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version 1.2, 2002/06/24 18:03:43

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<info>

<author>Georgius Agricola</author>

<author>Agricola, Georgius</author>

<title>De re metallica</title>

<place>London</place>

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<s>Now miners reckon as many points as the sailors do in reckoning up <lb/>the number of the winds. Not only is this done to-day in this country, but <lb/>it was also done by the Romans who in olden times gave the winds partly <lb/>Latin names and partly names borrowed from the Greeks. Any miner who <lb/>pleases may therefore call the directions of the veins by the names of the <lb/>winds. There are four principal winds, as there are four cardinal points: <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which blows from the east; and its opposite the <emph type="italics"/>Favoníus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which blows from the west; the latter is called by the Greeks <foreign lang="greek">*ze/furos,</foreign> and <lb/>the former <foreign lang="greek">*)aphliw/ths.</foreign> There is the <emph type="italics"/>Auster,<emph.end type="italics"/> which blows from the south; <lb/>and opposed to it is the <emph type="italics"/>Septentrío,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the north; the former the Greeks <lb/>called <foreign lang="greek">*no/tos,</foreign> and the latter <foreign lang="greek">*)aparkti/as.</foreign> There are also subordinate winds, <lb/>to the number of twenty, as there are directions, for between each two <lb/>principal winds there are always five subordinate ones. Between the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus<emph.end type="italics"/> (east wind) and the <emph type="italics"/>Auster<emph.end type="italics"/> (south wind) there is the <emph type="italics"/>Orníthíae<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or the Bird wind, which has the first place next to the <emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <lb/>comes <emph type="italics"/>Caecías;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <emph type="italics"/>Eurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which lies in the midway of these five; next <lb/>comes <emph type="italics"/>Vulturnus;<emph.end type="italics"/> and lastly, <emph type="italics"/>Euronotus,<emph.end type="italics"/> nearest the <emph type="italics"/>Auster<emph.end type="italics"/> (south wind). <lb/>The Greeks have given these names to all of these, with the exception of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vulturnus,<emph.end type="italics"/> but those who do not distinguish the winds in so precise a manner <lb/>say this is the same as the Greeks called <foreign lang="greek">*eu)_ros.</foreign> Between the <emph type="italics"/>Auster<emph.end type="italics"/> (south <lb/>wind) and the <emph type="italics"/>Favonius<emph.end type="italics"/> (west wind) is first <emph type="italics"/>Altanus,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the right of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Auster<emph.end type="italics"/> (south wind); then <emph type="italics"/>Líbonotus;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <emph type="italics"/>Afrícus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is the middle <lb/>one of these five; after that comes <emph type="italics"/>Subvesperus;<emph.end type="italics"/> next <emph type="italics"/>Argestes,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the left <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Favoníus<emph.end type="italics"/> (west wind). All these, with the exception of <emph type="italics"/>Líbonotus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Argestes,<emph.end type="italics"/> have Latin names; but <emph type="italics"/>Afrícus<emph.end type="italics"/> also is called by the Greeks <foreign lang="greek">*ai/y.</foreign><lb/>In a similar manner, between <emph type="italics"/>Favoníus<emph.end type="italics"/> (west wind) and <emph type="italics"/>Septentrio<emph.end type="italics"/> (north <lb/>wind), first to the right of <emph type="italics"/>Favoníus<emph.end type="italics"/> (west wind), is the <emph type="italics"/>Etesíae;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Círcíus;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <emph type="italics"/>Caurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is in the middle of these five; then <emph type="italics"/>Corus;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and lastly <emph type="italics"/>Thrascias<emph.end type="italics"/> to the left of <emph type="italics"/>Septentrio<emph.end type="italics"/> (north wind). To all of <lb/>these, except that of <emph type="italics"/>Caurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Greeks gave the names, and those <lb/>who do not distinguish the winds by so exact a plan, assert that the wind <lb/>which the Greeks called <foreign lang="greek">*ko/ros</foreign> and the Latins <emph type="italics"/>Caurus<emph.end type="italics"/> is one and the same.

<pb pagenum="59"/>Again, between <emph type="italics"/>Septentrio<emph.end type="italics"/> (north wind) and the <emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus<emph.end type="italics"/> (east wind), the <lb/>first to the right of <emph type="italics"/>Septentrio<emph.end type="italics"/> (north wind) is <emph type="italics"/>Gallicus;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <emph type="italics"/>Supernas;<emph.end type="italics"/> then <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Aquilo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is the middle one of these five; next comes <emph type="italics"/>Boreas;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>lastly <emph type="italics"/>Carbas,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the left of <emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus<emph.end type="italics"/> (east wind). Here again, those who <lb/>do not consider the winds to be in so great a multitude, but say there are <lb/>but twelve winds in all, or at the most fourteen, assert that the wind called <lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="fig1"></arrow.to.target><lb/>by the Greeks <foreign lang="greek">*bore/as</foreign> and the Latins <emph type="italics"/>Aquílo<emph.end type="italics"/> is one and the same. For our <lb/>purpose it is not only useful to adopt this large number of winds, but even <lb/>to double it, as the German sailors do. They always reckon that between <lb/>each two there is one in the centre taken from both. By this method we

<figure id="fig1"></figure><lb/>by the Greeks <foreign lang="greek">*bore/as</foreign> and the Latins <emph type="italics"/>Aquílo<emph.end type="italics"/> is one and the same. For our <lb/>purpose it is not only useful to adopt this large number of winds, but even <lb/>to double it, as the German sailors do. They always reckon that between <lb/>each two there is one in the centre taken from both. By this method we

<pb pagenum="60"/>also are able to signify the intermediate directions by means of the names of <lb/>the winds. For instance, if a vein runs from VI east to VI west, it is said <lb/>to proceed from <emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus<emph.end type="italics"/> (east wind) to <emph type="italics"/>Favoníus<emph.end type="italics"/> (west wind); but one <lb/>which proceeds from between V and VI of the east to between V and VI <lb/>west is said to proceed out of the middle of <emph type="italics"/>Carbas<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Subsolanus<emph.end type="italics"/> to between <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Argestes<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Favoníus;<emph.end type="italics"/> the remaining directions, and their intermediates <lb/>are similarly designated. The miner, on account of the natural properties <lb/>of a magnet, by which the needle points to the south, must fix the instru<lb/>ment already described so that east is to the left and west to the right.</s>

<s>In a similar way to <emph type="italics"/>venae profundae,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>venae dilatatae<emph.end type="italics"/> vary in their <lb/>lateral directions, and we are able to understand from the seams in the <lb/>rocks in which direction they extend into the ground. For if these incline <lb/>toward the west in depth, the vein is said to extend from east to west; <lb/>if on the contrary, they incline toward the east, the vein is said to go from <lb/>west to east. In the same way, from the rock seams we can determine <lb/>veins running south and north, or the reverse, and likewise to the <lb/>subordinate directions and their intermediates.</s>

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<s>Buckets are of two kinds, which differ in size, but not in material or <lb/>shape. The smaller for the most part hold only about one <emph type="italics"/>metreta;<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>larger are generally capable of carrying one-sixth of a <emph type="italics"/>congius;<emph.end type="italics"/> neither is <lb/>of unchangeable capacity, but they often vary.<emph type="sup"/>3<emph.end type="sup"/> Each is made of staves circled <lb/>with hoops, one of which binds the top and the other the bottom. <lb/>The hoops are sometimes made of hazel and oak, but these are easily <lb/>broken by dashing against the shaft, while those made of iron are more <lb/>durable. In the larger buckets the staves are thicker and wider, as also are <lb/>both hoops, and in order that the buckets may be more firm and strong, <lb/>they have eight iron straps, somewhat broad, four of which run from the <lb/>upper hoop downwards, and four from the lower hoop upwards, as if to meet <lb/>each other. The bottom of each bucket, both inside and outside, is furnished <lb/>with two or three straps of iron, which run from one side of the lower hoop <lb/>to the other, but the straps which are on the outside are fixed crosswise. <lb/>Each bucket has two iron hafts which project above the edge, and it has an <lb/>iron semi-circular bail whose lower ends are fixed directly into the hafts, <lb/>that the bucket may be handled more easily. Each kind of bucket is much <lb/>deeper than it is wide, and each is wider at the top, in order that the material <lb/>which is dug out may be the more easily poured in and poured out again. <lb/>Into the smaller buckets strong boys, and into larger ones men, fill earth <lb/>from the bottom of the shaft with hoes; or the other material dug up is <lb/>shovelled into them or filled in with their hands, for which reason these men <lb/>are called “shovellers.<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/>” Afterward they fix the hook of the drawing-rope <lb/>into the bale; then the buckets are drawn up by machines—the smaller ones, <lb/>because of their lighter weight, by machines turned by men, and the larger <lb/>ones, being heavier, by the machines turned by horses. Some, in place <lb/>of these buckets, substitute baskets which hold just as much, or even more, <lb/>since they are lighter than the buckets; some use sacks made of ox-hide <lb/>instead of buckets, and the drawing-rope hook is fastened to their iron bale, <lb/>usually three of these filled with excavated material are drawn up at the <lb/>same time as three are being lowered and three are being filled by boys. The <lb/>latter are generally used at Schneeberg and the former at Freiberg.<lb/>

<arrow.to.target n="fig2"></arrow.to.target></s>

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<s>Fifteen feet behind the second wall is constructed the first wall, thirteen <lb/>feet high. In both of these are fixed roof beams<emph type="sup"/>4<emph.end type="sup"/>, which are a foot wide and

<arrow.to.target n="fig3"></arrow.to.target>

<pb pagenum="360"/>thick, and nineteen feet and a palm long; these are placed three feet distant <lb/>from one another. As the second wall is two feet higher than the first wall, <lb/>recesses are cut in the back of it two feet high, one foot wide, and a palm deep, <lb/>and in these recesses, as it were in mortises, are placed one end of each of <lb/>the beams. Into these ends are mortised the bottoms of just as many posts; <lb/>these posts are twenty-four feet high, three palms wide and thick, and from <lb/>the tops of the posts the same number of rafters stretch downward to the <lb/>ends of the beams superimposed on the first wall; the upper ends of the <lb/>rafters are mortised into the posts and the lower ends are mortised into the <lb/>ends of the beams laid on the first wall; the rafters support the roof, <lb/>which consists of burnt tiles. Each separate rafter is propped up by a <lb/>separate timber, which is a cross-beam, and is joined to its post. Planks <lb/>close together are affixed to the posts above the furnaces; these planks are <lb/>about two digits thick and a palm wide, and they, together with the wicker <lb/>work interposed between the timbers, are covered with lute so that there may <lb/>be no risk of fire to the timbers and wicker-work. In this practical manner <lb/>is constructed the back part of the works, which contains the bellows, their <lb/>frames, the mechanism for compressing the bellows, and the instrument for <lb/>distending them, of all of which I will speak hereafter.</s>

<s>In front of the furnaces is constructed the third long wall and likewise <lb/>the fourth. Both are nine feet high, but of the same length and thickness as <lb/>the other two, the fourth being nine feet distant from the third; the <lb/>third is twenty-one and a half feet from the second. At a distance of <lb/>twelve feet from the second wall, four posts seven and a half feet high, a cubit <lb/>wide and thick, are set upon rock laid underneath. Into the tops of the <lb/>posts the roof beam is mortised; this roof beam is two feet and as many <lb/>palms longer than the distance between the second and the fifth transverse <lb/>walls, in order that its ends may rest on the transverse walls. If there should <lb/>not be so long a beam at hand, two are substituted for it. As the length of <lb/>the long beam is as above, and as the posts are equidistant, it is necessary <lb/>that the posts should be a distance of nine feet, one palm, two and two-fifths <lb/>digits from each other, and the end ones this distance from the transverse <lb/>walls. On this longitudinal beam and to the third and fourth walls are fixed <lb/>twelve secondary beams twenty-four feet long, one foot wide, three palms <lb/>thick, and distant from each other three feet, one palm, and two digits. In <lb/>these secondary beams, where they rest on the longitudinal beams, are mortised <lb/>the ends of the same number of rafters as there are posts which stand on the <lb/>second wall. The ends of the rafters do not reach to the tops of the posts, <lb/>but are two feet away from them, that through this opening, which is like <lb/>the open part of a forge, the furnaces can emit their fumes. In order that <lb/>the rafters should not fall down, they are supported partly by iron rods, <lb/>which extend from each rafter to the opposite post, and partly supported <lb/>by a few tie-beams, which in the same manner extend from some rafters to <lb/>the posts opposite, and give them stability. To these tie-beams, as well as <lb/>to the rafters which face the posts, a number of boards, about two digits thick <lb/>and a palm wide, are fixed at a distance of a palm from each other, and are

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<s><gap/><expan abbr="ll&etilde;">llem</expan> Müngmay&longs;tern/Warbeytt/Bdt <lb/>werc<gap/>ern/Berc<gap/><expan abbr="leuten/vñtauff">leuten/vnntauff</expan> <expan abbr="leüt&etilde;">leütem</expan> <lb/><gap/>er Metall z&uring; nus mitgro&longs;&longs;em fleyhz&uring; <lb/>&longs;amengebracht.<lb/>

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<pb pagenum="613"/>already skilled than to instruct the novice. The books appear to have grown by accretions <lb/>from many sources, for a large number of methods are given over and over again in the same <lb/>book with slight variations. We reproduce the title page of our earliest copy.</s>

<s>The following is a list of these booklets so far as we have been able to discover actual <lb/>copies:—<lb/>

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