ferrea &longs;imi<lb/>liter utrinque tria numero. </s>

<s>Are we then not to ride on horses, <lb/>but to journey on foot, because a robber has once committed a murder in <lb/>order that he may steal a horse? </s>

<s>Itaque duodecim &longs;unt bacilla tran&longs;uer&longs;aria, <lb/>quæ tres efficiunt ordines, imparibus interuallis di&longs;tinctos: etenim ab u<lb/>no bacillo recto ad alterum in infimo ordine e&longs;t interuallum unius pedis & <lb/>quinque digitorum. </s>

<s>Or are we not to possess clothing, because <lb/>a vagabond with a sword has taken a traveller's life that he may rob him <lb/>of his garment? </s>

<s>At in medio inter priora <expan abbr="quid&etilde;">quidem</expan> bacilla & po&longs;teriora e&longs;t <lb/>&longs;pacium trium palmorum & unius digiti. </s>

<s>The possession of gold and silver is similar. </s>

<s>Laterum uerò bacilla inter &longs;e di<lb/>&longs;tant tribus palmis et <expan abbr="totid&etilde;">totidem</expan> digitis: &longs;ed in &longs;upremo ordine inter priora qui<lb/>dem bacilla et po&longs;teriora e&longs;t interuallum duorum palmorum, inter laterum <lb/>uerò bacilla trium, ut i&longs;to modo fornacula in &longs;umma parte fiat angu&longs;tior: <pb pagenum="178"/>quin etiam ferreum <expan abbr="bacill&utilde;">bacillum</expan>, in oris &longs;peciem formatum, in infimo prioris par <lb/>tis bacillo includitur: quod os æquè ac lactericiæ fornaculæ, altum e&longs;t pal<lb/>mum, latum quinque digitos. </s>

<s>Seeing <lb/>then that men cannot conveniently do all these things, we should be on our <lb/>guard against robbers, and because we cannot always protect ourselves <lb/>from their hands, it is the special duty of the magistrate to seize wicked and <lb/>villainous men for torture, and, if need be, for execution.</s>

<s>Tum prius infimi ordinis bacillum tran&longs;uer&longs;a<lb/>rium ad <expan abbr="utr&utilde;que">utrunque</expan> oris latus perforatum e&longs;t, &longs;imilique modo po&longs;terius: per quæ <lb/>foramina penetrant duo baccilla ferrea, quæ cùm ip&longs;a, tum quatuor infi<lb/>mi ordinis bacilla &longs;u&longs;tinent bracteam <expan abbr="ferreã">ferream</expan> luto oblitam: cuius etiam pars <lb/>è fornacula extat: inferiora quoque fornaculæ latera ab infimo bacillorum or <lb/>dine u&longs;que ad &longs;upremum bracteis ferreis teguntur: quæ filis ferreis <expan abbr="affig&utilde;tur">affiguntur</expan> <lb/>ad bacilla, lutoque oblinuntur, ut quàm diuti&longs;&longs;ime uim ignium ferre po&longs;&longs;int. </s>

<s>Again, the products of the mines are not themselves the cause of war. <lb/></s>

<s><lb/>At fictilem fornaculam ex terra pingui & &longs;pi&longs;&longs;a & mediocri, quod ad molli <lb/>tudinem et duriciem attinet, fingere conuenit. </s>

<s>Thus, for example, when a tyrant, inflamed with passion for a woman of <lb/>great beauty, makes war on the inhabitants of her city, the fault lies in the <lb/>unbridled lust of the tyrant and not in the beauty of the woman. </s>

<s>Ea uerò ferè eandem habet al <lb/>titudinem quam &longs;errea: eiusque pes con&longs;tat ex duabus tabulis fictilibus, lon<lb/>gis pedem & tres palmos, latis pedem & palmum. </s>

<s>Likewise, <lb/>when another man, blinded by a passion for gold and silver, makes war <lb/>upon a wealthy people, we ought not to blame the metals but transfer all <lb/>blame to avarice. </s>

<s>Vtriu&longs;que <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> tabulæ par<lb/>tis prioris utrunque latus &longs;ic &longs;en&longs;im e&longs;t reci&longs;um ad palmi <expan abbr="longitudin&etilde;">longitudinem</expan>, ut tan<lb/>tummodo latum fiat &longs;emipedem & digitum: quæ pars eminet è fornacula. </s>

<s>For frenzied deeds and disgraceful actions, which are <lb/>wont to weaken and dishonour natural and civil laws, originate from our <lb/>own vices. </s>

<s><lb/>Sed tabulæ &longs;unt cra&longs;&longs;æ ferè &longs;e&longs;quidigitum: &longs;imiliter fictiles parietes, qui ad <lb/>digitum tran&longs;uer&longs;um à margine <expan abbr="&longs;tatu&utilde;tur">&longs;tatuuntur</expan> &longs;uper inferiorem tabulam, quique<lb/>&longs;uperiorem eodem modo &longs;u&longs;tinent. </s>

<s>Wherefore Tibullus is wrong in laying the blame for war on <lb/>gold, when he says: “This is the fault of a rich man's gold; there were <lb/>no wars when beech goblets were used at banquets.” But Virgil, speaking of <lb/>Polymnestor, says that the crime of the murderer rests on avarice:</s>

<s>Sunt uerò parietes alti tres digitos, ha<lb/>bentes foramina quatuor, quæ &longs;ingula alta &longs;unt circiter ternos digitos: &longs;ed <lb/>po&longs;terioris quidem partis & utriu&longs;que lateris lata &longs;unt quinque digitos: prio<lb/>ris uerò latum e&longs;t &longs;e&longs;quipalmum, ut eò <expan abbr="cõmodius">commodius</expan> in ip&longs;um pedem, cùm <expan abbr="cõ-caluerit">con<lb/>caluerit</expan> imponi po&longs;&longs;int catilli cinerei nuper facti, ibique exiccari. </s>

<s>“He breaks all law; he murders Polydorus, and obtains gold by <lb/>violence. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Ver&utilde;">Verum</expan> utraque<lb/>tabula ideo exteriori parte filo ferreo, in <expan abbr="eã">eam</expan> <expan abbr="im&ptilde;&longs;&longs;o">impn&longs;&longs;o</expan>, uincitur, ut minus <expan abbr="frãga-tur">franga<lb/>tur</expan>: utraque <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> aliter ac bractea ferrea, iccirco tria habet foramina longa <lb/>tres digitos, lata digitum, ut cùm &longs;uperior propter ignium uim, aut propter <lb/>aliam cau&longs;am uitium fecerit, inferior pede inuer&longs;o in eius <expan abbr="loc&utilde;">locum</expan> &longs;uccedat: per <lb/>ea foramina & cinis ex prunis, ut dixi, decidit, & fornaculæ in&longs;piratur aura <lb/>penetrans in cameram per parietum foramina. </s>

<s>To what wilt thou not drive mortal hearts, thou accursed <lb/>hunger for gold?”</s>

<s>Ip&longs;a uerò fornacula quadran <lb/>gula e&longs;t: inferiori eius parte intus lata palmos tres & digitum unum, longa <lb/>palmos tres & totidem digitos: &longs;uperiori lata palmos duos & digitos tres, <lb/>ut etiam ip&longs;a fiat angu&longs;tior: Alta autem e&longs;t pedem. </s>

<s>And again, justly, he says, speaking of Pygmalion, who killed Sichaeus:</s>

<s>Po&longs;terior <expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> eius pars <lb/>inferius in medio exci&longs;a e&longs;t in modum &longs;emicirculi, qui &longs;it &longs;emidigitum altus: <lb/>pari modo latus utrunque: atque non &longs;ecus ac fornacula in priori eius parte ha <lb/>bet os &longs;uperius <gap/>otundum, altum palmum, latum palmum & <expan abbr="digit&utilde;">digitum</expan>: cuius <lb/>fores fene&longs;trati etiam ex terra &longs;unt, habentque an&longs;am. </s>

<s>“And blinded with the love of gold, he slew him unawares with <lb/>stealthy sword.”<emph type="sup"/>22<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Quin operculum forna <lb/>culæ ex terra factum &longs;uam habet an&longs;am, filoque ferreo uincitur: tum ip&longs;ius for <lb/>naculæ exteriorem <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan> utranque & latus utrunque fila ferrea <expan abbr="uinci&utilde;t">uinciunt</expan>: ex qui<lb/>bus impre&longs;&longs;is triangulorum formæ &longs;olent effici. </s>

<s>For lust and eagerness after gold and other things make men blind, and <lb/>this wicked greed for money, all men in all times and places have considered <lb/>dishonourable and criminal. </s>

<s>Fornaculæ <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> latericiæ <lb/>manent ac fixæ &longs;unt, fictiles uerò & ferreæ ex uno loco portantur ad <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan>: <lb/>atque latericiæ citius parari po&longs;&longs;unt, ferreæ magis durant, fictiles &longs;unt aptio<lb/>res. </s>

<s>Moreover, those who have been so addicted to <lb/>avarice as to be its slaves have always been regarded as mean and sordid. <lb/></s>

<s>Metallici præterea faciunt fornaculas temporarias hoc modo. </s>

<s>Similarly, too, if by means of gold and silver and gems men can overcome <lb/>the chastity of women, corrupt the honour of many people, bribe the course <lb/>of justice and commit innumerable wickednesses, it is not the metals which <lb/>are to be blamed, but the evil passions of men which become inflamed and <lb/>ignited; or it is due to the blind and impious desires of their minds. </s>

<s>Late<lb/>res tres &longs;upra focum &longs;tatuunt, utrinque unum, tertium à tergo: pars prior pa<lb/>tet flatui: his lateribus imponunt bracteam ferream: cui rur&longs;us tres lateres, <lb/>qui carbones arceant & contineant. </s>

<s>But <pb pagenum="17"/>although these attacks against gold and silver may be directed especially <lb/>against money, yet inasmuch as the Poets one after another condemn it, <lb/>their criticism must be met, and this can be done by one argument alone. <lb/></s>

<s>Sed loco fornacula alia ab alia differt, <lb/>quòd quædam in altiori collocetur, quædam in humiliori. </s>

<s>Money is good for those who use it well; it brings loss and evil to those who <lb/>use it ill. </s>

<s>Ea uerò locatur <pb pagenum="179"/>in altiori, per cuius os, qui uenas uel metalla experitur catillum forcipe im<lb/>ponit: in humiliori, per cuius <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan> &longs;uperius patentem: quo &longs;anè modo for<lb/>naculæ loco artifici e&longs;t circulus ferreus: etenim &longs;uper <expan abbr="foc&utilde;">focum</expan> camini ponitur, <lb/>& inferius oblinitur luto, ne flatus follis &longs;ub ip&longs;o exeat. </s>

<s>Hence, very rightly, Horace says:</s>

<s>Quod &longs;i fieret tardi<lb/>us, uena excoqueretur, & æs lique&longs;ceret in catino triangulari, qui in <expan abbr="e&utilde;">eum</expan> forci <lb/>pe imponitur, & rur&longs;us eximitur. </s>

<s>“Dost thou not know the value of money; and what uses it serves?</s>

<s>Circulus <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> altus e&longs;t palmos duos, cra&longs;<lb/>&longs;us &longs;emidigitum: eius &longs;pacium interius plerunque latum e&longs;t pedem et <expan abbr="palm&utilde;">palmum</expan>: <lb/>qua parte flatus follis in ip&longs;um penetrat, exci&longs;us e&longs;t. </s>

<s>It buys bread, vegetables, and a pint of wine.”</s>

<s>Sed follis e&longs;t duplica<lb/>tus, qualem habere &longs;olent aurifices, aliquando etiam fabri ferrarij: cui in me <lb/>dio e&longs;t a&longs;&longs;er, in quo ine&longs;t foramen &longs;piritale, latum quinque digitos, longum &longs;e <lb/>ptem, &longs;uo a&longs;&longs;erculo tectum: quod è regione e&longs;t foraminis &longs;piritalis infimi a&longs;<lb/>&longs;eris. </s>

<s>And again in another place:</s>

<s>Eius uerò eadem e&longs;t latitudo & longitudo. </s>

<s>“Wealth hoarded up is the master or slave of each possessor; it <lb/>should follow rather than lead, the ‘twisted rope.’ ”<emph type="sup"/>23<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Sed follis longus e&longs;t, exce<lb/>pto capite, tres pedes: latus po&longs;trema parte, ubi quodammodo rotundatur, <lb/>pedem & palmum: ad caput, tres palmos. </s>

<s>When ingenious and clever men considered carefully the system of barter, <lb/>which ignorant men of old employed and which even to-day is used by <lb/>certain uncivilised and barbarous races, it appeared to them so troublesome <lb/>and laborious that they invented money. </s>

<s>Ip&longs;um autem caput etiam <expan abbr="long&utilde;">longum</expan> <lb/>e&longs;t tres palmos: <expan abbr="lat&utilde;">latum</expan> uerò ea parte, qua cum a&longs;&longs;eribus coniungitur duos pal<lb/>mos & <expan abbr="digit&utilde;">digitum</expan>. </s>

<s>Indeed, nothing more useful <lb/>could have been devised, because a small amount of gold and silver is of as <lb/>great value as things cumbrous and heavy; and so peoples far distant from one <lb/>another can, by the use of money, trade very easily in those things which <lb/>civilised life can scarcely do without.</s>

<s>Po&longs;tea paulatim fit angu&longs;tius: naris, quæ unica, longa e&longs;t pe<lb/>dem & duos digitos: ea in foramine muri, cra&longs;&longs;i pedem & <expan abbr="palm&utilde;">palmum</expan>, locata e&longs;t, <lb/>ut etiam dimidia capitis pars, in quam naris includitur: circulum uerò ferre <lb/>um in foco &longs;tatutum tantummodo attingit: nam extra murum non eminet. </s>

<s>The curses which are uttered against iron, copper, and lead have no <lb/>weight with prudent and sensible men, because if these metals were done <lb/>away with, men, as their anger swelled and their fury became unbridled, <lb/>would assuredly fight like wild beasts with fists, heels, nails, and teeth. <lb/></s>

<s><lb/>Corium follis &longs;ui generis clauis ferreis infixum e&longs;t a&longs;&longs;eribus: tum corio u<lb/>trinque a&longs;&longs;eres <expan abbr="iung&utilde;tur">iunguntur</expan> cum capite, &longs;uper quo e&longs;t corium tran&longs;uer&longs;arium in <lb/>a&longs;&longs;eris parte clauis, quibus lata &longs;unt capitula, infixum: &longs;imiliter <expan abbr="alter&utilde;">alterum</expan> in par<lb/>te capitis: Medius <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> follis a&longs;&longs;er &longs;ituatus e&longs;t in bacillo ferreo, ad quod cla<lb/>uis ferreis utrinque cu&longs;pidatis & utrinque directò deor&longs;um uer&longs;us actis affigi<lb/>tur, ut leuari non po&longs;&longs;it. </s>

<s>They would strike each other with sticks, hit one another with stones, or <lb/>dash their foes to the ground. </s>

<s>Bacillum uerò ferreum in medio e&longs;t duorum tigno <lb/>rum erectorum, per quæ penetrat. </s>

<s>Moreover, a man does not kill another with <lb/>iron alone, but slays by means of poison, starvation, or thirst. </s>

<s>Superius etiam axiculus ligneus, habens <lb/>codaces ferreos, in foraminibus eorundem tignorum uoluitur: in cuius me <lb/>dij forma inclu&longs;us e&longs;t uectis, et clauis ferreis affixus, ut <expan abbr="nõ">non</expan> queat exilire. </s>

<s>He may <lb/>seize him by the throat and strangle him; he may bury him alive in the <lb/>ground; he may immerse him in water and suffocate him; he may burn <lb/>or hang him; so that he can make every element a participant in the death <lb/>of men. </s>

<s>Lon <lb/>gus autem e&longs;t quinque pedes & dimidium: cuius po&longs;tremam <expan abbr="part&etilde;">partem</expan> prehen<lb/>dit annulus ferreus bacilli ferrei, pertinentis ad caudam infimi a&longs;&longs;eris ip&longs;ius <lb/>follis: quam alter eius annulus &longs;imiliter prehendit. </s>

<s>Or, finally, a man may be thrown to the wild beasts. </s>

<s>Itaque cùm artifex uectem <lb/>deprimit, follis pars inferior leuatur, flatumque in narem compellit: atque eti<lb/>am &longs;piritus, per <expan abbr="foram&etilde;">foramen</expan>, quod &longs;piritale dicitur, a&longs;&longs;eris medij penetran s &longs;ub<lb/>leuat &longs;uperiorem follis partem: cuius a&longs;&longs;eri &longs;uperpo&longs;itum e&longs;t plumbum tam <lb/>graue, ut eam follis partem rur&longs;us po&longs;&longs;it deprimere: quæ depre&longs;&longs;a æquè ac <lb/>inferior pars per narem <expan abbr="flat&utilde;">flatum</expan> expirat. </s>

<s>Another <lb/>may be sewn up wholly except his head in a sack, and thus be left to be <lb/>devoured by worms; or he may be immersed in water until he is torn to <lb/>pieces by sea-serpents. </s>

<s>I&longs;to modo &longs;e habet follis duplicatus: <lb/>qui fabricatus e&longs;t propter circulum ferreum, in quo catillus triangularis, in <lb/>quo uena æris excoquitur, & æs lique&longs;cit, collocatur.</s>

<s>A man may be boiled in oil; he may be greased, <lb/>tied with ropes, and left exposed to be stung by flies and hornets; he may <lb/>be put to death by scourging with rods or beating with cudgels, or struck <lb/>down by stoning, or flung from a high place. </s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>irculus &longs;erreus<emph.end type="italics"/> A. F<emph type="italics"/>ollis duplicatæs<emph.end type="italics"/> B. <lb/>E<emph type="italics"/>ius naris<emph.end type="italics"/> C. V<emph type="italics"/>ectis<emph.end type="italics"/> D.</s><pb pagenum="180"/><figure/>

<s>Furthermore, a man <lb/>may be tortured in more ways than one without the use of metals; as when <lb/>the executioner burns the groins and armpits of his victim with hot wax; <lb/>or places a cloth in his mouth gradually, so that when in breathing he <lb/>draws it slowly into his gullet, the executioner draws it back suddenly and <lb/>violently; or the victim's hands are fastened behind his back, and he is <lb/>drawn up little by little with a rope and then let down suddenly. </s>

<s>Dixi de fornaculis & circulo ferreo, nunc dicam de tegula & catillis. </s>

<s>Or <lb/>similarly, he may be tied to a beam and a heavy stone fastened by a <lb/>cord to his feet, or finally his limbs may be torn asunder. </s>

<s>Te<lb/>gula <expan abbr="quid&etilde;">quidem</expan> e&longs;t fictilis & imbricis inuer&longs;i figura. </s>

<s>From these <lb/>examples we see that it is not metals that are to be condemned, but our <lb/>vices, such as anger, cruelty, discord, passion for power, avarice, and lust.</s><pb pagenum="18"/>

<s>Tegit <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> catillos ne carbun <lb/>culi, in eos incidentes, experimentum impediant. </s>

<s>The question next arises, whether we ought to count metals amongst <lb/>the number of good things or class them amongst the bad. </s>

<s>Lata e&longs;t &longs;e&longs;quipalmum: al <lb/>titudine, quæ plerunque &longs;olet e&longs;&longs;e palmaris, re&longs;pondet ori fornaculæ, longi<lb/>tudine ferè toti fornaculæ. </s>

<s>The Peripatetics <lb/>regarded all wealth as a good thing, and merely spoke of externals as having <lb/>to do with neither the mind nor the body. </s>

<s>Veruntamen priori tantum parte attingit os ei<lb/>us, alioqui undequaque à lateribus & po&longs;teriori parte iccirco di&longs;tat digitos <lb/>tres, ut carbones in medio loco, qui e&longs;t inter ip&longs;am & <expan abbr="fornaculã">fornaculam</expan> iacere po&longs;<lb/>&longs;int. </s>

<s>Well, let riches be an external <lb/>thing. </s>

<s>Habet uerò <expan abbr="cra&longs;&longs;itudin&etilde;">cra&longs;&longs;itudinem</expan> ollæ fictilis bene cra&longs;&longs;æ: &longs;ed &longs;uperior eius pars <lb/>integra e&longs;t, po&longs;terior duas habet fene&longs;tellas, & utrunque latus duas uel tres <lb/>uel etiam quatuor: per quas calor penetrans in catillos uenam excoquit: uel <lb/>loco fene&longs;tellarum habet parua foramina: & po&longs;teriori quidem parte <expan abbr="dec&etilde;">decem</expan>, <lb/>in utroque uerò latere plura. </s>

<s>And, as they said, many other things may be classed as good if it is <lb/>in one's power to use them either well or ill. </s>

<s>Quinetiam po&longs;terior pars &longs;ub fene&longs;tellis uel par <lb/>uis foraminib. </s>

<s>For good men employ them for <lb/>good, and to them they are useful. </s>

<s>ter excl&longs;a e&longs;t in modum &longs;emicirculi alti <expan abbr="&longs;emidigit&utilde;">&longs;emidigitum</expan>: &longs;ed latera, <lb/>quater. </s>

<s>The wicked use them badly, and to <lb/>them they are harmful. </s>

<s>Po&longs;terior <expan abbr="aut&etilde;">autem</expan> tegulæ pars paulò minus alta e&longs;&longs;e &longs;olet quàm prior.</s>

<s>There is a saying of Socrates, that just as wine <lb/>is influenced by the cask, so the character of riches is like their possessors. <lb/></s>

<s>T<emph type="italics"/>egulæ fene&longs;tellæ latæ<emph.end type="italics"/> A. A<emph type="italics"/>nguftæ<emph.end type="italics"/> B. E<emph type="italics"/>iu&longs;dem foramina po&longs;terioris partis<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/><pb pagenum="181"/>

<s>The Stoics, whose custom it is to argue subtly and acutely, though they did <lb/>not put wealth in the category of good things, they did not count it amongst <lb/>the evil ones, but placed it in that class which they term neutral. </s>

<s>At catilli materia, ex qua fiunt, inter &longs;e <expan abbr="differ&utilde;t">differunt</expan>. </s>

<s>For to <lb/>them virtue alone is good, and vice alone evil. </s>

<s>Sunt enim uel terreni uel <lb/>cinerei: atque terreni, quos etiam fictiles appellamus, rur&longs;us in figura & ma<lb/>gnitudine &longs;unt di&longs;similes. </s>

<s>The whole of what remains <lb/>is indifferent. </s>

<s>Nam quidam in &longs;cutellæ figuram &longs;unt formati, & <lb/>mediocriter cra&longs;&longs;i, latique tres digitos & unciæ men&longs;uralis capaces: in quibus <lb/>uena cum <expan abbr="additam&etilde;tis">additamentis</expan> mi&longs;ta coquitur: etenim ip&longs;is utuntur, qui uenas auri <lb/>uel argenti experiri &longs;olent. </s>

<s>Thus, in their conviction, it matters not whether one be in <lb/>good health or seriously ill; whether one be handsome or deformed. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quidã">Quidam</expan> uerò &longs;unt triangulares, alijsque multò cra&longs;<lb/>&longs;iores & capaciores: utpote quinque uel &longs;ex uel <expan abbr="pluri&utilde;">plurium</expan> <expan abbr="unciar&utilde;">unciarum</expan>: in quibus æs <lb/>liquatur, ut fundi, dilatari, igni explorari po&longs;&longs;it. </s>

<s>In <lb/>short:</s>

<s>In <expan abbr="ij&longs;d&etilde;">ij&longs;dem</expan> uena etiam æris ple<lb/>runque excoquitur. </s>

<s>“Whether, sprung from Inachus of old, and thus hast lived <lb/>beneath the sun in wealth, or hast been poor and despised among men, <lb/>it matters not.”</s>

<s>Sed cinerei ex cinere <expan abbr="formãtur">formantur</expan>: his ut primis, &longs;cutellæ, cu<lb/>ius inferior pars admodum cra&longs;&longs;a, e&longs;t figura: uerum minus <expan abbr="capi&utilde;t">capiunt</expan>: in quibus <lb/>plumbum &longs;eparatur ab argento, & experimentum perficitur.</s>

<s>For my part, I see no reason why anything that is in itself of use should <lb/>not be placed in the class of good things. </s>

<s>C<emph type="italics"/>atillus fictilis<emph.end type="italics"/> A. C<emph type="italics"/>a: illus triangularis<emph.end type="italics"/> B. C<emph type="italics"/>a<gap/>illus cinereus<emph.end type="italics"/> C.</s><figure/>

<s>At all events, metals are a <lb/>creation of Nature, and they supply many varied and necessary needs of the <lb/>human race, to say nothing about their uses in adornment, which are so <lb/>wonderfully blended with utility. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Quoniã">Quoniam</expan> uerò cinereos catillos ip&longs;i metallici conficiunt, de materia ex qua <lb/>finguntur & de modo, quo efficiuntur, e&longs;t <expan abbr="dic&etilde;dum">dicendum</expan>. </s>

<s>Therefore, it is not right to degrade them <lb/>from the place they hold among the good things. </s>

<s>Alij eos ex &longs;implici o<lb/>mnis generis cinere formant: qui boni non &longs;unt, quod i&longs;tiu&longs;modi cinis ali<lb/>quam pinguitudinem in &longs;e contineat: quamobrem tales catilli quando con <lb/>caluerunt, facile rumpuntur. </s>

<s>In truth, if there is a <lb/>bad use made of them, should they on that account be rightly called evils? <lb/></s>

<s>Alij faciunt eos item ex cinere qui&longs;cunque <expan abbr="tand&etilde;">tandem</expan> <lb/>fuerit, &longs;ed qui ante percolatus &longs;it: qualis e&longs;t in quem, lixiuij faciendi gratia, <lb/>aqua calida fuit infu&longs;a: atque is rur&longs;us in &longs;ole aut fornace &longs;iccatus cribro, è &longs;etis <lb/>facto, purgatur: quamuis autem aqua calida pinguitudinem cineris eluerit, <lb/>tamen catilli ex eo facti non &longs;unt boni, quod ip&longs;e cinis cum minutis carbun <lb/>culis, arenulis, lapillis &longs;oleat e&longs;&longs;e permi&longs;tus. </s>

<s>For of what good things can we not make an equally bad or good use? </s>

<s>Alij uerò &longs;imiliter eos ex quo<lb/>cunque cinere efficiunt, &longs;ed primò in cinerem ip&longs;um infundunt aquam, et pur <lb/>gamentum ei innatans auferunt. </s>

<s>Let <lb/>me give examples from both classes of what we term good. </s>

<s>Dein aquam, po&longs;tquam pura facta fuerit, <lb/>effundentes <expan abbr="ciner&etilde;">cinerem</expan> exiccant: tum cribrant, & ex eo catillos formant: qui bo<pb pagenum="182"/>boni quidem &longs;unt, non tamen optimi, quod is etiam cinis non careat minu<lb/>tis lapillis & arenulis. </s>

<s>Wine, by far <lb/>the best drink, if drunk in moderation, aids the digestion of food, helps to <lb/>produce blood, and promotes the juices in all parts of the body. </s>

<s><expan abbr="Ver&utilde;">Verum</expan> ut optimi catilli fieri po&longs;&longs;int, à cinere omne pur <lb/>gamentum auferatur: quod duplex e&longs;t, <expan abbr="alter&utilde;leue">alterulleue</expan>, cuiu&longs;modi &longs;unt carbun<lb/>culi & pinguitudines, atque res aliæ aquis innatantes: alterum graue, quales <lb/>&longs;unt lapilli, arenulæ, & &longs;i quæ aliæ res re&longs;ident in fundo ua&longs;culi. </s>

<s>It is of use <lb/>in nourishing not only the body but the mind as well, for it disperses our <lb/>dark and gloomy thoughts, frees us from cares and anxiety, and restores <lb/>our confidence. </s>

<s>Itaque primo <lb/>aqua infundatur in cinerem & leue purgamentum auferatur. </s>

<s>If drunk in excess, however, it injures and prostrates the <lb/>body with serious disease. </s>

<s>Deinde cinis <lb/>agitetur manibus, ut bene <expan abbr="c&utilde;">cum</expan> aqua mi&longs;ceatur: quæ turbida & impura infun<lb/>datur in alterum ua&longs;culum: quo modo remanent in priori ua&longs;culo lapilli & <lb/>arenulæ, ac &longs;i quid aliud fuerit graue quæ reijciuntur. </s>

<s>An intoxicated man keeps nothing to himself; <lb/>he raves and rants, and commits many wicked and infamous acts. </s>

<s>Po&longs;tquam uerò cinis <lb/>omnis in hoc altero ua&longs;culo re&longs;ederit, quod ex aqua cogno&longs;citur &longs;i pura fa<lb/>cta gu&longs;tatum non <expan abbr="cõmoueat">commoueat</expan> lixiuij &longs;apore, tunc aqua effundatur: cinis au<lb/>tem, qui reman&longs;it in ua&longs;culo in &longs;ole aut fornace &longs;iccetur: atque is aptus e&longs;t ad <lb/>catillos: maximè &longs;i fuerit faginus, aut ex alijs lignis, cui accretiones annuæ te <lb/>nues &longs;unt. </s>

<s>On <lb/>this subject Theognis wrote some very clever lines, which we may render <lb/>thus:</s>

<s>Qui uerò ex uitiu &longs;armentis & lignis, quibus accretiones annuæ <lb/>&longs;unt cra&longs;&longs;æ, factus fuerit, <expan abbr="tã">tam</expan> bonus non e&longs;t: etenim catilli ex eo formati, quod <lb/>&longs;atis &longs;icci non &longs;int, in igni diuidi & <expan abbr="di&longs;r&utilde;pi">di&longs;rumpi</expan> <expan abbr="&longs;ol&etilde;t">&longs;olent</expan> ac ab&longs;orbere metalla. </s>

<s>“Wine is harmful if taken with greedy lips, but if drunk in <lb/>moderation it is wholesome.”<emph type="sup"/>25<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Quo<lb/>circa &longs;i faginus aut eius &longs;imilis non fuerit, in promptu globulos ex tali cine<lb/>re, qui modo iam dicto fuerit purgatus, artifices faciunt, eosque in fornace pi <lb/>&longs;toris uel figuli <expan abbr="pon&utilde;t">ponunt</expan>, ut igne&longs;cant. </s>

<s>But I linger too long over extraneous matters. </s>

<s>Ignis <expan abbr="e&mtilde;">emm</expan> quicquid pingue fuerit & <expan abbr="hu-mid&utilde;">hu<lb/>midum</expan> <expan abbr="cõ&longs;umit">con&longs;umit</expan>, atque <expan abbr="tand&etilde;">tandem</expan> ex ip&longs;is catillos formant. </s>

<s>I must pass on to the <lb/>gifts of body and mind, amongst which strength, beauty, and genius <lb/>occur to me. </s>

<s>Omnis <expan abbr="a&utilde;t">aunt</expan> cinis quo ue<lb/>tu&longs;tior, eo melior e&longs;t: <expan abbr="&longs;iccitat&etilde;">&longs;iccitatem</expan> nanque <expan abbr="&longs;ummã">&longs;ummam</expan> ip&longs;i e&longs;&longs;e nece&longs;&longs;e e&longs;t: qua de cau<lb/>&longs;a cinis qui fit ex o&longs;&longs;ib. </s>

<s>If then a man, relying on his strength, toils hard to maintain <lb/>himself and his family in an honest and respectable manner, he uses the <lb/>gift aright, but if he makes a living out of murder and robbery, he uses it <lb/>wrongly. </s>

<s><expan abbr="cõbu&longs;tis">combu&longs;tis</expan>, præcipuè uerò ex capitis <expan abbr="animãti&utilde;">animantium</expan> o&longs;&longs;ibus, <lb/><expan abbr="etiã">etiam</expan> idoneus e&longs;t ad catillos: <expan abbr="t&utilde;">tum</expan> qui fit ex cornib. </s>

<s>Likewise, too, if a lovely woman is anxious to please her husband <pb pagenum="19"/>alone she uses her beauty aright, but if she lives wantonly and is a victim <lb/>of passion, she misuses her beauty. </s>

<s><expan abbr="ceruor&utilde;">ceruorum</expan>, & ex &longs;pinis <expan abbr="pi&longs;ci&utilde;">pi&longs;cium</expan>. </s>

<s>In like manner, a youth who devotes <lb/>himself to learning and cultivates the liberal arts, uses his genius rightly. <lb/></s>

<s><lb/>Po&longs;tremò aliqui <expan abbr="capi&utilde;t">capiunt</expan> <expan abbr="ciner&etilde;">cinerem</expan>, qui fit ex &longs;cobe corij <expan abbr="cõbu&longs;ta">combu&longs;ta</expan>: nam coriarij & <lb/>alutarij <expan abbr="cori&utilde;">corium</expan>, à pilis <expan abbr="purgat&utilde;">purgatum</expan> radunt & di&longs;cobinant. </s>

<s>But he who dissembles, lies, cheats, and deceives by fraud and dishonesty, <lb/>misuses his abilities. </s>

<s>Nonnulli uerò malunt <lb/>uti <expan abbr="cõpo&longs;itionibus">compo&longs;itionibus</expan>, <expan abbr="quar&utilde;">quarum</expan> hæc laudatur, quæ habet cineris ex o&longs;&longs;ibus ani<lb/>mantium uel ex &longs;pinis pi&longs;cium partem <expan abbr="unã">unam</expan> & dimidiam: cineris fagini par<lb/>tem unam, cineris &longs;cobis corij combu&longs;tæ partem dimidiam: ex hac enim mi <lb/>&longs;tura fiunt boni catilli, &longs;ed multò meliores conficiuntur ex paribus portio<lb/>nibus cineris &longs;cobis corij combu&longs;tæ, cineris o&longs;&longs;ium capitis ouilli uel uituli<lb/>ni, cineris cornu ceruini: at omnium optimi formantur ex &longs;olius cornu cer<lb/>uini u&longs;ti puluere: nam is propter uehementem &longs;iccitatem metalla minime <lb/>combibit. </s>

<s>Now, the man who, because they are abused, denies that <lb/>wine, strength, beauty, or genius are good things, is unjust and blasphemous <lb/>towards the Most High God, Creator of the World; so he who would remove <lb/>metals from the class of blessings also acts unjustly and blasphemously <lb/>against Him. </s>

<s>Veruntamen no&longs;trates metallici plerunque eos efficiunt ex cinere <lb/>fagino: quem modo iam dicto paratum primò <expan abbr="cõ&longs;pergunt">con&longs;pergunt</expan> zytho uel aqua, <lb/>ut cohærere po&longs;&longs;it, & in mortariolo tundunt. </s>

<s>Very true, therefore, are the words which certain Greek <lb/>poets have written, as Pindar:</s>

<s>Deinde cineribus, qui &longs;unt ex <lb/>caluarijs quadrupedum, aut ex pi&longs;cium &longs;pinis, in&longs;per&longs;is iterum <expan abbr="tund&utilde;t">tundunt</expan>: quo <lb/>autem magis tunduntur, eo meliores fiunt. </s>

<s>“Money glistens, adorned with virtue; it supplies the means by <lb/>which thou mayest act well in whatever circumstances fate may <lb/>have in store for thee.”<emph type="sup"/>26<emph.end type="sup"/></s>

<s>Quidam uerò lateres terunt, & <lb/>eum puluerem cribra<gap/>um in&longs;pergunt cineri fagino: nam i&longs;tiu&longs;modi pulue<lb/>res non &longs;inunt molybdænam corrodentem catillos, aurum uel <expan abbr="argent&utilde;">argentum</expan> &longs;or <lb/>bere. </s>

<s>And Sappho:</s>

<s>Alij ut idem caueant catillos formatos oui albumine <expan abbr="humectãt">humectant</expan>, & ite<lb/>rum in &longs;ole &longs;iccatos tundunt, maximè &longs;i uenam uel æs, quod ferrum in &longs;e <expan abbr="cõ">com</expan> <lb/>tinet, uoluerint explorare. </s>

<s>“Without the love of virtue gold is a dangerous and harmful guest, <lb/>but when it is associated with virtue, it becomes the source and height <lb/>of good.”</s>

<s><expan abbr="Nõnulli">Nonnulli</expan> autem lacte bouino iterum atque iterum <lb/>madefaciunt cineres, eosque exiccant, & in mortariolo tundunt, atque format <lb/>catillos. </s>

<s>And Callimachus:</s>

<s>At in officinis, in quibus argen